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The packaging protects and preserves the products of contaminants, especially of biological type. Bio-active packaging, made up of native starch, essential oils and natural extracts, was elaborated for this research, prolonging the useful life of Strawberries. Bio-packaging emerges as an alternative to reduce environmental pollution generated by the indiscriminate use of plastic of synthetic origin. We worked with raw materials such as: Malanga, Achira, Flor de un dia, Paturro blanco, Coyo and Bore) with characteristics of plastic films of natural origin from Cundinamarca, each raw material presented usable percentage of starch; Malanga had the highest percentage of 38% starch. Natural essential oils were used: Cinnamon, Toronjil, Rosemary, Laurel, Albaca, Thyme and Propolis ethanol extract, obtained by solvent extraction, which present active principles recognized for their antimicrobial activity, essential oils of Rosemary, Cinnamon and extract ethanol from Propolis, showed greater inhibitory capacity against (Botritys cinerea, E. coli and S. aureus), strains analyzed due to their incidence in the useful life of the strawberries. The measurement of the useful life was obtained by means of plate count results, analyzing strawberries evaluated at 4 ° C, 18 ° C, 22 ° C and 16 ° C. Samples were analyzed with and without the Bio-packing, modeled with the Arrhenius equation, the result showed that the use of native starch with the presence of essential oils inhibits microbial growth, increasing the useful life of strawberries by 46% the decrease in the speed of microbial growth

En este trabajo se propuso un método para obtener ácido ursólico (AU) de manera fácil, rápida y económica teniendo como materia prima la planta medicinal Clinopodium revolutum endémica del Perú, conocida y comercializada con el nombre de flor de arena o té indio. La técnica de recristalización selectiva que se empleó resultó ser eficiente debido a que se obtuvo cristales de AU sin la necesidad de métodos cromatograficos de purificación ni el uso de solventes tóxicos. La pureza determinada por HPLC es mayor a 95%. Así, la flor de arena se convierte en una importante biofuente de este compuesto.

The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris are a rich source of protein consumed around the world and are considered as the most important source of proteins and antioxidants in the Mexican diet. This work reports on the 1H NMR metabolomics profiling of the cultivars Peruano (FPe), Pinto (FPi), Flor de mayo (FM), Negro (FN) and Flor de junio (FJ). Total phenolics, total flavonoids and total protein contents were determined to complement the nutritional facts in seeds and leaves. According to our results, the metabolomics fingerprint of beans seeds and leaves were very similar, showing the presence of 52 metabolites, 46 in seeds and 48 in leaves, including 8 sugars, 17 amino acids, 15 organic acids, 5 nucleosides and 7 miscellaneous compounds. In seeds, free amino acids were detected in higher concentrations than in the leaves, whereas organic acids were more abundant in leaves than in seeds. With multivariate and cluster analysis it was possible to rank the cultivars according to their nutritional properties according to NMR profiling, then a machine learning algorithm was used to reveal the most important differential metabolites which are the key for correct classification. The results coincide in highlighting the FN seeds and FPe leaves for the best nutritional facts. Finally, in terms of cultivars, FN and FM present the best nutritional properties, with high protein and flavonoids content, as well as, a high concentration of amino acids and nucleosides.

Characteristics of parthenogenesis in Cacopsylla ledi (Flor, 1861) were analyzed using cytological and molecular approaches. In all three populations studied from Finland, i.e. Turku, Kustavi and Siikajoki, males were present at a low frequency but were absent from a population from Vorkuta, Russia. In a follow-up study conducted in the Turku population during 2010–2016, the initial frequency of males was ca. 10 % and showed no intraseasonal variation, but then dramatically decreased down to approximately 1–2 % level in seasons 2015–2016. Male meiosis was chiasmate with some traces of chromosomal fragmentation and subsequent fusions. In most females, metaphase in mature eggs included 39 univalent chromosomes which indicated apomictic triploidy. Only a small fraction of females was diploid with 13 chiasmate bivalents. The frequency of diploid females approximately equaled that of males. COI barcode analyses showed that triploid females (N = 57) and diploids (7 females and 5 males) displayed different haplotypes, demonstrating that triploid females reproduced via obligate parthenogenesis. The rarity of diploids, along with the lack of males' preference towards diploid females, suggested that most likely diploids were produced by rare triploid females which shared the same haplotype with the diploids (not found in the present analysis). Minimum haplotype diversity was detected in the Turku population, but it was much higher in Vorkuta with some indication for the mixed origin of the population. We suggest that functional diploids produced in a parthenogenetic population can give rise either to a new parthenogenetic lineage or even to a new bisexual species.

