385 results on '"Federici, Federico"'
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152. Yeast flora of grape berries during ripening
- Author
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Rosini, Gianfranco, primary, Federici, Federico, additional, and Martini, Alessandro, additional
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- 1982
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153. Der deutsche Liberalismus
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Rie, Robert, primary and Federici, Federico, additional
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- 1948
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154. (THE BEAST).
- Author
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FEDERICI, FEDERICO
- Subjects
- BEAST, The (Poem), FEDERICI, Federico
- Published
- 2019
155. Translation as an Ethical Intervention? Building Trust in Healthcare Crisis Communication
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Hu, Bei, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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156. Translation Accuracy in the Indonesian Translation of the COVID-19 Guidebook: Understanding the Relation Between Medical Translation, Reception, and Risk
- Author
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Nugroho, Raden Arief, Prananta, Alfian Yoga, Septemuryantoro, Syaiful Ade, Basari, Achmad, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
157. Citizen Translators’ ‘Imagined Community’ Engagement in Crisis Communication
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Teng, Yanjiang, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
158. Risk and Safety on Cruise Ships: Communicative Strategies for COVID-19
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Rossato, Linda, Nocella, Jessica Jane, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
159. Translating the COVID-19 Pandemic Across Languages and Cultures: The Case of Argentina
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Spoturno, María Laura, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
160. Managing Communication in Public Health: Risk Perception in Crisis Settings
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Pena-Díaz, Carmen, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
161. Credibility in Risk Communication: Oman’s Official Arabic COVID-19 Risk Communication and Its English Translation
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Al-Sharafi, Abdul Gabbar, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
162. Implications of Linguistic Hegemony in Translating Health Materials: COVID-19 Information in Arabic in Australia
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Dawood, Sama, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
163. Military Framing of Health Threats: The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Case Study
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Chatti, Sami, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
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- View/download PDF
164. Health and Safety Discourse in Polish and English: A Pragmalinguistic Perspective of COVID-19 Communication
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Kodura, Małgorzata, Rogers, Margaret, Series Editor, and Federici, Federico Marco, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
165. Calvino's I fiori blu and Queneau's Les Fleurs bleues : translation and the evolution of Calvino's style
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Federici, Federico Marco
- Subjects
- 843.912
- Published
- 2006
166. Fertilizing effect of microbially treated olive mill wastewater on Trifolium plants
- Author
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Vassilev, Nikolay, Vassileva, Maria, Azcon, Rosario, Fenice, Massimiliano, Federici, Federico, and Barea, Jose-Miguel
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- 1998
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167. Glucose oxidase overproducing mutants of Penicillium variabile (P16)
- Author
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Petruccioli, Maurizio, Piccioni, Paola, Federici, Federico, and Polsinelli, Mario
- Abstract
Conidia of Penicillium variabile P16 were subjected to mutagenesis and selection for glucose oxidase production on media containing o-dianisidine. Studies of the relationship between dose of UV irradiation and conidial survival and frequency of mutation showed that the best frequency of positive mutation (17%) was obtained in correspondence to a conidial survival of 52%. Out of 54 overproducing mutants tested in shaken flasks, M-80.10 showed the highest level of glucose oxidase activity (127% higher than the wild-type). M-80.10 mutant, transferred every 15 days to fresh medium and tested monthly for 8 months, appeared stable. The time course of growth and enzyme production by the mutant M-80.10 showed an increase of the glucose oxidase activity in the culture medium up to 19 U ml−1 after 96 h of fermentation.
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- 1995
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168. Reuse of microbially treated olive mill wastewater as fertiliser for wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
- Author
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Fausto Cereti, Carlo, Rossini, Francesco, Federici, Federico, Quaratino, Daniele, Vassilev, Nikolay, and Fenice, Massimiliano
- Subjects
- *
ASPERGILLUS niger , *INDUSTRIAL wastes , *BATCH processing , *DURUM wheat - Abstract
Free cells of Aspergillus niger were grown on olive mill wastewater (OMW) supplemented with rock phosphate (RP) in an air-lift bioreactor in batch and repeated-batch processes. The fungus grew well and reduced the chemical oxygen demand of the waste by 35% and 64% in the batch and repeated-batch (fourth batch) processes, respectively. Total sugar content was consistently reduced (ca. 60%) in both processes while reduction of total phenols was minimal. RP was solubilised and maximum soluble P was 0.63 and 0.75 g l−1 in the batch and repeated-batch (third batch), respectively. Several types of OMW ± RP, microbially-treated or not, were tested in a greenhouse for their fertilising ability on a soil-wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) model system. Beneficial effects were highest using OMW treated by the repeated-batch process. The treated plants showed an increase in seed biomass, spike number, and kernel weight. Harvest index was highest (0.49 ± 0.04) after treatment with OMW from the repeated-batch process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
169. Analysis of Representation of the War in Afghanistan as a US War in Russian and Western News Media: Systemic-Functional Linguistics Model
- Author
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Skorokhod, Olena, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
170. Anybody Down There? Emergency and Disaster Interpreting in Turkey
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Doğan, Aymil, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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171. Challenges of the Twenty-First Century in the Russian Arctic: Translating in Emergencies and Emergencies in Translating
- Author
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Razumovskaya, Veronica, Bartashova, Olga, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
172. Interpreting in the Emergency Department: How Context Matters for Practice
- Author
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Cox, Antoon, Lázaro Gutiérrez, Raquel, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
173. Interpreting in a State of Emergency: Adding Fuel to the Fire
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Al-Shehari, Khaled, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
174. Ghostly Entities and Clichés: Military Interpreters in Conflict Regions
- Author
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Gaunt, Caroline, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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175. Training Translators for Crisis Communication: Translators Without Borders as an Example
- Author
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O’Brien, Sharon, Rogers, Margaret, Series editor, and Federici, Federico M., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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176. ‘Leo Africanus’ and His Worlds of Translation
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Davis, Natalie Zemon, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
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177. Translation and Adaptation in Original Composition: Lodowick Bryskett’s Use of His Sources in A Discourse of Civill Life (1606)
- Author
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Portelli, Sergio, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
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178. The Political and Diplomatic Significance of Interpreters/Translators in Seventeenth-Century Colonial Taiwan
- Author
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Chang, Pin-Ling, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
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- 2014
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179. Revisiting Malinche: A Study of Her Role as an Interpreter
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Spoturno, María Laura, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
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- 2014
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180. Three Monks and a Philosopher: Religious Men Travelling and Translating in Medieval Serbia
- Author
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Đurin, Tatjana, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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181. Becoming a Classic: Benedetto Varchi’s Boezio (1551) and ‘The Language of Florence’
- Author
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Brancato, Dario, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
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182. Translating Modern Fiction into Persian: A Snowball Story
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Emami, Mohammad, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
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183. Patterns of Translation: Contacts and Linguistic Variety in Italian Late Medieval Diplomacy (ca. 1380–1520)
- Author
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Lazzarini, Isabella, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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184. Translating Aboriginal Siberian and Circumpolar Cultures in Russia
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Razumovskaya, Veronica, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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185. Introduction: Translators, Interpreters, and Cultural Negotiation
- Author
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Tessicini, Dario, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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186. Hegel and the Latin Bhagavadgītā (1823): A Critique of Understanding and Translating the Foreign
- Author
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Karyekar, Madhuvanti Chintamani, Federici, Federico M., editor, and Tessicini, Dario, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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187. Surprised in Translation.
