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Este artigo objetiva prototipar um processo de seleção de estratégia instrucional de ludificação ou de gamificação aplicada à gestão de design pela abordagem sistêmica. Esta pesquisa é de natureza teórica e aplicada, abordagem qualitativa e objetivos exploratórios. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foram utilizadas a revisão teórica e a pesquisa-ação. O resultado mostra que a gestão de design pela abordagem sistêmica auxilia na identificação da estratégia instrucional mais adequada para determinado contexto e quando colocá-la em prática. Por isso, foi elaborado um diagrama de bloco que sugere como acontece esse processo de seleção. A ludificação e a gamificação são estratégias instrucionais que contribuem para a instrução da equipe e do usuário. Essas podem impactar na estrutura das organizações em todos os níveis de gestão de design pela abordagem sistêmica (estratégico, tático e operacional), mudando a forma como interagem, viabilizam e comportam novas relações, públicos, processos, práticas e outras formas de engajamento.

A Bacia do Alto Paraguai (BAP) inclui a planície inundável do Pantanal e as áreas altas no entorno que drenam para o rio Paraguai, uma região de transição entre quatro grandes domínios fitofisionômicos da América do Sul – Cerrado, Chaco, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica. A fauna da região é pobre em endemismos, porém as posições central e transicional no continente conferem enorme riqueza de animais vertebrados, oriundos de diferentes domínios, especialmente quanto à ordem Chiroptera. Aqui, revisamos as espécies de morcegos registradas na BAP e apresentamos mapas de distribuição e breve descrição de cada espécie, incluindo dados de tamanho, forma, cor, ambientes, abrigos, hábito alimentar e interações com predadores e parasitas. Encontramos registro de 93 espécies em sete famílias – Emballonuridae (3), Noctilionidae (2), Mormoopidae (2), Phyllostomidae (51), Natalidae (1), Molossidae (20) e Vespertilionidae (14). Foram registradas 66 espécies na planície e 84 no entorno; com 59 espécies reportadas na planície e no entorno. Quase dois terços das espécies (63%) foram registrados em cinco ou mais localidades na BAP, e um quinto (19%) em apenas uma localidade. A fauna de morcegos da BAP destaca a grande importância dessa região para a manutenção da diversidade de morcegos na América do Sul.

AimMutualistic interactions between plants and animals are fundamental for the maintenance of natural communities and the ecosystem services they provide. However, particularly in human-dominated island ecosystems, introduced species may alter mutualistic interactions. Based on an extensive dataset of plant–frugivore interactions, we mapped and analysed a meta-network across the Caribbean archipelago. Specifically, we searched for subcommunity structure (modularity) and identified the types of species facilitating the integration of introduced species in the Caribbean meta-network.LocationCaribbean archipelago (Lucayan archipelago, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles).MethodsWe reviewed published scientific literature, unpublished theses and other nonpeer-reviewed sources to compile an extensive dataset of plant–frugivore interactions. We visualized spatial patterns and conducted a modularity analysis of the cross-island meta-network. We also examined which species were most likely to interact with introduced species: (1) endemic, nonendemic native or introduced species, and (2) generalized or specialized species.ResultsWe reported 3060 records of interactions between 486 plant and 178 frugivore species. The Caribbean meta-network was organized in 13 modules, driven by a combination of functional or taxonomic (modules dominated by certain groups of frugivores) and biogeographical (island-specific modules) mechanisms. Few introduced species or interaction pairs were shared across islands, suggesting little homogenization of the plant–frugivore meta-network at the regional scale. However, we found evidence of “invader complexes,” as introduced frugivores were more likely to interact with introduced plants than expected at random. Moreover, we found generalist species more likely to interact with introduced species than were specialized species.Main conclusionsThese results demonstrate that generalist species and “invader complexes” may facilitate the incorporation of introduced species into plant–frugivore communities. Despite the influx of introduced species, the meta-network was structured into modules related to biogeographical and functional or taxonomic affinities. These findings reveal how introduced species become an integral part of mutualistic systems on tropical islands.1 INTRODUCTIONMutualistic interactions between plants and animals, such as pollinators and frugivores, are critically important for maintaining the functionality of natural communities (Jordano, 1987;Ollerton et al., 2011; Rech et al., 2016). While most flowering plants are dependent on animals for pollination and seed-set (Ollerton et al., 2011; Rech et al., 2016), animal frugivores may ingest or otherwise manipulate and consequently disperse millions of seeds annually (Bueno et al., 2013). Frugivory is thereby crucial for the maintenance of plant diversity (Harms et al., 2000), as it allows plants to populate new sites, maintains gene flow between distinct populations and decreases density-dependent mortality in proximity of the parent individuals (Rogers et al., 2021). In some tropical systems, approximately 90% of all woody plants depend on frugivores for seed dispersal (Almeida-Neto et al., 2008; Howe & Smallwood, 1982). In addition to providing direct dispersal to specific, favourable sites for the plant (Wenny & Levey, 1998), frugivores can enhance the probability of successful germination, for example through the passage of seeds in the intestinal system (e.g. Traveset et al., 2001). The most important frugivore groups are birds, mammals and reptiles with birds and reptiles being particularly important in tropical island ecosystems (Kaiser-Bunbury et al., 2010; Valido & Olesen, 2007).Globally, co-evolved plant–frugivore communities are suffering from an array of drivers associated with global change, such as the introduction of species into new environments, where they become integrated into local communities through species interactions (Gallardo et al., 2016; Vilà et al., 2011). Species communities are thus being altered, which in turn may have consequences for biotic interactions and ecosystem functions, such as seed dispersal (Aslan et al., 2013; Lugo et al., 2012; Traveset & Richardson, 2006; Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2021). Island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the