336 results on '"Farias, Izeni Pires"'
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152. Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of Marmosa agilis peruana Tate, 1931 ( Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae), with comments on the morphological variation of Gracilinanus from central-western Brazil.
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Semedo, Thiago Borges Fernandes, Brandão, Marcus Vinicius, Carmignotto, Ana Paula, Da Silva Nunes, Mario, Farias, Izeni Pires, Da Silva, Maria Nazareth Ferreira, and Rossi, Rogério Vieira
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GRACILINANUS ,MAMMAL phylogeny ,CLASSIFICATION of mammals ,ANIMAL variation ,MAMMALS - Abstract
The marsupials of the family Didelphidae went through profound taxonomic rearrangements in recent decades, mainly related to an increase in the number of specimens deposited in scientific collections and the inclusion of molecular data in systematic analyses, resulting in better resolved phylogenies and taxa delimitation. Analyses of a large series of the gracile mouse opossum Gracilinanus agilis, including types and complementary material, recovered specimens assignable to Marmosa agilis peruana Tate, 1931 as a monophyletic group that is diagnosable by unique morphological, morphometric and molecular datasets, meriting its recognition as a full species. Here we provide an emended diagnosis, description and comparisons with congeners for G. peruanus. The former species differs from the latter by the dull reddish dorsal pelage, smaller general size, position of the maxillary fenestrae, presence of accessory cusps in upper canines, and morphology of the alisphenoid tympanic process. It ranges from central Peru to central Bolivia and western Brazil in the states of Rondônia and northwestern Mato Grosso, where it occurs in sympatry with G. agilis. Many collecting localities lie in areas with high diversity of non-volant small mammals and accelerated deforestation processes, highlighting its importance in terms of biogeographic studies and conservation policies. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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153. Phylogeography and population genetics of the endangered Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis Natterer, 1883 (Mammalia, Sirenia)
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CANTANHEDE, ANDRÉA MARTINS, primary, DA SILVA, VERA MARIA FERREIRA, additional, FARIAS, IZENI PIRES, additional, HRBEK, TOMAS, additional, LAZZARINI, STELLA MARIS, additional, and ALVES‐GOMES, JOSÉ, additional
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- 2004
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154. LDH isozymes in amazon fish—III. Distribution patterns and functional properties in Serrasalmidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)
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de Almeida-Val, Vera Maria Fonseca, primary, da Silva, Maria de NazaréPaula, additional, de Magalhães Caraciolo, Mércia Cristina, additional, de Mesquita, Lenise Socorro Benarrós, additional, Farias, Izeni Pires, additional, and Val, Adalberto Luís, additional
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- 1992
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155. Phylogeography and population genetics of the endangered Amazonian manatee,Trichechus inunguisNatterer, 1883 (Mammalia, Sirenia).
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Cantanhede, Andréa Martins, Ferreira da Silva, Vera Maria, Farias, Izeni Pires, Hrbek, Tomas, Lazzarini, Stella Maris, and Alves-Gomes, José
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MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ,NUCLEOTIDE sequence ,PHYLOGEOGRAPHY ,POPULATION ,AMAZONIAN manatee ,GENETICS - Abstract
We used mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to examine phylogeography and population differentiation of the endangered Amazonian manateeTrichechus inunguis. We observe lack of molecular differentiation among localities and we find weak association between geographical and genetic distances. However, nested clade analysis supports restricted gene flow and/or dispersal with some long-distance dispersal. Although this species has a history of extensive hunting, genetic diversity and effective population sizes are relatively high when compared to the West Indian manateeTrichechus manatus. Patterns of mtDNA haplotype diversity inT. inunguissuggest a genetic disequilibrium most likely explained by demographic expansion resulting from secession of hunting and enforcement of conservation and protective measures. Phylogenetic analysis ofT. manatusandT. inunguishaplotypes suggests thatT. inunguisis nested withinT. manatus, effectively makingT. manatusa paraphyletic entity. Paraphyly ofT. manatusand recent divergence times ofT. inunguisand the three mainT. manatuslineages suggest a possible need for a taxonomic re-evaluation of the western AtlanticTrichechus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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156. Phylogenetic relationships of South American Alligatorids and the Caiman of Madeira River
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Hrbek, Tomas, Vasconcelos, William Rangel, Rebelo, George, and Farias, Izeni Pires
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We analyzed DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome bgene cyt b, the nuclear Recombination Activating Gene 1 RAG1 and the myelocytomatosis oncogene MYC to infer the phylogenetic relationship of Caiman crocodilusand Caiman yacare, and other South American alligatorid crocodilian species. Phylogenetic relationships were robustly supported with Paleosuchussister to Melanosuchusand Caiman. Phylogenetic relationships of C. crocodilusand C. yacarewere unclear as these two species share mitochondrial and nuclear haplotypes. Specifically this sharing occurs among specimens of C. yacareand C. crocodilusfrom the Madeira River drainage. Two potential explanations stand out: secondary contact followed by hybridization, and differentiation along a cline. Current data cannot resolve between these two competing hypotheses. In comparison with C. yacareand C. crocodilus, Paleosuchus trigonatusand Paleosuchus palpebrosusare very well differentiated and also show surprising haplotypic diversity in spite of their phenotypic similarity. J. Exp. Zool. 309A:588–599, 2008. © 2007 WileyLiss, Inc.
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- 2008
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157. Analysis of the mating system of Podocnemis sextuberculata in the lower Purus River of the Brazilian Amazon: another record of multiple paternity in chelonians
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Erickson, Jose, Deyla Paula de Oliveira, Marioni, Boris, and Farias, Izeni Pires
158. An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)
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Simoes, Pedro Ivo, Igor Kaefer, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Lima, Albertina Pimentel
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Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Simões, Pedro Ivo, Kaefer, Igor Luis, Farias, Izeni Pires, Lima, Albertina Pimentel (2013): An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae). Zootaxa 3746 (3): 401-421, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3746.3.1
159. Population Genetic Structure of the Threatened Amazon River Turtle, Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines, Podocnemididae)
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Viana, Maria das Neves S., Oliveira, Jessica dos Anjos, Agostini, Maria Augusta Paes, Erickson, José, de Morais, Giovanne Matias, Monjeló, Luiz Alberto dos Santos, Andrade, Paulo César M., Félix-Silva, Daniely, de Oliveira Júnior, Waldesse Piragé, Sites, Jack W., Vogt, Richard C., Hrbek, Tomas, and Farias, Izeni Pires
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- 2017
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160. On the Discovery of Bisexual Populations of the Parthenogenetic Lizard Leposoma percarinatum (Gymnophthalmidae), with Insights into the Origin of Parthenogenesis in Leposoma
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Souza, Sergio Marques, Pellegrino, Katia C.M., Nunes, Pedro M. Sales, Junior, Mauro Teixeira, Gordo, Marcelo, Carvalho, Vinícius T. de, Almeida, Alexandre, Oliveira, Deyla Paula de, Frazão, Luciana, Hrbek, Tomas, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut
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- 2015
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161. Malate dehydrogenase (sMDH) in Amazon cichlid fishes: evolutionary features
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Farias, Izeni Pires and Fonseca de Almeida-Val, Vera Maria
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- 1992
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162. Hybridization and Speciation Among New-World Crocodilian Species
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Pacheco-Sierra, Gualberto, Amavet, Patricia Susana, Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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163. Crocodilian Genome Advances
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Brittain, Katherine, Ray, David A., Gongora, Jaime, Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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164. How Genetic Tools Can Help Crocodilians’ Management and Governance
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Verdade, Luciano M., Piña, Carlos I., Simoncini, Melina, Silva-Brandão, Karina L., Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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165. Crocodilians Are Promiscuous But Not to the Benefit of Heterozygosity
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Isberg, Sally R., Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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166. Molecular Phylogenetics of the New-World Crocodylia
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Densmore III, Llewellyn D., Hrbek, Tomas, Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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167. Geographic Distribution, Habitat, Reproduction, and Conservation Status of Crocodilians in the Americas
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Villamarín, Francisco, Escobedo-Galván, Armando H., Siroski, Pablo, Magnusson, William E., Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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168. Perspectives and Final Considerations About the Molecular Ecology of New-World Crocodilians
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Amavet, Patricia Susana, Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, Zucoloto, Rodrigo Barban, editor, Amavet, Patricia Susana, editor, Verdade, Luciano Martins, editor, and Farias, Izeni Pires, editor
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- 2021
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169. Caracteriza????o do viroma fecal do sauim-de-coleira, Saguinus bicolor (Primates: Callitrichidae), de vida livre
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Souza, Aline Ramos, Gordo, Marcelo, Santos, Andr?? Felipe Andrade dos, Pissinatti, Alcides, and Farias, Izeni Pires
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Amaz??nia Central ,ZOOLOGIA [CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS] ,Primata neotropical ,Sauim-de-coleira - Amazonas ,Sequenciamento massivo ,CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::GENETICA::GENETICA MOLECULAR E DE MICROORGANISMOS [CNPQ] ,Animais em extin????o - Amaz??nia ,Esp??cie amea??ada ,V??rus - Abstract
Submitted by Aline Souza (alineramos.sza@gmail.com) on 2022-07-01T18:24:59Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Carta_Encaminhamento_Autodepsito_Aline Ramos.pdf: 40658 bytes, checksum: 54bea4aa715183d99031b7428c40c13e (MD5) Disserta????o_PPGZoo_AlineRamos.pdf: 3077434 bytes, checksum: aa4a709207def4a1cd17b293828edb71 (MD5) Ata Defesa Aline Ramos Souza ass.pdf: 204011 bytes, checksum: 03ae5f7010ecef80006cdac876bb3d0e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGZOOL Zoologia (ppgzoo.ufam@gmail.com) on 2022-07-05T19:37:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Carta_Encaminhamento_Autodepsito_Aline Ramos.pdf: 40658 bytes, checksum: 54bea4aa715183d99031b7428c40c13e (MD5) Disserta????o_PPGZoo_AlineRamos.pdf: 3077434 bytes, checksum: aa4a709207def4a1cd17b293828edb71 (MD5) Ata Defesa Aline Ramos Souza ass.pdf: 204011 bytes, checksum: 03ae5f7010ecef80006cdac876bb3d0e (MD5) Rejected by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br), reason: 1. Dep??sito com restri????o de acesso (embargado) n??o deve ser realizado na BDTD. Encaminhe os documentos por e-mail conforme instru????o no t??pico ???Dep??sito de Trabalho Confidencial???. dispon??vel em: https://biblioteca.ufam.edu.br/deposito-de-teses-e-dissertacoes.html. Caso a submiss??o seja em acesso aberto, altere o tipo de acesso de EMBARGADO para Aberto. 2. Folha de aprova????o assinada e/ou Ata de defesa (Aten????o: A Folha de Aprova????o ?? um elemento pr??-textual, conforme orientado pela ABNT, e deve ser inserida na Tese/Disserta????o. Na aus??ncia dela, a Ata de Defesa dever?? ser encaminhada SEPARADAMENTE e n??o deve consta no documento da Tese/Disserta????o). on 2022-07-07T15:29:20Z (GMT) Submitted by Aline Souza (alineramos.sza@gmail.com) on 2022-07-18T19:38:50Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Carta_Encaminhamento_Autodepsito_Aline Ramos.pdf: 40658 bytes, checksum: 54bea4aa715183d99031b7428c40c13e (MD5) Ata Defesa Aline Ramos Souza ass.pdf: 204011 bytes, checksum: 03ae5f7010ecef80006cdac876bb3d0e (MD5) Disserta????o_PPGZoo_AlineRamos .pdf: 2854563 bytes, checksum: 097e92452e234e3bd16fe53c94f240f8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGZOOL Zoologia (ppgzoo.ufam@gmail.com) on 2022-07-28T15:51:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Carta_Encaminhamento_Autodepsito_Aline Ramos.pdf: 40658 bytes, checksum: 54bea4aa715183d99031b7428c40c13e (MD5) Ata Defesa Aline Ramos Souza ass.pdf: 204011 bytes, checksum: 03ae5f7010ecef80006cdac876bb3d0e (MD5) Disserta????o_PPGZoo_AlineRamos .pdf: 2854563 bytes, checksum: 097e92452e234e3bd16fe53c94f240f8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2022-07-29T21:44:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Carta_Encaminhamento_Autodepsito_Aline Ramos.pdf: 40658 bytes, checksum: 54bea4aa715183d99031b7428c40c13e (MD5) Ata Defesa Aline Ramos Souza ass.pdf: 204011 bytes, checksum: 03ae5f7010ecef80006cdac876bb3d0e (MD5) Disserta????o_PPGZoo_AlineRamos .pdf: 2854563 bytes, checksum: 097e92452e234e3bd16fe53c94f240f8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-07-29T21:44:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Carta_Encaminhamento_Autodepsito_Aline Ramos.pdf: 40658 bytes, checksum: 54bea4aa715183d99031b7428c40c13e (MD5) Ata Defesa Aline Ramos Souza ass.pdf: 204011 bytes, checksum: 03ae5f7010ecef80006cdac876bb3d0e (MD5) Disserta????o_PPGZoo_AlineRamos .pdf: 2854563 bytes, checksum: 097e92452e234e3bd16fe53c94f240f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-12-20 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior Anthropogenic disturbances in natural environments are leading to several changes in the global ecology of diseases, with emphasis on those of viral origin. The study of viruses in wild fauna is of paramount importance. Several viral diseases of public health concern have zoonotic origin, and primates are important reservoirs. With the advent of new technologies such as massive sequencing (HTS - high throughput sequencing), viromes of several species of wild animals are being characterized, however, there are still few works with wild Brazilian primates. The pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor), is a Critically Endangered primate endemic to the Amazon. occurring in small forest fragments with intense urbanizarion and habitat loss. It also occurs in syntopy with other primate species, such as the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). In this view, it is important to know the composition of the viral microbiota of these animals, as an important early surveillance strategy in the context of unique health and species conservation. The goals of this study are: (a) To investigate the fecal virome of Saguinus bicolor from forest fragments in the city of Manaus, central Amazon; (b) To compare the virome richness and diversity of a group of Saguinus bicolor and a group of Saimiri sciureus, inserted in the same forest fragment. After collecting the fecal content of nine groups of free-living pied tamarins from Manaus, samples from each group were pooled, followed by massive sequencing and the use of two bioinformatics methods (BLASTx and Kraken ) for characterization of the virome at the level of viral families, with emphasis on viruses of importance to mammals. The data generated by Kraken was used for normalization. The bioinformatics methods showed great divergence. Kraken identified the greatest diversity of viruses at the level of viral families, including those of importance to mammals (29 families from the raw data), while BLASTx identified only five families. The data generated by Kraken showed that many of the viral communities were distinct between groups, suggesting that the virome composition of these animals may be related to several variables, from individual to environmental. In the next chapter, rectal smears and fecal samples were collected from a group of Saguinus bicolor and a group of Saimiri sciureus, followed by massive sequencing and characterization of the virome at the level of virus families of importance to mammals. The group of pied tamarins showed a greater richness of viral families of mammals??? importance., presenting, after normalization of the data, a total of 18 families, while the squirrel monkey had 16 families. 