- Author
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Federici, Federico M.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSLATING of poetry , *NONFICTION - Abstract
The article reviews the book "Surprised in Translation," by Mary Ann Caws.
- Published
- 2008
188. An efficient PAH-degrading Lentinus (Panus) tigrinus strain: Effect of inoculum formulation and pollutant bioavailability in solid matrices
- Author
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Covino, Stefano, Čvančarová, Monika, Muzikář, Milan, Svobodová, Kateřina, D’annibale, Alessandro, Petruccioli, Maurizio, Federici, Federico, Křesinová, Zdena, and Cajthaml, Tomáš
- Subjects
- *
BIODEGRADATION , *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons , *IRPEX , *MICROBIAL growth , *LENTINUS , *WHITE rot (Grapes) , *BIOAVAILABILITY , *INORGANIC soil pollutants , *SOIL pollution - Abstract
Abstract: This study comparatively investigated the PAH degradation ability of Lentinus tigrinus and Irpex lacteus in a historically polluted soil and creosote-impregnated shavings. With this regard, the effect of type of inoculum carrier (i.e., wheat straw, corn cobs and commercial pellets) and contaminant bioavailability was thoroughly determined. Although degradation performances of L. tigrinus were not significantly affected by the type of the support, they were invariably better than those of I. lacteus on both the polluted soil and the creosote-impregnated shavings. Although degradation efficiencies of all fungal microcosms were highly and significantly correlated with bioavailability, certain PAHs, such as chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene, were removed by L. tigrinus from the polluted soil at amounts that exceeded about 2.3-fold their respective bioavailabilities. Degradation of PAHs was negatively correlated with their organic carbon sorption coefficients (K oc) and hydrophobicity (log P). The strength of linear association with the latter parameter, however, was not affected by the type of contaminated matrix in L. tigrinus-based microcosms while it was significantly larger in the historically polluted soil than in the creosote-impregnated shavings in I. lacteus ones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
189. Stoned olive pomace fermentation with Pleurotus species and its evaluation as a possible animal feed
- Author
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Brozzoli, Viviana, Bartocci, Settimio, Terramoccia, Stefano, Contò, Giacomo, Federici, Federico, D’Annibale, Alessandro, and Petruccioli, Maurizio
- Subjects
- *
FERMENTATION , *PLEUROTUS , *ANIMAL species , *ANIMAL feeding , *PHENOLS , *CRIMSON clover , *FAVA bean , *FUNGAL colonies - Abstract
Abstract: The use of stoned olive pomace (SOP) as an unconventional feedstuff for livestock is limited by its inherently low crude protein (CP) content and by the presence of anti-nutritional compounds such as phenols. Aim of this study was to assess whether solid-state fermentation of SOP with selective lignin-degrading fungi might ameliorate nutritional properties of the waste. Incubation of SOP, mixed (25%, w/w) with various conventional feedstuffs (i.e., wheat bran, wheat middlings, barley grains, crimson clover, wheat flour shorts and field beans), with Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius led to significant CP increases, ranging from 7 to 29%, and marked removal (from ca. 50–90%) of phenols after 6 weeks. Both species, however, led to moderate delignification associated with significant consumption of hemicelluloses. Consequently, no improvements of both organic matter digestibility (OMD) and net energy of SOP–feedstuff mixtures occurred after the fungal colonization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
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190. Kinetic and redox properties of MnP II, a major manganese peroxidase isoenzyme from Panus tigrinus CBS 577.79.
- Author
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Petruccioli, Maurizio, Frasconi, Marco, Quaratino, Daniele, Covino, Stefano, Favero, Gabriele, Mazzei, Franco, Federici, Federico, and D'Annibale, Alessandro
- Subjects
- *
ISOENZYMES , *METALLOENZYMES , *CHELATES , *OXIDATION , *ENZYMES - Abstract
A manganese peroxidase (MnP) isoenzyme from Panus tigrinus CBS 577.79 was produced in a benchtop stirred-tank reactor and purified to apparent homogeneity. The purification scheme involving ultrafiltration, affinity chromatography on concanavalin–A Sepharose, and gel filtration led to a purified MnP, termed “MnP II,” with a specific activity of 288 IU mg−1 protein and a final yield of 22%. The enzyme turned out to be a monomeric protein with molecular mass of 50.5 kDa, pI of 4.07, and an extent of N-glycosylation of about 5.3% of the high-mannose type. The temperature and pH optima for the formation of malonate manganic chelates were 45 °C and 5.5, respectively. MnP II proved to be poorly thermostable at 50 and 60 °C, with half-lives of 11 min and 105 s, respectively. Km values for H2O2 and Mn2+ were 16 and 124 μM, respectively. Although MnP II was able to oxidize veratryl alcohol and to catalyze the Mn2+-independent oxidation of several phenols, it cannot be assigned to the versatile peroxidase family. As opposed to versatile peroxidase oxidation, veratryl alcohol oxidation required the simultaneous presence of H2O2 and Mn2+; in addition, low turnover numbers and Km values higher than 300 μM characterized the Mn2+-independent oxidation of substituted phenols. Kinetic properties and the substrate specificity of the enzyme markedly differed from those reported for MnP isoenzymes produced by the reference strain P. tigrinus 8/18. To our knowledge, this study reports for the first time a thorough electrochemical characterization of a MnP from this fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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191. Fed-batch gluconic acid production from Penicillium variabile P16 under different feeding strategies
- Author
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Crognale, Silvia, Petruccioli, Maurizio, Fenice, Massimiliano, and Federici, Federico
- Subjects
- *
PENICILLIUM , *FERMENTATION , *BIOTRANSFORMATION (Metabolism) , *GLUCOSE synthesis - Abstract
Abstract: Penicillium variabile P16 is characterized by the ability to release high levels of glucose oxidase when grown in glucose-rich media converting, at the same time, glucose into gluconic acid. This work reports on gluconic acid production by the above strain grown in bench-top reactor under different strategies, traditional batch and fed-batch processes; Na2CO3 was substituted for CaCO3 as the buffering agent in order to prevent calcium gluconate precipitation over the mycelium that would limit oxygen uptake and, as a consequence, glucose conversion. Best results were obtained with an improved fed-batch process which, in addition to glucose, was continuously fed with nitrogen and minerals at a flow rate of 0.02mlmin−1: yield and total productivity were 99.4% and 2.02gh−1, respectively, and remained constant till the end of the fermentation (240h). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. Microbial characterisation of activated sludge in jet-loop bioreactors treating winery wastewaters.