disruption of native plant–frugivore interactions as island mutualists have evolved in isolation, and frequently developed specific traits, such as altered dispersal, or loss of defence traits in plants (Burns, 2019). Furthermore, as islands harbour many endemic species found nowhere else on Earth (Kier et al., 2009; Paulay, 1994), and have experienced disproportionally high extinction rates and numerous extant island species are threatened with extinctions (Blackburn et al., 2004; Fernández-Palacios et al., 2021; Groombridge, 1992), it is especially important to understand how introduced species integrate into island communities (Wood et al., 2017).Introduced species may integrate into existing communities and establish themselves in different ways. For instance, the concept of “invader complexes” suggests that introduced species facilitate the establishment of other introduced species, resulting in groups of introduced species interacting strongly with each other and less with the remaining community (D'Antonio & Dudley, 1993). Alternatively, endemic species that have become superabundant and highly generalized species due to ecological release and density compensation may readily include new arrivals into their interactions and thereby facilitate the establishment of introduced species on islands (Olesen et al., 2002). Furthermore, a growing number of studies show that species with many mutualistic partners (i.e. generalized species irrespectively of being nonendemic native or endemic) are more likely to incorporate new partners into their networks (Bascompte & Stouffer, 2009; Maruyama et al., 2016). In network theory, this is called “preferential attachment” (Newman, 2001), and thus, most generalized species would be expected to interact with introduced species.In addition to understanding which species are responsible for incorporating introduced species into native communities, we have little quantitative understanding of how introduced species affect the structure of native interaction networks and how this varies biogeographically (Fricke & Svenning, 2020). As for other mutualistic networks, plants and frugivores form complex interaction networks with reccurring structural properties (Bascompte & Jordano, 2007). One such property of interaction networks is modularity, which describes how interacting species aggregate into modules consisting of species that interact strongly within the respective module but much less with species of other modules (Thébault, 2013). The modular structure of mutualistic networks may reflect “co-evolutionary units” (Olesen et al., 2007) determined by an array of factors, such as phenological overlap, morphological traits, taxonomic relatedness and biogeography (Araujo et al., 2018; Dalsgaard et al., 2013; Donatti et al., 2011; Martín González et al., 2018; Maruyama et al., 2014; Schleuning et al., 2014). However, it is poorly understood whether introduced species influence the modular structure of mutualistic systems.Here, we present an extensive dataset on plant–frugivore interactions compiled from published and unpublished resources across the islands of the Caribbean archipelago: Lucayan archipelago, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. We use the data to (i) explore the distribution of frugivory records across the Caribbean islands; (ii) assess island connectivity through shared species and interactions; (iii) evaluate the modular structure of the regional plant–frugivore meta-network and (iv) determine whether generalized vs. specialized species and introduced vs. endemic species are more likely to integrate introduced plants and frugivores into native plant–frugivore communities in island systems.2 METHODS2.1 Data collection and study regionAll our data were collected on the Caribbean islands, that is the Lucayan archipelago (The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos), the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) and the Lesser Antilles (a series of islands from the US and British Virgin Islands in the north to Grenada in the south). We did not include plant–frugivore interactions from islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Curaçao, and Bonaire just north of South America, as these are continental islands with biotas with strong affinities to the South American mainland (Carstensen et al., 2012; Ricklefs & Bermingham, 2008). The low-lying sedimentary islands of the Lucayan Archipelago are part of the North American platform (Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee, 1999; Trejo-Torres & Ackerman, 2001), and some of the islands have been interconnected in the Pleistocene (Murphy et al., 2004; Trejo-Torres & Ackerman, 2001). The mostly large and mountainous islands of the Greater Antilles are old with different geological origins (Graham, 2003; Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee, 1999). The Greater Antilles emerged as fragments in the Eocene about 49 Ma; the geological history of the region has been highly dynamic with some parts connected in the past (Buskirk, 1985; Graham, 2003; Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee, 1999; Ricklefs & Bermingham, 2008). The current biota of the Greater Antilles was only in small parts formed by vicariance, with dispersal facilitated by the Aves Ridge about 32–35 Ma (Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee, 1999) or a more likely overwater dispersal at least for the avifauna (Buskirk, 1985; Graham, 2003; Ricklefs & Bermingham, 2008). The Lesser Antilles form a volcanic arc where the North and South American plates subduct under the Caribbean plate and likely originated at least 20 Ma (Ricklefs & Bermingham, 2008). To the east of the volcanic arc are some younger and low-lying islands such as Antigua and Barbuda, which consist of uplifted marine sediments (Ricklefs & Bermingham, 2008; Ricklefs & Lovette, 1999). Some islands were interconnected during the last glacial maximum, but most Lesser Antilles islands have never been interconnected (Ricklefs & Bermingham, 2004, 2008). The isolation of the Caribbean islands from the mainland differs greatly (Carstensen et al., 2012). Bimini in the Bahamas, for instance, is only approx. 87 km from the North American continent and Grenada in the Lesser Antilles is only 137 km from the continental landmass of South America. By contrast, islands such as Grand Turk (993 km) and South Caicos (999 km) are much more isolated from the mainland. On average, the isolation from any continental landmass in the Caribbean is over 500 km (Mean: 593 km ± 248 km SD; see details in Supporting Information Table S1). The distances between single islands are much smaller, for example the distance between Martinique and Dominica and Martinique and Saint Lucia is approx. 