12 viral families were shared with both species. Fecal material showed greater richness when compared to rectal in the squirrel monkey. The viromes of the two primate species showed a wide variety of viral families of importance for mammalian infections. Further research on these viral families are necessary to verify whether the viruses that are occurring in these animals are of pathogenic importance for the conservation of the species and for public health. As perturba????es antropog??nicas em ambientes naturais est??o levando a diversas altera????es na ecologia global das doen??as, com ??nfase para aquelas de origem viral. O estudo dos v??rus que ocorrem na fauna selvagem ?? de suma import??ncia, pois diversas doen??as de interesse para a sa??de p??blica s??o de origem zoon??tica, sendo os primatas reservat??rios de uma gama desses v??rus. Com o advento de novas tecnologias, como o sequenciamento massivo (HTS ??? do ingl??s high throughput sequencing), os viromas de diversas esp??cies de animais selvagens est??o sendo caracterizados, entretanto, ainda s??o escassos os trabalhos neste contexto de primatas selvagens brasileiros. O sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor), primata Criticamente Amea??ado e end??mico do Amazonas, possui popula????es inseridas em uma ??rea com crescente urbaniza????o e intensa fragmenta????o florestal, al??m de habitar ??reas sobrepostas com outras esp??cies de primatas, como o mico-de-cheiro (Saimiri sciureus). Diante disto, ?? importante conhecer a composi????o da microbiota viral desses animais, como uma estrat??gia de vigil??ncia precoce importante no contexto da sa??de ??nica e da conserva????o das esp??cies. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) Investigar o viroma fecal de Saguinus bicolor de fragmentos florestais de Manaus; (b) Comparar a riqueza e diversidade do viroma de um grupo de Saguinus bicolor e de um grupo de Saimiri sciureus, inseridos no mesmo fragmento florestal. Realizada a coleta de conte??do fecal de nove grupos de sauins-de-coleira de vida livre de fragmentos de Manaus, as amostras de cada grupo foram reunidas para compor um pool, seguido pelo sequenciamento massivo e utiliza????o de dois m??todos de bioinform??tica (BLASTx e Kraken) para a caracteriza????o do viroma a n??vel de fam??lias virais, com ??nfase em v??rus de import??ncia para mam??feros. Os dados gerados pelo Kraken foram utilizados para normaliza????o. Os m??todos de bioinform??tica apresentaram grande diverg??ncia, sendo o Kraken a ferramenta que identificou em n??vel de fam??lias virais a maior diversidade de v??rus, inclusive daqueles de import??ncia para mam??feros (29 fam??lias dos dados brutos), enquanto o BLASTx identificou apenas cinco fam??lias. Os dados gerados pelo Kraken mostraram que muitas das comunidades virais foram distintas entre os grupos, sugerindo que a composi????o do viroma desses animais pode estar relacionada com diversas vari??veis, desde individuais at?? ambientais. No cap??tulo seguinte, foi feita a coleta de esfrega??os retais e amostras fecais de um grupo de Saguinus bicolor e de um grupo de Saimiri sciureus, seguido pelo sequenciamento massivo e caracteriza????o do viroma a n??vel de fam??lias de v??rus de import??ncia para mam??feros. O grupo de sauins-de-coleira apresentou maior riqueza de fam??lias virais de import??ncia para mam??feros, apresentando ap??s normaliza????o dos dados um total de 18 fam??lias, enquanto os micos-de-cheiro apresentaram 16 fam??lias, com compartilhamento de 12 fam??lias virais para ambos os grupos. O material fecal mostrou maior riqueza quando comparado aos esfrega??os retais. Os viromas dos grupos de primatas estudados mostraram que esses animais podem abrigar uma grande variedade de fam??lias virais de import??ncia para infec????es de mam??feros. Diante disso, ?? necess??rio realizar o aprofundamento das pesquisas nessas fam??lias virais para verificar se os v??rus que est??o ocorrendo nesses animais s??o de import??ncia patog??nica para a conserva????o da esp??cie e para a sa??de p??blica. Em algumas ocasi??es que eu tentei acessar o site, o mesmo apresentava erro.
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- 2021
170. Hist??ria evolutiva do g??nero Caiman Spix, 1825 (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae): delimita????o de esp??cies atrav??s de uma abordagem integrativa
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Roberto, Igor Joventino, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3268-9597, Farias, Izeni Pires, Hrbek, Tomas, vila, Robson Waldemar, Magnusson, William Ernest, Da Silveira, Ronis, Werneck, Fernanda de Pinho, and Fernandes, Itanna Oliveira
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Crocodilianos ,Zoologia - Classifica????o ,Alligator ,ZOOLOGIA [CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS] ,Taxonomia ,Alig??tores ,Biologia de conserva????o ,Conserva????o ,Sistem??tica ,Jacar??s - Abstract
Submitted by Igor Roberto (igorjoventino@yahoo.com.br) on 2020-11-30T16:35:23Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese IGOR.pdf: 3113985 bytes, checksum: b0af488d376439ac3283999462617a66 (MD5) cartaencaminhamento (1).pdf: 235930 bytes, checksum: 7daedca757318f4bcdb285bb69203b14 (MD5) Ata de defesa Igor Joventino Roberto assinada.pdf: 2399401 bytes, checksum: be39d99acebd9a7b5c793eaf3023aa06 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGZOOL Zoologia (ppgzoo.ufam@gmail.com) on 2020-12-01T12:54:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese IGOR.pdf: 3113985 bytes, checksum: b0af488d376439ac3283999462617a66 (MD5) cartaencaminhamento (1).pdf: 235930 bytes, checksum: 7daedca757318f4bcdb285bb69203b14 (MD5) Ata de defesa Igor Joventino Roberto assinada.pdf: 2399401 bytes, checksum: be39d99acebd9a7b5c793eaf3023aa06 (MD5) Rejected by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br), reason: Na ficha catalogr??fica, corrigir o g??nero da palavra Coorientadora relativa ao docente Robson Waldemar ??vila. on 2020-12-01T15:48:29Z (GMT) Submitted by Igor Roberto (igorjoventino@yahoo.com.br) on 2020-12-01T16:36:35Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento (1).pdf: 235930 bytes, checksum: 7daedca757318f4bcdb285bb69203b14 (MD5) Ata de defesa Igor Joventino Roberto assinada.pdf: 2399401 bytes, checksum: be39d99acebd9a7b5c793eaf3023aa06 (MD5) Tese_Igor_J_Roberto_final.pdf: 3111867 bytes, checksum: 191a7003b35f8af136526f97d13d2ab6 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGZOOL Zoologia (ppgzoo.ufam@gmail.com) on 2020-12-02T22:31:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento (1).pdf: 235930 bytes, checksum: 7daedca757318f4bcdb285bb69203b14 (MD5) Ata de defesa Igor Joventino Roberto assinada.pdf: 2399401 bytes, checksum: be39d99acebd9a7b5c793eaf3023aa06 (MD5) Tese_Igor_J_Roberto_final.pdf: 3111867 bytes, checksum: 191a7003b35f8af136526f97d13d2ab6 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2020-12-02T23:58:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento (1).pdf: 235930 bytes, checksum: 7daedca757318f4bcdb285bb69203b14 (MD5) Ata de defesa Igor Joventino Roberto assinada.pdf: 2399401 bytes, checksum: be39d99acebd9a7b5c793eaf3023aa06 (MD5) Tese_Igor_J_Roberto_final.pdf: 3111867 bytes, checksum: 191a7003b35f8af136526f97d13d2ab6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-02T23:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento (1).pdf: 235930 bytes, checksum: 7daedca757318f4bcdb285bb69203b14 (MD5) Ata de defesa Igor Joventino Roberto assinada.pdf: 2399401 bytes, checksum: be39d99acebd9a7b5c793eaf3023aa06 (MD5) Tese_Igor_J_Roberto_final.pdf: 3111867 bytes, checksum: 191a7003b35f8af136526f97d13d2ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-04-08 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico The Caiman genus is composed of the largest diversity of taxa among Neotropical crocodilians, composed of three species: Caiman crocodilus (four subspecies), Caiman yacare and Caiman latirostris. Despite this, there is a big gap about the real diversity of evolutionary lineages and species within the genus, especially due to the lack of sampling throughout the distribution of all taxa. The use of coalescent-based species discovery methods has enabled the delimitation of a high diversity of cryptic species, being fundamental for studies of integrative taxonomy of complexes of morphologically conserved species, as in the case of crocodilians. The main goals of this thesis was to unveil the evolutionary history of the genus Caiman, using coalescent-based methods of species discovery and validation using mitochondrial and genomic markers, incorporated later in an integrative taxonomy framework, making it possible to verify the real number of species, the relationships between them and how this diversification occurred within the genus. In the first chapter, we used for the first time a representative sampling throughout the entire distribution of the genus, and with the use of mitochondrial marker Cytb and coalescent species discovery methods, it was possible to verify a high diversity of lineages (10-13) in the genus Caiman. In addition to making a dated phylogeny for the genus and showing that, geological events during the Oligocene and Miocene shaped the diversification of the major lineages within Caiman. We also discuss the threats and conservation measures necessary for the conservation of those evolutionary lineages. In the second chapter, we sub-sampled the mitochondrial lineages found in the Caiman crocodilus/yacare and C. latirostris species complex and performed a new generation sequencing to incorporate multiloci data (ddRADs) in our species validation analyzes. In addition, we used morphological data such as cranial sutures, scalations and geometric morphometrics to verify differences in the shape of the skull between the lineages, through an integrative taxonomy approach. Species discovery methods using SNPs and ddRAD were similar to mitochondrial results. In addition, associated with the differences found in the shape of the skull, cranial sutures and the pattern of scales on the flanks, it was possible to verify significant differences that suggest the recognition of Caiman fuscus as full species, occurring in the Magdalena River basin throughout the Central Am??rica, in addition to proving the taxonomic status of Caiman yacare as full species. In the third chapter, we used the same database as the first chapter and incorporated samples of the exotic populations of Caiman crocodilus in South Florida to verify the real taxonomic status of the species and determine the possible origin of this population. We found that this introduced population is composed of only one lineage, Caiman crocodilus fuscus, with possible origin from the Magdalena River basin in Colombia. O g??nero Caiman ?? composto pela maior diversidade de t??xons dentre os crocodilianos Neotropicais, composto por tr??s esp??cies: Caiman crocodilus (quatro subesp??cies), Caiman yacare e Caiman latirostris. Apesar disso, h?? uma grande lacuna sobre a real diversidade de linhagens evolutivas e esp??cies que existem dentro do g??nero, especialmente devido ?? falta de amostragem ao longo da distribui????o de todos os t??xons. A utiliza????o de m??todos de descobrimento de esp??cies usando modelos coalescente v??m possibilitando a delimita????o de uma alta diversidade de esp??cies cr??pticas, sendo fundamentais para estudos de taxonomia integrativa de complexos de esp??cies morfologicamente conservados, como no caso de crocodilianos. O objetivo geral desta tese foi desvendar a hist??ria evolutiva do g??nero Caiman, utilizando m??todos coalescentes de descobrimento e valida????o de esp??cies utilizando marcadores mitocondriais e gen??micos. Incorporados posteriormente em um arcabou??o da taxonomia integrativa, possibilitando verificar o n??mero real de esp??cies, as rela????es entre elas e como ocorreu essa diversifica????o dentro do g??nero. No primeiro cap??tulo, utilizamos, pela primeira vez, uma amostragem representativa ao longo de toda a distribui????o do g??nero. A partir do uso do marcador mitocondrial Citocromo b e m??todos de coalescentes de descobrimento de esp??cies, foi poss??vel verificar uma alta diversidade de linhagens (10-13) no g??nero Caiman, al??m de fazer uma filogenia datada para o g??nero e mostrar como os eventos geol??gicos durante o Oligoceno e Mioceno moldaram a diversifica????o das grandes linhagens dentro de Caiman. Tamb??m discutimos os aspectos de amea??as e de estrat??gias para garantir a conserva????o dessas linhagens. No segundo cap??tulo, realizamos uma sub-amostragem das linhagens mitocondriais encontradas no complexo Caiman crocodilus/yacare e C. latirostris e executamos um sequenciamento de nova gera????o para incorporar dados multilocus (ddRADs) nas nossas an??lises de valida????o de esp??cies. Al??m disso, utilizamos dados morfol??gicos como suturas craniais, contagens e padr??es de escamas, e morfometria geom??trica para verificar diferen??as na forma do cr??nio entre as linhagens, por meio de uma abordagem integrativa. Os m??todos de valida????o de esp??cies usando SNAPP e BPP foram similares aos resultados mitocondriais do cap??tulo um, e associados ??s diferen??as encontradas na forma do cr??nio, suturas craniais e o padr??o de escamas nos flancos, foi poss??vel verificar diferen??as significativas que sugerem o reconhecimento de Caiman fuscus distribu??do ao longo da bacia do Rio Magdalena e Am??rica Central, como esp??cie, al??m de comprovar o status taxon??mico de Caiman yacare. No terceiro cap??tulo, utilizamos o mesmo banco de dados do cap??tulo um e incorporamos amostras das popula????es ex??ticas de Caiman crocodilus do sul da Fl??rida para verificar o real status taxon??mico da esp??cie e determinar qual foi a poss??vel origem dessa popula????o. Descobrimos que esta popula????o introduzida ?? composta por apenas uma linhagem, Caiman crocodilus fuscus, com poss??vel origem na bacia do Rio Magdalena, na Col??mbia.
