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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate surface treatments and fiber types on adhesion properties polylactic acid (PLA) three-dimensional (3D) parts printed on woven fabrics. Design/methodology/approach: The cotton, flax and jute fabrics were exposed to alkali, hydrogen peroxide, stearic acid and ionic liquid treatments to modify surface characteristics before PLA 3D printing. The modification efficiency was assessed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. Then, fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer and PLA filament were used for 3D printing onto the untreated and treated fabrics. The adhesion strength between the fabrics and PLA 3D parts were tested according to DIN 53530 via universal tensile tester. Findings: The fabric structure is effective on adhesion force and greater values were observed for plain weave fabrics. Maximum separation forces were obtained for alkali pretreated fabrics among jute and cotton. Hydrogen peroxide treatment also increased adhesion forces for jute and cotton fabrics while decreasing for flax fabrics. Stearic acid and ionic liquid treatments reduced adhesion forces compared to untreated fabrics. Treatments are effective to alter adhesion via changing surface chemistry, surface morphology and fabric physical properties but display different effects related to fabric material. Originality/value: This study provides experimental information about effects of different fiber types and surface treatments on adhesion strength of PLA 3D parts. There is limited research about comprehensive observation on 3D printing on cellulosic-woven fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of monotonic and multidirectional cyclic simple shear tests were performed on reconstituted fiber-reinforced calcareous sand specimens prepared by the dry deposition method, at a relative density of approximately 50%, considering the effects of fiber contents and cyclic stress levels. The peak shear strength, the linkage between monotonic and cyclic behaviors, liquefaction resistance, and pore pressure responses of calcareous sand with and without fiber reinforcement were analyzed. The results indicate that both unreinforced and fiber-reinforced calcareous sand exhibit limited flow instability behavior and the peak shear strength increases with the increase in fiber content under monotonic loading. The inclusion of fibers and increasing fiber contents can improve the liquefaction resistance of calcareous sand under cyclic loading. A linear relationship was found between the normalized liquefaction resistance of reinforced sand and the number of cycles for triggering liquefaction, and the prediction of liquefaction resistance of fiber-reinforced calcareous sand with various fiber contents can be conveniently achieved according to the linear relationship. The pore pressure prediction model considering the effect of fiber contents was proposed, which was capable of effectively simulating the pore pressure generation of fiber-reinforced calcareous sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy dietary patterns with adequate fiber improve cardiometabolic (CM) outcomes and attenuate disease progression. Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable fiber that affects CM outcomes; however, studies are heterogeneous and inconsistent. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to assess the impact of RS intake by type and amount on CM outcomes while considering subject characteristics and trial duration. Randomized crossover or parallel studies (n = 31) were selected and compared according to acute (1 day; n = 12), medium (>1-30 days; n = 8), or long (>30 days; n = 11) duration. Most acute trials in healthy adults showed improvements in postprandial glycemic outcomes irrespective of RS type or amount. However, a more pronounced reduction occurred when test meals did not match for available carbohydrate. Daily RS intake had a minimal effect on CM outcomes in medium duration trials, but insulin resistant adults had better glycemic control at 4 weeks. Several longer duration trials (8-12 weeks) showed favorable CM outcomes with daily RS intake in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not in those at risk for T2D. Furthermore, some studies reported improved lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and heart rate. Future studies should consider matching for available carbohydrates between the RS and control groups to understand the gut microbiome's role. Furthermore, energy and fiber should be considered. Overall, the acute intake of RS improves glycemic outcomes, and consuming RS at for least 4 and up to 8 to 12 weeks in adults with prediabetes and T2D, respectively, appears to improve CM outcomes. CM, cardiometabolic; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short chain fatty acid; T2D, type 2 diabetes.Y [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-Si gel fibers were constructed by sol-gel method combined with electrospinning technology, and then crystallized to obtain lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) glass-ceramic fibers. The effects of the spinning aid polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) content and aging time on the viscosity, spinnability and fiber morphology of the precursor solution were investigated, and the formation mechanism of the gel fiber was discussed. The results show that the higher the PVA content and the longer the aging time, the higher the viscosity and the increase of fiber spinnability. However, too high PVA content and too long aging time both make the electric field force unable to overcome the surface tension and thus unable to form uniform bead-free fibers. When the PVA content is 10 wt% and the aging time is 48 h, uniform and almost bead-free gel fibers can be obtained. The acid-catalyzed dehydration of ethyl orthosilicate and the resulting monomeric silicic acid condensed with each other in solution to form highly polymerized silicic acid, which condensed with polyvinyl alcohol carbon chains to form composite gel fibers. Li2Si2O5 glass-ceramic fibers with an average diameter of 0. 80 μm were obtained after 2 h crystallization at 880 °C, which laid the foundation for the subsequent preparation of fiber toughened Li2Si2O5, glass-ceramic composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate the performance of asphalt individually reinforced by six types of fibers, including three organic and three inorganic fibers, to study the interface between fibers and asphalt, and to analyze their relationships. Specifically, the chemical and physical interaction between fiber and asphalt was analyzed using FTIR testing. The interface pullout behavior of the fibers from asphalt was analyzed using a fiber-asphalt pullout (FAP) test. The high-temperature performance of the fiber-reinforced asphalt using dynamic shear rheology (DSR) testing. The relationship between the performance index and interface index was analyzed using linear and grey correlation methods. Meanwhile, the interface micromorphology was observed using SEM testing. The results showed that the inorganic fibers and organic fibers mainly physically interacted with the asphalt. The interface bonding ability between BF-A and asphalt was the largest, followed by BF-B, GF, PEF, PAF-A, and PAF-B. The organic fibers decreased the phase angle and increased the complex modulus and rutting factor better than the inorganic fibers. The performance index G* and G*/sinδ are positively correlated with the interface pullout parameters. The influence of the interface pullout parameters on the performance index G* was the biggest, followed by the fiber modulus, fiber volume content, and fiber density. The research results obtained in this paper could be applied as a reference to design the fiber-reinforced asphalt material. It could help design the fiber-reinforced asphalt from the perspective of interface pullout behavior. Meanwhile, when more fibers (different fiber types or different modifications of the same fiber) are used to further systematically conclude the relationship between the performance index and the interface index in the future, it could also be adopted to predict the performance of fiber-reinforced asphalt using the interface index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, using the Bažant size effect law and applying cylindrical circumferential notched specimens, the mode III fracture energy of the steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) is calculated. It has been observed that, although the addition of 0.3 (v%) of steel fibers made the concrete splitting tension record a twofold increase, the mode III fracture energy witnessed a reduction of about 46% as well as the compressive strength, which experienced a decrease of less than a quarter. Also, it was noticed that there was a clear size effect for the mode III fracture of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and SFRSCC, which pronounces for larger specimens. Furthermore, the addition of fibers declined the rate of characteristic stress reduction and the impact of the size effect was reduced. The brittleness number remained almost constant for different mixes containing fibers, albeit it demonstrated higher values as the specimen size grew. In addition, an approximate normalized relation estimating the mode III fracture energy of fiber-reinforced SCC in terms of normalized compressive strength and splitting tension is presented. The results showed that addition of steel fibers not only did not improve the mode III fracture energy of concrete but it reduced. Moreover, the mode III fracture energy takes lower values for SCC compared with conventional concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: A novel strategy was developed to construct ultrathin microfiber composite hydrogel films (< 5 μm) by embedding an electrospun fiber network into a hydrogel. The microfiber composite hydrogel offers tunable modulus in a