- Author
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Eusébio, Ana, Petruccioli, Maurizio, Lagerio, Manuela, Federici, Federico, and Duarte, José Cardoso
- Subjects
- *
BIOREACTORS , *WASTE treatment , *SEWAGE microbiology , *WINERIES , *BACTERIAL typing , *PSEUDOMONAS , *BACILLUS (Bacteria) , *SACCHAROMYCES cerevisiae , *BIOMASS - Abstract
Jet-loop reactors (JLR) used as biological waste treatment processes introduce an additional selective pressure on the natural microbial flora of the incoming effluent. Several high-performing microbial inocula were tested for winery wastewater treatment and the microbial composition was analysed. A microbial consortium was enriched and selected for use with a new type of aerobic JLR. The reactor was operated continuously for more than 1 year using winery wastewaters collected in different seasons. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was on average greater than 80%, with retention times of 0.8–1 day. Microbial populations were sampled for characterisation after 6 months and at the end of the study. Isolates were identified at genus and/or species level. Almost all isolates belonged to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was also found but no filamentous fungi. These results show that a highly adapted population develops in JLRs treating winery effluents as compared to other bioreactors. Aerobic JLRs impose a stringent selective criterion on the composition of the microbial biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
193. Intralingual translation and cascading crises: evaluating the impact of semi-automation on the readability and comprehensibility of health content
- Author
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Rossetti, Alessandra, Federici, Federico M., and O'Brien, Sharon
- Subjects
Translating and interpreting ,Health ,Linguistics ,Language - Abstract
During crises, intralingual translation (or simplification) of medical content can facilitate comprehension among lay readers and foster their compliance with instructions aimed to avoid or mitigate the cascading effects of crises. The onus of simplifying health-related texts often falls on medical experts, and the task of intralingual translation tends to be nonautomated. Medical authors are asked to check and remember different sets of plain language guidelines, while also relying on their interpretation of how and when to implement these guidelines. Accordingly, even simplified health-related texts present characteristics that make them difficult to read and comprehend, particularly for an audience with low (health) literacy. Against this background, this chapter describes an experimental study aimed at testing the impact that using a controlled language (CL) checker to semi-automate intralingual translation has on the readability and comprehensibility of medical content. The study focused on the plain language summaries and abstracts produced by the non-profit organisation Cochrane. Using Coh-Metrix and recall, this investigation found that the introduction of a CL checker influenced some readability features, but not lay readers’ comprehension, regardless of their native language. Finally, strategies to enhance the comprehensibility of health content and reduce the vulnerability of readers in crises are discussed.
- Published
- 2019
194. Mapping translation technology and the multilingual needs of NGOs along the aid chain
- Author
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Celia Rico Pérez, O’Brien, Sharon, and Federici, Federico M.
- Subjects
Traducción ,Knowledge management ,business.industry ,Humanitarian aid ,media_common.quotation_subject ,No reference ,Tecnología ,Context (language use) ,Chain (unit) ,Tecnología avanzada ,Key (cryptography) ,Translation memory ,Quality (business) ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Translation technology is now widely used almost in all areas where multilingual needs are identified, at least in commercial settings. From a market perspective, it offers a wealth of tools that contribute to speeding up multilingual processes, reducing costs and improving quality. Interestingly enough, the multilingual needs of the third sector and more specifically those of NGOs in the aid chain, seem to have fallen into oblivion as far as translation technology is concerned. We see that there are no easily accessible/shareable large scale resources or tools in this area (translation memory databases, termbases or corpora, to name but a few) and stakeholders, working mostly on a volunteer basis, are ultimately forced to create their own ad hoc materials. With a few exceptions, no reference corpora, public sharing-data initiatives or collaborative experiences can easily be found in the context of not-for-profit. In this scenario, it is my contention that the implementation of language tools and resources specifically designed for the needs of the third sector may see its impact on three key areas: economic, social and technical. The ultimate purpose of the present contribution is to create momentum towards the association of translation technology and the humanitarian aid chain. Sin financiación No data (2019) UEM
- Published
- 2019
195. Ethical considerations on the use of machine translation and crowdsourcing in cascading crises
- Author
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Carla Parra Escartín, Helena Moniz, Federici, Federico M, and O'Brien, Sharon
- Subjects
Translating and interpreting ,Machine translation ,Computer science ,business.industry ,computer.software_genre ,Crowdsourcing ,business ,Data science ,computer - Abstract
When a sudden-onset emergency occurs, the language needs of those affected and those involved in the relief efforts cannot be foreseen. Provided that access to online communication is still available, it is not unlikely that many involved in the crisis will resort to language technologies such as machine translation and initiatives such as crowdsourcing to assist in the urgent need for multilingual communication. This may be done in an attempt to understand the key messages from official bodies, or relief organisations, when there is a lack of professional translators to assist in the multilingual communication process. This approach - machine translation and crowdsourcing - was successfully used in a previous crisis, i.e. the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. However, the use of technologies cannot be taken for granted. Even if they are supposedly used for good, a number of ethical issues should be given consideration before using these technologies, when using them, and in the aftermath of a crisis. In this chapter, we describe those issues by having a closer look at potential crisis translation workflows which rely on machine translation and crowdsourcing.
- Published
- 2019
196. Eye-tracking as a measure of cognitive effort for post-editing of machine translation
- Author
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Moorkens, Joss, Walker, Callum, and Federici, Federico M.
- Subjects
Translating and interpreting ,Psychology ,Machine translating - Abstract
The three measurements for post-editing effort as proposed by Krings (2001) have been adopted by many researchers in subsequent studies and publications. These measurements comprise temporal effort (the speed or productivity rate of post-editing, often measured in words per second or per minute at the segment level), technical effort (the number of actual edits performed by the post-editor, sometimes approximated using the Translation Edit Rate metric (Snover et al. 2006), again usually at the segment level), and cognitive effort. Cognitive effort has been measured using Think-Aloud Protocols, pause measurement, and, increasingly, eye-tracking. This chapter provides a review of studies of post-editing effort using eye-tracking, noting the influence of publications by Danks et al. (1997), and O’Brien (2006, 2008), before describing a single study in detail. The detailed study examines whether predicted effort indicators affect post-editing effort and results were previously published as Moorkens et al. (2015). Most of the eye-tracking data analysed were unused in the previous
- Published
- 2018
197. Interpreting in the Emergency Department: How Context Matters for Practice
- Author
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Antoon Cox, Raquel Lázaro Gutiérrez, Federici, Federico M., Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, and Brussels Institute for Applied Linguistics
- Published
- 2016
198. Biofilm-forming properties of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus: production, characterization and response to environmental contaminants
- Author
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Pesciaroli, Lorena and Federici, Federico
- Subjects