- Published
- 2020
171. Macroecologia dos saguis da América do Sul (Primates, Callitrichidae)
- Author
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Araújo, Rodrigo Costa, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Hrbek, Tomas
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Filogenética ,Evolução ,Biogeografia ,Primatas ,Macroecologia ,Saguis - Abstract
Esta tese apresenta a diversidade, distribuição, história evolutiva, sistemática e biogeografia dos pequenos macacos saguis da América do Sul, com ênfase nas espécies Amazônicas dos gêneros Mico e Callibella.
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- 2020
172. Exploring multicarater information of ecology of the yellow-spotted amazon river turtle (podocnemis unifilis troschel, 1848): the life's history counted through the nests
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Silva, José Erickson Alves, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Zuanon, Jansen Alfredo Sampaio
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Podocnemis unifilis ,Tracajá - Abstract
Quando se observa a história de vida de qualquer organismo, além das adaptações fisiológicas, comportamentais e morfológicas modificadas ao longo do tempo, há também os ajustes individuais em resposta às variações ambientais, e as interações ecológicas no ambiente. Essa tese de doutorado documenta importantes informações sobre a história de vida do tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis), descrevendo alguns aspectos da biologia com foco nos ninhos associados a diferentes substratos de incubação, e as consequências de uma desova generalista sobre o sucesso da prole, proporção sexual e nas interações interespecíficas possíveis. Como o investimento das fêmeas foi diferente para cada tipo de substrato, potencialmente diferente foi a história de vida dos ninhos incubados sob diferentes condições ambientais (i.e, tamanho da ninhada, tempo de incubação, sucesso de eclosão e incubação, e tamanho dos filhotes). Sabendo que a retenção de calor em geral se mostra distinta entre os substratos de incubação, a incidência de fêmeas, foi maior que a de machos no substrato arenoso. Mesmo com uma tendência global de feminilização da prole de quelônios sexo dependentes da temperatura, a razão sexual se mostrou equilibrada, uma vez que a incidência de machos foi maior nos substratos argilosos. Por permanecerem em áreas específicas durante todo o desenvolvimento dos embriões os ninhos estão suscetíveis, e sob a influência de diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos no período de incubação dos ovos, sendo esta a parte mais vulnerável e crítica do ciclo de vida da espécie. Múltiplas interações entre consumidores e seus recursos possibilitam a ocorrência de diferentes relações entre as espécies, e a supressão competitiva entre formigas Nylanderia sp.1 e Solenopsis geminata, gerou um efeito positivo no sucesso de eclosão de P. unifilis. Por serem um grupo com sistema competitivo hierárquico, as formigas normalmente não compartilham os recursos, e como diferentes formas de interações podem ocorrer simultaneamente, a supressão competitiva entre elas gerou um efeito positivo sobre a taxa de eclosão dos filhotes, através da facilitação. O tracajá tem se mostrado como a espécie de quelônio residente mais generalista nas bacias em que ocorre. Essas diferenças encontradas na história de vida podem ser em parte, reflexo de uma resposta plástica associada também ao uso de diferentes hábitats de nidificação, o que resultaria em uma maior resiliência das populações de tracajá a eventos climáticos extremos e associações com outros organismos. Uma abordagem centrada nos ninhos trará novas perspectivas para o conhecimento sobre a biologia, ecologia e vulnerabilidade dos quelônios às alterações ambientais em curso na Amazônia. When one observes the life history of any organism, besides the physiological, behavioral and morphological adaptations modified over time, there are also individual adjustments in response to environmental changes, and ecological interactions in the environment. This doctoral thesis documents important information on the life history of the Yellow-Spotted Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis), describing some aspects of biology focusing on the nests associated to different incubation substrates, and the consequences of a generalist nesting on the success of the offspring, sex ratio and possible interspecific interactions. How the investment of females was different for each type of substrate, potentially different was the life history of nests incubated under different environmental conditions (i.e., clutch size, time of incubation, eclosion success and success incubation, and hatchlings size). As the heat retention generally shown distinct between the incubation substrates the incidence of females was higher than that of males in the sandy substrate. Even with a global trend of feminization the hatchlings of turtles temperature dependent sex, the sex ratio was balanced, since the incidence of males was higher in the clayey substrates. For remaining in specific areas throughout the development of the embryos nests are susceptible, and under the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors in the incubation period of the eggs, this being the most vulnerable and critical part of the life cycle of the species. Multiple interactions between consumers and their resources make it possible the occurrence of different relationships among species, and the competitive suppression among ants Nylanderia sp.1 and Solenopsis geminata, generated a positive effect on the hatching success of P. unifilis. As they are a group with hierarchical competitive system, ants usually do not share resources, and how different forms of interactions can occur simultaneously, the competitive suppression between them generated a positive effect on a hatching rate of the P. unifilis, through facilitation. The Yellow-Spotted Amazon River Turtle is the species of resident turtles more general in the basins where it occurs. These differences found in life history may be partly reflective of a plastic response also associated with the use of different habitats of nesting, which would result in increased resilience of populations P. unifilis extreme climatic events and associations with other organisms. An approach centering on nests will bring new perspectives to knowledge about biology, ecology and vulnerability of turtles in the face of environmental change in progress in the Amazon.
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- 2018
173. Anf??bios da Bacia do Rio Branco: preenchendo lacunas do conhecimento no norte da Amaz??nia
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Azarak, Priscila Alencar, izeni@evoamazon.net Acesso Aberto em 26/08/2020, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Gordo, Marcelo
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DNA barcode ,Diversidade de esp??cies - Amaz??nia ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS ,Anurofauna - Abstract
Submitted by Priscila Azarak (priscilazarak@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-23T12:36:47Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese_Priscila Azarak.pdf: 5265527 bytes, checksum: 9ef468a213bf6ff7c0d54430b3c0f225 (MD5) Ata de Defesa de Tese_Discente Priscila Alencar Azarak.pdf: 724256 bytes, checksum: 6056b126e2c68dc54645a6684a748b01 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 152003 bytes, checksum: 4ed216d6127242c14ee12a426a831dd1 (MD5) Autoriza????o para divulgar.pdf: 17500 bytes, checksum: d30e94c038cbf77bbe0d715102a7968e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGDivBio Diversidade Biol??gica (ppgdivbio@gmail.com) on 2018-11-23T17:18:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese_Priscila Azarak.pdf: 5265527 bytes, checksum: 9ef468a213bf6ff7c0d54430b3c0f225 (MD5) Ata de Defesa de Tese_Discente Priscila Alencar Azarak.pdf: 724256 bytes, checksum: 6056b126e2c68dc54645a6684a748b01 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 152003 bytes, checksum: 4ed216d6127242c14ee12a426a831dd1 (MD5) Autoriza????o para divulgar.pdf: 17500 bytes, checksum: d30e94c038cbf77bbe0d715102a7968e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T18:04:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese_Priscila Azarak.pdf: 5265527 bytes, checksum: 9ef468a213bf6ff7c0d54430b3c0f225 (MD5) Ata de Defesa de Tese_Discente Priscila Alencar Azarak.pdf: 724256 bytes, checksum: 6056b126e2c68dc54645a6684a748b01 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 152003 bytes, checksum: 4ed216d6127242c14ee12a426a831dd1 (MD5) Autoriza????o para divulgar.pdf: 17500 bytes, checksum: d30e94c038cbf77bbe0d715102a7968e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T18:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese_Priscila Azarak.pdf: 5265527 bytes, checksum: 9ef468a213bf6ff7c0d54430b3c0f225 (MD5) Ata de Defesa de Tese_Discente Priscila Alencar Azarak.pdf: 724256 bytes, checksum: 6056b126e2c68dc54645a6684a748b01 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 152003 bytes, checksum: 4ed216d6127242c14ee12a426a831dd1 (MD5) Autoriza????o para divulgar.pdf: 17500 bytes, checksum: d30e94c038cbf77bbe0d715102a7968e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21 92982445851 The Neotropical region is the area which houses the largest quantity of species in the world, the Amazon being the South America biome with the greatest anuran species diversity. The Branco River basin, in the extreme north of the Amazon, represents a gap in the knowledge on the amazon amphibians. This thesis aimed: (1) To carry out a inventory of amphibians of the areas on the influence of the Branco River basin, including the records present in the literature, and to discuss the regional distribution of the species; and (2) To investigate the presence of cryptic lineages within the anurofauna of the Branco River basin, using the amphibian DNA barcodes tools. In this study 43 localities were sampled along the Branco River basin, covering differnt environments. We recorded 47 amphibian species belonging to two orders, 19 genera and 8 families, which together with other 21 species recorded in the literature, totalized 68 species of amphibians for that basin. Three species are new records to the region: Boana calcarata, Dendropsophus leucophyllatus and Osteocephalus leprieuri. The analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed that the upper and lower Branco River basin present significative differences in their species composition. The 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA and four algoritims of delimitation (mPTP, locMin, bGMYC, GMYC) were used to investigate the presence of cryptic species in the anurofauna of that region. It was identified 41 morphological species, of that 10 have lineages restricted to the Branco River basin. A regi??o Neotropical ?? a ??rea que abriga a maior quantidade de esp??cies do mundo, sendo a Amaz??nia o bioma sulamericano com a maior diversidade de esp??cies desse grupo de vertebrados. A bacia do rio Branco, situada no extremo norte da Amaz??nia, constitui uma lacuna no conhecimento da fauna de anf??bios amaz??nicos. Esta tese teve como objetivo: (1) Realizar um invent??rio dos anf??bios das ??reas de influ??ncia da bacia do rio Branco, incluindo os registros da literatura e discutir a distribui????o regional das esp??cies e (2) Investigar a presen??a de linhagens cr??pticas dentro da anurofauna da bacia do rio Branco, utilizando a ferramenta do DNA Barcode. Neste estudo foram amostrados 43 pontos de coletas ao longo da bacia do rio Branco, abrangendo diferentes ambientes. Foram registradas 47 esp??cies de anf??bios pertencentes a duas ordens, 19 g??neros e 8 fam??lias, que somadas a outras 21 esp??cies registradas na literatura, totalizam 68 esp??cies de anf??bios para esta bacia. Tr??s esp??cies s??o novos registros para a regi??o: Boana calcarata, Dendropsophus leucophyllatus e Osteocephalus leprieurii. A an??lise de similaridade ANOSIM mostrou que as por????es alta e baixa da bacia do rio Branco apresentaram diferen??as significativas na composi????o de esp??cies. Foi utilizado o gene mitocondrial 16S rRNA e quatro algoritmos de delimita????o (mPTP, locMin, bGMYC, GMYC) para investigar a presen??a de esp??cies cr??pticas na anurofauna da regi??o. Foram identificadas morfologicamente 41 esp??cies, das quais 10 apresentaram linhagens restritas ?? bacia do rio Branco.