40 km. An island size threshold of 10,000 km2 has previously been suggested to be important for islands to be considered sources for colonization (Weigelt & Kreft, 2013), and on average, the islands of the Caribbean are approx. 304 km (±174 km SD) from the nearest island that exceeds 10,000 km2 (Table S1). Given the geological history and isolation of the Caribbean, the biota is characterized by being depauperate with high levels of endemism.To collect data on interactions between plants and frugivores in the Caribbean, we screened the Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar search engines. We used the combination of the following search terms: (“frugivory” OR “seed dispersal” OR “seed removal” OR “mutualism”) AND (“Caribbean” OR “Lesser Antilles” OR “Greater Antilles” OR “West Indies” OR “Bahamas” OR “Turks and Caicos” OR “Cayman Islands” OR “Jamaica” OR “Cuba” OR “Hispaniola” OR “Haiti” OR “Dominican Republic” OR “República Dominicana” OR “Puerto Rico” OR “Mona” OR “Virgin Islands” OR “Saint Martin” OR “Anguilla” OR “St. Kitts and Nevis” OR “Antigua” OR “Barbuda” OR “Montserrat” OR “Guadeloupe” OR “Dominica” OR “Martinique” OR “St. Lucia” OR “St. Vincent” OR “Grenadines” OR “Barbados” OR “Grenada”). To also include the grey literature, we contacted local ornithologists and ecologists working in the Caribbean region. This approach allowed us to obtain non-English publications, such as theses and dissertations not available online. We screened each of the studies manually, discarding studies where no appropriate data were presented (e.g. mutualistic interactions in marine environments). Interactions were only included when the respective authors presented original evidence for interaction events, that is evidence of fruits and/or seeds being ingested by frugivores. Thus, we discarded records where interactions between species were speculative (e.g. observation of frugivores on fruiting plant species without any evidence of fruit ingestion).We standardized the species names of plants and frugivores using the R-package taxize (Chamberlain & Szocs, 2013; Global Names Resolver, 2021) and data from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS, 2021). We also retrieved information about species taxonomies (i.e. class, order and family) from ITIS. Finally, we compiled information about the native status of species and classified them into nonendemic native (species native to the Caribbean, but also naturally occurring elsewhere), endemic (only occurring within the Caribbean) and introduced (not naturally occurring within Caribbean) species (see details in Supporting Information Text S1). Of the original records, 95 plant (approx. 16% of all reported plants) and one frugivore record were not identified to species level (e.g. only genus name reported) and were thus excluded from data analyses. The final data used in statistical analyses consisted of interactions between 486 plant and 178 frugivore species.2.2 Data analysis2.2.1 Cross-island patterns of shared species and interactionsWe summarized patterns of shared species and interaction pairs across the Caribbean by calculating the proportion of shared species and interaction pairs across all islands. We calculated this proportion as the number of species/interaction pairs found on any two islands, divided by the total number of species/interaction pairs found on the given islands (Fricke & Svenning, 2020). We summarized these patterns separately for all reported records, for endemic, nonendemic native and for introduced plant and frugivore species and interaction pairs, respectively.2.2.2 Modularity of the Caribbean plant–frugivore meta-networkTo detect a modular structure of the meta-network, that is the network of plant–frugivore interactions across all islands, we employed Beckett's DIRT-LPA algorithm in the computeModules function of the R-package “bipartite” (Dormann et al., 2008, 2009). We ran 10 independent runs of the algorithm on the binary meta-network containing interactions between all identified species and identified the run with the single best division into modules, that is the highest degree of modularity Q. For the run with the highest Q value, we recorded the Q value, the number of modules as well as the respective plant and frugivore species in each module (Schleuning et al., 2014) and the islands on which they were recorded. To test whether the identified modular structure of the meta-network differed from random, we compared our results to 100 null models. To this end, we used an algorithm proposed by Patefield (1981) to randomize the interactions between species, using fixed marginal totals to produce networks with randomly associated species without constraining the degree of specialization (Blüthgen et al., 2008; Schleuning et al., 2014). For each of the null models, we applied the same approach as with the original matrix, that is we identified the single best configuration from 10 independent runs (Schleuning et al., 2014). We then tested whether modularity of the original matrix was significantly different from the best 100 null models by looking at the proportion of null modularity values that were greater than the empirical one, that is if .05; Figure S2c) and the frugivore perspective (slope = 0.003, p > .05; Figure S2d).4 DISCUSSIONHere, we present a comprehensive review of published plant–frugivore interactions across the Caribbean archipelago, including the Lucayan archipelago, the Greater and Lesser Antilles. All islands shared species and unique interaction pairs with neighbouring islands and archipelagos, thereby forming a cohesive meta-network. We show that the meta-network of plant–frugivore interactions across the Caribbean was structured into modules, with at least some modules determined by a combination of functional or taxonomic (i.e. certain groups of frugivores) and biogeographical (i.e. island-specific modules) mechanisms. While relatively few species in the dataset were introduced to the Caribbean (16% plant and 8% frugivore species), we found support for the “invader complexes” theory, whereby introduced species facilitate the establishment of other introduced species (D'Antonio & Dudley, 1993; Olesen et al., 2002). Moreover, we found that generalized species were more likely to incorporate introduced species into their interactions, giving support for the “preferential attachment” theory (Newman, 2001). Below, we first discuss the available data on frugivory in the Caribbean, whereafter we discuss how species and interactions are shared across islands. We end by discussing the drivers of modularity and the integration of introduced species into plant–frugivore communities across the Caribbean.4.1 Data on frugivores and their plants in the Caribbean