Flor strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae represent a special group of yeasts used for producing biologically aged wines. We analyzed the collection of commercial wine and flor yeast strains, as well as environmental strains isolated from the surface of grapes growing in vineyards, for resistance to abiotic stresses, adhesive properties, and the ability to form a floating flor. The degree of resistance of commercial strains to ethanol, acetaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide was generally not higher than that of environmental isolates, some of which had high resistance to the tested stress agents. The relatively low degree of stress resistance of flor strains can be explained both by the peculiarities of their adaptive mechanisms and by differences in the nature of their exposure to various types of stress in the course of biological wine aging and under the experimental conditions we used. The hydrophobicity and adhesive properties of cells were determined by the efficiency of adsorption to polystyrene and the distribution of cells between the aqueous and organic phases. Flor strains were distinguished by a higher degree of hydrophobicity of the cell surface and an increased ability to adhere to polystyrene. A clear correlation between biofilm formation and adhesive properties was also observed for environmental yeast isolates. The overall results of this study indicate that relatively simple tests for cell hydrophobicity can be used for the rapid screening of new candidate flor strains in yeast culture collections and among environmental isolates.

Echinacea angustifolia plants were grown in pots containing three growth substrates, highly light soil, a medium light soil, and natural farm soil to which horticultural substrate (Manna Flor PT) was added in various proportions. The root length, number of main roots, number of secondary roots, collar diameter, root diameter, distance between collar and root bifurcation, root hairs density, and fresh and dried root weight per plant were measured. The plants grown in the substrate corresponding to highly light soil (75% sand and 25% horticultural substrate), harvested after 3 years, had a good development (54.8 cm) and weight (23.9 g of dry weight) of the root. The effect of growth substrates was not evident for echinacoside (0.40% on average) and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide (0.26% on average), while it was clear for cynarin and chicoric acid, which were higher (respectively 0.13% and 0.22%) in the substrate consisting of 75% of farm soil and 25% of horticultural substrate.

Atendendo a demanda mundial por alimentos de melhor qualidade e isentos de defensivos agrícolas sintéticos, meios alternativos vêm sendo estudados para o controle de fungos. Os fungos do gênero Penicillium sp. são conhecidos como fungos de armazenamento que degradam a reserva das sementes diminuindo sua viabilidade. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de soluções do extrato de própolis no controle do fungo Penicillium sp. in vitro e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de couve-flor após o tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrações de 0, 5, 10 e 20% de extrato de própolis. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira verificou-se o efeito das soluções de extrato de própolis no desenvolvimento do fungo in vitro, e na segunda a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de couve-flor tratadas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para as duas etapas, com sete e seis repetições, respectivamente. As características avaliadas foram: crescimento micelial do fungo, e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes por meio da germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz de plântulas de couve-flor. Solução de extrato de própolis a concentração de 20% impede o desenvolvimento do fungo Penicillium sp. in vitro e não afeta a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de couve-flor.

Across three women's films, the status of the literary novel in the midst of changing media environments is melodramatically plotted through the figure of “old acquaintance.” Vincent Sherman's 1943 Old Acquaintance pits the meager output of celebrated writer Katherine “Kit” Marlowe (Bette Davis) against the stream of popular, lowbrow novels written by her friend Millie Drake (Miriam Hopkins). This contest of literary style and production is closely adapted in George Cukor's 1981 film Rich and Famous. In Pedro Almodóvar's 1995 La flor de mi secreto, friction between literary styles and markets is subdued through melodrama's focus on affective rather than taste-making practices, appearing as a viable metaphor of the fate of book-objects in a zero-sum marketplace. This article focuses on Rich and Famous, which explores the question of affinity between women, lowbrow and highbrow, and the fate of the novel circa 1980. The particular and volatile experience of “alikeness” that founds friendship and the possibility that literary value is volatile—that high- and lowbrow are alike—are imagined in its nuanced representation of what Ronald Britton termed “publication anxiety” and in its use of cinematic space to stage the possibility of amicable if incongruous contemporaneity.

Sixteen flor yeast strains from the Magarach Collection of the Microorganisms for Winemaking (Yalta, Crimea), which are used for production of sherry, were analyzed for morphophysiological, cultural, and biochemical properties. Long-term storage did not affect their viability or the preservation of major properties, such as their flor- and aldehyde-forming abilities, and the ability to produce wines with typical sherry properties. Significant variation in the strains was observed mainly in the aldehyde-forming and flor-forming abilities and flor properties. Interdelta typing was shown to be the most informative technique to study the genetic diversity of flor yeast strains. Certain correlations between genetic polymorphisms and the enological properties of the strains were observed. The presence of a 24-bp long deletion in the ITS1 spacer of the ribosomal gene cluster, a typical feature of Spanish flor yeast strains, is correlated with a high level of production of aldehydes and acetales, efficient flor formation, and the ability to produce high quality sherry. The presence of a specific deletion in the promoter of the FLO11 gene appeared to be less informative, since the aldehyde and acetal production and flor formation abilities of such strains were variable. The studies of intraspecies genetic polymorphism by various molecular markers have revealed a high degree of phylogenetic closeness of some yeast flor strains from different geographic regions.