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- 2018
174. Variabilidade espacial em caracteres morfol??gicos e diversidade gen??tica de Dendropsophus walfordi (Anura: Hylidae) em bancos de macr??fitas na Amaz??nia
- Author
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Melo, Lizane da Silva, Menin, Marcelo, Farias, Izeni Pires, Carvalho, Nat??lia Dayane Moura, and Santos, Maria da Concei????o Freitas dos
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Filogenia ,ZOOLOGIA [CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS] ,Macr??fitas ,Anuros - Dispers??o - Abstract
Submitted by Lizane Melo (melolizane@gmail.com) on 2018-12-03T18:12:00Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Disserta????o final_Lizane Melo.pdf: 3727408 bytes, checksum: 95dc164133295e5c4c463507ad354409 (MD5) Ata de defesa_Lizane Melo.pdf: 391281 bytes, checksum: 8f504835fee8e1e23a4bc509da63a8fb (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 70486 bytes, checksum: ae73e23eb4b8fe75bfbb535275f2f62a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGZOOL Zoologia (ppgzoo.ufam@gmail.com) on 2018-12-06T15:40:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Disserta????o final_Lizane Melo.pdf: 3727408 bytes, checksum: 95dc164133295e5c4c463507ad354409 (MD5) Ata de defesa_Lizane Melo.pdf: 391281 bytes, checksum: 8f504835fee8e1e23a4bc509da63a8fb (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 70486 bytes, checksum: ae73e23eb4b8fe75bfbb535275f2f62a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-12-06T18:21:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Disserta????o final_Lizane Melo.pdf: 3727408 bytes, checksum: 95dc164133295e5c4c463507ad354409 (MD5) Ata de defesa_Lizane Melo.pdf: 391281 bytes, checksum: 8f504835fee8e1e23a4bc509da63a8fb (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 70486 bytes, checksum: ae73e23eb4b8fe75bfbb535275f2f62a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-06T18:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Disserta????o final_Lizane Melo.pdf: 3727408 bytes, checksum: 95dc164133295e5c4c463507ad354409 (MD5) Ata de defesa_Lizane Melo.pdf: 391281 bytes, checksum: 8f504835fee8e1e23a4bc509da63a8fb (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodep??sito.pdf: 70486 bytes, checksum: ae73e23eb4b8fe75bfbb535275f2f62a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-17 FAPEAM - Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas 92 981094450 The Amazon is home to a high biological diversity, which has attracted researchers since the 19th century. Although, the actual number of species occurring in the Amazon, and the processes responsible for the origin and maintenance of this great diversity, are still widely debated. Much of what is known of the Amazon herpetofauna is related to non-floodable forest areas; little is known about diversity in seasonally flooded environments. For amphibians a mode of dispersion in flooded forests can occur through macrophyte banks. These aquatic plant communities are considered to be the most densely populated habitats in the v??rzea water bodies. Generally, in amphibians, the dispersion movements are of short distances. Longdistance dispersions are not common, but important for population expansion, colonization of new habitats, and gene flow. Dendropsophus walfordi occurs in the central region and further north of the Amazon Basin in Brazil, in flooded environments associated with macrophytes. In this work we used morphometric data to evaluate if there are significant morphological differences between the sampled populations, as well as gene mtDNA 16S sequence data, to evaluate the distribution pattern of the genetic variability of the species. Considering that Dendropsophus walfordi occurs in macrophytic banks our null hypothesis is that populations are panm??ticas throughout their distribution, since the dislocations of the macrophyte banks would facilitate the gene flow. To verify patterns of morphological divergence a PCA was performed. The mtDNA 16S gene was sequenced from 64 individuals distributed in 10 locations. Bayesian inferences were used to investigate the number of real populations. Population structure was obtained through the AMOVA and demographic events were investigated via Tajima D and Fu Fs. The index of genetic diversity was also calculated. In addition, considering the lack of phylogenetic relationships for the species of the group Dendropsophus microcephalus of which D. walfordi is a part, we incorporated this approach in the present work using as strategy the obtaining of all mtDNA 16S sequences deposited in GenBank for the species of the group, taking species of the group Dendropsophus leucophyllatus as an external group. The analysis of the main components showed that there are no apparent phenotypic differences among the populations of D. walfordi. Neutrality tests showed population expansion, and AMOVA revealed high levels of population structure. Although there is no relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance, some other factor such as river barriers may be contributing to these levels of structuring. Considering the database obtained, we also explore the phylogenetic relationships of D. walfordi with the other species of the group D. microcephalus. The results of the maximum likelihood analysis indicated little resolution (low support) for the confirmation of the monophyletic group D. microcephalus and, interestingly, the species D. walfordi and D. nanus showed to be paraphyletic and the brother group of D. coffea, the which suggests that D. walfordi is synonymous with D. nanus. A Amaz??nia abriga uma alta diversidade biol??gica, que atrai pesquisadores desde o s??culo XIX. Por??m, o n??mero real de esp??cies que ocorrem na Amaz??nia, e os processos respons??veis pela origem e manuten????o dessa grande diversidade, ainda s??o amplamente debatidos. Muito do que se conhece da herpetofauna amaz??nica est?? relacionado ??s ??reas de floresta n??o inund??veis; pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade nos ambientes sazonalmente alagados. Para os anf??bios um modo de dispers??o nas florestas alagadas pode se dar atrav??s dos bancos de macr??fitas. Essas comunidades de plantas aqu??ticas s??o consideradas os habitats mais densamente populosos nos corpos de ??gua da v??rzea. Geralmente, em anf??bios, os movimentos de dispers??o s??o de curtas dist??ncias. Dispers??es em longa dist??ncia n??o s??o comuns, por??m importantes para a expans??o populacional, coloniza????o de novos habitats e fluxo g??nico. Dendropsophus walfordi ocorre na regi??o central e mais ao norte da Bacia Amaz??nica no Brasil, em ambientes alagados associados ??s macr??fitas. Nesse trabalho utilizamos dados morfom??tricos para avaliar se existem diferen??as morfol??gicas significantes entre as popula????es amostradas, e tamb??m dados de sequ??ncia do gene mtDNA 16S, para avaliar o padr??o de distribui????o da variabilidade gen??tica da esp??cie. Considerando que Dendropsophus walfordi ocorre nos bancos de macr??fitas nossa hip??tese nula ?? de que as popula????es s??o panm??ticas ao longo de sua distribui????o, uma vez que os deslocamentos dos bancos de macr??fitas facilitariam o fluxo g??nico. Para verificar padr??es de diverg??ncia morfol??gica foi realizada uma PCA. Foi sequenciado o gene mtDNA 16S de 64 indiv??duos distribu??dos em 10 localidades. Foram utilizadas infer??ncias Bayesianas para investigar o n??mero de popula????es reais. A estrutura de popula????es foi obtida por meio da AMOVA e eventos demogr??ficos foram investigados via testes D de Tajima e Fs de Fu. Tamb??m foi calculado o ??ndice de diversidade gen??tica. Adicionalmente, considerando a inexist??ncia das rela????es filogen??ticas para as esp??cies do grupo Dendropsophus microcephalus do qual faz parte D. walfordi, incorporamos essa abordagem no presente trabalho usando como estrat??gia a obten????o de todas as sequ??ncias de gene mtDNA 16S depositadas no GenBank para as esp??cies do grupo, tendo esp??cies do grupo Dendropsophus leucophyllatus como grupo externo. A an??lise dos componentes principais mostrou que n??o h?? diferen??as fenot??picas aparentes entre as popula????es de D. walfordi. Os testes de neutralidade mostraram expans??o populacional, e a AMOVA revelou n??veis altos de estrutura????o populacional. Apesar de n??o haver rela????o entre a dist??ncia gen??tica e distancia geogr??fica, algum outro fator como barreiras fluviais podem estar contribuindo para esses n??veis de estrutura????o. Considerando o banco de dados obtidos, tamb??m exploramos as rela????es filogen??ticas de D. walfordi com as outras esp??cies do grupo D. microcephalus. Os resultados da an??lise de M??xima Verossimilhan??a indicaram pouca resolu????o (baixo suporte) para a confirma????o do monofiletismo do grupo D. microcephalus e, interessantemente, as esp??cies D. walfordi e D. nanus mostraram-se parafil??ticas e grupo irm??o de D. coffea, o que sugere que D. walfordi seja sin??nimo de D. nanus. Em anexar um novo arquivo e ter que refazer todas as etapas novamente para isso.
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- 2018
175. Como a paisagem molda o padrão espacial de variação genética dos quelônios amazônicos Podocnemis erythrocephala e P. sextuberculata (Testudines, Podocnemididae)?
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Oliveira, Jessica dos Anjos, Farias, Izeni Pires, Costa, Gabriel Corrêa, and Werneck, Fernanda de Pinho
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Isolamento por resistência ,Quelônios ,Genética da paisagem - Abstract
Associações entre fatores da paisagem e processos ecológicos como dispersão, reprodução e sobrevivência de organismos podem afetar processos microevolutivos como fluxo gênico, deriva e seleção. A Genética da Paisagem surgiu como um campo de pesquisa que combina genética populacional, ecologia de paisagens e análises espaciais para quantificar explicitamente os efeitos da qualidade da matriz, da composição e configuração da paisagem nos processos microevolutivos. Em sistemas fluviais, como a bacia Amazônica, o processo de isolamento por distância é normalmente forte e pode mascarar a importância de barreiras, resistência da paisagem e fatores ambientais locais em moldar padrões genéticos. Portanto, nesta dissertação eu avaliei a importância de variáveis locais e de conectividade em moldar os padrões espaciais de variação genética de dois quelônios aquáticos Amazônicos com diferentes capacidades dispersoras. Meus objetivos foram: 1) avaliar se a espécie com maior capacidade de dispersão (Podocnemis sextuberculata) possui menor estrutura genética especial que a espécie com baixa capacidade dispersora (P. erythrocephala); 2) testar se fatores de conectividade estão relacionados à diferenciação genética para a espécie de baixa capacidade dispersora (P. erythrocephala) mas não para a de alta capacidade dispersora (P. sextuberculata); e 3) testar se fatores locais estão mais fortemente associados à diversidade genética intrapopulacional da espécie de baixa capacidade de dispersão (P. erythrocephala). Com ampla amostragem pela distribuição geográfica das espécies na bacia Amazônica, eu estimei os parâmetros genéticos para P. erythrocephala em 14 localidades (273 amostras) e para P. sextuberculata em 20 localidades (336 amostras). Apliquei seleção de modelos em modelos associando a diversidade genética a variáveis locais representando hipóteses de clima e produtividade, instabilidade interanual de níveis da água dos rios, pressão de caça e aumento de diversidade genética a jusante dos rios. Usei General Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) para modelar a relação entre diferenciação genética e variáveis de conectividade representando hipóteses de isolamento por distância (IBD), isolamento por resistência (IBR) e isolamento por barreira (IBB). Diferentemente do esperado, variáveis locais foram mais importantes em explicar a diversidade genética intrapopulacional da espécie com maior capacidade de dispersão (P. sextuberculata) que de P. erythrocephala, com melhores modelos incluindo produtividade, distância da localidade mais a jusante, densidade de vilas humanas e adequabilidade climática histórica. Fatores de conectividade em geral não foram importantes em explicar a diferenciação genética para nenhuma das espécies, entretanto, como esperando, os modelos GDM explicaram uma maior parte da variação para a espécie de menor capacidade dispersora, P. erythrocephala. Além disso, modelos de IBB e IBR explicaram mais diferenciação genética que IBD, revelando a importância em incluir a complexidade ambiental e da paisagem quando estudar padrões genéticos espaciais. Nessa dissertação mostro que, apesar de variáveis locais serem frequentemente desconsideradas em estudos de Genética da Paisagem, elas podem influenciar a diversidade genética intrapopulacional de espécies aquáticas, inclusive daquelas com alta capacidade dispersora. Ao usar um método inédito de modelos de resistência no contexto de Genética da Paisagem de Rios (Riverscape Genetics) e ao usar fatores da paisagem relevantes no contexto Amazônico, forneço uma abordagem para o estudo dos papéis de variáveis locais e de conectividade em moldar os padrões genético-espaciais de vertebrados aquáticos em sistemas fluviais. v Associations between landscape factors and ecological processes such as dispersal, reproduction and survival of organisms can ultimately affect microevolutionary processes such as gene flow, drift and selection. Landscape Genetics emerged as a research field that combines population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial analyses to explicitly quantify the effects of landscape composition, configuration, and matrix quality on microevolutionary processes. In fluvial systems, such as Amazon basin, the process of isolation by distance is often strong and can mask the importance of barriers, landscape resistance and local environmental factors on shaping genetic patterns. Therefore, in this dissertation I assessed the importance of local and connectivity variables in shaping the spatial genetic variation patterns of two Amazonian river turtle species with distinct dispersal abilities. My objectives were: 1) assess whether the high-dispersal species (Podocnemis sextuberculata) has less spatial genetic structure than the low-dispersal species (P. erythrocephala); 2) test whether connectivity factors are related to genetic differentiation for the low-dispersal (P. erythrocephala) species but not for the high-dispersal species (P. sextuberculata); and 3) test whether local factors are more strongly associated to intrapopulational genetic diversity for the low dispersal species (P. erythrocephala). With broad sampling throughout their distribution in Amazon basin, I estimated genetic diversity and differentiation for 14 localities totaling 273 samples of P. erythrocephala and for 20 localities totaling 336 samples of P. sextuberculata. I applied model selection on models associating genetic diversity to local variables representing hypothesis of climate and productivity, instability of inter-annual water levels, hunting pressure and downstream increase in genetic diversity. I used General Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) to model the relationship of genetic differentiation with connectivity variables representing hypothesis of isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by resistance (IBR) and isolation by barrier (IBB). Differently from the expected, local variables were more important in explaining genetic diversity of the high-dispersal species (P. sextuberculata) than of P. erythrocephala, with best models including productivity, distance from downstream locality, density of human villages and historical climatic suitability. Connectivity factors in general were not important in explaining genetic differentiation turnover for either species, but as expected, the GDM models explained a larger amount of deviance for the low-dispersal species, P. erythrocephala. Also, IBB and IBR models explained more genetic differentiation turnover than IBD, revealing the importance of including the environmental and landscape complexity when studying spatial genetic patterns. I showed that, although local variables are often overlooked in Landscape Genetics studies, they can influence intrapopulacional genetic diversity of aquatic species, even those with high dispersal ability. By applying a novel resistance-model framework in Riverscape Genetics and by using riverscape factors relevant in Amazonian context, I provide an approach to study the roles of local and connectivity variables in shaping genetic patterns of aquatic vertebrates in fluvial systems.
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- 2017
176. Genomic analyses reveal two species of the matamata (Testudines: Chelidae: Chelus spp.) and clarify their phylogeography.