Olive mill wastewater ,Cadmio ,Ultrastructure ,Biofilm ,Reflui oleari ,BIO/19 ,Pleurotus ostreatus ,Ultrastruttura ,Cadmium - Abstract
In natura i microrganismi raramente si trovano in forma planctonica; piuttosto, tendono ad associarsi con una matrice solida e con altre cellule microbiche sviluppando una complessa comunità che prende il nome di “Biofilm”. Sebbene i funghi sono dei candidati ideali per la formazione dei biofilm, l’informazione a riguardo risulta essere ancora piuttosto carente. Le proprietà filmogene del fungo white rot Pleurotus ostreatus, da solo o in associazione con batteri del genere Pseudomonas, sono note da tempo. Tuttavia, non vi sono ancora informazioni relative alla struttura e alle proprietà fisiologiche del biofilm di P. ostreatus. Infatti, lo scopo generale di questo lavoro di tesi era di fornire informazioni relative alla produzione, alla caratterizzazione biochimica e strutturale e alla risposta a contaminanti ambientali del biofilm di P. ostreatus. In particolare, le proprietà filmogene del fungo sono state valutate utilizzando due diversi approcci metodologici che consentivano di ottenere biofilm mono-specifici stabili di P. ostreatus che rispondevano perfettamente ai requisiti sia strutturali che fenotipici proposti da Harding e collaboratori (2009) per i biofilm di funghi filamentosi. Il primo prevedeva l’utilizzo di piastre a 12 pozzetti con membrane circolari di vario materiale, quali supporti di adesione. Attraverso questo approccio è stato possibile determinare l’effetto delle variabili supporto e terreno di crescita sulla produzione, ultrastruttura e attività metabolica specifica del biofilm di P. ostreatus. I supporti idrofilici e mediamente idrofobici sono risultati essere più idonei alla formazione del biofilm rispetto a quelli idrofobici quali il teflon; mentre l’ultrastruttura del biofilm era maggiormente influenzata dal terreno di crescita piuttosto che dal supporto utilizzato. L’effetto principale delle variabili supporto e terreno di crescita nonché la loro interazione binaria risultava essere altamente significativo (P< 0.001) tanto che l’effetto di una delle variabili dipendeva fortemente dal livello dell’altra. Il secondo approccio metodologico, invece, prevedeva l’utilizzo dei sistemi MBECTM-P&G e MBECTM-HTP largamente utilizzati per lo studio di biofilm batterici e di alcuni lieviti. Con la prima configurazione, in modo indipendente dal tempo di incubazione, si ottenevano significative quantità con una distribuzione uniforme del biofilm. Nel sistema MBECTM-HTP, invece, sia le quantità che l'uniformità spaziale del biofilm di P. ostreatus erano notevolmente influenzate dalle condizioni di incubazione. Sia le analisi chimiche sia quelle strutturali evidenziavano la maggiore presenza di ECM nelle colture in biofilm rispetto a quelle planctoniche. Il cadmio e i composti fenolici presenti nelle acque reflue dei frantoi oleari erano scelti come contaminanti ambientali per valutare comparativamente la risposta del biofilm e della coltura planctonica di P. ostreatus. I biofilm di P. ostreatus esibivano una maggiore tolleranza al cadmio ed erano più efficienti nel trattamento delle acque reflue di frantoio oleario rispetto alle colture planctoniche coeve. Comunemente in natura i biofilm sono formati da microrganismi appartenenti a specie diverse come batteri e funghi insieme e questo rappresenta un punto di fondamentale importanza sia nei processi di biorisanamento sia in applicazioni rilevanti in agricoltura. Quindi, altro scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di studiare la formazione del biofilm misto di P. ostreatus e Pseudomonas alcaliphila. Dagli studi effettuati sui campioni ottenuti a diversi tempi di crescita si è visto che la specie batterica, caratterizzata dall’avere tassi di crescita maggiori rispetto alla specie fungina, costituiva la maggiore componente cellulare del biofilm misto dato, questo, confermato sia dall’analisi quantitativa sia strutturale. In nature, microorganisms are seldom found in planktonic form; rather, they tend to interact with solid matrices and other microbes so as to develop complex systems named ‘biofilms’. Although filamentous fungi are ideal biofilm-forming candidates, there is scant information regarding this topic. The biofilm-forming properties of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, alone or in association with bacteria has been reported. However, no basic information is currently available on structural and physiological properties of P. ostreatus-based biofilm systems. In fact, the general aim of this thesis was to gain insights into P. ostreatus biofilm production, its biochemical and structural characterization and response to environmental contaminants. In particular, the biofilm-forming properties of P. ostreatus were evaluated using two different methodological approaches that allowed to obtain P. ostreatus biofilms that fully met the structural and phenotypic criteria suggested by Harding et al. (2009) for fungal biofilm. The first approach involved the use of 12-well plates hosting circular membranes made of various materials as the adhesion supports. In this way, it was possible to elucidate the effect of support and growth medium on production, specific metabolic activity and ultrastructure of P. ostreatus biofilm. Hydrophilic and mild hydrophobic supports were more adequate for biofilm production than highly hydrophobic supports, such as Teflon, while the biofilm ultrastructure was more significantly affected by growth media than support type. The main effects of support and growth media variables and their binary interactions on both biofilm production and specific metabolic activity were all highly significant (P< 0.001); thus, the effect of each variable strongly depended on the level of the other one. The second methodological approach, instead, relied on the use of MBECTM-P&G and MBECTM-HTP systems, that had been extensively used for the study of bacterial and yeast biofilms. With the former configuration, significant biofilm amounts were produced and an even distribution of biofilm was observed regardless of the incubation time. In the MBECTM-HTP, instead, both amounts and spatial uniformity of P. ostreatus biofilms were markedly affected by the incubation conditions. Both chemical analyses and electron microscopy observations showed that biofilm cultures were characterized by higher amounts of ECM than planktonic system. Cadmium and phenol compounds in olive mill wastewater were chosen as environmental contaminants to evaluate comparatively the response of P. ostreatus biofilm and planktonic cultures. P. ostreatus biofilms exhibited a significantly higher tolerance to cadmium and a higher efficiency in olive-mill wastewater treatment than coeval planktonic cultures. In nature, commonly, biofilms are concomitantly composed of bacteria and fungi and this is important in bioremediation processes and in agricultural applications. In fact, another aim of this thesis was study the biofilm formation of P. ostreatus and Pseudomonas alcaliphila. In the mixed biofilm systems, P. alcaliphila predominated over the fungus due to its higher growth rate as assessed by both quantitative PCR and electron microscopy analyses. Dottorato di ricerca in Evoluzione biologica e biochimica
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- 2013
199. Cost effective manufacturing methods for Public Health vaccines against Gram negative bacteria
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Meloni, Eleonora and Federici, Federico
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GMMA ,COGs ,Vaccines ,Salmonella ,BIO/19 ,O-antigen ,Gram-negative - Abstract
