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155. Multivariate analysis of attachment of biofouling organisms in response to material surface characteristics

Author

Gatley-Montross, Caitlyn M., primary, Finlay, John A., additional, Aldred, Nick, additional, Cassady, Harrison, additional, Destino, Joel F., additional, Orihuela, Beatriz, additional, Hickner, Michael A., additional, Clare, Anthony S., additional, Rittschof, Daniel, additional, Holm, Eric R., additional, and Detty, Michael R., additional

Published
2017
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159. Antialgal activity of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes against the marine alga Ulva

Author

Yandi, Wetra, Mieszkin, Sophie, Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., Finlay, John A., Liedberg, Bo, Ederth, Thomas, Yandi, Wetra, Mieszkin, Sophie, Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., Finlay, John A., Liedberg, Bo, and Ederth, Thomas

Abstract

Marine biofouling has detrimental effects on the environment and economy, and current antifouling coatings research is aimed at environmentally benign, non-toxic materials. The possibility of using contact-active coatings is explored, by considering the antialgal activity of cationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes. The antialgal activity was investigated via zoospore settlement and sporeling growth assays of the marine algae Ulva linza and U. lactuca. The assay results for PDMAEMA brushes were compared to those for anionic and neutral surfaces. It was found that only PDMAEMA could disrupt zoospores that come into contact with it, and that it also inhibits the subsequent growth of normally settled spores. Based on the spore membrane properties, and characterization of the PDMAEMA brushes over a wide pH range, it is hypothesized that the algicidal mechanisms are similar to the bactericidal mechanisms of cationic polymers, and that further development could lead to successful contact-active antialgal coatings., Funding Agencies|European Community [237997]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]

Published
2017
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161. Intra-Attack Vestibuloocular Reflex Changes in Ménière’s Disease

Author

Yacovino, Dario A. and Finlay, John B.

Subjects
genetic structures, Article Subject, sense organs
Abstract

Ménière’s attack has been shown to temporarily alter the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). A patient with unilateral Ménière’s disease was serially evaluated with the video Head Impulse Test during single, untreated episodes of acute vertigo. Spontaneous nystagmus activity was concurrently recorded in order to establish the three typical phases of Ménière’s attack (irritative, paralytic, and recovery) and correlate them with VOR performance. The onset of attack was associated with a quick change in VOR gain on the side of the affected ear. While a rapidly progressive reduction of the VOR was evident at the paralytic nystagmus phase, in the recovery phase the VOR gain returned to normal and the direction of the previous nystagmus reversed. The membrane rupture potassium intoxication theory provides a good foundation with which to explain these dynamic VOR changes and the observed triphasic direction behavior of the spontaneous nystagmus. We additionally postulated that endolymphatic fluid displacement could have a synergic effect during the earliest phase of attack.

Published
2016
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164. Role of Backbone Chemistry and Monomer Sequence in Amphiphilic Oligopeptide- and Oligopeptoid-Functionalized PDMS- and PEO-Based Block Copolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Coatings

Author

Patterson, Anastasia L., primary, Wenning, Brandon, additional, Rizis, Georgios, additional, Calabrese, David R., additional, Finlay, John A., additional, Franco, Sofia C., additional, Zuckermann, Ronald N., additional, Clare, Anthony S., additional, Kramer, Edward J., additional, Ober, Christopher K., additional, and Segalman, Rachel A., additional

Published
2017
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168. Effect of substratum surface chemistry and surface energy on attachment of marine bacteria and algal spores

Author

Ista, Linnea K., Callow, Maureen E., Finlay, John A., Coleman, Sarah E., Nolasco, Aleece C., Simons, Robin H., Callow, James A., and Lopez, Gabriel P.

Subjects
Microbiology -- Research, Spores (Botany) -- Research, Marine bacteria -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Two sequences of self assembled monolayers (SAMs) consisting of substituted alkanethiolates on gold were required to check step by step the impact of changing substratum surface chemistry and the surface energy on the connection of two illustrated organisms of significant importance to the marine biofouling. When the hydrophilic part of the SAMs was altered to carboxylate, the shape displayed of the ulva was totally different.