archipelagoAcross all islands, the vast majority of reported frugivores were birds (79%), followed by reptiles (13%) and mammals (8%), of which in turn the majority were bats (71%). These data thus reflect patterns that are typical for oceanic islands, as there is generally a lack of nonvolant, large-bodied, frugivorous mammals which may be ecologically replaced by birds and reptiles (Kaiser-Bunbury et al., 2010). The low number of mammal species in the dataset could also reflect past mammal extinctions particularly on the islands of the Greater Antilles (Turvey et al., 2021), potentially leaving some plants without their main seed dispersers.A large proportion of the plant species (28%) and the majority of frugivore species in the dataset (65%) were classified as endemic to the Caribbean. High degrees of endemism in local species communities are characteristic of island ecosystems (Kier et al., 2009; Paulay, 1994). In a review of plant–frugivore interactions on the Galapagos archipelago, Heleno et al. (2011) found similarly high proportions of endemic frugivores in the species pool (71%), underlining the importance of endemic frugivores for island communities. By contrast, only a few species in the dataset were classified as introduced to the Caribbean (16% plants and 8% frugivores), which was lower than other studies on island ecosystems. Notably on Hawai'i, the proportion of introduced seed disperser species ranged from 50% to 100% for plants and from 60% to 100% for birds (Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2019). On the Galapagos, the proportion of introduced plants and frugivores was 28% and 23%, respectively (Heleno et al., 2011). However, on the Galapagos, all introduced frugivore species were mammals, whereas in our data, the vast majority of introduced species were birds (86%) and only two species (14%) were mammals (a primate: Chlorocebus pygerythrus and a carnivore: Herpestes javonicus).4.2 Cross-island patterns of shared species and interactionsWhen examining the role of different groups of plants and frugivores in connecting islands and archipelagos, we found that nonendemic native species and interaction pairs were shared most widely across islands (Figure 2), which is expected, as these species are widespread species occurring throughout the Caribbean and the Neotropical mainland. They are thus supposedly good dispersers, and their ranges often occur across multiple islands and cross-borders of archipelagos (Dalsgaard et al., 2014). Although endemic frugivores made up more than 60% of the frugivore species, generally they overlapped much less between islands compared to nonendemic natives, which only accounted for less than 30% of the frugivores in the data (Table 2). This pattern is not surprising, since the distributional ranges of endemic species are per definition confined within limited geographical areas (Kricher, 2011), many species being single-island endemics or occurring on few islands within each of the archipelagoes, that is the Lucayan archipelago, the Greater and Lesser Antilles (Dalsgaard et al., 2014). In the Caribbean, for instance, there is a high number of single-island endemic frugivorous birds, such as various species of parrots like the Saint Vincent Parrot Amazona guildingii (Birds Caribbean, 2021). Introduced plant species were shared widely across the Caribbean (Figure 2), which was expected, as most were agricultural and widely cultivated plants, reflecting that the Caribbean is historically heavily impacted by humans (Kemp et al., 2020; Walters & Hansen, 2013). By contrast, introduced frugivores were reported on few islands only (Table 2), and these islands shared mostly low proportions of introduced frugivores (Table S4); introduced interaction pairs were almost not shared between islands. Globally, a recent study showed how introduced species caused an increase in the proportion of regions sharing species and interactions (Fricke & Svenning, 2020), demonstrating that species introductions led to increasing similarity and homogenization in plant–frugivore communities across the world (Fricke & Svenning, 2020). In the Caribbean, however, given our data, especially nonendemic natives played a bigger role in interconnecting islands.4.3 Modularity of the Caribbean plant–frugivore meta-networkThe Caribbean plant–frugivore meta-network was organized in modules, as are most mutualistic plant–animal interaction networks, both local networks (e.g. Dalsgaard et al., 2013; Dupont & Olesen, 2009; Mello et al., 2011a, 2011b; Olesen et al., 2007) and meta-networks (Araujo et al., 2018; Emer et al., 2018; Martín González et al., 2018). The separation of the meta-network into modules was at least partly driven by functional or taxonomic (i.e. modules dominated by certain species groups) and biogeographical (i.e. island-specific modules) mechanisms. For instance, one module consisted of small- to medium-sized bird species recorded in Jamaica (100% birds; 88% of frugivores recorded in Jamaica; module nine in Figure 4). Another module consisted mostly of various bat species (63% bats) recorded in Cuba (88% of frugivores recorded in Cuba; module one in Figure 4), whereas another module consisted almost exclusively of rock iguanas (Cychlura spp.) found in the Bahamas only (88% Iguanas; 88% of frugivores were recorded on the Bahamas only; module 13 in Figure 4). These modules associated with specific functional/taxonomic groups or specific islands were thus positioned in the periphery of the Caribbean meta-network (Figure 3). The separation into modules according to biogeographical affinities, such as single islands, was expected given that interactions between plants and frugivores are inherently spatial as species must be in the same place to interact (Morales & Vázquez, 2008) and many species are restricted to specific islands. Spatial patterns that correspond to insularity in the broad sense have previously been shown to partially explain the modular structure of mutualistic plant–animal networks in landscape matrices, where species are restricted to different types of patchily distributed habitats (Maruyama et al., 2014). Patterns of modularity have also previously been suggested to be explained by behavioural or functional traits of species (Dicks et al., 2002; Donatti et al., 2011; Maruyama et al., 2014). In plant–frugivore interactions, although plants typically aim to attract functionally diverse seed dispersers (Plein et al., 2013), there is evidence of functional matching between interaction partners, especially with birds (Vollstädt et al., 2017). Morphologically different frugivore species tend to forage on morphologically distinct sets of plant species (Dehling et al., 2016; Gautier-Hion et al., 1985; Lomáscolo et al., 2010; Mello et