Infectious diseases, particularly in less developed countries, remain among the leading causes of global mortality, most of these infections are caused by Gram-negative bacteria which are the major pathogens responsible of neonatal sepsis and cause of a range of diarrheal, respiratory and invasive diseases. The most frequent Gram-negative isolates are E.coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp. Salmonella infection represents a considerable burden in both developing and developed countries. Efforts to reduce transmission of salmonellae by food and other routes must be implemented on a global scale thus the development of cost effective, needle-independent vaccines is a high priority. Vaccine for Developing Countries should be designed to be inexpensive (less than one euro for association like UNICEF and GAVI), stable at room temperature, simple to administer to infants, readily administered by nonprofessionals using a needle-free method and the vaccines formulation would protect against multiple agents. Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health (NVGH) aims to develop a broadly protective vaccine using outer membrane particles. These particles, called Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), also known as outer membrane vesicles (OMV), are naturally shed from the surface of living Gram‐negative bacteria. GMMA are different from the detergent‐extracted OMV which are depleted of lipooligosaccharides and lipoproteins. The purpose of this PhD project was to investigate the possibility to develop low cost vaccines applicable to Gram-negative strains, intended for neglected infectious diseases of impoverished communities, using the GMMA technology platform. This work showed the possibility to use GMMA particles as starting material for membrane components extraction, optimizing new and innovative platform, particularly for LPS or proteins recovery, in order to decrease the costs of goods (COGs). The present work is focused on the O: 4,5-antigen polysaccharide extraction (using the acid hydrolysis approach), purification and characterization from Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 tolR- GMMA. NVGH, to over produce and collect GMMA, is developing new methods using over producing GMMA mutant strain (the tolR gene deletion results in substantial overproduction of outer membrane particles) and two consecutive TFF steps (Tangential Flow Filtration steps: micro-filtration at 0.2 μm and thereafter a second micro-filtration at 0.1 μm) at the end of the fermentation process to collect GMMA from bacterial suspensions. NVGH has developed another innovative platform for O-antigen extraction from biomass at the end of the fermentation process, using the acid hydrolysis approach of whole bacterial culture. The present work shows for the first time the possibility to use GMMA particles as O-antigens source (and in general as source of membrane components) due their membrane composition enriched in LPS. We have proven that, O-antigens can be extracted from GMMA using the direct acid hydrolysis method thus the consequent O-antigen purification process is easy and cost effective. This work provides the basis for the development of new vaccines, glyconiugate or proteins based, exploiting the same approach used and developed for S. Tyhphimurium SL1344 tolR- GMMA, which could be applied to other Gram negative strains. Le malattie infettive causate dai microrganismi Gram-negativi rappresentano una tra le principali cause di mortalità a livello mondiale, specialmente nei paesi in via di sviluppo. L’attenzione di organizzazioni come UNICEF e WHO si è focalizzata sullo sviluppo di progetti volti a migliorare le aspettative di vita delle propalazioni nei paesi sottosviluppati, dove la scarsa disponibilità d’acqua potabile e le condizioni igienico-sanitarie precarie favoriscono il diffondersi di malattie diarroiche e respiratorie associate a microrganismi patogeni Gram-negativi. Una tra le soluzioni proposte per contenere e prevenire la diffusione di tali malattie è rappresentata dallo sviluppo di vaccini specifici contro i patogeni responsabili. I vaccini pensati, sviluppati e prodotti per i paesi in via di sviluppo devono però rispettare alcuni requisiti. Un aspetto importante è quello legato ai costi, i vaccini devono essere prodotti e immessi nel mercato a basso costo, per l'UNICEF e il GAVI, il prezzo per singola dose non deve superare la soglia di 1.00 euro. Un’altra caratteristica rilevante è legata alle proprietà del vaccino stesso, la preparazione finale deve rimanere stabile a temperatura ambiente e possibilmente garantire la protezione a largo spettro. Idealmente un vaccino per i paesi in via di sviluppo dovrebbe essere pensato e progettato in modo da essere facilmente manipolato e somministrato da personale non esperto, ad esempio evitando l’utilizzo di siringhe con ago. Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health (NVGH) mira a sviluppare un vaccino ad ampio spettro utilizzando una particolare caratteristica dei Gram negativi, ossia la capacità di originare e secernere vescicole dalla membrana esterna. Queste vescicole, chiamate Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), note anche come “native outer membrane vesicles” (NOMV), sono naturalmente rilasciate dalla superficie dei batteri Gram-negativi rispecchiando quindi la composizione della membrana esterna, a differenza delle DOMV (detergent extracted outer membrane vesicles), ottenute da biomassa opportunamente trattata con specifici detergenti, le quali si presentano con struttura lipopolisaccaridica e lipoprtoieca diversa rispetto alla composizione della membrana esterna del batterio d’origine. Lo scopo di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quello di esaminare la possibilità di sviluppare vaccini a basso costo per i paesi in via di sviluppo, contro i microrganismi Gram-negativi utilizzando la piattaforma tecnologica GMMA. Questo lavoro ha dimostrato la possibilità di utilizzare le GMMA come materiale di partenza per l'estrazione di componenti di membrana, in particolare LPS o proteine. Il presente lavoro è focalizzato sull’estrazione, purificazione e caratterizzazione del polisaccaride O:4,5-antigen da GMMA secrete dal patogeno Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 tolR-. Tale microrganismo geneticamente modificato (delezione del gene tolR) è stato utilizzato perché capace di sovra rilasciare GMMA durante il processo fermentativo, successivamente separate e recuperate dalla biomassa tramite due step consecutivi di filtrazione a flusso tangenziale (TFF) utilizzando membrane a cut-off decrescenti, 0.2 μm per la prima TFF e 0.1 μm per la TFF successiva. Inoltre, NVGH ha sviluppato una piattaforma innovativa per l’estrazione del polisaccaride dalla membrana esterna dei Gram negativi utilizzando l'approccio dell’idrolisi acida direttamente su biomassa a fine fermentata, evitando così l’utilizzo del fenolo, considerato uno tra i metodi classici di estrazione di polisaccaridi da biomassa. Il presente lavoro mostra per la prima volta la possibilità di utilizzare le GMMA come fonte di estrazione dell’O-antigen per lo sviluppo di vaccini glico-coniugati e in generale come fonte di estrazione di componenti di membrana. Abbiamo dimostrato che, il polisaccaride O-antigen può essere estratto dalle GMMA applicando il metodo dell’idrolisi acida diretta e dimostrando come il conseguente processo di purificazione sia più facile e conveniente partendo dalle GMMA invece che dalla biomassa. Questo lavoro fornisce le basi per lo sviluppo di nuovi vaccini, proteici o gliconiugati, contro microrganismi patogeni Gram negativi, ai quali può essere applicata la stessa piattaforma sviluppata e ottimizzata per le GMMA prodotte da S. Tyhphimurium SL1344 tolR. Dottorato di ricerca in Evoluzione biologica e biochimica
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- 2013
200. Structure and Function of the microbial communities in polluted soils: effect of mycoremediation
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Giubilei, Maria Angela and Federici, Federico
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Agenti mobilizzanti ,Biorisanamento ,BIO/19 ,DGGE ,Struttura di popolazioni microbiche ,Real-time ,Funghi white-rot - Abstract
La diffusa contaminazione di ecosistemi terrestri e acquatici dovuta all’immissione di composti di origine antropica ad elevata persistenza è un problema che sta assumendo una rilevanza sempre maggiore. Date le quantità prodotte e i potenziali effetti negativi sull’ambiente e sulla salute umana il gruppo di composti più importante è quello dei cosiddetti “xenobiotici”, molecole di sintesi ad elevata persistenza ed estranee ai processi biologici. Le tecnologie che, sfruttando la capacità dei microrganismi, batteri, alghe o funghi, di degradare i contaminanti, sono in grado di accelerare i fenomeni naturali di detossificazione dell’ambiente stanno attirando sempre maggiore attenzione (Šašek et al., 2003). In questo senso, i funghi Basidiomiceti appartenenti al gruppo dei white-rot sembrano i più interessanti. Nel biorisanamento è anche fondamentale il ruolo della microflora endogena e fondamentali appaiono le eventuali interazioni con le specie esogene usate per il bioarrichimento. Negli ultimi venti anni, è profondamente cambiato l’approccio metodologico allo studio delle comunità microbiche naturali: sempre più frequente, infatti, è l’utilizzo di metodi indipendenti dalla coltivazione al fine di superare il problema della non coltivabilità della maggior parte dei batteri ambientali. Tranne che nella diretta ibridazione del DNA con sonde specifiche, la maggior parte di tali metodi (DGGE/TGGE, ARDRA, RFLP/T-RFLP, RISA/ARISA, qRT-PCR) si basano sulla’analisi di marcatori genetici amplificati con primers “universali” a partire dal metagenoma estratto direttamente da campioni di suolo, acqua o sedimenti. Il target maggiormente impiegato nello studio della diversità