Published
2004

169. Holographic microscopy provides new insights into the settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza on cationic oligopeptide surfaces

Author

Vater, Svenja M., Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., Ederth, Thomas, Liedberg, Bo, Grunze, Michael, Rosenhahn, Axel, and Finlay, John

Subjects
fungi
Abstract

Interaction of zoospores of Ulva linza with cationic, arginine-rich oligopeptide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is characterized by rapid settlement. Some spores settle (ie permanently attach) in a ‘normal’ manner involving the secretion of a permanent adhesive, retraction of the flagella and cell wall formation, whilst others undergo ‘pseudosettlement’ whereby motile spores are trapped (attached) on the SAM surface without undergoing the normal metamorphosis into a settled spore. Holographic microscopy was used to record videos of swimming zoospores in the vicinity of surfaces with different cationic oligopeptide concentrations to provide time-resolved insights into processes associated with attachment of spores. The data reveal that spore attachment rate increases with increasing cationic peptide content. Accordingly, the decrease in swimming activity in the volume of seawater above the surface accelerated with increasing surface charge. Three-dimensional trajectories of individual swimming spores showed a ‘hit and stick’ motion pattern, exclusively observed for the arginine-rich peptide SAMs, whereby spores were immediately trapped upon contact with the surface.

Published
2015
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170. Engineered Chemical Nanotopographies: Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Mediated Grafting of Anisotropic Poly(acrylamide) Patterns on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) To Modulate Marine Biofouling

Author

Kuliasha, Cary A., Fedderwitz, Rebecca L., Finlay, John A., Franco, Sofia C., Clare, Anthony S., and Brennan, Anthony B.

Abstract

Effectively negating the deleterious impact of marine biofouling on the world’s maritime fleet in an environmentally conscientious manner presents a difficult challenge due to a variety of factors including the complexity and diversity of fouling species and the differing surface adhesion strategies. Understanding how surface properties relate to biofouling can inform and guide the development of new antibiofouling coatings to address this challenge. Herein, we report on the development of a living photopolymerization strategy used to tailor the surface properties of silicone rubber using controlled anisotropic poly(acrylamide) patterns and the resulting antibiofouling efficacy of these surfaces against zoospores of the model marine fouling organism, Ulva linza. Chemical patterns were fabricated using reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) living polymerization in conjunction with photolithography. Pattern geometries were inspired by the physical (i.e., nonchemical) Sharklet engineered microtopography system that has been shown to be effective against the same model organism. Sharklet chemical patterns and analogous parallel channels were fabricated in sizes ranging from 2 to 10 μm in the lateral dimension with tailorable feature heights ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Nonpatterned, chemically grafted poly(acrylamide) silicone surfaces inhibited algal spore attachment density by 59% compared to the silicone control; however, attachment density on chemical nanotopographies was not statistically different from the control. While these results indicate that the chemical nanotopographies chosen do not represent an effective antibiofouling coating, it was found that the Sharklet pattern geometry, when sized below the 5 μm critical attachment size of the spores, significantly reduced the algal spore density compared to the equally sized channel geometry. These results indicate that specific chemical geometry of the proper sizing can impact the behavior of the algal spores and could be used to further study the mechanistic behavior of biofouling organisms.

Published
2020
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171. Amphiphilic Alginates for Marine Antifouling Applications

Author

Jakobi, Victoria, Schwarze, Jana, Finlay, John A., Nolte, Kim A., Spöllmann, Stephan, Becker, Hans-Werner, Clare, Anthony S., and Rosenhahn, Axel

Abstract

Amphiphilic polymers are promising candidates for novel fouling-release coatings for marine applications. We grafted amphiphilic alginates with fluorinated side chains to glass and silicon substrates and characterized the obtained films by contact angle goniometry, spectroscopic ellipsometry, XPS, and ATR-FTIR. The potential to inhibit protein attachment was tested against four different proteins, and intermediate fluorine loadings showed the strongest reduction with respect to hydrophobic, aliphatic controls. A similar trend was observed in dynamic attachment experiments using Navicula perminutadiatoms and settlement experiments with zoospores of the green algae Ulva linza. The results indicate that amphiphilic alginates are promising natural and renewable biomacromolecules that could be included in future protective coating technologies.