One of the seminal events in plant pathology was the discovery by Francis O. Holmes that necrotic local lesions induced on certain species of Nicotiana following rub-inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was due to a specific interaction involving a dominant host gene (N). From this, Holmes had an idea that if the N gene from N. glutinosa was introgressed into susceptible tobacco, the greatly reduced titer of TMV would, by extension, prevent subsequent infection of tomato and pepper plants by field workers whose hands were contaminated with TMV from their use of chewing and smoking tobacco. The ultimate outcome has many surprising twists and turns, including Holmes’ failure to obtain fertile crosses of N. glutinosa × N. tabacum after 3 years of intensive work. Progress was made with N. digluta, a rare amphidiploid that was readily crossed with N. tabacum. And, importantly, the first demonstration by Holmes of the utility of interspecies hybridization for virus resistance was made with Capsicum (pepper) species with the identification of the L gene in Tabasco pepper, that he introgressed into commercial bell pepper varieties. Holmes’ findings are important as they predate Flor’s gene-for-gene hypothesis, show the use of interspecies hybridization for control of plant pathogens, and the use of the local lesion as a bioassay to monitor resistance events in crop plants.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a submerged culture of “flor” velum yeast and lysozyme as treatments against bacterial contamination by lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria during the biological aging of sherry wine. Different submerged culture treatments with lysozyme were performed. To assess these treatments, we performed laboratory assays with wine spoiled by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and/or acetic acid bacteria (AAB) selected from the “solera” sherry wine cellar system. The results indicate that lysozyme should be added to submerged culture conditions after the start of the yeast growth phase. The application of lysozyme at a dose of 12.5 g/hL and submerged culture conditions was very effective for the treatment of advanced heterolactic fermentation during the biological aging of wines, thereby inhibiting the LAB population and reducing the volatile acidity of the wines (

Trabalhos de caracterização são importantes ferramentas para contribuir na inserção de recursos genéticos de passiflora nos programas de melhoramento genético. Sendo assim, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização fenotípica e analisar a diversidade genética de acessos de Passiflora spp., baseada em descritores multicategóricos de folhas e flores. O estudo foi realizado no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma ‘Flor da Paixão’ da Embrapa Cerrados. Foram caracterizados 125 acessos de Passiflora spp. utilizando 48 descritores qualitativos multicategóricos (23 de folha e 25 de flor). Com base na distribuição de frequência dos acessos nas diferentes classes fenotípicas de cada descritor, foi estimado o coeficiente de entropia de cada descritor. Foram estimadas distâncias genéticas entre os acessos, por meio do complemento do índice de coincidência simples. A partir da matriz de distâncias genéticas, realizou-se a análise de agrupamento via dendrograma, utilizando como critério o método Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Avarages. A caracterização fenotípica baseada em descritores multicategóricos contribuiu para a diferenciação dos 125 acessos Passiflora spp., servindo como importante instrumento para quantificar a diversidade existente e clara separação entre as espécies, sendo importante para estudos mais completos de caracterização e diversidade de recursos genéticos do gênero Passiflora.

Resumo: Diante das diversas ameaças que vêm comprometendo a biodiversidade, são de suma importância ações de educação ambiental (EA) que sejam voltadas para a conservação. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Projeto Flor da Idade, Flor da Cidade (PFIFC), cujo funcionamento se dá na Estação Experimental Itirapina, interior do estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa baseia-se numa perspectiva de EA crítica e tem como objetivo identificar as concepções dos jovens do projeto socioambiental em relação à conservação da fauna silvestre, de maneira a promover ações ambientais proativas de conservação a partir de práticas educativas e do desenvolvimento de material educativo pelos próprios participantes. Todos os 29 jovens do projeto tinham entre 13 e 17 anos e, de 2014 a 2015, participaram dos 14 encontros, nos quais diferentes temas foram abordados por meio de apresentações interativas, materiais didáticos dinâmicos, visita à exposição "Bicho: quem te viu, quem te vê" e saídas de campo nas áreas protegidas. Assim, de acordo com a metodologia qualitativa, realizou-se o levantamento das concepções desses jovens sobre o tema mediante um questionário e, considerando a análise dos dados, concluiu-se que a maioria dos jovens compreendeu os conceitos acerca dos temas e mostrou uma maior preocupação com a conservação da fauna, apresentando uma mudança de atitude por meio de produção e divulgação de materiais relativos à preservação da biodiversidade local.