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Vargas-Ramírez, Mario, Caballero, Susana, Morales-Betancourt, Mónica A., Lasso, Carlos A., Amaya, Laura, Martínez, José Gregorio, das Neves Silva Viana, Maria, Vogt, Richard C., Farias, Izeni Pires, Hrbek, Tomas, Campbell, Patrick D., and Fritz, Uwe
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INTRONS , *WATERSHEDS , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *TURTLES , *CYTOCHROME b , *NUCLEAR DNA , *LOGGERHEAD turtle - Abstract
• Another matamata species is described as new to science. • Chelus orinocensis is genetically and morphologically significantly different. • Chelus orinocensis and C. fimbriata diverged approximately 13 million years ago. • Chelus orinocensis lives in the Orinoco, Río Negro, and Essequibo drainages. • Chelus fimbriata sensu stricto occurs in the Amazon and Mahury drainages. The matamata is one of the most charismatic turtles on earth, widely distributed in northern South America. Debates have occurred over whether or not there should be two subspecies or species recognized due to its geographic variation in morphology. Even though the matamata is universally known, its natural history, conservation status and biogeography are largely unexplored. In this study we examined the phylogeographic differentiation of the matamata based on three mitochondrial DNA fragments (2168 bp of the control region, cytochrome oxidase subunit I, and the cytochrome b gene), one nuclear genomic DNA fragment (1068 bp of the R35 intron) and 1661 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Our molecular and morphological analyses revealed the existence of two distinct, genetically deeply divergent evolutionary lineages of matamatas that separated in the late Miocene (approximately 12.7 million years ago), corresponding well to the time when the Orinoco Basin was established. As a result of our analyses, we describe the genetically and morphologically highly distinct matamata from the Orinoco and Río Negro Basins and the Essequibo drainage as a species new to science (Chelus orinocensis sp. nov.). Chelus fimbriata sensu stricto is distributed in the Amazon Basin and the Mahury drainage. Additionally, the analyses revealed that each species displays phylogeographic differentiation. For C. orinocensis , there is moderate mitochondrial differentiation between the Orinoco and the Río Negro. For C. fimbriata , there is more pronounced differentiation matching different river systems. One mitochondrial clade was identified from the Amazon, Ucayali, and Mahury Rivers, and another one from the Madeira and Jaci Paraná Rivers. The C. orinocensis in the Essequibo and Branco Rivers have haplotypes that constitute a third clade clustering with C. fimbriata. Phylogenetic analyses of the R35 intron and SNP data link the matamatas from the Essequibo and Branco with the new species, suggesting past gene flow and old mitochondrial introgression. Chelus orinocensis is collected for the pet trade in Colombia and Venezuela. However, neither the extent of the harvest nor its impact are known. Hence, it is crucial to gather more information and to assess its exploitation throughout its distribution range to obtain a better understanding of its conservation status and to design appropriate conservation and management procedures. La matamata es una de las tortugas más carismáticas del mundo, ampliamente distribuida en el norte de Sudamérica. Debido a su variación morfológica geográfica, se debate sobre el reconocimiento de dos subespecies o especies. A pesar de que la matamata es universalmente conocida, su historia natural, estado de conservación y biogeografía han sido muy poco estudiados. En este estudio examinamos la diferenciación filogeográfica de las matamatas en base a tres fragmentos de ADN mitocondrial (2168 pb de la región de control, la subunidad I del citocromo oxidasa y el gen del citocromo b), un fragmento de ADN genómico nuclear (1068 pb del intrón R35) y 1661 polimorfismos de nucleótido único (SNPs). Nuestros análisis moleculares y morfológicos revelaron la existencia de dos linajes evolutivos distintos de matamatas, genéticamente divergentes que se separaron en el Mioceno tardio (hace aproximadamente 12.7 millones de años), correspondiendo al tiempo en que se estableció la cuenca del Orinoco. Como resultado de nuestros análisis, describimos las genéticamente y morfológicamente distintas matamatas de las cuencas del Orinoco, Río Negro y Essequibo como una especie nueva para la ciencia (Chelus orinocensis sp. nov.). Chelus fimbriata sensu stricto se distribuye en la cuenca del Amazonas y en el drenaje del Mahury. Adicionalmente, los análisis revelaron que cada especie muestra diferenciación filogeográfica. Para C. orinocensis , hay una moderada diferenciación mitocondrial entre el Orinoco y el Río Negro. Para C. fimbriata , hay una diferenciación más pronunciada, concordando con los diferentes sistemas fluviales. Se identificó un clado de los ríos Amazonas, Ucayali y Mahury y otro de los ríos Madeira y Jaci Paraná. Las C. orinocensis de los ríos Essequibo y Branco tienen haplotipos que constituyen un tercer clado que se agrupa con C. fimbriata. Los análisis filogenéticos del intrón R35 y los datos de SNP asocian las matamatas de Essequibo y Branco con la nueva especie, sugiriendo flujo de genes pasado e introgresión mitocondrial antigua. Chelus orinocensis se colecta para el comercio de mascotas en Colombia y Venezuela. Sin embargo, ni se conoce el alcance de las colectas ni su impacto. Por lo tanto, es crucial recopilar más información y evaluar su explotación en todo su rango de distribución, comprender mejor su estado de conservación y para diseñar acciones apropiadas de conservación y manejo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
177. Revis??o taxon??mica e sistem??tica filogen??tica de Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines: chelidae)
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Carvalho, Vin??cius Tadeu de, Farias, Izeni Pires, Vogt, Richard Carl, Andrade, Paulo Cesar Machado, Rezende, Cleiton Fantin, Souza, Antonio Queiroz Lima de, and Maia, Jair Max Furtunato
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Quel??nios ,Quel??nios - Diversidade gen??tica ,Quel??nios - Linhagens evolutivas ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-01-25T15:47:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Reprodu????o N??o Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-01-25T15:47:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Reprodu????o N??o Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T15:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Reprodu????o N??o Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 FAPEAM - Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas Turtles are freshwater turtles belonging to the Pleurodira suborder, are included in the family Chelidae that at present is represented by 56 species. The genus Phrynops endemic to South America has four nominal species: Phrynops geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus and P. williamsi, the first species has the largest geographical distribution among all representatives of the family Chelidae. It is distributed from the south of Venezuela to the north of Argentina. Considering its wide geographical distribution, several authors have indicated the possible existence of a complex of species that will be divided into distinct entities. The only reappraisal of the genus Phrynops occurred in the early 2000s. Between 2010 and 2015, 223 specimens from all regions of Brazil, north, north-east, central-west, southeast and south were collected covering much of their geographic distribution currently known. The samples were collected using a variety of collecting methods such as "hoop traps" traps, trammel nets, hooks, and sanders. Morphometric and molecular data (mitochondrial genes, nuclear - genomic data) have been important tools to help delineate distinct evolutionary lineages and their respective geographical distribution boundaries. Using mtDNA sequencing of the 16S, Cytochrome b and Cytochrome oxidase I genes with the aim of studying and revealing the genetic diversity patterns of P. geoffroanus to test the existence of cryptic diversity. Through genetic analysis using concatenated data of the mitochondrial genes it was possible to observe the distinction of four lineages. Morphological data also helped to distinguish clusters formed by the morphometric forms of the specimens studied. We suggest the existence of cryptic diversity in P. geoffroanus that may possibly be fractionated in other taxonomic entities. Os c??gados s??o quel??nios de ??gua doce pertencentes a subordem Pleurodira, est??o inclu??dos na fam??lia Chelidae que atualmente est?? representada por 56 esp??cies. O g??nero Phrynops end??mico da Am??rica do Sul possui quatro esp??cies nominais: Phrynops geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus e P. williamsi, a primeira esp??cie apresenta a maior distribui????o geogr??fica entre todos os representantes da fam??lia Chelidae. Distribuindo-se desde o sul da Venezuela ao norte da Argentina. Considerando sua ampla distribui????o geogr??fica diversos autores tem indicado a poss??vel exist??ncia de um complexo de esp??cies que ser?? fracionado em entidades distintas. A ??nica reavalia????o do g??nero Phrynops ocorreu no in??cio dos anos 2000. Entre os anos de 2010 e 2015 foi coletado 223 esp??cimes provenientes de todas as regi??es do Brasil, norte, nordeste, centro-oeste, sudeste e sul abrangendo grande parte de sua distribui????o geogr??fica atualmente conhecida. As coletas foram realizadas utilizando diversos m??todos de coleta como armadilhas do tipo covo ???hoop traps???, malhadeiras ???trammel nets???, anz??is (esperas) e malhadeiras. Dados morfom??tricos e moleculares (genes mitocondriais, nucleares ??? dados gen??micos) tem sido ferramentas importantes para auxiliar na delimita????o de linhagens evolutivas distintas e os seus respectivos limites de distribui????o geogr??fica. Utilizando sequenciamento do mtDNA dos genes 16S, Citocromo b e Citocromo oxidase I com o intuito de estudar e revelar os padr??es de diversidade gen??tica de P. geoffroanus para testar a exist??ncia de diversidade cr??ptica. Atrav??s de an??lises gen??tica utilizando dados concatenados dos genes mitocondriais foi poss??vel observar a distin????o de cinco linhagens. Dados morfol??gicos tamb??m auxiliaram na distin????o de agrupamentos formados pelas formas morfom??tricas dos esp??cimes estudados. Sugerimos a exist??ncia de diversidade cr??ptica em P. geoffroanus que possivelmente venha ser fracionado em outras entidades taxon??micas. Per??odo de Embargo: 11/06/2017 - 28/02/2021
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- 2016
178. Padr??es gen??tico-populacionais do ???tracaj????? Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (TESTUDINES: PODOCNEMIDIDAE) na Amaz??nia brasileira
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Agostini, Maria Augusta Paes, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Oliveira Junior, Waldesse Pirag?? de
- Subjects
Tracaj?? (Podocnemis unifilis) ,Tartaruga ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS ,Gen??tica de popula????es - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T18:01:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertac??a??o - Maria A. P. Agostini.pdf: 6019063 bytes, checksum: 87a17f7164c995addc5b46e34e5d51ec (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T18:04:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertac??a??o - Maria A. P. Agostini.pdf: 6019063 bytes, checksum: 87a17f7164c995addc5b46e34e5d51ec (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T18:06:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertac??a??o - Maria A. P. Agostini.pdf: 6019063 bytes, checksum: 87a17f7164c995addc5b46e34e5d51ec (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertac??a??o - Maria A. P. Agostini.pdf: 6019063 bytes, checksum: 87a17f7164c995addc5b46e34e5d51ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior The yellow-spotted river turtle Podocnemis unifilis is the most widely distributed freshwater river turtle and is found in a diversity of habitats. Associated with natural characteristics of turtles, human action causes a sharp population declines, causing species like P. unifilis to be on the list of animals to be protected by IBAMA. Many aspects of the biology of the species can be determined using molecular genetic analyses. In some rivers of the Amazon basin, rapids and waterfalls limit gene flow of various aquatic and semiaquatic groups, so it is necessary to study the patterns of species especially in places that are targeted for hydroelectric projects. Thus, we analyzed the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA of 300 adult turtles of different rivers in the Brazilian Amazon basin, determining organizational patterns of genetic variability and evaluating the interference of natural barriers. We measured the number of haplotypes, the number of segregating sites, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, neutrality tests, AMOVA and we constructed a haplotype network. To measure levels of structuring among populations, we inferred the ?? ST fixation index, the number of biological groups in the sample, level of gene flow, Mantel's test, and finally, we estimated natural barriers to gene flow using Barrier program. We found high genetic diversity and restricted gene flow with high levels of structuring between locations. The differences within the Madeira, Tapaj??s, Trombetas, Xingu and Tocantins-Araguaia rivers are possibly caused by waterfalls and rapids. We define 8 different Management Units: Barreirinha, middle Trombetas River, Tapaj??s River, upstream of the waterfall of Volta Grande do Xingu River, downstream of the waterfall of Volta Grande do Xingu River, Guapor?? River, Tocantins-Araguaia basin and a group of the Amazon floodplain area with other populations. We indicate the use of our data in making decisions to release young in participatory management of project sites of Amazon turtles, in decisions on implementation of construction projects and inspection and seizure of illegal trade in turtles, and underline the importance of studying the species through other molecular markers to assist in the conservation of turtles. O tracaj?? (Podocnemis unifilis) ?? a tartaruga de ??gua doce com maior distribui????o, podendo ser encontrada nos mais diversos habitats. Associada a caracter??sticas naturais dos quel??nios, a a????o humana provoca um decl??nio acentuado das popula????es, fazendo com que esp??cies como P.unifilis esteja na lista de animais a serem protegidos pelo IBAMA. Muitos aspectos da biologia das esp??cies podem ser determinados usando an??lises gen??ticas. Em alguns rios da bacia Amaz??nica, corredeiras e cachoeiras limitam o fluxo g??nico de v??rios grupos aqu??ticos e semiaqu??ticos, portanto, ?? necess??rio estudar os padr??es gen??ticos das esp??cies principalmente em locais que s??o visados para empreendimentos hidrel??tricos. Com isso, analisamos a regi??o D-Loop do DNA mitocondrial de 300 tracaj??s adultos de diferentes rios da drenagem da Amaz??nia brasileira, determinando padr??es de organiza????o da variabilidade gen??tica e avaliando a interfer??ncia de barreiras naturais aos indiv??duos. Foram medidos o n??mero de hapl??tipos, n??mero de s??tios segregantes, a diversidade haplot??pica, diversidade nucleot??dicas, testes de neutralidade, AMOVA e foi constru??da uma rede de hapl??tipos. Para medir os n??veis de estrutura????o entre as localidades inferimos o ??ndice de fixa????o ??ST, a quantidade de grupos biol??gicos na amostra, n??vel de fluxo gen??tico, teste de Mantel, e por fim, foram estimadas as barreiras naturais ao fluxo g??nico usando o programa Barrier. Encontramos altos valores de diversidade gen??tica e um fluxo gen??tico restrito com altos n??veis de estrutura????o entre as localidades. As diferen??as dentro dos rios Madeira, Tapaj??s, Trombetas, Xingu e Tocantins-Araguaia possivelmente s??o causadas pelas cachoeiras e corredeiras. Sugerimos 8 Unidades de Manejo distintas: Barreirinha, M??dio rio Trombetas, rio Tapaj??s, montante da cachoeira da Volta Grande do Xingu, jusante da cachoeira da Volta Grande do Xingu, rio Guapor??, bacia Tocantins-Araguaia e um grupo da regi??o da v??rzea amaz??nica com as demais localidades. Indicamos a utiliza????o de nossos dados na tomada de decis??o de locais de soltura de filhotes em projetos de manejo participativo de quel??nios amaz??nicos, nas decis??es sobre implanta????o de empreendimentos e na fiscaliza????o e apreens??o do com??rcio ilegal de tracaj??s, al??m de ressaltar a import??ncia do estudo da esp??cie atrav??s de outros marcadores moleculares, a fim de auxiliar na conserva????o dos tracaj??s