Published
2024
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172. The Community of the College of Justice

Author

Finlay, John and Finlay, John

Subjects
Justice, Administration of--Scotland--History, Civil procedure--Scotland--History
Abstract

A unique institution in a unique jurisdiction: an institutional history of Scotland's eighteenth-century legal community.How important can a court and its members be in influencing the development of a country? In Scotland's case, the answer is surprising. The remarkable metamorphosis of eighteenth-century Edinburgh, from crisis conditions in the 1690s through the Union to the intellectual heights of Enlightenment and the development of the spectacular New Town, owed a great deal to those who spent their professional lives working in the Court of Session as members of the unique institution known as the College of Justice. James Boswell, Lord Kames, Henry Dundas and Walter Scott are just some of those who emerged from the College to influence Scotland's place in Europe. This study investigates the important role of College members in the cultural and economic flowering of Scotland as a whole, and Edinburgh in particular, and argues that a single Law institution had a marked influence on the Scottish cultural landscape to the present day.Key Features• An original study making use of a range of manuscript sources. No existing work has made such extensive use of session papers or has looked at the manuscript town council minutes of Edinburgh in such depth for legal historical purposes.• Reveals the working milieu within which Scots law developed at a key period following the parliamentary Union of 1707 as Scots law consolidated itself as one of the world's few mixed jurisdictions. • Shows the development of Edinburgh's history as an example of community interaction in an urban setting in comparison to courts across Europe and elsewhere.• Readers interested in social history will find out a great deal about the collective working experience of a range of individuals of very different backgrounds and status. Members of the College included the very high and the very low and in many ways it is a unique institution. Keywords: Lawyers, judges, Law, Scotlan

Published
2012

173. Trusts Law Essentials

Author

Finlay, John and Finlay, John

Subjects
Trusts and trustees--Scotland--Examinations--Study guides
Abstract

In Scots law, the legal concept of the trust has a long history of development and, over that time, has come to take on a number of characteristics. Because of this, there is no single definition of a trust that covers every example of the trust relationship. That's where Trusts Law Essentials comes in. This concise volume will quickly introduce you to the Scots law of trusts †“ from creating a trust and appointing trustees to conflicts on interest and the termination of trusts. It also looks at the different purposes of a trust and the particular issues surrounding charities and charitable trusts. End-of-chapter summaries of essential facts and essential cases will help you to identify, understand and remember the key elements of trusts law in Scotland.

Published
2012

175. Fouling-Release Performance of Silicone Oil-Modified Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings

Author

Galhenage, Teluka P., primary, Hoffman, Dylan, additional, Silbert, Samantha D., additional, Stafslien, Shane J., additional, Daniels, Justin, additional, Miljkovic, Tatjana, additional, Finlay, John A., additional, Franco, Sofia C., additional, Clare, Anthony S., additional, Nedved, Brian T., additional, Hadfield, Michael G., additional, Wendt, Dean E., additional, Waltz, Grant, additional, Brewer, Lenora, additional, Teo, Serena L.M., additional, Lim, Chin-Sing, additional, and Webster, Dean C., additional

Published
2016
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179. Effects of surface-active block copolymers with oxyethylene and fluoroalkyl side chains on the antifouling performance of silicone-based films

Author

Martinelli, Elisa, primary, Gunes, Deniz, additional, Wenning, Brandon M., additional, Ober, Christopher K., additional, Finlay, John A., additional, Callow, Maureen E., additional, Callow, James A., additional, Di Fino, Alessio, additional, Clare, Anthony S., additional, and Galli, Giancarlo, additional

Published
2016
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182. Antifouling properties of oligo(lactose)-based self-assembled monolayers

Author

Nugraha, Roni, Finlay, John A., Hill, Sophie, Fyrner, Timmy, Yandi, Wetra, Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., Ederth, Thomas, Nugraha, Roni, Finlay, John A., Hill, Sophie, Fyrner, Timmy, Yandi, Wetra, Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., and Ederth, Thomas

Abstract

The antifouling (AF) properties of oligo(lactose)-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), using four different proteins, zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza and cells of the diatom Navicula incerta, were investigated. The SAM-forming alkylthiols, which contained 1, 2 or 3 lactose units, showed significant variation in AF properties, with no differences in wettability. Non-specific adsorption of albumin and pepsin was low on all surfaces. Adsorption of lysozyme and fibrinogen decreased with increasing number of lactose units in the SAM, in agreement with the generally observed phenomenon that thicker hydrated layers provide higher barriers to protein adsorption. Settlement of spores of U. linza followed an opposite trend, being greater on the bulkier, more hydrated SAMs. These SAMs are more ordered for the larger saccharide units, and it is therefore hypothesized that the degree of order, and differences in crystallinity or stiffness between the surfaces, is an important parameter regulating spore settlement on these surfaces., Funding Agencies|European Community [23797]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; ONR (USA) [N0001-08-1-0010]

Published
2015
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183. Topographic cues guide the attachment of diatom cells and algal zoospores.