broad range (from ~ 5 kPa to tens of MPa), which matches the modulus of most biological tissues and organs. The ultrathin configuration and ultrasoft nature allow the microfiber composite hydrogel seamlessly attaching to various rough surfaces. Hydrogels offer tissue-like softness, stretchability, fracture toughness, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with biological tissues, which make them promising candidates for fabricating flexible bioelectronics. A soft hydrogel film offers an ideal interface to directly bridge thin-film electronics with the soft tissues. However, it remains difficult to fabricate a soft hydrogel film with an ultrathin configuration and excellent mechanical strength. Here we report a biological tissue-inspired ultrasoft microfiber composite ultrathin (< 5 μm) hydrogel film, which is currently the thinnest hydrogel film as far as we know. The embedded microfibers endow the composite hydrogel with prominent mechanical strength (tensile stress ~ 6 MPa) and anti-tearing property. Moreover, our microfiber composite hydrogel offers the capability of tunable mechanical properties in a broad range, allowing for matching the modulus of most biological tissues and organs. The incorporation of glycerol and salt ions imparts the microfiber composite hydrogel with high ionic conductivity and prominent anti-dehydration behavior. Such microfiber composite hydrogels are promising for constructing attaching-type flexible bioelectronics to monitor biosignals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rye intake has been associated with beneficial effects on health in human interventions, possibly due to dietary fiber in rye. In dogs, few studies have explored the effects on health of dietary fiber in general, and rye fiber in particular. The aim of this study was to investigate how inclusion of rye, compared with wheat, influenced fecal microbiota composition, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in dogs. Six male Beagle dogs (mean age 4.6 years, SEM 0.95 years; mean body weight 14.6 kg, SEM 0.32 kg) were fed three experimental diets, each for 21 days, including an adaptation period of six days and with 2–2.5 months between diet periods. The diets were similar regarding energy and protein, but had different carbohydrate sources (refined wheat (W), whole grain rye (R), or an equal mixture of both (RW)) comprising 50% of total weight on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were baked and titanium dioxide was added for ATTD determination. Fecal samples were collected before and in the end of each experimental period. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons and fecal SCFA by high-performance liquid chromatography. Crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) in food and feces were analyzed and ATTD of each was determined. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were applied in data evaluation. Results: Faecal microbiota composition, differed depending on diet (P = 0.002), with samples collected after consumption of the R diet differing from baseline. This was primarily because of a shift in proportion of Prevotella, which increased significantly after consumption of the R diet (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found for SCFA, but there was a tendency (P < 0.06) for higher molar proportions of acetic acid following consumption of the R diet. The ATTD of crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and GE was lower after consumption of the R diet compared with the other diets (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Consumption of the R diet, but not RW or W diets, was associated with specific shifts in microbial community composition and function, but also with lower ATTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As synthetic fibers with superior performances, nylon 6 fibers are widely used in many fields. Due to the potential fire hazard caused by flammability, the study of the flame retardancy of nylon 6 fibers has been attracting more and more attention. The review has summarized the present research status of flame-retarded nylon 6 fibers from three aspects: intrinsic flame-retarded nylon 6, nylon 6 composites, and surface strategies of nylon 6 fibers/fabrics. The current main focus is still how to balance the application performances, flame retardancy, and production cost. Moreover, melt dripping during combustion remains a key challenge for nylon 6 fibers, and the further developing trend is to study novel flame retardants and new flame-retardancy technologies for nylon 6 fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the current environmental situation, biopolymers are replacing the usual synthetic polymers, and special attention is being paid to poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), which is a biodegradable polymer of natural origin. In this paper, the rate of biodegradation of films and fibers based on PHB was compared. The influence of exposure to soil on the structure and properties of materials was evaluated using methods of mechanical analysis, the DSC method and FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed rapid decomposition of the fibrous material and also showed how the surface of the material affects the rate of biodegradation and the mechanical properties of the material. It was found that maximum strength decreased by 91% in the fibrous material and by 49% in the film. Additionally, the DSC method showed that the crystallinity of the fiber after exposure to the soil decreased. It was established that the rate of degradation is influenced by different factors, including the surface area of the material and its susceptibility to soil microorganisms. The results obtained are of great importance for planning the structure of features in the manufacture of biopolymer consumer products in areas such as medicine, packaging, filters, protective layers and coatings, etc. Therefore, an understanding of the biodegradation mechanisms of PHB could lead to the development of effective medical devices, packaging materials and different objects with a short working lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable aliphatic polyester that can be used in the field of biomaterials. Electrospinning is the name given to the process of producing micro and nanoscale fibers using electrostatically charged polymeric solutions under certain conditions. Almost all synthetic and naturally occurring polymers can undergo electrospinning using suitable solvents or mixtures prepared in certain proportions. In this study, silica aerogels were obtained by the sol-gel method. PCL-silica aerogel fibers were synthesized by adding 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% ratios in the PCL solution. Blood contact analysis was performed on the produced fibers with UV-VIS. According to the results obtained, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% nano-silver were added to the fiber-containing 4% aerogel. Then, SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses were performed on all fibers produced. Antimicrobial tests were performed on fibers containing nano-silver. As a result, high-performance blood coagulation fibers were developed using PCL with aerogel, and an antimicrobial effect was achieved with nano-silver particles. It is thought that the designed surface will be preferred in wound dressing and biomaterial in tissue engineering, as it provides a high amount of cell adhesion with a small amount of blood and contains antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic naphthalene thermotropic liquid crystal copolyesters (N-TLCP) have strong intermolecular forces and possess excellent comprehensive properties. In this study, the N-TLCP/MWCNT nanocomposites derived from 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDA), terephthalic acid (TA), 4,4′-dihydroxy biphenyl (BP) and carboxyl MWCNT were prepared via in situ "one-pot" melt polymerization method. The structure and properties of N-TLCP/MWCNT composites were fully analyzed. The interaction between MWCNT and TLCP matrix was confirmed by FTIR, XPS, Raman spectrum and rheometric measurements; and the strong interaction was observed for addition of a small amount of MWCNT (<0.5 wt%), which was attributed to the fact that the functional group COOH on the surface of MWCNTs enhances the dispersion state of the CNTs and molecular interaction through hydrogen bond/chemical covalent bonds. As a result, the glass transition temperature, melting temperature, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the N-TLCP/MWCNT composite was improved. However, more addition of MWCNT would tend to aggregate and impact the molecular weight and structure of the N-TLCP by the chemical reaction between its COOH group and OH group of the N-TLCP, which is not favor for improving the mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a plant species cultivated as a raw material for fiber extraction. Alternatively, hemp biomass can be used for feeding or energy purposes. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculation with a lactic acid bacteria starter culture on the fermentation and chemical compositions of hemp silages. Hemp shoots (HS) and hemp flowers (HF) were ensiled in mini laboratory silos without or with the inoculation of the commercial starter culture Lactosil Biogaz (Lentilactobacillus buchnerii KKP 907 p; L. buchneri A KKP 2047 p; Pediococcus acidilactici KKP 2065 p). After 7 and 42 days of ensiling, the fermentation quality and chemical compositions of the silages were assessed. The use of Lactosil Biogas for hemp resulted in a decrease in pH, increase in lactic acid (LA), and reduction in fungal abundance in the HS silage. In the case of the HF silage, the bacterial inoculation was less effective; however, an increase in LA and a decrease in butyric acid (BA) were observed. As a result of the ensilage process, decreases in crude fiber and hemicellulose were observed in the HS and HF silages. Thus, hemp ensiling with biological additives is an effective pre-treatment of hemp plants for subsequent biofuel production that can preserve the biomass and provide the year-round availability of feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unfavorable ecological and food security situation in the world causes frequent spread of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, the number of cases of irritable bowel syndrome is increasing, especially among the young working population. Diet therapy, which includes increasing the amount of dietary fiber in combination with phospholipids, is effective for the prevention of these diseases. A perspective raw material with a high content of dietary fibers is pumpkin cellulose, which can be added to the recipe of bakery products instead of part of wheat flour. The aim of the work was to find the effect of pumpkin cellulose in combination with sunflower lecithin on the conformational changes of the structure of dough and bread from wheat flour and the completeness of assimilation of products with this raw material by the organism. It was established that the infrared spectra of wheat flour, pumpkin cellulose and sunflower lecithin differ in reflection intensity and character. In the process of dough fermentation, the conformational transformations deepened with an increase in the amount of replacement of wheat flour with pumpkin cellulose, and the reflection coefficient increased. For bread samples, the reflectance coefficient was lower compared to dough, but there were almost no differences in the location of the spectra. In general, the biological value of samples of bread with additives was lower than the control sample, however, the high content of dietary fibers in pumpkin cellulose makes it a promising raw material for enriching bakery products with a valuable nutrient and giving bread health properties. The rational amount of replacing wheat flour with pumpkin cellulose is no more than 7 %, taking into account the decrease in the biological value of bread with this raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the effect of fiber on the sulfate erosion resistance of geopolymeric materials, the fiber-reinforced metakaolin-fly ash (MK-FA) based geopolymer mortar was prepared from the main raw materials of metakaolin and fly ash. The appearance, microstructure, mass loss rate and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced MK-FA based geopolymer mortar were explored after sulfate corrosion and drying-wetting alternation coupling, and the improvement mechanism of sulfate resistance of mortar by fibers was analyzed. The results show that with the increase of sulfate corrosion and drying-wetting alternation cycle times, the mechanical performance of specimens first increase and then tend to be stable, while the mass loss first increases and then decreases, fibers improve sulfate resistance of geopolymer mortar. The sodium sulfate solution mainly erodes the surface of the specimens, does not generate gypsum and ettringite, and has no obvious damage to the internal structure. Both stable and dense structures of samples and fiberbridged matrix function make fiber-reinforced MK-FA based geopolymer mortar present excellent performance in resistance to sulfate attack, which is beneficial to maintain the mechanical properties and structural stability of specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the industry develops and energy demand increases, wind turbines are increasingly being used to generate electricity, resulting in an increasing number of obsolete turbine blades that need to be properly recycled or used as a secondary raw material in other industries. The authors of this work propose an innovative technology not yet studied in the literature, where the wind turbine blades are mechanically shredded and micrometric fibers are formed from the obtained powder using plasma technologies. As shown by SEM and EDS studies, the powder is composed of irregularly shaped microgranules and the carbon content in the obtained fiber is lower by up to seven times compared with the original powder. Meanwhile, the chromatographic studies show that no hazardous to the environment gases are formed during the fiber production. It is worth mentioning that this fiber formation technology can be one of the additional methods for recycling wind turbine blades, and the obtained fiber can be used as a secondary raw material in the production of catalysts, construction materials, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiC/SiC composites are attractive candidates for many nuclear systems. As reinforcements, SiC fibers are critical to the in-service performance of composites. In this work, the temperature effects on the irradiation-induced microstructural evolution of Cansas-III SiC fibers were investigated using in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With in-situ 800 keV Kr ion irradiation, at room temperature (RT) the SiC fiber experienced heterogeneous amorphization and became completely amorphous at ∼2.6 dpa. Above the critical temperature of crystalline-to-amorphous (T c), SiC fibers underwent a simultaneous process of carbon packet disappearance and nano-grain growth at 300 °C and 800 °C. Possible mechanisms were discussed. [Display omitted] • The irradiation-induced-amorphization dose of SiC fiber at RT were determined with in-situ observation. • The SiC fiber experienced heterogeneous amorphization. • SiC fiber underwent the disappearance of carbon packets and nano-grain growth simultaneouslt at 300 °C and 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reducing postprandial (PP) hyperglycemia and PP glucose excursions is important for overall glycemic management. Although most therapeutic lifestyle interventions that reduce caloric intake would affect this, there is no particular nutritional intervention favored. Methods: We evaluated the effects of a novel natural food adjuvant combining mulberry leaf extract (MLE) with other bioactive ingredients, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) originating from Asia, on improving PP glucometabolic response in a randomized controlled exploratory crossover, two-center study (USA, Singapore). A 2-g blend of 250 mg MLE [containing 12.5 mg of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)], fiber (1.75 g), vitamin D3 (0.75 μg), and chromium (75 μg), compared with a similar blend without the MLE, was sprinkled over a 350-kcal breakfast meal (55.4 g carbs) and PP blood glucose (primary exploratory endpoint), insulin, and incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP) were evaluated in blood samples over 3 h. Changes in incremental areas under the concentration curve (iAUC) and maximum concentrations (Cmax) were compared. Results: Thirty individuals (12 women, mean age 59 years, HbA1c 7.1%, BMI 26.5 kg/m2) were enrolled and the MLE-based blend relative to the blend without MLE significantly reduced glucose iAUC at 1 h (− 20%, p < 0.0001), 2 h (− 17%, p = 0.0001), and 3 h (− 15%, p = 0.0032) and Cmax [mean (95% CI) difference − 0.8 (− 1.2, − 0.3) mmol/L, p = 0.0006]. A statistically significant reduction in 1 h insulin iAUC (− 24%, p = 0.0236) was observed, but this reduction was no longer present at either 2 h or 3 h. No difference in GLP-1 was seen, but GIP response (iAUC and Cmax) was less with the MLE-based blend. Conclusions: The observation of a significant glucose reduction paralleled with a significant lower insulin response supports a reduced gastrointestinal glucose absorption. These results support the use of a 2-g natural blend of MLE, fiber, vitamin D, and chromium in T2D as a convenient dietary adjuvant to improve PP glucometabolic response. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04877366. Plain Language Summary: It is generally accepted that addressing lifestyle factors represents the initial step for treatment of type 2 diabetes. This includes an evaluation of how to optimize physical exercise and diet. However, although most diets that reduce caloric intake would affect sugar levels, there is no particular nutritional intervention favored, and choices depend on factors such as cost, preference, availabilities, and scientific evidence. A multiingredient food adjuvant blend for support of blood sugar levels combined mulberry leaf extract with fiber, vitamin D, and chromium, and was developed with the intended use to be sprinkled on and consumed with a meal. In this study involving 30 people with type 2 diabetes (mean age 59 years, glycated hemoglobin 7.1%, body mass index 26.5 kg/m2) originating from Asia, a 2-g blend of these ingredients was sprinkled over a 350-kcal breakfast meal rich in carbohydrates (55.4 g) and compared to a similar blend without the MLE. Blood sugar spikes following the meal were reduced by 15–20% over an observation period of 3 h. Thus, such a mulberry leaf extract-based blend, which also is a source of fiber, vitamin D, and chromium, may represent a convenient dietary support to improve sugar levels after a meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerogel-based renders have been the subject of research in the last few years due to their high thermal insulation characteristics and the need for buildings to become more energy-efficient. This study compares the hygrothermal behaviour of an aerogel-based render (reference) with the same base formulation, replacing the powder with three different fibres (aramid 0.5%, sisal 0.1%, and biomass 0.1%, by total volume) that can be used in buildings' envelopes. The experimental programme allowed us to characterise and compare the thermophysical properties of the different formulations and then simulate the hygrothermal performance of these solutions when applied to walls for different climatic conditions, considering additional parameters such as total water content, drying potential, water content levels, and thermal insulating performance. These thermophysical parameters were then included in hygrothermal numerical simulations. The results allowed us to verify that the