- Published
- 2016
179. Filogeografia e gen??tica de popula????es de inia geoffrensis (cetartiodactyla: iniidae) nos rios Negro e Branco e evid??ncia de linhagem evolutiva independente na Bacia do Orinoco
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Farias, Joiciane Gon??alves, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Hrbek, Tomas
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Boto-vermelho ,ZOOLOGIA [CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS] ,Taxonomia ,Filogeografia ,Gen??tica populacional - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-04-18T14:08:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Joiciane G. Farias.pdf: 6110953 bytes, checksum: c700b4d47375da6b657a9ab6100cda46 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-04-18T14:08:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Joiciane G. Farias.pdf: 6110953 bytes, checksum: c700b4d47375da6b657a9ab6100cda46 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-04-18T14:08:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Joiciane G. Farias.pdf: 6110953 bytes, checksum: c700b4d47375da6b657a9ab6100cda46 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T14:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Joiciane G. Farias.pdf: 6110953 bytes, checksum: c700b4d47375da6b657a9ab6100cda46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-12 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior The river dolphins of the genus Inia belong to the family Iniidae. This family has three species distributed in different hydrographic regions: Inia boliviensis (Bolivian sub-basin); I. araguaiaensis (Tocantins/Araguaia basin); and I. geoffrensis (Amazon and Orinoco basins). The last one is represented for two subspecies whose the taxonomy is controversy: Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis (Amazon basin) and I. g. humboldtiana (Orinoco basin). These species have adaptations that enable them to explore flooded areas, common in several regions in Central Amazon and Orinoco Llanos. The Amazon and Orinoco basin are connected by the Casiquiare Channel, that connects the upper Orinoco River to the upper Negro River. This channel has been acting as well a corridor as a barrier to aquatic fauna shared by these two basins. The aims of this study were: I) to test if Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana represents an independent evolutionary unit; II) to understand the geographic patterns of the population structure of the Inia geoffrensis from the Negro River basin and the Branco River sub-basin. To reach aim I), we performed Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony analysis on sequencies of Inia individuals from the type localities: 108 individuals for control region, 122 for citochrome b and 129 for 10 loci microsatelitis. The results showed four lineages, corresponding to the Inia species and subspecies. A fifth lineage was observed for the individuals from the upper Orinoco basin. The two lineages of the Orinoco basin has different estimated time of divergence. The estimated divergence of the upper Orinoco lineage from its Inia Central Amazon sister lineage is 0.354 million years ago. This clade is sister to Inia from lower/middle Orinoco with an estimated time of divergence of 1.66 mya. Our evidences suggest that Inia from the lower/middle Orinoco basin is a different species, and we called it Inia humboldtiana stat nov. (Pilleri & Gihr, 1977). Furthermore, the data analysed are not yet enough to evaluate the taxonomic status of the upper Orinoco Inia lineage. To reach aim II), we perform Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analysis on 131 individuals for the control region, 127 individuals for the citochrome b, and 143 individuals for 10 loci microsatelities. The individuals were sampled from the Orinoco basin, and from the Negro, Branco, Madeira and Solim??es rivers. The results for the individuals from the Orinoco basin was the same as that obtained to reach the aim I. To the other individuals, different patterns of genetic differentiation were observed as marker used. For nuclear DNA was observed a low degree of population subdivision (FST = 0.04762, P
- Published
- 2015
180. Desvendando processos atuais e hist??ricos dos peixes migradores e sedent??rios: uma abordagem gen??mica, filogeogr??fica e gen??tico-populacional entre as Bacias do Orinoco e Amazonas
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Martinez, Jos?? Greg??rio, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Hrbek, Tomas
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ZOOLOGIA [CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS] ,Filogeografia ,Ictiofauna ,Gen??tica da conserva????o - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-02T14:09:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jos?? Greg??rio Martinez.pdf: 10347168 bytes, checksum: 58aeb7407718fcc667bec49ca6080657 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-04T12:59:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jos?? Greg??rio Martinez.pdf: 10347168 bytes, checksum: 58aeb7407718fcc667bec49ca6080657 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-04T13:04:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jos?? Greg??rio Martinez.pdf: 10347168 bytes, checksum: 58aeb7407718fcc667bec49ca6080657 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-04T13:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jos?? Greg??rio Martinez.pdf: 10347168 bytes, checksum: 58aeb7407718fcc667bec49ca6080657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-11 N??o informada The Amazon and Orinoco rivers have the greatest diversity of fish fauna of the planet, which is estimated between 1300 - 3000 species. Much of this diversity is shared between them, but to respect there are no solid studies to support the spatial boundaries, time nor the mode of interaction of the ichthyofauna between the two river systems, preventing lay the scientific justification for its correct use for fishing and prioritization of conservation areas. In order to know the evolutionary history and current and historical population relationship between the shared fish fauna for the basins, in addition to the spatial configuration of its conservation units, a phylogeographic and population genomic/genetic approach was performed using eight species of highly exploited fish as model: Five migratory species (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus brachypomus, Pseudoplatystoma metaense/P. tigrinum, Pseudoplatystoma orinocoense/P. punctifer) and three sedentary species (Nannostomus unifasciatus, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Pterophyllum altum). For that, the study was conducted in four stages, two for create some genomics tools for the analysis, and two in which was applied genetic and/or genomic tools to answer the initial population questions. First, it was standardized and characterized a methodology for genomic libraries construction for SNPs discovery and de novo genotyping in non-model species. Second, in order to verify the reproducibility and efficiency of the method in sequence tags discovery, genotyping, and utility for SNPs primer design, was used individuals of B. rousseauxii and C. macropomum as model. Third, mtDNA (Cytochrome oxidase I and Region control) and nuDNA (Glycosyltransferase and 6 alpha heavy chain of cardiac myosin) sequences were used to population genetic and phylogeographic analyzes in order to test the hypothesis of current and historical connectivity between basins. Fourth, the conservation units were defined (Evolutionary Significantly Units - ESUs, Adaptive Units - AUs and Management Units - MUs) including new evidence as multilocus analysis (Species trees), ecological data (pH and pluviosity) and genomic data. As a result, we obtained a compatible and efficient method for sequence reads production in IonTorrent PGM. The method was effective for tags discovery (18772-22476), de novo SNPs genotyping (268-398 SNPs) and for primer design in flanking regions of SNPs (23-39 SNPs). Population analysis showed a strong structure for all species between basins, but not within theme (except for sedentary fish). Of the eight species studied, only P. orinocoense/P. punctifer showed evidence of recent gene flow between basins, through the Casiquiare. Nevertheless, for all species, the nuDNA showed strong biological groups sharing between basins, suggesting that the divergence between these is recent. Coalescent analysis showed that only N. unifasciatus populations of Orinoco and Amazon diverged in the Pliocene, while the rest of the species diverged in the Pleistocene. In any case, there was not concordance with the vicariance hypothesis between basins generated by the Vaup??s Arch in the Middle Miocene. The genetic, genomic and ecological evidence permitted to determine ESUs and MUs, but not AUs to any species. In most migratory fishes, the basins constituted a single ESU with independents MUs (C. macropomum, P. metaense/P. tigrinum, P. orinocoense/P. punctifer), but only to B. rousseauxii and P. brachypomus each basin were independents ESUs. For sedentary fish, was observed a greater number of ESUs compared with migratory fishes, wherein at least one of these units is shared between basins, while others were exclusives. This study demonstrates that the basins of the Orinoco and Amazon possessed a historical connectivity until the very recent past, and even today keeps this connection condition for part of their fish fauna. Os rios Amazonas e Orinoco possuem a maior diversidade de ictiofauna do planeta, a qual ?? estimada entre 1300 - 3000 esp??cies de peixes. Grande parte desta diversidade ?? compartilhada entre elas, mas ?? respeito n??o existem estudos robustos que sustentem os limites espaciais, temporais e nem o modo de intera????o desta ictiofauna entre os dois sistemas fluviais, impedindo assim definir as bases cient??ficas que permitam orientar pol??ticas para seu correto uso pesqueiro e prioriza????o de ??reas de conserva????o. Com o objetivo de conhecer a hist??ria evolutiva e rela????es populacionais atuais e hist??ricas entre a ictiofauna compartilhada para as bacias, bem como a configura????o espacial das suas unidades de conserva????o, foi realizada uma abordagem filogeogr??fica e gen??mico/gen??tico-populacional utilizando oito esp??cies de peixes altamente explorados como modelo: cinco migradores (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus brachypomus, Pseudoplatystoma metaense/P. tigrinum, Pseudoplatystoma orinocoense/P. punctifer) e tr??s sedent??rios (Nannostomus unifasciatus, Paracheirodon axelrodi e Pterophyllum altum). Para tanto, o estudo foi realizado em quatro etapas, duas de cria????o de algumas ferramentas gen??micas para as an??lises, e duas de aplica????o de ferramentas gen??ticas e/ou gen??micas para responder as perguntas iniciais. Primeiro, foi padronizada e caracterizada uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de bibliotecas gen??micas para a descoberta e genotipagem de novo de SNPs em esp??cies n??o-modelo. Segundo, para verificar a reprodutibilidade e efici??ncia do m??todo na descoberta de tags de sequ??ncia, genotipagem de novo e desenho de primers em regi??es flanqueadoras de SNPs, foi aplicado dito m??todo utilizando como modelo ??s esp??cies B. rousseauxii e C. macropomum. Terceiro, foram utilizadas sequ??ncias de ADNmt (Citocromo oxidase I e Regi??o controle) e ADNnu (Glycosiltransferase e Cadeia pesada 6 alfa da miosina do m??sculo card??aco) para an??lises gen??tico-populacionais e filogeogr??ficos com o objetivo de testar a hip??tese de conectividade atual e hist??rica entre bacias. Quarto, foram delimitadas as unidades de conserva????o (Unidades Evolutivas Significantes - ESUs, Unidades Adaptativas - AUs e Unidades de Manejo - MUs) incluindo novas evid??ncias como an??lises multilocus (Species trees), dados ecol??gicos (pH e pluviosidade) e dados gen??micos. Como resultado, obteve-se um m??todo de desenvolvimento totalmente compat??vel e eficiente na produ????o de leituras em IonTorrent PGM. O m??todo demonstrou efic??cia na descoberta de tags de sequ??ncia (18772 ??? 22476), genotipagem de novo (268 ??? 398 SNPs) e desenho de primers em regi??es flanqueadoras de SNPs (23 ??? 39 SNPs). As an??lises populacionais mostraram uma forte estrutura para todas as esp??cies entre bacias, mas n??o dentro destas (exceto para os peixes sedent??rios). Das oito esp??cies avaliadas, apenas P. orinocoense/P. punctifer apresentou evid??ncias de fluxo g??nico recente entre bacias, sendo atrav??s do Casiquiare. Apesar disso, para todas as esp??cies, o ADNnu mostrou um forte compartilhamento de grupos biol??gicos entre bacias, sugerindo que a diverg??ncia entre estas ?? recente. As an??lises de coalesc??ncia mostraram que apenas as popula????es de N. unifasciatus do Orinoco e Amazonas divergiram no Plioceno, enquanto que o resto das esp??cies divergiu no Pleistoceno. Em qualquer caso, n??o coincidindo com a hip??tese de vicari??ncia entre bacias, gerada pelo Arco do Vaup??s no M??dio Mioceno. As evid??ncias gen??ticas, gen??micas e ecol??gicas permitiram delimitar ESUs e MUs, mas n??o AUs para nenhuma esp??cie. Na maior parte dos migradores as bacias constitu??ram uma ??nica ESU com MUs independentes (C. macropomum, P. metaense/P. tigrinum, P. orinocoense/P. punctifer), mas s?? para B. rousseauxii e P. brachypomus cada bacia constituiu uma ESU independente. Para os peixes sedent??rios foi observado um maior n??mero de ESUs comparado com os migradores, sendo que pelo menos uma destas unidades foi compartilhada entre bacias, enquanto que outras foram exclusivas. Este estudo demonstra que as bacias do Orinoco e Amazonas possu??ram uma conectividade hist??rica at?? um passado muito recente, ao ponto de hoje se manter esta condi????o de conex??o para parte da sua ictiofauna.
- Published
- 2015
181. Gen??tica populacional do bagre amaz??nico Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) nas sub-bacias dos rios Madeira e Mamor??/Guapor??