Author

Xiao, Linlin, Finlay, John A., Röhrig, Michael, Mieszkin, Sophie, Worgull, Matthias, Hölscher, Hendrik, Callow, James A., Callow, Maureen E., Grunze, Michael, and Rosenhahn, Axel

Subjects
DIATOMS, SURFACE topography, ZOOSPORES, MARINE fouling organisms, ULVA
Abstract

Surface topography plays a key role in the colonization of substrata by the colonizing stages of marine fouling organisms. For the innovation of marine antifouling coatings, it is essential to understand how topographic cues affect the settlement of these organisms. In this study, tapered, spiked microstructures and discrete honeycombs of varying feature dimensions were designed and fabricated in order to examine the influence of topography on the attachment of zoospores of the green macroalga Ulva linza and cells of the diatom (microalga) Navicula incerta. Contrasting results were obtained with these two species of algae. Indeed, the preferred location of cells of N. incerta was dominated by attachment point theory, which suggested a positive correlation between the density of cells adhering and the amount of available attachment points, while the settlement of spores of U. linza was mainly regulated by both Wenzel roughness and local binding geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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184. Low-Fouling Thin Hydrogel Coatings Made of Photo-Cross-Linked Polyzwitterions

Author

Koc, Julian, Schönemann, Eric, Amuthalingam, Ajitha, Clarke, Jessica, Finlay, John A., Clare, Anthony S., Laschewsky, Andre, and Rosenhahn, Axel

Abstract

Although zwitterionic chemistries are among the most promising materials for producing nonfouling surfaces, their structural diversity has been low until now. Here, we compare the in vitro fouling behavior of a set of four systematically varied sulfa-/sulfobetaine-containing zwitterionic hydrogel coatings against a series of proteins and nonmotile as well as motile marine organisms as model foulers. The coatings are prepared by simultaneous photoinduced cross-linking and surface anchoring to elucidate the effect of the molecular structure of the zwitterionic moieties on their antifouling activity. Analogously prepared coatings of poly(butyl methacrylate) and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) serve as references. Photoreactive polymers are synthesized by the statistical copolymerization of sulfobetaine or sulfabetaine methacrylates and methacrylamides with a benzophenone derivative of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and are applied as a thin film coating. While keeping the density of the zwitterionic and cross-linker groups constant, the molecular structure of the zwitterionic side chains is varied systematically, as is the arrangement of the ion pairs in the side chain by changing the classical linear geometry to a novel Y-shaped geometry. All of the polyzwitterions strongly reduce fouling compared to poly(butyl methacrylate). Overall, the sulfabetaine polyzwitterion coatings studied matches the high antifouling effectiveness of oligo(ethylene glycol)-based ones used as a control. Nevertheless, performances varied individually for a given pair of polymer and fouler. The case of the polysulfobetaines exemplifies that minor chemical changes in the polymer structure affect the antifouling performance markedly. Accordingly, the antifouling performance of such polymers cannot be correlated simply to the type of zwitterion used (which could be generally ranked as better performing or poorer performing) but is a result of the polymer’s precise chemical structure. Our findings underline the need to enlarge the existing structural diversity of polyzwitterions for antifouling purposes to optimize the potential of their chemical structure.

Published
2019
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187. Fashion & Luxury Brands Market Update - Issue 231

Author

Finlay, John

Subjects
Business, international
Abstract

This week's top stories in the Fashion and Luxury Brands sector: 1.4 percent rise in UK retail sales in May (Fashion United) Lancôme faces criticism after dropping Hong Kong singer [...]

Published
2016

188. LETTERS.

Author

PROPES, WARREN C., CHRISTGAU, O. G., ODETS, CLIFFORD, FINLAY, JOHN J., HEXSCHEL, HOWARD ALDEN, STROM, WILLIAM T., BULLETTE, GEORGE CLEVE, MILLER, OGDEX D., SPEXCER, FAIRFAX, ROBBIX, ANN ELIZABETH, and KERLER, ROBERT G.