incorporation of fibres improved the hygrothermal properties due to lower capillary absorption and higher water vapour permeability. These renderings showed a high potential for application to building envelopes in different climatic conditions, improving their energy efficiency by up to 20% when compared to other conventional solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The output of bio-based polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been growing rapidly with a substantial increase of developments both in academic and industrial research areas in the past decade, which is due to its water solubility, plasticity, and degradability. However, PVA is highly flammable with a limiting oxygen index of only 19% owning to its inherent macromolecular structure composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The demand for flame retardancy of PVA has been increased rapidly and is generally satisfied by introducing flame retardants via chemical grafting, physical blending, and coating. This review summarizes the flame retardants applied in PVA and their influence on the flammability and mechanical properties of PVA materials. The type of flame retardant additives and their application technologies for various PVA products are presented in terms of various PVA products, such as films, aerogel, fibers, foams, and bulk composites. The films dominate the whole research of flame retardant PVA materials owing to their widespread application. The fire performance and flame retardant mechanism are compared and discussed. Additionally, PVA acted as an assistant agent in some polymeric flame-retardant formulations is also discussed and reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of artificial silk spinning approaches are attempted to mimic the natural spinning process found in silkworms and spiders, yet instantaneous silk fiber formation with hierarchical structure under physiological and ambient conditions without post‐treatment procedures remains unaddressed. Here, this work reports a new strategy to fabricate silk protein‐based aerosols and silk fibers instantaneously in situ using a spray device, avoiding complicated and costly advanced manufacturing techniques. The key to success is the instantaneous conformational transition of silk fibroin from random coil to β‐sheet right before spraying by mixing silk and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions in the spray device, allowing aerosols and silk fibers to be sprayed, with further control achieved via the molecular weight of silk. The spinning process of the spray device is based on the use of green solvents, that is, all steps of instant conformational transition of silk fibroin are carried out in aqueous conditions or with buffers at ambient conditions, in combination with shear and elongational flow caused by the hydraulic pressure generated in the spray container. The system supports a portable and user‐friendly system that could be used for drug delivery carriers, wound coating materials, and rapid silk fiber conformal coatings on surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of functional foods is gaining more importance due to its role in maintaining a healthy status and preventing some metabolic diseases. The control of diabetes, in particular type-2 (T2DM), could be considered a big challenge since it involves other factors such as eating habits. From the pharmacological point of view, inhibiting digestive enzymes, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, is one of the mechanisms mainly used by synthetic drugs to control this disease; however, several side effects are described. For that reason, using bioactive compounds may appear as an alternative without presenting the complications synthetic drugs available on the market have. The winemaking industry generates tons of waste annually, and grape pomace (GP) is the most important. GP is recognized for its nutritional value and as a source of bioactive compounds that are helpful for human health. This review highlights the importance of GP as a possible source of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Also, it is emphasized the components involved in this bioactivity and the possible interactions among them. Especially, some phenolic compounds and fiber of GP are the main ones responsible for interfering with the human digestive enzymes. Preliminary studies in vitro confirmed this bioactivity; however, further information is required to allow the specific use of GP as a functional ingredient inside the market of products recommended for people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen is the most prevalent scaffold material for in vitro skin models. The major limitation of collagen scaffold is its mechanical weakness, resulting in severe contraction during differentiation. Here, we presented a slime-webbed scaffold composed of perpendicularly stacked fibers with large pores. This slime-webbed scaffold did not contract while improving molecular transport and achieving comparable cell viability. Fibroblasts were seeded into the slime-webbed scaffold to mimic the dermal layer. In the epidermal layer, which was on top of this scaffold, keratinocytes expressed the differentiation biomarkers, keratin-5 and involucrin. Our slime-webbed scaffold-based human skin models overcome the critical limitations of collagen scaffold, suggesting a promising alternative skin model for consistent testing of drugs or cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of quadriceps strength after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is most pronounced acutely but persists long‐term, negatively impacting physical function in daily activities. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) early after surgery is an effective adjuvant to standard of care rehabilitation (SOC) for attenuating strength loss following TKA, but the mechanisms whereby NMES maintains strength are unclear. This work aimed to determine the effects of early NMES on quadriceps strength and skeletal muscle fiber size 2 weeks after TKA compared to SOC. Patients scheduled for primary, unilateral TKA were enrolled and randomized into SOC (n = 9) or NMES plus SOC (n = 10) groups. NMES was started within 48 h of TKA, with 45‐min sessions twice a day for 2 weeks. Isometric quadriceps strength was assessed preoperatively and 2 weeks following TKA. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of the involved leg were performed at the same time points and immunohistochemistry conducted to assess muscle fiber cross‐sectional area and distinguish fiber types. Groups did not differ in age, body mass index, sex distribution, or preoperative strength. Both groups got weaker postoperatively, but the NMES group had higher normalized strength. After 2 weeks, the group receiving NMES and SOC had significantly greater MHC IIA and MHC IIA/IIX fiber size compared to SOC alone, with no group differences in MHC I fiber size. These results suggest that NMES mitigates early muscle weakness following TKA, in part, via effects on fast‐twitch, type II muscle fiber size. This investigation advances our understanding of how adjuvant, early postoperative NMES aids muscle strength recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace mineral (TM) source can potentially alter nutrient digestibility through effects on microbial populations. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether sulfate versus hydroxy (IntelliBond) sources of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn had any effect on dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestibility, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. All available cattle studies (8 studies, 12 comparisons) were used to estimate the effect size (hydroxy mean − sulfate mean). Factors included in the analysis were method of digestibility analysis (total collection, marker-based, or 24 h in situ), study design (randomized design or Latin square), beef (n = 5) versus dairy (n = 7) cattle, and days on treatment; these factors were retained when P < 0.05. Dry matter digestibility was increased by hydroxy TM in beef (1.64 ± 0.35 units) but not in dairy models (0.16 ± 0.13 units) relative to sulfate TM. The NDF digestibility increased significantly with hydroxy versus sulfate TM, but digestibility assessment method influenced this response. Studies using total collection or undigested NDF as a flow marker showed a significant increase (2.68 ± 0.40 units and 1.08 ± 0.31 units, respectively) in NDF digestibility for hydroxy versus sulfate TM; but studies utilizing 24-h in situ incubation did not detect any change (−0.03 ± 0.23 units). These observations may reveal differences in precision of measurement or may indicate mineral effects beyond the rumen; total collection is considered the gold standard method. Hydroxy TM did not affect DMI per animal or per unit of body weight relative to sulfate TM. In conclusion, feeding hydroxy versus sulfate TM does not appear to affect DMI but, depending on type of cattle and method of measurement, can increase dry matter digestibility and NDF digestibility, which may be explained by differences in solubility of the TM sources in rumen, differentially affecting fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problematic issues with the recycling of used automobile tires is the production of unwanted fiber waste. This waste is considered as a major burden and as an industrial waste which constitutes an extra cost to industries. In this project, thermal and noise insulators were produced from the fiber waste of automobiles. The insulation materials were used in insulating different types of rooms to study their thermal and noise insulation effectiveness (Caravan rooms and brick rooms). Results were also compared to identical rooms without insulation. Results showed that the thermal properties of the obtained sheets are similar to those used currently in construction. The differences between the insulated rooms and the non-insulated rooms were about 2°C and 