Aim Concerns regarding 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) corneal toxicity have resulted in various ways of reducing its corneal exposure during post-operative trabeculectomy bleb manipulation. This study investigates the properties of various topical agents used to induce the precipitation of this compound. Materials and methods This is a double-blind, descriptive, laboratory study comparing five different potential precipitants of 5-FU (proxymetacaine (proxy), oxybuprocaine (oxy), ametho-caine (ameth), fluorescein (flor), proxymetacaine + fluorescein (proxy-flor) to a control group (normal saline). A 0.01 mL of each anonymized agent was applied next to a clear round comparison marker in a transparent sterile container set on a dark background. 5-FU (0.01 mL of 50 mg/mL) was subsequently applied to each agent. The induced changes in transparency were imaged and compared to the transparency of the central marker. For each application, pH changes were also noted. Results Proxy, flor and proxy + flor did not result in any discernible 5-FU precipitation. Oxy resulted in a moderate visible change, and ameth produced very significant precipitation. Application of proxy, oxy, ameth, and proxy + flor resulted in the neutralization of the 5-FU’s alkaline pH. Conclusion We propose using a cotton-tipped bud dipped in ameth applied at the injection site as the recommended method to avoid 5-FU corneal exposure in these cases. Clinical significance Practitioners should be aware of the differences in precipitation of 5-FU by different types of topical anesthetics and modify techniques of anesthesia and 5-FU administration accordingly. How to cite this article: Mercieca KJ, Fenerty CH, Steeples LR, Drury B, Bhargava A. Precipitants of 5-Fluorouracil in Trabeculectomy Bleb Management : A Comparative Laboratory StudyJ Curr Glaucoma Pract 2018;12(2):64-66.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor yeast is used for the first time in sparkling wine-making. Twenty-six oenological variables and fifty-three volatile metabolites are quantified in the middle (P = 3 bar) and at the end (P = 6 bar) of the second fermentation, carried out in open and closed bottles. A heat-map of volatiles and the fingerprints obtained for ten chemical families and ten odorant series visualize the changes for each condition. Terpenes, fatty acids and volatile phenols increased their contents by pressure effect at the end of the study by 25.0, 7.8 and 2.2%, respectively. The remaining families decrease between 17.4% and 30.1% for furanic compounds and esters in the same stage. A Principal Component Analysis established that nine volatiles are mainly affected by pressure and five by fermentation stage. The use of ethanol-tolerant flor yeasts constitutes an innovative procedure for the enhancement of the sparkling wines diversification. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Bacteriophage may play an important role in antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) transmission. However, the contribution of bacteriophage to the spread of ARGs in environment, especially in poultry farm environment, is rarely known. In this study, the prevalence of ARGs in bacteriophage DNA was investigated in chicken feces from 30 different poultry farms in China. Then the abundance of the aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaCTX-M, ermB, floR, mcr-1, sul1, tetM and intI1 genes was determined by qPCR in bacteriophage and compared with certain representative plasmid DNA samples. The results showed that 12 ARGs (aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-IIIa, blaCTX-M, ermB, ermF, floR, mcr-1, qnrS, sul1, sul2, vanA, tetM genes) and class 1 integron gene intI1 were detected in bacteriophage DNA fraction. The sul1, tetM and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were most prevalent with high detection rates of 77%, 61% and 55%, respectively. To our best knowledge, this study firstly reported the presence of the mcr-1 gene in bacteriophage DNA derived from farms environments. We found that the gene copy (GC) numbers of the aac(6')-Ib-cr, ermB and sul1 genes were as high as 5.47, 5.22 and 5.54 log10 GC/g, respectively. Both the prevalence and abundance of ARGs in broiler fecal wastes were also generally higher than in laying hens. In addition, although the GC numbers of the aac(6')-Ib-cr, floR and tetM genes in plasmid DNA was higher than that in phage DNA fraction by 4.68, 3.59 and 3.9 orders of magnitude, respectively, the absolute abundances of the blaCTX-M and mcr-1 genes in phage DNA were close to or even higher than that in plasmid DNA at farm SIL2, SIL4 and SIB1. As potential vessels for ARGs, bacteriophage could not be ignored due to their unique extracellular persistence in environments. Overall, this is the first comprehensive survey about bacteriophage carried ARGs from farms in different regions in China.

Flor velum yeast growth activators during biological aging are currently unknown. In this sense, this research focuses on the use of bee pollen as a flor velum activator. Bee pollen influence on viable yeast development, surface hydrophobicity, and yeast assimilable nitrogen has already been studied. Additionally, bee pollen effects on the main compounds related to flor yeast metabolism and wine sensory characteristics have been evaluated. &ldquo, Fino&rdquo, (Sherry) wine was supplemented with bee pollen using six different doses ranging from 0.1 to 20 g/L. Its addition in a dose equal or greater than 0.25 g/L can be an effective flor velum activator, increasing yeast populations and its buoyancy due to its content of yeast assimilable nitrogen and fatty acids. Except for the 20 g/L dose, pollen did not induce any significant effect on flor velum metabolism, physicochemical parameters, organic acids, major volatile compounds, or glycerol. Sensory analysis showed that low bee pollen doses increase wine&rsquo, s biological aging attributes, obtaining the highest score from the tasting panel. Multiflora bee pollen could be a natural oenological tool to enhance flor velum development and wine sensory qualities. This study confirms association between the bee pollen dose applied and the flor velum growth rate. The addition of bee pollen could help winemakers to accelerate or reimplant flor velum in biologically aged wines.