microbica è il gene codificante l’rRNA 16S, ma anche molti geni funzionali sono base per lo studio di subpopolazioni con capacità metaboliche e fisiologiche specifiche (amoA, rpoB, PmoA, nifH). I principali obiettivi della presente tesi di dottorato sono stati lo studio della dinamica della struttura e funzione delle comunità microbiche autoctone in seguito a processi di micorisanamento su scala di laboratorio condotti su due suoli storicamente contaminati, uno da idrocarburi aromatici e l’altro da PCB, ed un suolo modello contaminato “ad hoc” in laboratorio con una miscela di IPA. Sul suolo modello, contaminato in laboratorio con una miscela di ognuno (50 μg/g) dei seguenti di IPA: fenatrene, antracene, fluorantene, pirene, crisene, benzo[k]fluorantene e benzo[a]pirene, è stato valutato l’effetto combinato di agenti II mobilizzanti (AM) e micorisanamento (Irpex lacteus 617/93, Pleurotus ostreatus 3004, Allescheriella sp. DABAC 1 e Phlebia sp. DABAC 9) sulla struttura delle comunità batteriche indigene. Con Allescheriella sp. e Phlebia sp. sono stati utilizzati gli AM Tween20 (TW20), Tween 80 (TW80) e olio di soia (OS). Con I. lacteus e P. ostreatus sono stati usati come AM anche RAMEB (β-ciclodestrine metilate) ed acque di vegetazione delle olive (AV). Con Phlebia sp., l’unico AM in grado di provocare un aumento significativo della deplezione degli IPA, espressa come peso totale dei contaminati residui (TWOC: Tatal Weight of Organic Contaminants), e valutata sia nei controlli di incubazione che nei suoli sottoposti a micorisanamento dopo 45 giorni di incubazione, era l’OS. Con Allescheriella sp., invece, le migliori performance degradative si ottenevano, nel suolo trattato con TW20 ove si raggiungeva una diminuzione del TWOC pari al 21,6% rispetto al biotrattamento fungino senza aggiunta di AM. La detossificazione dei suoli è stati valutata quantificando l’attività deidrogenasica; Phlebia sp. induceva un livello significativo di detossificazione solo in presenza di TW80, mentre nel caso di Allescheriella sp. il livello più elevato era raggiunto quando non erano presenti AM. La microflora batterica coltivabile endogena era diversamente influenzata con effetto negativo di OS e TW80 sia nel controllo di incubazione che nel suolo inoculato con Phlebia sp. mentre con Allescheriella sp. non si osservavano differenze significative in nessuno dei campioni, indipendentemente dall’AM impiegato. In ogni caso, era evidente un generale effetto positivo esercitato dai funghi sullo sviluppo della microflora residente coltivabile. L’analisi DGGE dimostrava che nel controllo di incubazione in assenza di AM, entrambi gli indici di biodiversità stimati, richness e Shannon-Weaver, non differivano significativamente dagli stessi nel suolo pristino. Entrambi questi parametri risultavano comunque aumentati nei controlli di incubazione trattati con gli AM e i valori più elevati erano osservabili nei suoli sottoposti a micorisanamento. In base alla cluster analysis, infine, era evidente come i funghi esercitavano un’influenza decisiva sulla similarità tra le specie batteriche. Tra gli AM impiegati, il maggior impatto era dovuto a TW20 e TW80. Con I. lacteus e P. ostreatus era riscontrabile un’azione diversa degli AM sulle performance degradative: l’OS risultava il migliore ma un effetto positivo sulle potenzialità degradative di I. lacteus e P. ostreatus era esercitato, rispettivamente, anche da TW20 e TW80. III Anche in questo caso, l’OS esercitava il maggior effetto negativo sullo sviluppo della microflora residente, dimostrato anche mediante analisi DGGE: più bassi indici di biodiversità si riscontravano, infatti, nel controllo di incubazione e nel suolo con I. lacteus in presenza di tale surfactante. L’analisi DGGE mostrava, inoltre, che la biodiversità, con P. ostreatus, non aumentava ma era influenzata dal tipo di AM utilizzato. La cluster analysis indicava come l’inoculo del suolo con P. ostreatus esercitava la maggiore influenza sulla similarità tra le popolazioni batteriche; con I. lacteus, invece, il maggior effetto era esercitato dai surfactanti. Il sequenziamento di alcuni cloni, corrispondenti a particolari bande DGGE, mostrava la presenza di specie batteriche, note per le loro capacità di degradare IPA, appartenenti a generi come Bacillus e Burkholderia. P. pulmonarius CBS 664.97 e B. rhodina DABAC P82 sono stati testati su suolo storicamente contaminato sia come tale che fumigato con cloroformio per valutare il contributo della microflora endogena sull’intero processo. Inaspettatamente, B. rhodina colonizzava meglio il non fumigato mentre era vero il contrario con P. pulmonarius. Le performance degradative di entrambi i funghi erano nettamente superiori nei suoli non fumigati rispetto ai fumigati. Per valutare l’effetto del micorisanamento sulla microflora endogena sono state anche effettuate conte dei batteri eterotrofi totali ed analisi DGGE del gene dell’rRNA 16S. Il numero degli eterotrofi totali era superiore nei suoli non fumigati rispetto ai fumigati, soprattutto biotrattati. L’analisi DGGE evidenziava minore biodiversità nel suolo come tale (t0 – tf), rispetto al controllo e ai suoli sottoposti ai trattamenti fungini. I due ceppi sembravano, quindi, aver avuto un significativo effetto sulla struttura della comunità batterica: le specie stimolate a crescere appartenevano infatti a generi noti per l’abilità di degradare idrocarburi aromatici. Un’ulteriore prova di micorisanamento del suolo ACNA è stata condotta con P. tigrinus con prelievi all’inizio della prova (t0) e dopo 7, 15, 30, 60 giorni (t7, t15, t30,t60) di incubazione. Sia da ispezione visiva che da dosaggio dell’ergosterolo (743 μg/g suolo dopo 60 giorni di incubazione) si rilevava veloce colonizzazione del suolo ammendato con la paglia di mais; venivano, inoltre prodotte Laccasi e Mn-perossidasi (6,54 U/g e 182 mU/g suolo, rispettivamente, dopo 30 giorni di incubazione). L’analisi GC-MS del suolo trattato con P. tigrinus mostrava abbattimento di molti dei contaminanti prioritari presenti nel suolo quali: naftalene (57,3%), 1,2,3,4- IV tetraclorobenzene (73,5%), 2,4- e 2,6-dicloroaniline (100 e 82.8%, rispettivamente) e difeniletere (78%). Conte vitali e analisi DGGE mostravano che, nel tempo, si aveva sia aumento del numero dei batteri eterotrofi totali, che incremento della biodiversità. Gli indici di biodiversità subivano infatti un aumento, nel caso del controllo di incubazione, ed in modo più evidente nel suolo biotrattato con il fungo, già dopo 7-15 giorni di incubazione. L’effetto del trattamento fungino, sulla diversità delle popolazioni batteriche, come emerso dalla cluster analysis era invece riscontrabile dopo 30 giorni di incubazione: si ottenevano infatti due sotto-cluster separati che comprendevano, uno i controlli di incubazione t30 e t60 e l’altro i suoli biotrattati con P. tigrinus t30 e t60. Infine, per valutare se vi fossero effetti, in seguito al micorisanamento, anche su alcune funzioni metaboliche espletate dalle popolazioni batteriche, sono state effettuate real-time PCR sui geni codificanti enzimi chiave (naftalene-diossigenasi e catecolo 2,3- diossigenasi) nella degradazione di alcuni IPA al fine di stimare le variazioni nel numero di copie dei geni stessi. Sia nel caso del gene nahAc che del gene C230 si assisteva ad una diminuzione del numero di copie dei geni stessi in seguito al trattamento fungino. P. tigrinus e OS sono stati infine impiegati in un suolo storicamente contaminato da PCB monitorandone nel tempo gli effetti con prelievi all’inizio della prova (t0) e dopo 30 e 60 giorni di incubazione (t30 e t60). Nei suoli biotrattati la crescita fungina era visibile microscopicamente; quantificando l’ergosterolo, veniva rilevata, seppur in esigue quantità, anche nei controlli di incubazione, indicando quindi crescita di specie fungine autoctone. Nei suoli sottoposti a micorisanamento erano inoltre riscontrabili sia attività enzimatiche idrolasiche che ossidasiche. Le prime raggiungevano i livelli più elevati dopo 30 giorni soprattutto in assenza di OS. L’andamento delle attività ossidasiche era sostanzialmente simile alle idrolasi, ma in questo caso l’OS mostrava pesante influenza negativa sulla laccasi e positiva sulla perossidasi Mn-dipendente. Dall’analisi dei dati relativi alle percentuali di deplezione dei congeneri di PCB estratti dai campioni derivati dalle diverse tesi dopo 60 giorni di incubazione e quantificati attraverso GC-MS, erano evidenti differenti tipi di effetti dovuti all’azione della microflora indigena e del fungo esogeno oppure all’aggiunta di OS o stocchi di mais. L’effetto positivo della microflora residente era evidenziato dalla deplezione dei diversi congeneri nei microcosmi; emergeva tuttavia un effetto negativo esercitato dall’OS. Simile effetto sembrava esercitato anche dagli stocchi di mais