1-4 dBA for thermal and sound level, respectively, for both construction models during day and night all over the year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the mass yield for silage, its nutritive value and the grain yield of 15 maize cultivars. The experiments were carried out in the 2022/2023 harvest, in Mococa, Tatuí and Votuporanga. There were plots of six lines of five meters, with four replications, in a randomized block design. There was interaction (p>F) between cultivars and locations for plant height (AP), dry matter yield (PMS), grain yields at ensilage (PGS) and at maturity (PGM), starch content, acid detergent fiber (FDA) and neutral detergent fiber (FDNom). It is interesting to note that the cultivar AG 8701 PRO3 showed a high potential for milk yield per hectare in the three locations, indicating its productive stability in different soil and climate conditions, while other cultivars performed differently depending on the environment. The average dry matter productivity was 20.99 t.ha-1 in Mococa, 19.06 t.ha-1 in Tatuí and 15.38 t.ha-1 in Votuporanga. The grain productivity at the time of ensiling was 8.49, 7.00 and 6.23 t.ha-1 for Mococa, Tatuí and Votuporanga, respectively, these grains being of great importance in the nutritional value of the forage, due to the presence of starch, positively influencing milk yield per ton of dry matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FH-444 is a new Bt cotton variety which was released during the year 2020-21 by Cotton Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, for irrigated areas of Punjab, Pakistan to maintain fiber quality and production through gradually replacement of existing cotton cultivars to avoid the yield losses caused by insect, pest and unexpected disease attacks. The FH-444 possesses drought tolerance and very good combination of traits to meet the requirements of the farmers, pickers, ginners, spinners and textile industry. The evaluation of this promising line was started during 2011-12 in different yield tests viz: preliminary & advance yield trials, Provincial Coordinated Cotton Trial (PCCT), National Coordinated Varietal Trial (NCVT), Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Trial, Agronomic trials, 1.25 Acre trials etc. In preliminary yield trials, FH-444 showed 45.96% increase in yield (3592 kg/ha) over standard variety FH-113 (2461 kg/ha) during 2011-12 while in advanced yield trials, FH-444 exhibited 23.61% increase in yield (3408 kg/ha) over standard variety FH-113 (2757 kg/ha) during 2013-14. It was also found that the effects of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) were low (1.7 %) in FH-444 during growing season of 2014-15, while FH-142 showed increased incidence of attack (4.9%). FH- 444 demonstrated significant resistance with respect to thrips, whitefly, jassid and pink bollworm infestation. In present study it was found that the variety FH-444 possesses higher yield potential and will contribute to improve cotton yield and production under different stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular supply chains require more accurate product labeling and traceability. In the apparel industry, product life cycle management is hampered in part by inaccurate, poorly readable, and detachable standard care labels. Instead, this article seeks to enable a labeling system capable of being integrated into the fabric itself, intrinsically recyclable, low‐cost, encodes information, and allows rapid readout after years of normal use. In this work, all‐polymer photonic crystals are designed and then fabricated by thermal drawing with >100 layers having sub‐micrometer individual thickness and low refractive index contrast (Δn = 0.1). The fibers exhibit reflectance features in the 1–5.5 µm wavelength range, characterized using insitu Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Drawn photonic fibers are then woven into fabrics, characterized by near‐infrared spectroscopy and short‐wave infrared imaging, techniques commonly used in industrial facilities for sorting materials. The fibers' optical design also enables the use of overtone peaks to avoid overlap with parasitic molecular absorption, substantially improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio (and therefore ease and speed) of readout. The ability to produce kilometers of fiber that are compatible with existing textile manufacturing processes, coupled with low input material cost, make these a potential market‐viable improvement over the standard care label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate whether the intake of specific fibers with prebiotic activity, e.g., inulin-type fructans (ITFs), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), is associated with laryngeal cancer risk. Methods: Within the PrebiotiCa study, we used data from a case–control study (Italy, 1992–2009) with 689 incident, histologically confirmed laryngeal cancer cases and 1605 controls. Six prebiotic molecules (ITFs, nystose [FOS], kestose [FOS], 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose [FOS], raffinose [GOS] and stachyose [GOS]) were quantified in various foods via ad hoc conducted laboratory analyses. Subjects' prebiotic fiber intake was calculated by multiplying food frequency questionnaire intake by the prebiotic content of each food item. The odds ratios (OR) of laryngeal cancer for prebiotic fiber intake were calculated using logistic regression models, including, among others, terms for tobacco, alcohol, and total energy intake. Results: The intakes of kestose, raffinose and stachyose were inversely associated with laryngeal cancer, with ORs for the highest versus the lowest quartile of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.50–0.99) for kestose, 0.65 (95% CI 0.45–0.93) for raffinose and 0.61 (95% CI 0.45–0.83) for stachyose. ITFs, nystose and 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose were not associated with laryngeal cancer risk. Current smokers and heavy drinkers with medium–low intakes of such prebiotic fibers had, respectively, an over 15-fold increased risk versus never smokers with medium–high intakes and a five to sevenfold increased risk versus never/moderate drinkers with medium–high intakes. Conclusion: Although disentangling the effects of the various components of fiber-rich foods is complex, our results support a favorable role of selected prebiotic fibers on laryngeal cancers risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetometers based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds have promising applications in fields of living systems biology, condensed matter physics, and industry. This paper proposes a portable and flexible all-fiber NV center vector magnetometer by using fibers to substitute all conventional spatial optical elements, realizing laser excitation and fluorescence collection of micro-diamond with multi-mode fibers simultaneously and efficiently. An optical model is established to investigate multi-mode fiber interrogation of micro-diamond to estimate the optical performance of NV center system. A new analysis method is proposed to extract the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field, combining the morphology of the micro-diamond, thus realizing μm-scale vector magnetic field detection at the tip of the fiber probe. Experimental testing shows our fabricated magnetometer has a sensitivity of 0.73 nT/Hz1/2, demonstrating its feasibility and performance in comparison with conventional confocal NV center magnetometers. This research presents a robust and compact magnetic endoscopy and remote-magnetic measurement approach, which will substantially promote the practical application of magnetometers based on NV centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic actuators are typically constructed as functional bi- or multilayers, where actuating and resistance layers together dictate bending responses upon triggering by environmental stimuli. Inspired by motile plant structures, like the stems of the false rose of Jericho (Selaginella lepidophylla), we introduce polymer-modified paper sheets that can act as soft robotic single-layer actuators capable of hygro-responsive bending reactions. A tailored gradient modification of the paper sheet along its thickness entails increased dry and wet tensile strength and allows at the same time for hygro-responsiveness. For the fabrication of such single-layer paper devices, the adsorption behavior of a cross-linkable polymer to cellulose fiber networks was first evaluated. By using different concentrations and drying procedures fine-tuned polymer gradients throughout the thickness can be achieved. Due to the covalent cross-linking of polymer with fibers, these paper samples possess significantly increased dry and wet tensile strength properties. We furthermore investigated these gradient papers with respect to a mechanical deflection during humidity cycling. The highest humidity sensitivity is achieved using eucalyptus paper with a grammage of 150 g m−2 modified with the polymer dissolved in IPA (~13 wt%) possessing a polymer gradient. Our study presents a straightforward approach for the design of novel hygroscopic, paper-based single-layer actuators, which have a high potential for diverse soft robotic and sensor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, mechanical behavior and fracture energy values of SIFCON containing normal strength (3D) and high strength (5D) steel fibers and polyolefin-based synthetic fiber after 90°C steam curing and 150°C oven curing were investigated. In addition, the effect of thermal curing processes on the permeability properties of SIFCON was determined by capillary water absorption tests. Steel fibers were used at 4% and 8% by volume. On the other hand, polyolefin fiber was used only 4%. It was prepared in reference samples that did not use fiber for comparison purposes. The highest fracture energy values were obtained in the samples containing 5D type high strength steel fiber as 19,7 kN/m. Among the fibrous mixtures, the lowest fracture energy was found to be 5,7 kN/m in the samples containing polyolefin fibers. The capillary water absorption values of the oven-cured samples in permeability tests are higher than the steam-cured samples. As a result of the study, it was determined that the oven cure applied at higher temperature improved the mechanical properties and fracture energy values of SIFCON more than the steam cure. On the other hand, it was understood that the oven cure increased the capillary water absorption values of SIFCON and negatively affected the permeability compared to the steam cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the effect of nano-silica on an epoxy matrix of hybrid basalt-carbon fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) composites. Usage of this type of bar continues to grow in the construction industry. The corrosion resistance, strength parameters, and easy transport to the construction site are significant parameters compared to traditional reinforcement. The research for new and more efficient solutions resulted in the intensive development of FRP composites. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of two types of bars is proposed: hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (HFRP) and nanohybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (NHFRP). HFRP, in which 25% of the basalt fibers were replaced with carbon fibers, is more mechanically efficient than basalt fiber reinforced polymer composite (BFRP) alone. In HFRP, epoxy resin was additionally modified with a 3% SiO2 nanosilica admixture. Adding nanosilica to the polymer matrix can raise the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thus shift the limit beyond which the strength parameters of the composite deteriorate. SEM micrographs evaluate the surface of the modified resin and fiber–matrix interface. The analysis of the previously conducted tests—shear and tensile at elevated temperatures—correlate with the microstructural SEM observations with the obtained mechanical parameters. This is a summary of the impact of nanomodification on the microstructure–macrostructure of the FRP composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine adenoviruses (CAdVs) are divided into two serotypes, CAdV1 and CAdV2, whose members mainly cause infectious hepatitis and laryngotracheitis, respectively, in canids. To gain insight into the molecular basis of viral hemagglutination, we constructed chimeric viruses whose fiber proteins or their knob domains, which play a role in viral attachment to cells, were swapped among CAdV1, CAdV2, and bat adenovirus via reverse genetics. The results revealed that, in each case, viral hemagglutination was specifically mediated by the fiber protein or knob domain, providing direct evidence for fiber-protein-directed receptor-binding characteristics of CAdVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current study, high‐toughness epoxy bio‐composites were prepared and characterized for lightweight and low‐cost technological applications using novel palmyra sprout fiber (PSF) and red matta rice husk (RHA) biosilica. The principal aim of this research was to study how the alkali‐silane treatments on the fiber and particle influence the mechanical, wear, thermal and hydrophobic behavior of epoxy composites. The PSF was alkali‐silane treated whereas the biosilica was treated only with silane. The composites were prepared via a hand layup process and characterized. According to the results, the treated PSF with 3 vol.% RHA biosilica has the maximum tensile, impact, flexural strength, and hardness. The composite with the inclusion of 5 vol.% biosilica, and the palmyra sprout fiber has the lowest specific wear rate and COF of 0.007 mm3/Nm and 0.37. Moreover, these composites possess good thermal stability with the highest initial decomposition temperature of 342°C. Similarly, the composite designation ESP3 have the lowest contact angle of 75.7°, which is within the hydrophobic limit. These composites with improved mechanical, thermal and wear properties may be useful in a variety of engineering applications that can be used for high load‐bearing capacity and biodegradability, such as sporting goods, automobiles, home furniture, food packaging, transport, and aircrafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An example of the implementation of the principles of the circular economy is the use of sugar beet pulp as animal feed. Here, we investigate the possible use of yeast strains to enrich waste biomass in single-cell protein (SCP). The strains were evaluated for yeast growth (pour plate method), protein increment (Kjeldahl method), assimilation of free amino nitrogen (FAN), and reduction of crude fiber content. All the tested strains were able to grow on hydrolyzed sugar beet pulp-based medium. The greatest increases in protein content were observed for Candida utilis LOCK0021 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red (ΔN = 2.33%) on fresh sugar beet pulp, and for Scheffersomyces stipitis NCYC1541 (ΔN = 3.04%) on dried sugar beet pulp. All the strains assimilated FAN from the culture medium. The largest reductions in the crude fiber content of the biomass were recorded for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red (Δ = 10.89%) on fresh sugar beet pulp and Candida utilis LOCK0021 (Δ = 15.05%) on dried sugar beet pulp. The results show that sugar beet pulp provides an excellent matrix for SCP and feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lifestyle Intervention for oVarian cancer Enhanced Survival (LIVES) is a national study of a combined diet and physical activity intervention for stage II-IV ovarian cancer survival, an under-represented cancer in lifestyle behavioral intervention research. Here, we present the data on recruitment, retention, and baseline demographic, clinical and lifestyle behavior characteristics of the LIVES study participants. The LIVES study (NRG Oncology/GOG 0225) is a Phase III diet plus physical activity intervention trial testing the hypothesis that ovarian cancer survivors in the lifestyle intervention will demonstrate better progression-free survival than those in the control condition. Study interventions were delivered via centralized telephone-based health coaching. Baseline descriptive statistics were computed for demographic, clinical, and lifestyle behavior characteristics. The LIVES study exceeded its recruitment goals, enrolling 1205 ovarian cancer survivors from 195 NRG/NCORP-affiliated oncology practices across 49 states from 2012 to 2018. The mean age of enrollees was 59.6 years; the majority (69.4%) with stage III disease; 89% White, 5.5% Hispanic; 64% overweight/obese. Baseline self-reported diet showed a mean daily intake of 6.6 servings of fruit and vegetables, 62.7 fat grams, and 21.7 g of fiber. Physical activity averaged 13.0 MET-hours/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity; 50.9 h/week of sedentary time. Retention rates exceeded 88%. The LIVES study demonstrates efficiency in recruiting and retaining ovarian cancer survivors in a 24-month study of diet and physical activity intervention with a primary endpoint of progression free survival that will be reported. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00719303. • Lifestyle factors -diet and physical activity- may improve survival for ovarian cancer survivors. • This randomized controlled trial (N=1205) ovarian cancer survivors is the first to test this hypothesis. • Rigorous design and protocols for centralized telephonic behavioral intervention delivery drive the trial's impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gulf cordgrass (Spartina spartinae [Trin.] Merr. ex Hitchc.) and seacoast bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash var. littorale [Nash] Gould) are dominant native warm season grasses in the Texas Coastal Prairies and Marshes ecoregion. Mature Gulf cordgrass nutritive value is considered poor for grazing animals, while seacoast bluestem nutritive value is considered fair to good in spring and early summer. We compared season of burn effects on crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of these grasses. Our study employed four patches (200–305 ha) burned in a patch-burn grazing system (two winter, two summer 2016). Forage samples were collected before burning and every 3 d for 40 d after burning, then weekly for 50 d. Regardless of season of burning, CP was adequate for maintaining a lactating beef cow 90 d post-burning. Although peak CP in Gulf cordgrass following burning did not differ between seasons, CP increased more quickly following winter burning, when it rose abruptly for ~6.4 d and then increased more slowly to its peak at ~30 d post burn, after which it declined. After summer burning, CP of Gulf cordgrass did not increase significantly, and then declined after reaching its peak at ~29 d post burn. Gulf cordgrass NDF declined more rapidly following summer burning than winter burning but remained low for a longer period after winter burning. In seacoast bluestem, CP increased following winter burning, peaking at ~11 d after burning, but there was little change following summer burning, which did not peak until 31 d post burn. NDF of seacoast bluestem declined similarly in both seasons. This study indicates that prescribed fire during winter is more beneficial for improving the nutritive value of Gulf cordgrass and seacoast bluestem than summer burning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The restriction of feed intake in sows during the gestation period is important for the livestock producer due to the prevention of excess body weight gain and fat deposition, leading to low reproductive performance and detrimental effects at farrowing and during lactation. The frustration caused by feed restriction is the major factor in developing stereotypic behaviors in sows and the occurrence of this behavior may be associated with sows being hungry. Therefore, several strategies have been