Subjects
YIN Ju-Keng, ANTI-Saloon League of America (Organization), PARADISE Lost (Play)
Published
1936

189. Engineered antifouling microtopographies: kinetic analysis of the attachment of zoospores of the green alga Ulva to silicone elastomers

Author

Cooper, Scott P., Finlay, John A., Cone, Gemma, Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., and Brennan, Anthony B.

Abstract

Microtopography has been demonstrated as an effective deterrent to biofouling. The majority of published studies are fixed-time assays that raise questions regarding the kinetics of the attachment process. This study investigated the time-dependent attachment density of zoospores of Ulva, in a laboratory assay, on a micropatterned and smooth silicone elastomer. The attachment density of zoospores was reduced on average 70–80% by the microtopography relative to smooth surfaces over a 4 h exposure. Mapping the zoospore locations on the topography revealed that they settled preferentially in specific, recessed areas of the pattern. The kinetic data fit, with high correlation (r2 > 0.9), models commonly used to describe the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces. The grouping of spores on the microtopography indicated that the pattern inhibited the ability of attached spores to recruit neighbors. This study demonstrates that the antifouling mechanism of topographies may involve disruption of the cooperative effects exhibited by fouling organisms such as Ulva.

Published
2011
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196. A Combinatorial Approach to the Discovery of Biocidal Six-Residue Cyclic D, L-α-Peptides Against Bacteria MRSA and E. coli. and the Biofouling Algae Ulva linza and Navicula perminuta

Author

Fletcher, James T., Finlay, John A., Callow, Maureen E., Callow, James A., and Ghadiri, M. Reza

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Species Specificity, Escherichia coli, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Eukaryota, Methicillin Resistance, Amino Acid Sequence, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Cyclic, Article, Anti-Bacterial Agents
Abstract

A combinatorial approach has been used to rapidly identify cyclic d,l-alpha-peptide hexamer sequences that exert biocidal activity towards both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and E. coli bacteria, as well as the marine algae Ulva linza and Navicula perminuta. Evaluation of the effects against marine algae was facilitated by the development of a reliable, automated assay for toxicity, which should be of general utility for biofouling investigations. While the selective toxicity of cyclic D,L-alpha-peptides towards bacteria has been proven to be highly sensitive to minor changes in amino acid composition, this study demonstrates that this phenomenon extends to eukaryotic species as well, despite their significant structural differences. In performing toxicity assays on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in parallel, we have discovered examples of six-residue cyclic D,L-alpha-peptide sequences with either broad-spectrum or highly selective biocidal activities. Sequence [KWFFFH] (underlined amino acid abbreviations represent D-amino acid residues) was found to display 100-fold selectivity towards U. linza, demonstrating that the approach described herein may help lead to the development of new biofouling tools which are not generally toxic to all organisms, but rather specifically target microbial agents of interest.

Published
2007

197. Poly(ethylene) glycol-modified, amphiphilic, siloxane-polyurethane coatings and their performance as fouling-release surfaces.

Author

Galhenage, Teluka, Webster, Dean, Moreira, Augusto, Burgett, Ryan, Stafslien, Shane, Vanderwal, Lyndsi, Finlay, John, Franco, Sofia, and Clare, Anthony

Subjects
POLYETHYLENE glycol, AMPHIPHILES, SILOXANES, POLYURETHANES, COATING processes, FOULING
Abstract

Amphiphilic siloxane-polyurethane (AmSiPU) coatings were prepared using a series of polyisocyanate prepolymers modified with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Fouling-release performance of the AmSiPU coatings was evaluated through laboratory biological assays using several representative marine organisms. First, polyisocyanate prepolymers with compositional variation in PDMS and PEG were synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and isocyanate titrations. Then, the prepolymers were incorporated into coatings. Surface wettability of the coatings was evaluated using contact angle and surface energy measurements. Coatings' surfaces were also characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). ATR-FTIR and XPS experiments revealed that both PDMS and PEG moieties were present on the surface suggesting amphiphilic character. AFM phase images show microphase separation. AmSiPU coatings show excellent fouling-release performance toward bacteria ( Cellulophaga lytica), the diatoms ( Navicula incerta), and the green algae ( Ulva linza), demonstrating comparable or superior performance to many commercial amphiphilic fouling-release coatings. Despite the incorporation of hydrophilic PEG, AmSiPU coatings show good macrofouling release which is often challenging with amphiphilic coating systems. AmSiPU coatings are a nontoxic and tough fouling-release solution with comparable performance to benchmarks in the fouling-release coatings market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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