sulla deplezione V dei PCB da parte delle comunità microbiche autoctone. Infine, l’effetto del fungo, valutato confrontando il controllo d’incubazione ed il suolo bistrattato (con e senza OS), risultava trascurabile. L’impatto del micorisanamento sulla composizione delle popolazioni batteriche autoctone è stato valutato con conte vitali e analisi DGGE. Inoltre, vista la presenza di funghi autoctoni l’analisi è stata condotta anche sui prodotti di amplificazione del gene codificante il 18S rRNA eucariotico. Attraverso le conte si è osservato un graduale aumento del numero di batteri durante i 60 giorni di incubazione: i maggiori livelli di crescita si avevano nei campioni trattati con fungo e OS dimostrandosi così un loro effetto positivo sulla componente coltivabile della microflora endogena. Dalle analisi DGGE dei geni 16S e 18S rDNA si è evidenziato come sia il biotrattamento che l’uso di OS avevano effetto significativo sulla biodiversità sia dei batteri che dei funghi autoctoni, anche non coltivabili. In base ad analisi qRT-PCR dei geni C230 e bph codificante la bifenil-diossigenasi, enzima chiave dell’upper pathway della degradazione aerobica dei PCB, non si osservavano differenze notevoli nel numero di copie; ciò farebbe supporre che a livello funzionale, il fungo non abbia avuto effetti rilevanti sulle popolazioni batteriche coinvolte nella degradazione degli inquinanti presenti. In conclusione, sia la concentrazione che la biodiversità delle popolazioni batteriche endogene mostrano incrementi in seguito ai processi di micorisanamento ad eccezione dei casi in cui si utilizza OS con Phlebia sp. e, indipendentemente dall’AM impiegato, con P. ostreatus. Tutti i funghi utilizzati risultavano efficaci nella decontaminazione e nella detossificazione dei suoli trattati tranne nel caso di P. tigrinus utilizzato su suolo storicamente contaminato da PCB. Le attività degradative batteriche si mostravano coerenti con i risultati di decontaminazione: se il fungo provocava una diminuzione dei livelli di contaminazione, anche i geni catabolici batterici ne erano influenzati, se il fungo non aveva effetti, anche i livelli dei geni catabolici batterici non subivano cambiamenti durante il trattamento. In the recent years, several polluting compounds have been released into the environment because of industrial and agricultural activities and represent a threat to humans and other living organisms. These contaminants are either natural compounds that have been mobilized to a bioavailable form that is toxic to organisms, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in fossil fuels and heavy metals present in minerals, or compounds of industrial origin that present chemical structures alien to the biosphere (xenobiotics), such as polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). To address the challenge of cleaning up contaminated sites, there has been an increasing interest in biological methodologies, collectively indicated as bioremediation, that take advantage of the astonishing catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or transform contaminants to less toxic or nontoxic products. A promising bioremediation approach is represented by the use of white-rot fungi, due to their unspecific, radical-based degradation machinery that mainly operates in the extracellular environment (mycoremediation). A better understanding of the structure and functions of the microbial communities of a given contaminated site and how they are affected by biotechnological interventions, such as bioaugmentation with fungi and/or addition of mobilizing agents, may assist in the design of more appropriate remediation strategies. In these respects, the increased development of molecular-based techniques, mainly based on the isolation and analysis of the genome of the entire microbial community in an environmental sample (the so called ‘metagenome’), has allowed the direct investigation of microorganisms in their natural environment without laboratory culturing and thus allowing to mine the whole microbial diversity, including the vast uncultivable majority. Considering that white-rot fungi have been successfully employed in several bioremediation trials but that little is known about whether and how the indigenous microflora is affected by the massive inoculation with the allochtonous fungi, the aim of the present Ph.D. thesis project was to investigate the structural and functional modifications of the microbial communities in contaminated soils following mycoremediation. In particular, several laboratory-scale trials have been implemented on historically contaminated soils and model soils (ad hoc contamination) applying different white-rot fungi, alone or in combination with mobilizing agents. VII Combined use of white-rot fungi and mobilizing agents for the remediation of a model soil artificially contaminated with PAHs: Bioremediation efficacy by microorganisms is strongly affected by the low water solubility and bioavailability of PAHs and so the use of additives capable of mobilizing these contaminants from the soil organic phase to the aqueous one has been shown to positively influence their degradation. The first part of this thesis work was thus aimed to evaluate the effect of mobilizing agents (MA) on mycoremediation efficiency and to better understand the impact of this remediation strategy on the composition and diversity of the indigenous bacterial community. The study was conducted in a model system where a pristine soil was spiked with a mixture of seven PAHs (50 mg/g each of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene), to simulate a recent contamination, and subsequently incubated with white-rot fungi (Irpex lacteus 617/93, Pleurotus ostreatus 3004, Allescheriella sp. DABAC 1 and Phlebia sp. DABAC 9) and/or mobilizing agents, namely two polyoxyethylenepolysorbates (Tween-20 and Tween-80), a plant seed oil characterized by high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (soybean oil, SO), olive-oil mill wastewaters (OMW) and randomly methylated -cyclodextrins (RAMEB). In the first part of this study Phlebia sp. and Allescheriella sp. have been used with or without the addition of Tween 20, Tween 80 and SO. The two fungal strains markedly differ for their growth capabilities under non-sterile conditions and without MAs (3.0 vs. 0.1 μg ergosterol g-1 soil, for Phlebia sp. and Allescheriella sp., respectively). However, SO led to a 35-fold increase of Allescheriella sp. growth. Contaminant degradations by Phlebia sp. and Allescheriella sp. were best supported by SO and Tween 20, respectively. Interestingly, the highest level of soil detoxification, as evaluated by assessing dehydrogenase activity, was reached following incubation with Allescheriella sp. without the addition of any MA. In accordance with these findings, enumeration of cultivable bacteria and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA showed that microbial growth and biodiversity were positively affected by remediation with white-rot fungi, and especially when Allescheriella sp. was used. In the second part of the study two white-rot fungi, namely Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus, were tested alone or in combination with five MAs (Tween-20, Tween-80, SO, OMW, and RAMEB). Among the different MAs, SO best supported fungal growth and positively affected PAH degradation and soil detoxification but, VIII interestingly, showed a negative effect on both bacterial biomass and biodiversity when either one of the two fungi was used. It is worth noticing that even if both fungi showed a general decrease of the total weight of contaminants and an increase of soil detoxification in combinations with all MAs, their impact on endogenous bacteria was different. Indeed, when the soil was incubated with P. ostreatus bacterial biodiversity decreased and the type of MA used did not significantly affect the composition of the indigenous microflora. By contrast, when I. lacteus was used as inoculum, the diversity of the bacterial community increased and its structure was influenced by the type of MA used. Finally, cloning-sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes suggested the presence of well known PAH-degrading bacterial species belonging to the Bacillus e Burkholderia genera. Bioremediation of a historically contaminated soil with Botryosphaeria rhodina and Pleurotus pulmonarius: Two white-rot fungi, namely Botryosphaeria rhodina DABAC P82 and Pleurotus pulmonarius CBS 664.97 were tested for their ability to grow and to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons in an aged contaminated soil from the ACNA site (Cengio, SV, Italy), a former industrial area, decommissioned in 1994, where large-scale production of a wide array of organic chemicals had taken place for more than 