al., 2011b), which might be reflected in the modules composed primarily of specific frugivore groups with characteristic morphological and functional traits. Bats, for instance, consume different types of fruits than birds and may show a clear separation in their dietary composition (Gorchov et al., 1995). The patterns of modularity we detected were therefore in line with expectations of functional/taxonomic and biogeographical mechanisms as drivers of modularity. However, there were also modules consisting of a mix of species from various islands. One module consisted of about 50% of large parrot species (Amazona spp.), but the frugivores were recorded in the entire Caribbean (module six in Figure 4) and, notably, the module in the centre of the Caribbean meta-network consisted of various types of frugivores occurring throughout the Caribbean, thereby interconnecting islands and archipelagos in the Caribbean meta-network (module seven; Figure 3 and Table S5).4.4 Interactions with introduced speciesRegarding how introduced species were integrated into the meta-network, we found that nonendemic native and endemic plants and frugivores interacted significantly less with introduced frugivore species than expected at random (Figure 4a,b). Among Caribbean frugivores and their fruiting plants, there is therefore no support for the idea that endemic super-generalists are the main facilitators of introduced species, as suggested for pollination networks on tropical islands (Olesen et al., 2002). On the contrary, introduced frugivores were recorded interacting with introduced plants significantly more often than expected at random (Figure 4c). This pattern suggests that introduced frugivores “prefer” to feed on introduced plants, which in turn suggests the presence of “invader complexes,” that is introduced species interacting more among themselves than expected at random, thus facilitating their establishment (D'Antonio & Dudley, 1993). Such facilitation processes between introduced species can lead to “invasional meltdowns,” as large groups of introduced species may have increasingly negative impacts on native communities (Jeschke et al., 2012; Simberloff & von Holle, 1999). Other island ecosystems have been found to be even more dominated by introduced frugivores, notably Hawai'i is almost exclusively dominated by introduced frugivores, as most of the endemic species have gone extinct (Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2019; Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2021). These findings from various archipelagos are concerning, regarding the potential impact of introduced species on native ecosystems. Such findings are particularly worrying when considering that on other island ecosystems, introduced species were also more often involved in seed-dispersal interactions (rather than seed/pulp predation) than native species (Heleno et al., 2011; Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2019, 2021). For many of the interaction records, our data do not distinguish between seed-dispersal interactions or seed/pulp predation events; thus, it is not possible to estimate the effect of introduced species on local native and endemic plant communities in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, in Hawai'i, it was shown that introduced frugivores do not sufficiently replace the species roles of lost seed dispersers, since they preferentially disperse seeds of introduced rather than native plants (Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2019). This raises the question why introduced plant species seem so attractive. One reason could be that introduced plants may have specific traits, such as longer fruiting duration, which increase the probability of encounters and are therefore more likely to be consumed by frugivores (Heleno et al., 2011; Sperry et al., 2021). In the Caribbean meta-network, many of the observations were from agricultural areas, where agricultural plants such as Mangifera indica (Mango) are often abundant with large crops, and although they are not dispersed by any native frugivore, they do overall attract many frugivores. Fruiting plant and thus resource abundance is in turn linked to increased fruit consumption, because frugivores often track available fruits in the landscape (Quitián et al., 2019), and consequently, the patterns we find may be partially driven by the high abundance of introduced agricultural plants and their crop sizes in human-dominated environments. Such patterns may be more pronounced on densely populated islands than on islands with few people and relatively more protected areas.In addition to “invader complexes,” we found that generalist species, that is species with many interaction partners, were more likely to interact with introduced species, which was consistent for both plants and frugivores (Figure S2a,b). These results are in line with previous findings, underlining the importance of highly generalized species for the establishment of introduced species, especially on islands (Maruyama et al., 2016). This gives support for the “preferential attachment” hypothesis (Newman, 2001), that is that species with wide ecological niches include and facilitate the establishment of new species, such as introduced species on islands. Our finding that generalized species do not have a higher proportion of interactions with introduced partners in their total set of interactions than specialized species (Figure S2c,d) reflects the overall low numbers of introduced species in the Caribbean data. Since only few of the potentially available interaction partners are introduced species, generalized species with many interaction partners would also be expected to have a decreasing proportion of their interactions with introduced species. Thus, although generalized species are likely to incorporate introduced species into their niche (Figure S2a,b), they do not have a specific preference for introduced species (Figure S2c,d).5 CONCLUSIONSBased on a comprehensive review of accessible data on plant–frugivore interactions, we showed that the Caribbean meta-network is structured into modules and demonstrate how introduced species are integrated into native communities in the Caribbean archipelago. These results provide valuable insight into plant–frugivore interactions in insular biodiversity hotspots, showing how insular plant–frugivore systems are susceptible to invasion. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the importance of introduced species as seed dispersers compared with seed/pulp predators (Nogales et al., 2017). Specifically, research quantifying the relative importance of different frugivore groups as seed dispersers and their respective effectiveness is lacking for most plant–frugivore interactions in the Caribbean. This would provide valuable information and could help with the conservation of endemic plants in the Caribbean archipelago. Moreover, we also in general lack information on frugivory in the Caribbean. Kim et al. (2022) reported 4336 species of plants with animal-dispersal syndromes in the Caribbean archipelago, and our dataset represents only 11% of those species with some regional variation (Table S6). For instance, whereas Puerto Rican plants were covered relatively well (31% of the species), plants in Hispaniola (approx. 7%), Jamaica (approx. 8%) and the Lesser Antilles (approx. 9%) were less well represented. There may also be taxonomical differences in sampling completeness. Palms (Arecaceae) are highly diverse in the Caribbean representing 135 species (Roncal et al., 2008), and our dataset had only 23 palm species (17%). Several endemic and highly threatened fleshy-fruited plants do not have any information on the main seed dispersers (e.g. Catesbea spinosa, Brunfelsia portoricensis, Diospyros spp. and many cactus species). We also have limited and incomplete information on the fruit diet of several endemic frugivores (e.g. pigeons, thrashers and thrushes) that could play an important role for seed dispersal of Caribbean plants. There is therefore an urgent need to increment more scientific information on plant–frugivore interactions in the Caribbean, one of the world's insular biodiversity hotspots.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work is dedicated to our colleague and coauthor Michel Faife-Cabrera who passed away due to Covid-19 complications. M. Galetti thanks CNPq and University of Miami for financial support. M.G.R. Vollstädt, C. N. Kaiser-Bunbury, B. I. Simmons, F. Gonçalves, and B. Dalsgaard thank the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant no. 0135-00333B). Funding for A. Strong's work was provided by an NSF grant to T. W. Sherry (Tulane University) and R. T. Holmes (Dartmouth College), the Chicago Zoological Society, Sigma Xi Grants-in-Aid-of Research, the World Nature Association, and The Louisiana Educational Quality Support Fund. A. Strong's work benefitted from collaborations with M. Johnson, T. Sherry, A. Sutton and the late R. Sutton. Funding for S. Schubert's work was provided by Rufford Foundation Small Grants 1, 2, & Booster, in addition to the Old Dominion University Paul W. Kirk Jr Student Research Award, a British Ornithologists' Union Student Research Award, and the BirdsCaribbean David S. Lee Fund. J. Salazar's work was funded by FONDOCyT. (Ministerio de Educaciòn Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología), Project 1B4-9. F. L. Tarazona-Tubens is supported by McKight Fellowship. B. I. Simmons was supported by a Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 Research Fellowship. We also thank all researchers who have worked intensively in the Caribbean.CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest to report.Open ResearchSupporting InformationREFERENCESBIOSKETCHMaximilian Vollstädt is an ecologist, and a researcher at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. His research interests include mutualistic interactions in plant-pollinator and plant-seed disperser communities in tropical island ecosystems.Author contributions: M.G.R.V., M.G., B.D. Conceptualization, Methodology; M.G.R.V., B.I.S. Formal analysis, Visualization; M.G.R.V., M.G., C.N.K.B., B.D. Original draft preparation, Writing; All Authors: Writing, Review & Editing.Volume28, Issue11November 2022Pages 2361-2374FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationRecommendedNatural mixing of species: novel plant–animal communities on Caribbean IslandsA. E. Lugo, T. A. Carlo, J. M. WunderleAnimal ConservationFrugivore distributions are associated with plant dispersal syndrome diversity in the Caribbean archipelagosSeokmin Kim, Lilian Sales, Daiane Carreira, Mauro GalettiDiversity and DistributionsInteractions between resource availability and enemy release in plant invasionDana M. BlumenthalEcology LettersHuman disturbances affect the topology of food websFrederico Mestre, Alejandro Rozenfeld, Miguel B. AraújoEcology LettersA general framework for species-abundance distributions: Linking traits and dispersal to explain commonness and rarityThomas Koffel, Kaito Umemura, Elena Litchman, Christopher A. Klausmeier

Qualitative antibody tests are an easy, point-of-care diagnostic method that is useful in diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019, especially in situations where reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is negative. However, some factors are able to affect its sensitivity and accuracy, which may contribute to these tests not being used as a first-line diagnostic tool.

Existem diversas abordagens e metodologias de análise ergonômica e várias ferramentas para se analisar os fatores de riscos em que trabalhadores podem estar expostos. Uma delas é a Ergonomia Participativa, que consiste em integrar os trabalhadores na análise dos problemas e na definição das ações para otimizar sua situação de trabalho. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a situação ergonômica no setor de abate de um frigorífico bovino de pequeno porte, por meio de uma Avaliação Ergonômica Preliminar (AEP). Para esta avaliação, foram analisadas as condições de trabalho do setor com base na estratégia SOBANE de Gestão de Riscos e das 18 rubricas da metodologia DePaRis. Ainda, a ferramenta da gestão da qualidade 5W2H, foi aplicada para planejar as ações corretivas sobre os problemas evidenciados no estudo. Complementando o plano de ação, a Matriz GUT priorizou as correções mais significativas, conforme gravidade e urgência para tratamento. Como ferramenta ergonômica, o protocolo REBA de avaliação postural, serviu para avaliar posturas desfavoráveis do ponto de vista ergonômico nos postos de trabalho do setor. O estudo concluído, elencou diversos aspectos como problemas ambientais, organização do trabalho, entre outros para serem trabalhados de forma rápida e impactante, em sua maioria com baixos custos de implantação.

O objetivo do estudo é verificar a relação entre a concessão do Agroamigo e o desenvolvimento e crescimento econômico, representados pelo IFDM e pela taxa de crescimento do PIB per capita, respectivamente. Para isso, estimamos um Vetor Autorregressivo para Dados em Painel (PVAR), abrangendo 1.626 municípios do Nordeste e norte de Minas Gerais, no período de 2010 a 2016. Nossos resultados apontam para uma resposta positiva e estatisticamente significante, no curto prazo, advindo de choques do microcrédito rural sobre o IFDM, no qual nos primeiros períodos (aproximadamente 1 ano), os repasses do Agroamigo parecem expandir o bem-estar social nos municípios analisados.