Harold Flor, working alone in North Dakota on the interactions between flax plants ( Linum usitatissimum ) and their rust parasite, coined the term “gene-for-gene” resistance to describe race-specific interactions between plants and their fungal parasites. It was already well known that many

Botryosphaeria stem blight is the most common and damaging fungal vascular disease on southern highbush blueberry in the southern United States, causing stem and cane dieback and reductions in yield. Advanced stages of this disease may cause premature plant death, which results in significant replanting costs for growers. Biotic or abiotic stresses from a variety of sources can make plants more susceptible to infection by stem blight pathogens. This new 5-page publication is intended for Florida blueberry growers to use as a guide in the identification and management of Botryosphaeria stem blight on southern highbush blueberry. Written by Norma C. Flor, Douglas A. Phillips, and Philip F. Harmon and published by the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp347

Fusarium oxysporum Schechtend.:Fr. f. sp. phaseoli J. B. Kendrick & W. C. Snyder (FOP) is the causal agent of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) disease known as Fusarium wilt or Fusarium yellows. FOP has been reported from the Castilla y Leon region in Spain, where it is a serious problem on most commercial bean cultivars (1). Five FOP isolates from Spain (AB-6, AB-111, AB-112, AS-1, and AS-4) obtained from J. M. Díaz-Mínguez and the isolate FOP-CO1 (ATCC 90245) from Colorado were tested for pathogenicity on two American lines: Pinto U.I. 114, considered as a universal susceptible check, and Flor de Mayo, a Mexican landrace. Seedlings were root-clip inoculated and evaluated according to the CIAT 1 to 9 severity scale, in which 1 to 3 = resistant, 3.1 to 6 = intermediate, and 6.1 to 9 = susceptible. Three inoculum concentrations were tested: 104, 105, and 106 conidia/ml. AS-1 and AS-4 produced resistant reactions in both U.I. 114 (1.5 to 2.1 and 1.2 to 1.5) and Flor de Mayo (1.9 to 2.3 and 1.4), respectively, at all inoculum concentrations. Susceptible reactions to AB-6 (7.3 to 8.9), AB-111 (7.6 to 8.9), AB-112 (7.5 to 7.9), and FOP-CO1 (8.1 to 8.6) were observed in Pinto U.I. 114, regardless of inoculum concentration, although severity ratings increased as the inoculum concentration was increased. Flor de Mayo exhibited a susceptible reaction (6.7 to 7.8) to FOP-CO1 at all inoculum concentrations tested, and intermediate reactions to AB-6 (4.9), AB-111 (5.4), and AB-112 (5.0) at the lowest inoculum concentration. Susceptible reactions (7 to 8.2 for AB-6; 6.8 to 7.0 for AB-111, and 7.3 to 7.7 for AB-112) occurred with higher inoculum concentrations, and severity ratings increased as the inoculum concentration increased. Recently, FOP isolates from Greece and Italy were recognized as each belonging to different pathogenic races (2); consequently, more research on the Spanish isolates (AB-6, AB-111, and AB-112) is needed to determine if they are similar to the races reported from the Mediterranean Basin or should be classified as a new FOP race (s). References: (1) J. M. Díaz-Mínguez et al. Plant Dis. 80:600, 1996. (2) S. L. Woo et al. Phytopathology 86:966, 1996.

Different Viola species are known for their traditional use as analgesic, antitussive, febrifuge, hipnotic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicinal agents. Additionally, they are considered edible flowers in certain cultures. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the phenolic composition and to assess the neuroprotective properties of Viola cornuta and Viola x wittrockiana using in vitro and in vivo methodologies with Caenorhabditis elegans as model. The identification of the phenolic compounds was carried out with a LCDAD- ESI/MSn. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined in vitro using Folin- Ciocalteu, DPPH and FRAP assays and in vivo with a juglone-induced oxidative stress in C. elegans. The neuroprotective properties were evaluated measuring the ability to inhibit CNS enzymes (MAO A, AChE), and the capability to avoid paralyzing the C. elegans CL4176, an Alzheimer disease model. The phenolic content was higher in V. x wittrockiana, being quercetin-3-O-(6-O-rhamnosylglucoside)-7-O-rhamnoside the predominant compound in the extract, which also exhibited a stronger antioxidant capacity in vitro and a higher response to lethal oxidative stress on C. elegans than V. cornuta. Only V. x wittrockiana showed inhibitory effect on CNS enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase A, but both had protective effect against the paralysis of C. elegans. These findings suggest that the studied V. cornuta and V. x wittrockiana could be interesting candidates for age related neurodegenerative disorder associated with oxidative stress. Universidad San Jorge is acknowledged for financial support and providing Cristina Moliner with a PhD scholarship. Innoflower S.L. is thanked for supplying fresh flowers. The authors are also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013) and L. Barros contract; to FEDER-Interreg Espa~na-Portugal programme for financial support through the project 0377_Iberphenol_6_E. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Isolations were attempted from flowers, stems, and seeds from six Spiroplasma citri-infected periwinkles and from flowers and stems from two healthy plants. Each flower was separated into four parts: petals, sepals, pistils, and corolla tubes. A total of 140 seeds from infected plants were germinated, with a germination rate of 59%. Two and three months after germination, 25 plants from seeds were sampled for the isolation of S. citri. The average spiroplasma cells g-1 of diseased pistils, sepals, petals, corolla tubes, or stems was 1.87 × 108, 1.9 × 107, 1.89 × 106, 3.7 × 106, or 2.35 × 106, respectively. The number of cells isolated from pistils was significantly higher than that from stems, whereas the numbers from sepals, corolla tubes, and petals were comparable to those from stems. No spiroplasma was isolated from flower parts of two healthy plants, from seeds, or from samples collected from 25 plants grown from seeds. Results indicated that flowers were good sources for the isolation of S. citri and confirmed that there is no seed transmission of the S. citri infection in periwinkles.