100 years. The soil was characterized by the concomitant presence of both aromatic hydrocarbons, including chlorinated benzenes and anilines, thiophenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals (mainly Hg, Cu and As). Previous studies had demonstrated the unfeasibility of biostimulating the indigenous microflora to bioremediate this soil and thus mycoremediation with white-rot fungi was attempted. To evaluate the role of the indigenous microflora on the overall process, incubations were performed on both fumigated and non-fumigated soils. Fungal colonization by B. rhodina was unexpectedly lower in the fumigated than in the non-fumigated soil while the growth of P. pulmonarius showed an opposite response. Interestingly, degradation performances and detoxification by both fungi were markedly higher in the non-fumigated soil than those observed in the fumigated one suggesting an apparent synergistic effect occurring between the bioaugmented fungi and indigenous soil microflora. Heterotrophic bacterial counts in nonfumigated soil inoculated with either B. rhodina or P. pulmonarius were significantly higher than those of the corresponding incubation control. To evaluate the effects of fungal IX bioremediation on the bacterial community structure, numerical analysis of DGGE profiles of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes was performed. The bacterial community in the original non-amended ACNA soil was characterized by a low biodiversity. The amendment with sterilized maize stalks led to an augmentation of species richness and to marked changes in the community structure. Bioaugmentation with both fungi further increased the community diversity and resulted either in the appearance or in the enrichment of dominant hydrocarbon-degrading species as suggested by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Structural and functional modifications of the indigenous bacterial community during bioremediation of a historically contaminated soil with Panus tigrinus: Bioremediation of the aged contaminated soil ACNA was further investigated using the white-rot fungus Panus tigrinus. In this part of the thesis project a laboratory-scale trial was setup to monitor the structural and functional modifications of the indigenous bacterial community during mycoremediation. Analyses were performed at the beginning of the experiment (t0) and after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of incubation (t7, t15, t30 and t60). Amendment of contaminated soil with milled maize stalks proved to be valuable for the fungus growth under non-sterile conditions: the matrix was rapidly colonized within the first two weeks, thus indicating good tolerance towards both organic contaminants and heavy metals and capability to compete with the autochthonous microflora. Moreover, and in spite of the non-favorable pH (around 7.4) and the presence of heavy metals, P. tigrinus produced interesting lignin-modifying enzyme activities such as laccase and Mn-peroxidase. Although bioremediation experiments were prolonged for only 60 days, GC-MS analysis of the soil treated with P. tigrinus indicated removal or strong reduction of several contaminants such as naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- tetrachlorobenzene, 2,4- and 2,6-dichloroaniline, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloroaniline, diphenylether and 1,1’-binaphtalene. Heterotrophic bacterial counts and DGGE analysis showed that the size and the diversity of the endogenous bacterial populations increased during fungal bioaugmentation. Cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprints indicated that bacterial populations in the incubation control and in the fungal-augmented soil during the first fifteen days of incubation remained quite similar. On the contrary, after 30 and 60 days of incubation, a higher degree of diversification between incubation controls and fungal treatments was evident suggesting a specific effect of P. tigrinus inoculation X on the endogenous bacterial community. Finally, to evaluate the impact of mycoremediation on the bacterial community function, Real-Time PCR experiments were performed targeting genes involved in the degradation of aromatic contaminants. In particular, it was found that the copy number of both naphthalene dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase genes tended to decrease over time in soils incubated with P. tigrinus. This finding suggested the occurrence of a functional shift in soil microbial populations, probably as a consequence of aromatic contaminant degradation, and thus leading to a reduction in the relative abundance of specialized bacterial groups. Cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes further confirmed this hypothesis showing that following remediation both specialized and opportunistic bacteria belonging to several different genera were present. Combined use of Panus tigrinus and soybean oil for the bioremediation of a soil historically contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls: Based on the encouraging results obtained with the use of white-rot fungi for the remediation of PAH-contaminated soils, the aim of the last part of the thesis work was to evaluate a similar mycoremediation approach for the reclamation of a soil historically contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Indeed, PCBs are toxic xenobiotics of great ecological concern present in large amounts throughout the environment, and in particular in soils and sediments. A laboratory-scale mycoremediation trial with P. tigrinus, alone or in combination with SO as mobilizing agent, was established and analyses were performed at the beginning of the experiment (t0) and after 30 (t30) and 60 (t60) days of incubation. Colonization of P. tigrinus was clearly visible and also confirmed by ergosterol quantification. Interestingly, ergosterol slightly increased in non-inoculated incubation controls as well, suggesting the presence of a viable indigenous fungal community. Extracellular enzymatic activities were detected in soil inoculated with P. tigrinus. In particular, hydrolase activities peaked after 30 days of incubation especially in the absence of SO. On the contrary, the use of the MA had opposite effects on lignin-modifying enzyme activities: SO inhibited the production of laccase but stimulated that of Mn-peroxidase. GC-MS analysis of PCB concentration in the different soil samples showed that, as expected, there was a significant degradation activity carried on by the endogenous microflora but that, interestingly, the addition of the mobilizing agent negatively affected this activity. On the contrary, mycoremediation with P. tigrinus did not lead to a significant PCB depletion. Nevertheless, heterotrophic XI bacterial counts and DGGE analysis of both 16S and 18S rRNA genes showed that the size and the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities increased following incubation with the fungus and the mobilizing agents, suggesting a significant effect of these biological interventions on the endogenous microflora. Real-Time PCR quantification of catabolic genes, namely biphenyl dioxygenase and catechol 2,3- dioxygenase, showed that the number of gene copies remained unchanged during the incubation period, suggesting that treatment with P. tigrinus and/or SO did not affect the function of the endogenous microbial community. In conclusion, the results obtained during this thesis project confirmed the importance of using white-rot fungi, alone or in combination with mobilizing agents, to decontaminate and detoxify PAH-contaminated soils. On the contrary, more investigations are needed to assess the validity of a similar strategy for the bioremediation of soils polluted with PCBs. The detailed, culture-independent, molecular-based analyses of soil microflora revealed that mycoremediation, both with and without the use of mobilizing agents, had a profound effect on the structure and function of the endogenous microbial communities. In particular, and with the only exception of the use of Phlebia sp. in combination with SO, all fungi and all mobilizing agents stimulated bacterial growth and enhanced bacterial biodiversity. Furthermore, when the mycoremediation of the soil was successful, also the function of the bacterial community seemed to undergo a shift toward a less specialized role. Taken together these results point out the importance of gaining insights about the ecological effects of biotechnological interventions, particularly those involving bioaugmentation with fungi, on the endogenous microbial populations in order to design more integrated, successful bioremediation strategies. Dottorato di ricerca in Evoluzione biologica e biochimica
- Published
- 2009
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