Considering the lifting and transportation of patients in hospitals, workload rates can be high, which can cause Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD), in addition to increasing absenteeism and turnover rates. The present study aims to understand the opinion of workers regarding the restrictions that increase the physiological transport when transporting patients. It is necessary understanding the opinion of those who perform the activities; therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with workers, from focus groups. The results related to the characteristics were listed in a Current Reality Tree (CRT) in order to establish any restrictions in terms of workload to which the professionals are submitted. After analyzing the results, six main characteristics that interfere with the physiological workload were presented, such as excessive demand for workers; the high internal temperatures; the increased effort of the worker; the lack of adequate training; the problems with transport materials and, finally, the structural problems., En los hospitales, considerando el levantamiento y el transporte de pacientes, las tasas de carga de trabajo pueden ser altas, lo que puede causar Trastornos Musculoesqueléticos Relacionados con el Trabajo (WMSD), además de aumentar las tasas de ausentismo y rotación. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer la opinión de los trabajadores sobre las restricciones que aumentan la carga de transporte fisiológico en el transporte de pacientes. Es necesario comprender la opinión de quienes hacen el trabajo. Por lo tanto, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los trabajadores, de los grupos focales. Los resultados relacionados con las características fueron recogidos en un Árbol de Realidad Actual (ARA) para poder establecer las restricciones en cuanto a la carga de trabajo a la que están sometidos los profesionales. Luego de analizar los resultados, se presentaron seis características principales que interfieren con la carga de trabajo fisiológica, como el exceso de demanda de trabajadores; las altas temperaturas internas; el mayor esfuerzo del trabajador; la falta de formación adecuada; problemas con los materiales de transporte y, finalmente, problemas estructurales., Em hospitais, considerando o levantamento e transporte dos pacientes, os índices de carga de trabalho podem ser elevados, podendo provocar Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho (DORT) e aumentar índices de absenteísmo e turnover. O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender a percepção dos trabalhadores a respeito das restrições que aumentam a carga de transporte fisiológico no transporte de pacientes. Sendo assim, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os trabalhadores a partir de grupos focais. Os resultados relativos às características foram relacionados em uma Árvore de Realidade Atual (ARA) para poder estabelecer as eventuais restrições em termos de carga de trabalho às quais estão submetidos os profissionais. Após a análise dos resultados, apresentaram-se seis características principais que interferem na carga de trabalho fisiológica, como o excesso de demanda para os trabalhadores; as temperaturas altas internas; o aumento de esforço do trabalhador; a falta de treinamento adequado; os problemas com materiais de transporte e, por fim, os problemas estruturais.

O presente trabalho apresenta a análise e aplicação da Abordagem Sistêmica da Gestão de Design em uma comunidade agrícola familiar com o objetivo de fomentar o desenvolvimento local. Como resultado, foram identificadas oportunidades dentro do processo de produção e distribuição dos produtos agroecológicos, bem como foi desenvolvido em nível estratégico e operacional as potencialidades identificadas no sistema analisado.

Este estudo contextualiza a ação de políticas públicas no Brasil, considerando que essas caracterizam as políticas sociais e os programas de inclusão de vulneráveis, propondo uma avaliação do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada foi a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), cujos pressupostos sugerem uma avaliação qualiquantitativa do perfil socioeconômico dos beneficiários cadastrados no Cadastro Único (CadÚnico) em função dos padrões de respostas aos itens utilizados e adaptados neste estudo. Os resultados indicam que os níveis de vulnerabilidade social definidos com a escala avaliativa criada possibilitaram definir os grupos familiares atendidos ou não pelo PBF entre os anos de 2012 e 2018. Para tanto foram definidos intervalos de vulnerabilidade para cada um dos grupos familiares tidos como vulneráveis, beneficiários ou não do PBF na base “Famílias” do CadÚnico. Os resultados apontam que uma parcela de famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade social permaneceu desassistida pelo Programa nos anos analisados e contribuem para a literatura de políticas públicas e sistemas de avaliação, sendo útil para governos, gestores e a sociedade.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de promover a adequação dos tempos de atendimento de uma agência bancária à Lei das Filas, com espera máxima (tempos-alvo) de 20 minutos em dias normais e de 30 minutos em dias de pico. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo é desenvolver um modelo computacional capaz de otimizar o tempo de atendimento em uma agencia bancária. Os dados foram coletados por meio do “Banco A”, referem-se ao mês de agosto de 2019 e contêm 587 atendimentos. Após a obtenção dos dados rítmicos de chegada e atendimento de clientes, o número ideal de servidores foi calculado para adequação do atendimento aos tempos-alvo. O sistema em modelagem, para efeito dos cálculos iniciais, será assumido como um modelo do tipo MMc. A disciplina adotada para a fila é FIFO (First In, First Out), em que o primeiro a chegar é o primeiro a ser atendido. Foram estudadas distribuições probabilísticas dos ritmos, a agência foi modelada no FlexSim e diversos cenários foram testados. Os tempos reais com esperas de até 64 e 48 minutos, dias de pico e dias normais, respectivamente, coletados no sistema do banco (cenário atual) foram reduzidos para até 28 e 19 minutos, respectivamente, nos cenários simulados. As contribuições sociais e de gestão deste trabalho residem na redução do tempo de atendimento da agência, com impacto positivo na satisfação do cliente, aumento da eficiência e melhor aproveitamento do quadro funcional.

Este artigo discute o princípio da negação que caracteriza e sustenta o cistema colonial e busca pensar possibilidades de escape. O estopim desta reflexão foi a interdição sofrida em 2021 pela Casa T* (espaço de acolhimento de pessoas travestigeneres, racializades e imigrantes em Lisboa) na organização da marcha LGBTQI+ da cidade, sem que houvesse qualquer tipo de pleiteamento prévio de participação no evento de sua parte. Considerando as dimensões físicas e simbólicas da recusa antecipada de um desejo que nem veio a ser. As questões que impulsionaram a escrita foram: quais as bases do pensamento representacional que nega e performa o abandono de corpes e pessoas e desconsidera seus desejos e existências? Como pensar rotas de fuga que permitam construções plurais fora da neurose representativa colonial? Episteme-mundos derivadas do pensamento radical negro e trans* nos auxiliaram a rascunhar respostas para tais questões que tangenciam o episódio trazido e, ao mesmo tempo, abarcam querelas fundamentais da representação política fora do Sujeito moderno.