Phaseolus vulgaris line A193 has been shown to be widely resistant to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, including race 1472, one of the most virulent races of C. lindemuthianum characterized. Resistance to C. lindemuthianum race 1472 in P. vulgaris line A193 was investigated in segregating F2 and F2.3 populations from a cross between A193 and Flor de Mayo Bajio (a commercial cultivar highly susceptible to C. lindemuthianum). Resistance to 1472 in A193 was determined to be conditioned by a single dominant gene. Inoculation of crosses between A193 and cultivars Michigan Dark Red Kidney and Perry Marrow with race 1472 suggest that resistance in A193 is conditioned by the Co-1 gene. Inoculation of the cross A193 × Perry Marrow with C. lindemuthianum race 2, demonstrated that resistance to race 2 in Perry Marrow is also conditioned by a single dominant gene and is distinct to resistance in A193 or Michigan Dark Red Kidney. Three AFLP markers (ECAG/MACC-1, EACA/MAGA-2, EAGG/MAAC-8) linked in repulsion to the Co-1 locus were identified by screening the A193 × Flor de Mayo F2 population with 314 random amplified polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. The two most closely linked markers should be useful in marker-assisted selection for Co-1.

International audience; [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02235.].

Sherry white wine called Fino is produced by dynamic biological ageing under the action of flor yeasts using traditional practices aimed at ensuring uniform quality and characteristics over time. These kinds of yeasts provide typical sensory properties to Fino wines. Although there are studies of the volatile composition of these wines submitted to biological ageing in wood barrels, there is a lack of knowledge on the particular volatile profile produced by different flor yeast strains from Sherry zone wineries. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyse the volatile profiles produced by 15 pure culture flor velum yeasts, with the goal of observing their suitability for obtaining high quality Fino sherry wines. Volatile composition was determined by dual sequential stir bar sorptive extraction, followed by GC-MS analysis. All yeast strains studied produced the increase of most acetals, highlighting acetaldehyde diethylacetal which was the compound that most increased. Among terpenes, nerolidol and farnesol underwent remarkable increases. However, results showed that in a month of biological ageing, significant differences were observed among the volatile metabolites produced by flor yeast strains studied. Only some of them stood out for their high production of volatile compounds characteristic of Sherry Fino wines, which are good candidates for producing starter cultures.

El objetivo es contribuir al conocimiento de la anatomia floral de Kallstroemia maxima y compararlo con otros generos relacionados dentro de la familia Zygophyllaceae. Se utilizaron botones florales de 3 plantas de K. maxima recolectados el dia previo a la antesis; se procesaron preparaciones permanentes y se hicieron observaciones a partir de fotomicrografias de botones herborizados. Se proporcionan descripciones de algunas estructuras anatomicas no descritas con anterioridad, como son: nectarios opuestos a los sepalos, presencia de un haz vascular compartido por un petalo y el estambre opuesto a este, engrosamientos helicoidales en las celulas epidermicas de los margenes de los petalos, celulas papilares en la superficie abaxial de los petalos cerca de su base, numero de haces vasculares que irrigan a cada carpelo y la existencia de una cavidad interna en la base del estilo. Los resultados permiten distinguir mejor a K. maxima de los generos afines dentro de las Zygophyllaceae.