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Machado, Antonio Saulo Cunha, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Batista, Jacqueline da Silva
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Marcadores microssat??lites ,Surubim ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS ,Peixes da Amaz??nia ,Estoque Pesqueiro ,Gen??tica de popula????es - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-11-16T14:11:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Disserta????o - Antonio Saulo Cunha Machado.pdf: 1630078 bytes, checksum: 9018338e35f4ebb5375871ef5c348e75 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-11-16T14:11:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Disserta????o - Antonio Saulo Cunha Machado.pdf: 1630078 bytes, checksum: 9018338e35f4ebb5375871ef5c348e75 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T14:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Disserta????o - Antonio Saulo Cunha Machado.pdf: 1630078 bytes, checksum: 9018338e35f4ebb5375871ef5c348e75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 FAPEAM - Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas The great catfish Pseudoplatystoma punchier (surubim) is among the five species of catfish of the Amazon basin with greater commercial value. It plays important role as top predator in freshwater ecosystems of the Amazon. The movement of aquatic species, in watersheds, can be interrupted by natural biogeographic barriers, formed by rapids and waterfalls that produce distinct biota.There are clear differences between the biota (assemblies) of fish in the area that is upstream and downstream of the falls of the Madeira Rive. The waterfalls of Madeira River delimit two distinct regions: upstream the sub-basins of the Mamore/Guapore (which will be called the Mamore/Guapore sub-basin) and downstream the sub-basin of the Madeira River.The knowledge of how the life cycle of P. punchier is influenced by the Madeira River rapids and waterfall, taking into account their migratory route and how much genetic variation occurs in this species, within and between sub-basins, is very important for the conservation and for possible management measures. Molecular analyzes were performed by sequencing the COI gene of mtDNA and 10 microsatellite loci. Our objective was to determine whether P. punchier constitutes a parunitic population or if there is some kind of genetic segregation, associated with space and time, which can be related to the waterfalls of the river Madeira or the homing behavior. Were analyzed 96 specimens with the COI gene and 99 with microsatellite loci from six localities, being two in the the Mamore/Guapore sub-basin and four in the sub-basin of the Madeira River, both in the Amazon basin. With the COI marker were observed 11 haplotypes, a haplotype diversity of 0.600 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00157. All analyzed microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, the number of alleles per locus ranging from two (Ppu8) to 22 (Ppu4), on average 10.4 alleles per locus. The total number of observed alleles was 104, with 27 unique alleles. Based on the results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and gene flow (Nm) observed between the sub-basins to the microsatellite (PST = 0.067; Nm= 6.883) and for the gene COI ((DST = 0.391; Able 0.643), we cannot reject the hypothesis of panmixia for Pseudoplatystoma punchier. However, it was evidenced that the specimens of P. punchier of Madeira River and Mamore/Guapore sub-basins feature a large genetic differentiation and intermediate for the gene COI and microsatellites, respectively. Genetic differentiation observed in Bayesian analysis of BAPS, with the COI data clearly showed the existence of two maternal lines, an in each sub-basin. This result may be related to: sedentary females; the different environmental conditions; the water regime of the Madeira River and Mamore/Guapoth sub-basins and with rapids and waterfalls and of the Madeira River, which partially disrupt the gene flow. We propose a model of migration of males on the basis of the results of the analysis of microsatellite loci and prior studies of ecology. Our results indicated the occurrence of two fishing stocks, which require separate management or priority for conservation. However, anthropogenic actions in the area of study, such as: the construction of dams, deforestation and the fishing exploitation, make the complex conservation and management measures. O grande bagre Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (surubim) est?? entre as cinco esp??cies de bagres da bacia Amaz??nica com maior valor comercial. Desempenha importante papel como predador de topo nos ecossistemas de ??gua doce da Amaz??nia. O movimento das esp??cies aqu??ticas, nas bacias hidrogr??ficas, pode ser interrompido por barreiras biogeogr??ficas naturais formadas por comedeiras e cachoeiras que produzem biotas distintas. Existem diferen??as claras entre as biotas (assembl??ias) de peixes da ??rea que fica ?? montante e ?? jusante das cachoeiras do rio Madeira. As cachoeiras do rio Madeira delimitam duas regi??es distintas: ?? montante, a sub-bacia dos rios Mamor??/Guapor?? (que ser?? chamada de sub-bacia do Mamor??/Guapor??) e ?? jusante, a sub-bacia do rio Madeira. O conhecimento de como o ciclo de vida de P. punctifer ?? influenciado pelas corredeiras e cachoeiras rio Madeira, levando em considera????o a sua rota migrat??ria e o quanto de varia????o gen??tica ocorre nesta esp??cie, dentro e entre as sub-bacias, ?? muito importante para a conserva????o e para poss??veis medidas de manejo. Foram realizadas an??lises moleculares atrav??s do sequenciamento do gene CO1 do DNA mitocondrial e de 10 !ocos microssat??lites. O objetivo foi verificar se P. punctifer constitui uma popula????o panm??tica ou se existe algum tipo de segrega????o gen??tica que possa ser relacionada com as cachoeiras do rio Madeira. Foram analisados 96 esp??cimes com o gene CO1 e 99 com os locos microssat??lites, de seis localidades, sendo duas na sub-bacia do Mamor??/Guapor?? e quatro na sub-bacia do rio Madeira, ambas na bacia Amaz??nica. Com o marcador CO1 foram observados 11 hapl??tipos, uma diversidade haplot??pica de 0,600 e uma diversidade nucicot??dica de 0,00157. Todos os !ocos microssat??lites analisados foram altamente polim??rficos, com o n??mero de alclos por loco variando de dois (Ppu8) a 22 (Ppu4), em m??dia 10,4 alclos por loco. O n??mero total de alclos observados foi de 104, com 27 alclos exclusivos. Com base nos resultados da an??lise de vari??ncia molecular (AMOVA) c de fluxo g??nico (Nm) observados entre das sub-bacias, para os microssat??lites (FsT = 0,067; Nm= 6,883) e para o gene CO1 (0sT= 0,391; Nm= 0,643), n??o podemos rejeitar totalmente a hip??tese de panmixia para Pseudoplatystoma punctifer. No entanto, foi evidenciada que os esp??cimes de P. punctifer das sub-bacias do rio Madeira e do Mamore/Guapor?? apresentam uma diferencia????o gen??tica grande e intermedi??ria para o gene CO1 e microssat??lites, respectivamente. A diferencia????o gen??tica observada na an??lise baycsiana do programa BAPS, com os dados de CO1, mostrou claramente a exist??ncia de duas linhagens maternas, uma em cada sub-bacia. Este resultado pode estar relacionado com: o sedentarismo das f??meas; as diferentes condi????es ambientais; o regime h??drico das sub-bacias do rio Madeira e do Mamor??/Guapor?? e ??s corredeiras e cachoeiras do rio Madeira, que interrompem parcialmente o fluxo g??nico. Propomos um modelo de migra????o dos machos, tendo como base os resultados da an??lise dos locos microssat??lites e estudos pr??vios de ecologia. Nossos resultados indicaram a ocorr??ncia de dois estoques pesqueiros, que precisam gest??o separada ou prioridade para conserva????o. No entanto, as a????es antropog??nicas na ??rea de estudo, tais como: a constru????o das hidrel??tricas, o desmatamento e a explora????o pesqueira, tomam as medidas de conserva????o e manejo complexas.
- Published
- 2013
182. Diversidade gen??tica e padr??es populacionais da Pirapitinga Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) characiformes: um crit??rio para seu manejo
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Lizarazo, Maria Doris Escobar, Hrbek, Tomas, and Farias, Izeni Pires
- Subjects
Aquicultura ,Pesca ,Recursos pesqueiros ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-14T18:24:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Maria D. E. Lizarazo.pdf: 9956686 bytes, checksum: 284fefd03605313e9e869df57542dbe8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-14T18:24:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Maria D. E. Lizarazo.pdf: 9956686 bytes, checksum: 284fefd03605313e9e869df57542dbe8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-14T18:25:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Maria D. E. Lizarazo.pdf: 9956686 bytes, checksum: 284fefd03605313e9e869df57542dbe8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-14T18:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Maria D. E. Lizarazo.pdf: 9956686 bytes, checksum: 284fefd03605313e9e869df57542dbe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-20 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior In the neotropics, Piaractus brachypomus is one of the largest Characiforme species, widely dispersed throughout the Orinoco and Amazon Basins. It is a migratory fish that carries out its lifecycle in fluvial and lacustrine environments. Its omnivorous feeding habits focus on seeds, making it, along other species, an seed disperser very important to the tropical forest. In aquiculture it is a pioneer species in the development of this activity in South America. mostly in countries like Colombia. Peru and Venezuela. As a fishing resource the species is very important for local and regional consumption, what drives over-exploration of natural populations. Management strategies for conservation and use, although in pracfice, do not show positive effects for its recovery in the natural environment. The lack of biological information in a populatin level does pose a limit on the correct management of this natural resource under the concepts of basin and trans-border management. The development of molecular techniques in the last years have delivered appropriate tools for the understanding of a population, its dynamics and conservation status. In this study, an genetic-populational approach of Piaractus brachypomus within its natural range was carried out. This work was based upon the premisse that the population is panmictic by its migratory behavior, reproductive strategy and wide distribution. A total of 398 specimens, from different sites in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, were collected and then analyzed with 7 microsatellites in total, by the transferability of microsatellites developed for phylogenetically near species. Also used were mitochondria' Dloop and CO! to support large scale population analysis and morphological considerations. Orinoco and Amazon basins populations were found to be highly structured. with restricted gene flow within them, and also genetical and morphological diagnostic features that differentiate between them, what makes possible to delimit each as a Significant Evolutionary Unit ??? SEU. Orinoco basin population has showed panmictic within all its range (RsT=0.044), with moderate genetic diversity (He=0,66) when compared to other neotropical fish. Gene flow was bi-directional and asymmetric (Nm=2,03 to 7,21 effective immigrant per generation), being the floodplain known as the Internal delta", that which receives the greater number of immigrants. The average effective population size was Ne=1675. the largest population located in the Guaviare basin. It was detected a populational decline 690 years ago. what has been associated to then current environmental variations such as climatic changes and strong El Nino events. The Amazon basin population showed high genetic diversity (He=0,72) when compared to other amazonian fish. It is moderately structured in two biological structures (Fsr=3,057: K=2), a product of past geomorphological barriers during the region formation. The west biological unit is associated with the Amazon sedimentary basin. the east biological unit is associated with the crystalline shields and a contact zone in the main Solimoes-Amazonas river and its adjacent areas. Gene flow showed complex and asymmetrical interactions, and was low (Nm= 0.85 a 4,75 effective immigrants per generation) when compared to other migratory Amazonian fish, but sufficient to maintain population connectivity. Effective population size was Ne=1139. slightly lower than the Orinoco population, despite the its wide range. It was detected a populational decline dated by 2507 years ago, what is associated to strong variations in the environment then. As the two SEU were defined and characterized it is suggested that management be separated for each Piaractus brachypomus population. It is suggested that the Amazon basin population must have a differentiated management according to the biological units and contact zones, to be established according to the national territories that they occupy. The Orinoco basin. otherwise, may have a integrated management between the two countries that make up the region, based upon the fact that the population is panmictic. No Neotr??pico uma das maiores esp??cies de Characiformes ?? Piaractus brachypomus, amplamente distribu??da nas bacias do Orinoco e Amazonas. ?? um peixe de comportamento migrat??rio que desenvolve seu ciclo de vida nos ambientes lacustres e fluviais. De h??bito alimentar on??voro, tem prefer??ncia por sementes o que o toma junto com outras esp??cies um dispersador de sementes importante para a manuten????o da floresta tropical. Na aquicultura ?? a esp??cie nativa pioneira no desenvolvimento desta atividade em Am??rica do Sul, principalmente em pa??ses como Col??mbia, Peru e Venezuela. Nas pescarias ?? uma esp??cie importante para o consumo local e regional, o que tem causado sobre-explora????o das popula????es naturais. Por mais que existam estrat??gias de manejo para a conserva????o e aproveitamento a esp??cie, elas n??o est??o causando efeitos positivos para a recupera????o no meio natural. As informa????es biol??gicas a n??vel populacional s??o inexistentes, o que limita a gest??o adequada deste recurso natural baixo o conceito de bacia e manejo transfronteiro. O desenvolvimento de t??cnicas moleculares nos ??ltimos tempos tem-se convertido em uma ferramenta apropriada para o conhecimento das caracter??sticas de uma popula????o, sua din??mica e estado de conserva????o. Neste estudo, realiza-se uma abordagem gen??tico-populacional de Piaractus brachypomus em sua ??rea de distribui????o natural. O trabalho foi baseado na premissa de que a popula????o ?? panm??tica devido ao seu comportamento migrat??rio, estrat??gia reprodutiva e ampla distribui????o. Para o estudo foram coletados um total de 398 indiv??duos provenientes de diferentes localidades das bacias Orinoco e Amazonas, os quais foram analisados com 7 microssat??lites, a partir da transferibilidade de microssat??lites desenvolvidos para esp??cies filogeneticamente pr??ximas. Tamb??m foram utilizados os marcadores mitocondriais Dloop e CO! para ajudar a suportar as an??lises populacionais em grande escala, assim como considera????es morfol??gicas. Detectou-se alta estrutura????o entre as popula????es das bacias do Orinoco e Amazonas, com fluxo g??nico restrito entre elas, al??m de caracter??sticas diagnosticas gen??ticas e morfol??gicas que diferenciaram as duas popula????es, o que permitiu delimita-as como duas Unidades Evolutivas Significantes -ESU. A popula????o da bacia do Orinoco, mostrou-se panm??tica em toda sua ??rea de distribui????o (Fsr=0,044) com moderada diversidade gen??tica (He=0,66) ao se comparar com outros peixes neotropicais. O fluxo g??nico foi bidirecional e assim??trico (Nm=2,03 a 7,21 imigrantes efetivos por gera????o), sendo a plan??cie conhecida como "delta interno" a que maior n??mero de imigrantes recebe. O tamanho efetivo populacional m??dio foi de Ne=1675, com maior popula????o localizada no Guaviare. Detectou-se um decl??nio populacional datado h?? 690 anos, que foi associado ??s varia????es ambientais da ??poca como mudan??as clim??ticas e fortes fen??menos El M??o. A popula????o da bacia do Amazonas, apresentou uma diversidade gen??tica alta (He=0,72) ao se comparar com outros peixes Amaz??nicos. Sua popula????o est?? moderadamente estruturada em duas unidades biol??gicas (Fs7=0,057; K=2) produto de barreiras geomorfol??gicas do passado durante a forma????o da regi??o. A unidade biol??gica do oeste est?? associada a bacia sediment??ria do Amazonas e a unidade biol??gica do leste est?? relacionada com os escudos cristalinos e uma zona de contato na calha principal Solim??es???Amazonas e ??reas adjacentes. O fluxo g??nico mostrou intera????es complexas, assim??tricas e um valor baixo (Nm= 0,85 a 4,75 imigrantes efetivos por gera????o) ao se comparar com outros peixes migrat??rios Amaz??nicos, mas suficiente para manter a conex??o da popula????o. O tamanho populacional efetivo m??dio foi de Ne=1139, levemente menor ?? popula????o do Orinoco, apesar da amplia ??rea geogr??fica que ocupa. Detectou-se um decl??nio populacional datado h?? 2507 anos, que foi associado ??s fortes varia????es ambientais da ??poca. Definidas e caracterizadas as duas ESU sugere-se o manejo separado para cada popula????o de Piaractus brachypomus. Sugere-se que a popula????o do Amazonas deve ter um manejo diferenciado concordante com as unidades biol??gicas e zona de contato, estabelecido de acordo com os territ??rios nacionais que elas ocupam. Enquanto que a popula????o do Orinoco pode ter um manejo conjunto entre os dois pa??ses que formam a regi??o, baseado em uma popula????o panm??tica.