employed to ameliorate the stereotypic behaviors in sows. Feeding sows a high-fiber diet is the most effective method to increase postprandial satiety, thereby improving the welfare of sows subjected to feed restriction during pregnancy. There are a number of fibrous ingredients available, including wheat middlings, corn germ, sugar beet pulp, corn gluten feed, soy hulls, dried grass, and alfalfa meal. However, the effect of fiber-rich diets on satiety and behavior depends on the dietary fiber sources (physicochemical properties) or fiber inclusion rate in the diet. The objective of this review is to discuss the functional roles of dietary fiber sources with different inclusion levels reducing abnormal behaviors in sows. This review aims to discuss the effects of dietary fiber sources with various levels on stereotypic behaviors in sows. There are a variety of dietary fiber sources that are supplemented to feeds for sows. However, dietary fiber sources have different physio-chemical properties, leading to controversial results in feed motivation, nutrient digestibility, and behaviors in sows fed fiber-rich diets. Findings from previous studies indicated that soluble fiber delays nutrient absorption and decreases physical activity after feeding. In addition to this, it increases volatile fatty acid production, provides energy, and prolongs the feeling of satiety. It also prevents certain stereotypies and thus is paramount to sow welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility are relatively well-known in pigs. However, information on the influence of dietary fiber on hindgut nutrient digestibility is lacking, and ileal digesta collection before fecal collection may affect the proceeding fecal digestibility of nutrients. We determined the influences of wheat bran, a fiber-rich ingredient, on ileal digestibility, fecal digestibility, and hindgut digestibility of nutrients in pigs. Additionally, we tested the influence of ileal digesta collection on proceeding fecal nutrient digestibility. Experimental diets contained 0, 20, or 40% of wheat bran. The ileal digestibility and fecal digestibility of energy and nutrients decreased with increasing dietary wheat bran from 0 to 40%. Hindgut digestibility of dry matter and organic matter increased with increasing dietary fiber. The fecal nutrient digestibility did not differ whether fecal samples were collected before or after ileal digesta collection. Overall, the inclusion of wheat bran, a fiber-rich ingredient, reduced ileal and fecal digestibility of most nutrients but increased hindgut digestibility of some nutrients, and ileal digesta collection before fecal collection did not affect fecal nutrient digestibility. The objectives were to determine the effects of graded inclusion rates of wheat bran (WB) on apparent ileal (AID), apparent total tract (ATTD), and hindgut digestibility of nutrients and tested the influence of ileal digesta collection on proceeding fecal nutrient digestibility in pigs. Six barrows with an initial mean body weight of 70.7 ± 5.7 kg fitted with an ileal T-cannula were used. The animals were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets and three periods. A basal diet was based mainly on wheat, soybean meal, and cornstarch. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 20 or 40% of WB at the expense of cornstarch. Each experimental period consisted of a seven-day adaptation period and a four-day collection period. After the adaptation period, fecal samples were collected on day 8, and ileal digesta were collected on days 9 and 10. Another set of fecal samples was collected on day 11 to determine the influence of ileal digesta collection on proceeding total tract nutrient digestibility. The AID of energy, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, and phosphorus linearly decreased (p < 0.05) with an increasing inclusion rate of WB from 0 to 40%. The ATTD of energy, DM, OM, crude protein, ether extract, and phosphorus linearly decreased (p < 0.01) as the inclusion rate of WB increased. Hindgut digestibility of DM, OM, and ether extract linearly increased (p < 0.05) with an increasing inclusion rate of WB. The ATTD of GE and most nutrients did not differ between the two fecal collection periods of before and after ileal digesta collection. Taken together, the inclusion of a fiber-rich ingredient reduced ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients but increased hindgut digestibility of some nutrients, and total tract digestibility of nutrients did not differ whether the fecal samples were collected before or after two days of ileal digesta collection in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Introduction: Apples are a source of bioactive substances, e.g., anthocyanidins and flavonols, and dietary fiber. Their highest concentrations are observed in the skin. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of conditions originally associated with obesity. Excessive adipose tissue accompanying obesity leads to chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders, which result in the development of dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and glucose levels. Thus, supplementation of apple peels, a source of antioxidant substances and fiber, could potentially be a method supporting the prevention of MetS. This paper summarizes the results of available research on the potential impact of apple peel supplementation on the components of MetS. (2) Results: The results from in vitro and animal model studies indicate a positive effect of apple peel supplementation on lipid profile, glucose levels, and blood pressure regulation mediators. Only one human study was performed, and it showed that the consumption of apple peels had an effect on endothelial function but not on other clinical parameters. At the moment, there are no results from observations on large groups of people available. (3) Conclusions: The results of in vitro and animal-model studies indicate the potential of apple peel supplementation in MetS prevention, but it has not been clinically confirmed in human studies. Conducting large human studies could allow a definite clarification of the role of apple peel supplementation in MetS prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diet has been a popular low carbohydrate diet in Sweden for 15 years. Many people choose LCHF to lose weight or control diabetes, but there are concerns about the effect on long-term cardiovascular risks. There is little data on how a LCHF diet is composed in real-life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary intake in a population with self-reported adherence to a LCHF diet. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 volunteers that considered themselves eating LCHF was conducted. Diet history interviews (DHIs) and physical activity monitoring for validation of the DHIs were performed. Results: The validation shows acceptable agreement of measured energy expenditure and reported energy intake. Median carbohydrate intake was 8.7 E% and 63% reported carbohydrate intake at potentially ketogenic levels. Median protein intake was 16.9 E%. The main source of energy was dietary fats (72.0 E%). Intake of saturated fat was 32 E% and cholesterol was 700 mg per day, both of which exceeded the recommended upper limits according to nutritional guidelines. Intake of dietary fiber was very low in our population. The use of dietary supplements was high, and it was more common to exceed the recommended upper limits of micronutrients than to have an intake below the lower limits. Conclusions: Our study indicates that in a well-motivated population, a diet with very low carbohydrate intake can be sustained over time and without apparent risk of deficiencies. High intake of saturated fats and cholesterol as well as low intake of dietary fiber remains a concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oilseed cakes (OC) present high potential as feedstock for the biobased industry. Biotechnological processes allow OC valorization by the production of diverse value-added products and simultaneously altering OC structure, improving their nutritional value, and boosting OC utilization in animal feed. This work explored the use of fungi consortium of two different species as a bioprocessing approach to improve the nutritional quality of OC, obtain enzymes and antioxidants by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sunflower cake (SFC) and rapeseed cake (RSC). Rhyzopus oryzae and Aspergillus ibericus consortium led to the highest production of cellulase (135 U/g) and β-glucosidase (265 U/g) while maximum protease (228 U/g) was obtained with A. niger and R. oryzae consortium. Maximum xylanase production (886 U/g) was observed in SSF of RSC resulting in high hemicellulose reduction. The synergistic action of lignocellulosic enzymes resulted in extracts with increased antioxidant potential with possible application as food additives against oxidative stress. [Display omitted] • Sunflower and rapeseed cakes were fermented by filamentous fungi consortia. • During solid-state fermentation (SSF) the lignocellulosic matrix of oilseed cakes was modified. • R. oryzae and A. ibericus consortia achieved maximum production of cellulase and β-glucosidase. • Highest production of xylanase led to higher decrease of hemicellulose. • SSF is a clean biotechnological process that allow antioxidants extraction from OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research into the production of sustainable construction materials for retrofitting and strengthening historic structures has been rising, with geopolymer technology being seen as an advantageous alternative to traditional concrete. Fiber reinforcement using this novel cementitious material involves a low embodied carbon footprint while ensuring cohesiveness with local materials. This study aims to develop fly ash-based geopolymers reinforced with six different types of fibers: polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, chopped basalt, carbon fiber, and