RESUMO: As flores do maracujazeiro-azedo normalmente apresentam três carpelos, porém há indivíduos com maior quantidade de carpelos em suas estruturas reprodutivas e pouco se sabe da influência dessa característica na cultura. Plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims, cultivar BRS Sol do Cerrado), que apresentam flores com três, quatro e cinco carpelos, foram avaliadas quanto: à eficiência de polinização manual e natural; à frequência dos diferentes tipos de flores no pomar; à inclinação dos estiletes. As frequências de flores com três, quatro e cinco carpelos também foram avaliadas nos genitores da referida cultivar. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas na eficiência de polinização entre os diferentes tipos de flores, as quais apresentaram médias acima de 90%, destacando-se a média de 100% das flores com cinco carpelos. As flores com três carpelos são predominantes na cultivar estudada, representando 88,93%, porém flores com quatro e cinco carpelos não apresentaram estiletes sem inclinação, enquanto flores com três carpelos apresentaram taxa de 11,83%. Apenas o genitor masculino da cultivar destaca-se quanto à taxa de flores com quatro e cinco carpelos, sendo de 37,33% e 7,33%, respectivamente. Assim, flores com quatro e cinco carpelos representam importantes características para o melhoramento genético do maracujazeiro. ABSTRACT: Passion fruit flowers usually have three carpels, but there are individuals with greater amount of carpels in their reproductive structures and little is known about the influence of this characteristic on this crop. Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, ?BRS Sol do Cerrado? cultivar) plants presenting flowers with three, four and five carpels were evaluated regarding the following characteristics: manual and natural pollination efficiency; frequency of different types of flowers in the orchard; and inclination of styles. Frequencies of flowers with three, four and five carpels were also evaluated in ?BRS Sol do Cerrado? genitors. There were no statistically significant differences in pollination efficiency among the different types of flowers, which presented averages above 90%, especially flowers with five carpels, with 100% efficiency. Flowers with three carpels are predominant in ?BRS Sol do Cerrado? cultivar, representing 88.93%, but flowers with four and five carpels did not show styles without inclination, whereas flowers with three carpels presented rate of 11.83%. Only the male genitor stands out for the rate of flowers with four and five carpels, being 37.33% and 7.33%, respectively. Thus, flowers with four and five carpels represent important characteristics for passion fruit breeding programs. Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-11T00:37:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01002945rbf416e451.pdf: 331819 bytes, checksum: caf34ca5e618749652f06918dd0b4b8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Káthia Socorro Mathias Mourão Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Orlando Cavalari de Paula Tese (doutorado em Biologia Comparada) - Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 2019 Discussões taxonômicas e filogenéticas a respeito dos representantes de Myrteae são registradas na literatura desde muito tempo, e continuam crescendo, uma vez que os recursos usados para elucidar questões relacionadas à tribo são cada vez mais amplos e consistentes. Características anatômicas, principalmente dos órgãos reprodutivos, têm sido utilizadas na análise evolutiva e na delimitação da família como um todo, mostrando-se promissoras para o auxílio das determinações sobre as circunscrições dos grupos. Assim, o trabalho aqui apresentado teve como objetivo descrever a anatomia floral e a origem do gineceu em espécies da tribo, pertencentes a diferentes grupos, avaliando e apontando caracteres relevantes que possam contribuir com as discussões taxonômicas e filogenéticas. Botões e flores foram obtidos de coletas próprias ou dos herbários do Museu Botânico Municipal de Curitiba e da Universidade Estadual de Maringá e submetidos ao processo de reversão de herborização, para então serem analisados em microscópio ótico de luz. Os resultados observados e discutidos com os dados da literatura evidenciam algumas características promissoras para estudos filogenéticos: locais de inserção dos óvulos, número de carpelos, presença de compitum ininterrupto, tipo de arranjo dos feixes calibrosos do ovário e vascularização do perianto, assim como para estudos sistemáticos: estrutura das bractéolas, estrutura do mesofilo e quantidade de feixes calibrosos no ovário, tipo de tecido de transmissão e quantidade de feixes no estilete e ausência de cavidade secretora na antera. Os dados obtidos, quando comparados com aqueles da literatura, quanto à distribuição dos feixes calibrosos apresentaram divergências, devido à ausência de padronização durante a análise e a presença dos feixes invertidos, independente das espécies, aponta que o ovário ínfero é de origem receptacular Taxonomic and phylogenetic discussions regarding Myrteae representatives have been recorded in the literature for a long time, and continue to grow, since that the resources used to elucidate tribe-related issues are increasingly broad and consistent. Anatomical characteristics, especially of the reproductive organs, have been used in the evolutionary analysis and delimitation of the family as a whole, showing promising for the determination of the group's circumscriptions. Thus, the present work aimed to describe the floral anatomy and the origin of gynoecium in species of the tribe belonging to different groups, evaluating and pointing out relevant characters that may contribute to the taxonomic and phylogenetic discussions. Buds and flowers were obtained from their own collections or from the herbariums of the Municipal Botanical Museum of Curitiba and Universidade Estadual de Maringá and submitted to the herborization reversion process, to be analyzed under optical light microscopy. The results observed and discussed with the data described in the literature show some promising characteristics for phylogenetic studies: ovule insertion sites, number of carpels, presence of uninterrupted compitum, type of arrangement of the ovary caliber bundles and perianth's vascularization, as well as in systematic studies: structure of the bracts, mesophyll structure and number of calibrous bundles in the ovary, type of transmission tissue and number of bundles in the style and absence of secretory cavity in the anther. The data obtained, when compared with those of the literature, regarding the distribution of the calibrated bundles presented divergences, due to the absence of standardization during the analysis and the presence of inverted bundles, independent of the species, indicates that the inferior ovary has a receptacular origin