Enteroliths are intraluminal calculi formed in the small bowel, commonly caused by chronic intestinal constipation associated with other comorbidities. We describe an atypical case of enterolithiasis diagnosed with computed tomography scan (CT) and which was confirmed during subsequent surgical resection. A 66-year-old female patient had a history of chronic constipation and use of laxatives and presented with abdominal pain. A CT scan showed heterogeneous annular formations with a hyperdense halo and a hypodense center within the loops of small bowel. A segment was resected for enterectomy, allowing several yellowish stony structures to be identified, corresponding to enteroliths.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica apresentada na Escola Superior Agrária de Ponte de Lima O cultivo do mirtilo em Portugal tem vindo a crescer nos últimos anos. Trata-se de uma espécie que despertou grande interesse comercial, principalmente ao nível das exportações para países no norte da Europa. Nas últimas décadas, tem-se assistido a um aumento da temperatura média à escala global, com invernos cada vez mais amenos, com consequências ao nível da quebra da dormência das espécies particularmente exigentes em frio invernal, traduzindo-se em abrolhamentos tardios, irregulares, florações fracas e muito escalonadas, com influência negativa na produtividade do mirtilo. O objetivo deste trabalho, consistiu na avaliação de uma formulação com vários produtos fertilizantes e um fitofarmacêutico, na quebra da dormência em três cultivares de mirtilo: Duke, Bluecrop e Chandler. O estudo consistiu em três ensaios (um por cultivar) e num delineamento completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. No campo, avaliou-se a fenologia das cultivares em estudo no período de 6 de março de 2021 até 22 de maio de 2021, tendo as observações incidido em 2 ramos por cada duas plantas, em cada repetição. Após cada colheita, mediu-se o calibre dos frutos e colocaram-se 20 frutos por repetição na arca frigorífica para as determinações analíticas. Com as colheitas terminadas, realizou-se as análises em laboratório do ºBrix, acidez titulável, pH e matéria seca. Dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as modalidades ensaiadas, mas a formulação testada nestas plantas ajudou a que as fases fenológicas fossem mais uniformes e precoces, bem como um início de colheita ligeiramente mais cedo e um número superior de frutos e calibre nas plantas tratadas. No geral, os valores das determinações analíticas encontraram-se numericamente superiores às plantas da modalidade testemunha, no entanto, teria interesse fazer novo ensaio com a mesma formulação ou com novos ajustes e comparar com um produto diferente de forma a confirmar resultados. The crop of blueberry in Portugal has been growing in recent years. It is a species that has aroused great commercial interest, mainly in terms of exports to countries in northern Europe. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the average temperature on a global scale, with increasingly mild winters, with consequences in terms of the breakdown of the dormancy of particularly demanding species in winter cold, resulting in late, irregular brats, weak blooms and very with an influence on blueberry productivity. The purpose of this the work consisted of the evaluation of a formulation with several products fertilisers and a plant protection plant, in the breaking of dormancy in three blueberry cultivars: Duke, Bluecrop and Chandler. The study consisted of three trials (one per cultivar) and consisted of a completely casualized design, with four repetitions. In the field, the phenology of the cultivars under study was evaluated from March 6, 2021 to May 22, 2021, observations were based on 2 branches per two plants in each repetition. After each harvest, the size of the fruits was measured and 20 fruits were placed per repetition in the freezer for analytical determinations. With the harvests completed, the analyses were carried out in laboratory of ºBrix, titratable acidity, pH and dry matter. From the results obtained, it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between the modalities tested, but the tested formulation had phases more uniform and early phenological, as well as a harvest start slightly earlier and a higher number of fruits and size in treated plants. Overral, the values of the analytical determinations were numerically superior to the plants of control modality, however, it would be in the interest to do a new essay with the same formulation or with new adjustments and compare with a product different in order to confirm results.

This study evaluates the performance of eight non-professional face masks sold in São Paulo, Brazil, to prevent aerial transmission of the SARS-CoV-2.This was a case report with comparative testing.The masks manufactured with different materials and designs were quantified according to their performance to prevent COVID-19 using two indicators: filtration efficiency (FE) and differential pressure. The fabric grammage and microscopy of the layers were analyzed to understand their influence on the performance indicators.The results show no correlation between grammage in the FE and increasing grammage can compromise breathability indicator. Masks manufactured with cotton widely commercialized during the pandemic have non-uniformized results in FE indicators.There was no evidence between grammage and the number of layers in the FE indicator. The results pointed out that the layer's composition and the microstructure are the best way to evaluate the performance of non-professional masks used to prevent the aerial transmission of the SARS-CoV-2.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliação histológica e macroscópica do processo de cicatrização das lesões agudas do músculo reto femoral, com utilização de células-tronco derivadas de tecido adiposo (ADSCs, na sigla em inglês). Método Foi realizado um estudo experimental com 18 patas traseiras de coelhos Nova Zelândia, que foram divididos em três nos grupos de estudo de acordo com a intervenção a ser realizada. No grupo I não foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico; no grupo II – SHAN foi realizado a lesão experimental sem nenhum protocolo de intervenção adicional; e no grupo III – Intervenção foi realizado a adição de ADSCs na mesma topografia onde foi realizada a lesão experimental. Após o período proposto, 2 semanas, o material foi coletado, submetido a avaliação macroscópica e histológica. Resultados A análise quantitativa demonstrou que a adição de ADSCs está relacionada com a diminuição de células inflamatórias na avaliação com 2 semanas (164,2 células no grupo II – SHAN para 89,62 células no grupo III – ADSC). A análise qualitativa das lâminas coradas com Picrosírius red demonstrou um aumento das fibras de cor laranja/amarela no grupo III – ADSC, o que evidencia um processo final de cicatrização. A avaliação macroscópica não encontrou diferença entre os grupos. Conclusão A utilização de ADSCs no tratamento de lesão muscular aguda apresentou vantagens histológicas quando comparada a sua não utilização.