copper-coated stainless steel. The samples are produced by mixing the geopolymer mortar in random distribution and content. Twenty-eight geopolymer mixes are evaluated through compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity to determine the fiber mix with the best performance compared with pure geopolymer mortar as a control. Polyvinyl alcohol and copper-coated stainless-steel fiber samples had considerably high mechanical properties and fracture toughness under applied tensile loads. However, the polypropylene fiber source did not perform well and had lower mechanical properties. One-way ANOVA verifies these results. Based on these findings, polyvinyl alcohol and stainless-steel fibers are viable options for fiber reinforcement in historical structures, and further optimization and testing are recommended before application as a reinforcement material in historic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymer is widely used as a supplement to cementitious composites because of its advantages of low carbon and environmental protection, and geopolymer concrete is also broadly used in practical engineering. In recent years, geopolymer concrete has attracted increasing interest owing to its superior mechanical properties, and a series of research results have been obtained. In this paper, from the preparation of geopolymer concrete, based on the characteristics that geopolymer concrete is brittle and easy to crack, the types and basic properties of fibers to enhance the toughness of concrete are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of different fibers used as a material to enhance the toughness of concrete are summarized, and we review the effects of type, shape, volume rate, aspect ratio, and hybrid fiber combinations on the static mechanical properties. The results indicate that fibers have significant potential to enhance the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of geopolymer concrete, and the optimal fiber volume rate seems to be related to the fiber type. Whereas the effect of aspect ratio and hybrid fiber combinations on the properties of geopolymer concrete seems to be obvious. This paper reviews the influence of fiber on the basic mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete, which provides a solid foundation to promote the further development and application of the research on the toughness of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete and provides recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the performance of the epoxy resin-prepared materials, straw fiber was used as the reinforcing base in this study. The principle of this study is to use the cellulose component exposed after the defibrillation of straw fiber can be further combined with the epoxy group. Firstly, the degree of defibrillation of straw fiber under three different pretreatment methods of acid, alkali and moist heat treatment was explored, and a control test was conducted with untreated straw fiber, which showed that the defibrillation of the straw fiber after alkali treatment was better than the other two methods. Secondly, to prove the comprehensive effect of the pretreatment method and straw fiber filling amount on the composite material performance, this paper carried out a tensile, bending, density and water absorption test. The results showed that when the straw fiber filling was 15%, the best performance of the composites was achieved by the alkali treatment, with tensile strength and tensile modulus reaching 1.89 KN and 3.92 MPa, bending strength and bending modulus reaching 2.00 KN and 81.65 MPa, average water absorption reaching 2.77%, and density reaching 0.957 g/cm3. Finally, the results were verified using Image J software was used for verification. After comparison, the material meets the basic requirements of high-density fiberboard material and provides a reference for preparing straw epoxy resin composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing impact of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector on electricity usage and greenhouse gas emissions, telecommunication networks require new solutions which will enable the improvement of the energy efficiency of networks. Access networks, which are responsible for the last mile of connectivity and also for one of the largest shares in network energy consumption, are viable candidates for the implementation of new protocols, models and methods which will contribute to the reduction of the energy consumption of such networks. Among the different types of access networks, hybrid fiber–wireless (FiWi) networks are a type of network that combines the capacity and reliability of optical networks with the flexibility and availability of wireless networks, and as such, FiWi networks have begun to be extensively used in modern access networks. However, due to the advent of high-bandwidth applications and Internet of Things networks, the increased energy consumption of FiWi networks has become one of the most concerning challenges required to be addressed. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in approaches for improving the energy efficiency (EE) of different types of FiWi networks, which include the radio-and-fiber (R&F) networks, the radio-over-fiber networks (RoF), the FiWi networks based on multi-access edge computing (MEC) and the software-defined network (SDN)-based FiWi networks. It also discusses future directions for improving the EE in the FiWi networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Recently, there has been widespread social and environmental pressure for the efficient reuse of agricultural industry residues due to the global intensification of food production, which creates large quantities of food co-products. Citrus Pulp Pellet (CPP) is the solid waste part of orange juice production, characterized by a good proportion of soluble and fermentable fiber. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of increasing amounts of CPP on the extrusion process and kibble characteristics as well as on the digestibility of dog foods. Five diets with different CPP inclusions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were developed for adult dogs and produced in a single screw extruder. The inclusion of CPP in the formula had an impact on the extrusion traits, influencing the processing parameters and the characteristics of the final product; therefore, the beneficial effects of this ingredient cannot be generalized. However, recycling and proper use of co-products in pet foods improve sustainable agriculture by transforming low-quality co-products into high-quality foods. This, in compliance with current legislation, we strongly encourage the food industry to find new end-uses for refusals such as the CPP exemplified in the present study. Fiber supplemented extruded foods are produced by pet food companies to help with several specific health conditions. The fiber material, however, is difficult to incorporate efficiently into dry kibble diets for dogs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of citrus pulp pellet (CPP), the solid waste part of the production of orange juice characterized by a good proportion of soluble and fermentable fiber, on extrusion traits, kibble macrostructure, starch gelatinization and in vitro digestibility of dog foods. A control formula (CO) was developed for dogs. CPP was added to CO at different inclusion levels: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Foods were extruded in a single screw extruder using two different die diameters (dd): 5 mm and 7 mm. CPP inclusion with 5 mm dd did not affect bulk and piece density and resulted in a lower impact on kibble expansion; It also resulted in greater starch gelatinization and kibble expansion compared to the 7 mm dd configuration (p < 0.01). In addition to the nutritional implications, recycling and proper uses of this material exemplified in the present study by the exploration of CPP as a fiber source to dogs, this method can improve sustainable agriculture by transforming low-quality materials into high-quality foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to highlight the insight into adhesion aspects within the components of the glass FRC (i.e. , fiber and matrix) and between resin luting material and the glass FRC construction. The fundamentals of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) based FRCs and their advantages in forming a solid adhesive interface with indirect FRC restoration, dental adhesive, and luting cement are elaborated. The important resin matrix systems and glass fibers used in FRCs are discussed. This is principally based on a survey of the literature over Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and a review of the relevant studies and publications in scientific papers in international peer-reviewed journals for the specific topic of biomaterials science. The keywords used for the search approach were: adhesion, fiber-reinforced composite, glass fiber, and semi-interpenetrating polymer network. The polymer matrix systems of semi-IPN-based FRCs and formation of secondary-IPN layer are pivotal for bonding of multiphasic indirect dental constructs and repair. Additionally, describing areas of indication for FRCs in dentistry, explaining the adhesion aspects of FRC for the cohesion of the material itself, and for obtaining durable adhesion when the FRC construct is luted to tooth and remaining dentition. Current progress in the field of FRC research and future directions are summarized and presented. By understanding the isotropic-anisotropic nature of fibers and the interfacial adhesion within the components of the FRC; between resin cement and the FRC construction, the clinically successful FRC-based multiphasic indirect tooth construct can be achieved. The interfacial adhesion within the components of the FRC and between resin luting material and the FRC construction play a key role in adhesion-based unibody dental restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]