Background: Hypertension remains the largest attributable risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and a reduction of cardiovascular events is linked to diminished elevated blood pressure (BP) values. High alcohol intake is a common cause of hypertension, but some studies have suggested that moderate wine consumption may reduce BP and increase plasma nitric oxide (NO) due to its polyphenol content. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of Andalusian aged white wine (AWW) under a veil of flor, an alcoholic beverage with a moderate polyphenol content, with those of gin, an alcoholic beverage without polyphenols, on BP and plasma NO in men at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: This study was designed as an open, randomized crossover-controlled trial in which 38 high-risk male volunteers, aged 55 to 80, received 30 g of ethanol daily in the form of AWW or gin. This was carried out over the course of three weeks, after a two-week washout period. At baseline and after each intervention period, BP, anthropometric parameters, and plasma NO were measured, food intake was also recorded, and physical activity was monitored. Results: Compared to gin, AWW significantly reduced systolic and diastolic BP (p &le, 0.033, both) and increased plasma NO levels (p = 0.013). Additionally, changes in BP values observed after AWW significantly correlated with increases in plasma NO. No changes in food intake, physical activity, body weight, or waist were observed between the two intervention periods. Conclusions: Moderate daily consumption of AWW may be useful to reduce elevated BP due to an increase of NO synthesis. This effect could be attributed to grape-derived compounds in AWW, such as polyphenols, which are not present in gin.

Schools throughout the world teach in several languages, but few reach the level of linguistic proficiency of Hamelin-Laie International School in Mongat, Barcelona, Spain. This school begins instruction in English, Catalan, and Spanish and at grade one, adds a fourth language as a World Language. Factors that impact the success of this school were studied, including: The commitment to language learning is evident in all aspects of the curriculum. Teachers highly proficient in the language and culture of instruction provide constant attention to the development of oracy and literacy in all languages. External international examinations reflect high expectations for language proficiency. The student body encompasses infants to baccalaureate level. A very well developed review process enables educators to continually refine and expand the effectiveness of the program to create a developmental progression of social, emotional, linguistic and academic growth from birth to university that is truly remarkable. All of these factors encapsulated within an interactive, hands-on, meaningful curriculum that fosters development of higher order/global thinking are the hallmarks of the Hamelin-Laie International School. The success of the program is owing to many factors, the greatest of which is that the students are not learning languages but using languages to learn.

Apoptosis and later autolysis are biological processes which take place in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during industrial fermentation processes, which involve costly and time-consuming aging periods. Therefore, the identification of potential cell death biomarkers can contribute to the creation of a long-term strategy in order to improve and accelerate the winemaking process. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis based on the detection of possible apoptosis and autolysis protein biomarkers in two industrial yeast strains commonly used in post-fermentative processes (sparkling wine secondary fermentation and biological aging) under typical sparkling wine elaboration conditions. Pressure had a negatively effect on viability for flor yeast, whereas the sparkling wine strain seems to be more adapted to these conditions. Flor yeast strain experienced an increase in content of apoptosis-related proteins, glucanases and vacuolar proteases at the first month of aging. Significant correlations between viability and apoptosis proteins were established in both yeast strains. Multivariate analysis based on the proteome of each process allowed to distinguish among samples and strains. The proteomic profile obtained in this study could provide useful information on the selection of wine strains and yeast behavior during sparkling wine elaboration. Additionally, the use of flor yeasts for sparkling wine improvement and elaboration is proposed.

Fortified wines are obtained by adding ethanol at some point during grape fermentation, in order to stabilize them and avoid wine spoilage. Fortification results in wines with high alcohol contents, from 15 to 23%. Exquisite, careful grape selection, harvesting, fermentation and above all, the ageing procedure and blending system, have given rise to the production of excellent fortified wines, such as Sherries. Sherries are subjected to biological and/or physico-chemical ageing in a dynamic process of coninuous blending called soleras and criaderas. In the process of biological ageing, Saccharmyces cerevisiae flor strains, genetically different from fermenting S. cerevisiae yeasts, form a velum on the wine surface through respiratory metabolism, thus protecting wine from oxidation, which is responsible for its pale color and many of its delicate organoleptic properties. Yeasts involved in the maturation of these types of wines show a high degree of variability in their physiological and genetic features. Genome analysis indicated reorganizations reflecting adaptation to specific environments and some of their enological features. A flocculin-like protein encoded by the FLO11 gene is responsible for velum formation, although transcriptional regulators and other genes involved in velum formation and stress resitance have been identified. Moreover, new technologies in Sherry production regarding to increase flor yeast viability and velum stability during Sherry ageing are beeing attempted.