- Published
- 2013
183. Diversificação evolutiva em anfíbios amazônicos (Allobates, Dendrobatoidea): caracteres genéticos, morfológicos e comportamentais
- Author
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Kaefer, Igor Luis, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Lima, Albertina Pimentel
- Subjects
Anfíbios amazônicos ,Dendrobatoidea ,Allobates - Abstract
Esse estudo objetivou elucidar mecanismos históricos e geográficos responsáveis pela diversificação evolutiva em três espécies de Allobates ao longo de suas áreas de distribuição na Amazônia brasileira. No primeiro capítulo, avaliou-se a potencial importância dos caracteres acústicos do canto de anúncio de Allobates paleovarzensis na discriminação entre indivíduos e populações. Além disso, foram acessados os efeitos de fatores individuais, ambientais e geográficos na variabilidade dos componentes deste sinal sexual. Nenhum dos caracteres acústicos analisados foi indicado como potencial sinal para reconhecimento social ou seleção sexual na espécie estudada. Lado do rio e distância geográfica não afetaram significativamente a variabilidade acústica, indicando que forças evolutivas estabilizadoras locais devem ser importantes no processo de diferenciação do sinal sexual. O segundo capítulo apresentou a caracterização do grau de variabilidade de cada componente acústico do sinal sexual entre populações e entre as espécies irmãs e alopátricas Allobates nidicola e A. masniger. Em adição, testaram-se os efeitos do tamanho corporal, da temperatura ambiental, e da distância geográfica na variabilidade acústica do sistema de estudo. Propriedades espectrais foram mais distintivas que propriedades temporais entre populações e entre espécies, com maior distinção ao nível interpopulacional quando comparado ao nível interespecífico. Houve acentuada plasticidade em caracteres temporais do canto de anúncio. O efeito do Rio Madeira como barreira foi significativo entre todas as variáveis acústicas analisadas. A ausência de efeitos de isolamento por distância indica que pressões seletivas estabilizadoras locais devem ser mais importantes que a deriva genética na evolução da diferenciação do canto de anúncio. No terceiro capítulo, investigaram-se mecanismos evolutivos e fatores geográficos levando à especiação, avaliando-se as relações genealógicas, a história filogeográfica e a divergência de caracteres genéticos, morfológicos e comportamentais entre populações das três espécies. Foi observada significativa estruturação genética populacional. A distribuição da variabilidade genética nos dois sistemas de estudo exibiu assinaturas congruentes com a transposição de grandes rios amazônicos. A efetividade do baixo Rio Madeira como uma barreira ao fluxo gênico foi maior do que a do médio Amazonas. Uma grande porção da diferenciação genética foi correlacionada com distância geográfica linear, evidenciando a importante atuação da deriva genética na diversificação do marcador mitocondrial estudado. Os caracteres acústicos e morfológicos não responderam às distâncias lineares entre populações. Em adição, análises de função discriminante falharam em classificar corretamente os indivíduos analisados em seus agrupamentos genéticos de acordo com seus fenótipos. Esse resultado é surpreendente levando-se em consideração a alta estruturação genética observada, e sugere que limitações evolutivas podem estar impedindo a diferenciação fenotípica. Em geral, a diversificação evolutiva refletiu efeitos de isolamento por distância e de barreiras vicariantes, e a contribuição relativa de cada fator diferiu entre os dois sistemas estudados. This study aimed to elucidate the historical and geographical mechanisms responsible for evolutionary diversification in three species of Allobates throughout their distributional areas in Brazilian Amazonia. In the first chapter, the potential importance of the acoustic characters of the advertisement call of Allobates paleovarzensis in discriminating among individuals and populations was evaluated. In addition, I assessed the effects of individual, environmental and spatial factors on the variability of the components of this sexual signal. None of the acoustic characters analized was indicated as a potential cue for social recognition or sexual selection in this species. River side and geographical distance did not significantly affect the acoustic variability, indicating that stabilizing local evolutionary forces might be important in the process of sexual signal differentiation. The second chapter presents the characterization of the degree of variability of each component of the acoustic sexual signal among populations and between the allopatric sister species Allobates nidicola and A. masniger. Additionally, I tested the effects of body size, environmental temperature, and geographical distance on the acoustic variability within the study system. Spectral traits were more effective than temporal properties in distinguishing among populations and between species, with greater difference at the interpopulation level when compared to the interspecific level. The temporal characters of the advertisement call were highly plastic. The effect of the Madeira River as a barrier was significant for all acoustic traits analyzed. The absence of isolation-by-distance effects indicates that local stabilizing selection pressures might be more important than genetic drift in the evolution of the advertisement call differentiation. In the third chapter, I investigated evolutionary mechanisms and geographical factors leading to speciation, by assessing the genealogical relationships, the phylogeographic history, and the divergence in genetic, morphological and behavioral traits among populations belonging to the three species. There was significant population genetic structure. The distribution of genetic variability in the two study systems exhibited signatures consistent with the transposition of large Amazonian rivers. The effectiveness of the lower Madeira River as a barrier to gene flow was higher than that of the middle Amazon. A large portion of the genetic differentiation was correlated with linear geographical distance, showing the important role of genetic drift in the diversification of the mitochondrial marker studied. The acoustic and morphological traits did not respond to linear distances between populations. In addition, discriminant function analyses failed to correctly classify the individuals analyzed in their genetic clusters based on their phenotypes. This result is surprising in view of the high genetic structure observed, and suggests that evolutionary constraints may be preventing phenotypic differentiation. In general, the evolutionary diversification reflected effects of isolation by distance and of vicariant barriers, and the relative contribution of each factor differed between the two systems studied.
- Published
- 2012
184. Comportamento social de antas (tapirus terrestris): relações de parentesco em uma paisagem fragmentada
- Author
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Pinho, Gabriela Medeiros de, Farias, Izeni Pires, Silva, Anders Gonçalves da, and Venticinque, Eduardo Martins
- Subjects
Dispersão de antas ,Tapiridae ,Genética de populações - Abstract
A área de vida média de antas é 2,6 Km2 na Amazônia, com alta sobreposição entre indivíduos, uma característica de espécies não territoriais. Entretanto, existe a evidência de que indivíduos regularmente percorrem as bordas de suas áreas de vida, o que indica o monitoramento de um território. Além disso, em reintroduções com a espécie Tapirus bairdii, foi registrado o ataque de indivíduos residentes aos introduzidos. Com objetivo de explorar esta aparente contradição e compreender o comportamento social das antas, nós sugerimos que as antas toleram indivíduos de áreas de vida adjacentes e sobrepostas se estes são parentes próximos. Para testar esta hipótese nós comparamos a proporção de relações entre indivíduos aparentados na escala individual ( 0,05). A proporção de relações entre indivíduos aparentados nas duas escalas não foi diferente (G:0.11, 1 d.f., p>0.05). Desta forma, nós não encontramos suporte para nossa hipótese, sugerindo que antas não formam grupos sociais baseados no parentesco e os indivíduos meio-irmãos estão distribuídos na paisagem da mesma forma que os não aparentados. Este resultado sugere dispersão da prole ou do parental. Social behavior in Lowland Tapir (Tapirus terrestris): Kinship distribution in a fragmented landscape The lowland tapir’s mean home range is 2.6 Km2 in the Amazon with a high degree of overlap between individuals, a characteristic of a non-territorial species. In contrast to this observation, there is evidence that individuals regularly walk along the borders of their ranges suggesting some form of territoriality. Furthermore, at least in one reintroduction of Tapirus bairdii, resident tapirs were recorded attacking the reintroduced individuals, again suggesting territoriality. In order to explore this apparent contradiction and gain further insight into what drives tapir spacing behavior, we hypothesized that tapirs will tolerate individuals from adjacent and overlapping home ranges if they are closely related. To test this hypothesis we compared the proportion of kin relationships at individual scale ( 0.05). The proportion of kin relationships at the two scales was not different (G:0.11, 1 d.f., p>0.05). Thus, we did not find support for our hypothesis, suggesting that tapirs do not form social groups based on kinship and individuals up to a level of kinship of half-sibs were similarly distributed in the landscape as unrelated individuals. This result indicates that offspring or parents are dispersing.
- Published
- 2011
185. Filogeografia comparativa e diversidade gen??tica de esp??cies do g??nero Hylaeamys (Rodentia: Sigmodontidae)
- Author
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Nunes, M??rio da Silva, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Silva, Maria Nazareth Ferreira
- Subjects
Degrada????o ambiental ,Filogen??ticas ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS ,Estudos filogeogr??ficos - Abstract
Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-01-20T13:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Mario da S. Nunes.pdf: 5977917 bytes, checksum: e2f495a6e07c004bd645bb9e4c369a67 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-01-20T13:56:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Mario da S. Nunes.pdf: 5977917 bytes, checksum: e2f495a6e07c004bd645bb9e4c369a67 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-01-20T13:57:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Mario da S. Nunes.pdf: 5977917 bytes, checksum: e2f495a6e07c004bd645bb9e4c369a67 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T13:57:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Mario da S. Nunes.pdf: 5977917 bytes, checksum: e2f495a6e07c004bd645bb9e4c369a67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-11 Phylogeographic studies have helped clarify the spatial and temporal context of the diversification of Amazonian organisms. Given the current state of environmental degradation and the future impacts expected from the implementation of developmental plans proposed for the Amazon region, it is necessary to understand the evolutionary dynamics of the biota of the Amazon lowland forest. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide information that increases the taxonomic and biological knowledge for the species of the genus Hylaeamys (H. megacephalus, H. yunganus and H. perenensis), which have predominantly Amazonian distribution, testing the existence of population structure for each species and if this structure is concordant with their geographical distribution. We used a total of 254 individuals sampled over 43 locations; 151 individuals of H. megacephalus from 35 localities, 80 individuals of H. perenensis from 14 localities and 23 individuals of H. yunganus from 8 localities. Molecular studies were based on the sequencing of 947 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene The phylogenetic relationships were assessed by the construction of trees by the method of maximum likelihood (ML) and genetic differentiation through analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Fst estimates. For H. perenensis, AMOVA analysis performed to test the population structure considering the Jurua River as geographical barrier, revealed that most of the variance (96.15%) was within localities and only 3.85% (Fst = 0.03851, P = 0.00366) of the variation could be explained by differences between localities. Even considering an Nm = 12.48, Fst values were significant, indicating a moderate genetic structure. For H. yunganus, considering the low number of samples obtained, it was not possible to address the issue of the rivers as a barrier through a population-genetic analysis. Considering only the distribution of haplotypes, the results are similar to those reported by Patton and colleagues (2000), where the Juru?? River is not a barrier to gene flow. For H. megacephalus, the ML tree topology revealed the presence of four structured, geographically distinct clades with high support and average genetic distance between them of 4.8%, ranging from 0.2% to 9.6%. In the work of Patton et al. (2000) and Costa (2003), the average values of genetic distances (5.3% and 8.7%, respectively) were similar to those found in this study (7% and 8%) for populations north and south Amazon River. In this scenario, the genetic diversity by H. megacephalus is consistent with the model of allopatric speciation, and the Amazon River acting as a geographical barrier to gene flow. The levels of genetic divergence, considering the values reported for rodents in the literature, do not allow completely to dismiss the possible existence of a complex of species in what is now recognized as H. megacephalus. However, to establish the taxonomic status of the four lineages recognized, it would be necessary to conduct additional analyses of morphological, ecological, and natural history data. Estudos filogeogr??ficos t??m ajudado a esclarecer o contexto espacial e temporal da diversifica????o de organismos amaz??nicos. Em vista do atual estado de degrada????o ambiental e dos futuros impactos previstos com a implanta????o dos planos de desenvolvimento propostos para a Amaz??nia, faz-se necess??rio a compreens??o da din??mica evolutiva da biota da floresta da plan??cie amaz??nica. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como meta, fornecer informa????es que elevem o conhecimento taxon??mico e biol??gico para as esp??cies do g??nero Hylaeamys (H.megacephalus, H.yunganus e H.perenensis), que possuem distribui????o predominantemente Amaz??nica, testando a exist??ncia de estrutura populacional para cada esp??cie e se o padr??o filogeogr??fico possui concord??ncia com sua distribui????o geogr??fica. Foi utilizado um total de 254 indiv??duos distribu??dos por 43 localidades, sendo 151 indiv??duos para H. megacephalus, provenientes de 35 localidades; 80 indiv??duos de H. perenensis por 14 localidades e 23 indiv??duos de H. yunganus de oito localidades. Os estudos moleculares foram baseados no sequenciamento de 947 pares de bases do gene mitocondrial citocromo b. As rela????es filogen??ticas entre as popula????es foram avaliadas pela constru????o de ??rvores pelo m??todo de m??xima verossimilhan??a (MV) e a diferencia????o gen??tica atrav??s da an??lise de vari??ncia molecular (AMOVA) e das estimativas de Fst. Para H.perenensis, a an??lise de AMOVA, realizada para testar a estrutura populacional considerando o rio Juru?? como barreira geogr??fica, revelou que a maior parte da vari??ncia (96,15%) foi dentro das popula????es e apenas 3,85% (Fst = 0,03851; P=0,00366) da varia????o p??de ser explicada por diferen??as entre popula????es. Mesmo considerando um Nm=12,48, os valores de Fst foram significantes, indicando uma estrutura????o gen??tica moderada. Para H.yunganus, considerando a baixa amostragem obtida, n??o foi poss??vel abordar a quest??o dos rios como barreira atrav??s de uma an??lise gen??tico-populacional. Considerando-se apenas a distribui????o dos hapl??tipos, os resultados s??o semelhantes aos reportados por Patton e colaboradores (2000), onde a o rio Juru?? n??o constitui barreira ao fluxo g??nico. Para H. megacephalus, a topologia da ??rvore de MV evidenciou a presen??a de quatro clados distintos estruturados geograficamente, com elevado suporte e dist??ncia gen??tica m??dia entre eles de 4,8%, com varia????o de 0,2% a 9,6%. Nos trabalhos de Patton et al. (2000) e Costa (2003), os valores m??dios das dist??ncias gen??ticas (5,3% e 8,7%, respectivamente) foram similares aos encontrados no presente estudo (7% e 8%), para popula????es ao norte e ao sul do rio Amazonas. Neste cen??rio, a diversidade gen??tica apresentada por H. megacephalus est?? de acordo com o modelo de especia????o alop??trica, sendo o rio Amazonas uma barreira geogr??fica para o fluxo g??nico. Os n??veis de diverg??ncia gen??tica, considerando-se os valores reportados para roedores, n??o permitem descartar totalmente a poss??vel exist??ncia de um complexo de esp??cies no que hoje ?? reconhecido como H. megacephalus. Entretanto, para o estabelecimento do status taxon??mico das quatro linhagens reconhecidas, seria necess??rio a realiza????o de estudos adicionais sobre outros par??metros desses organismos, como caracter??sticas morfol??gicas, ecol??gicas, e de sua hist??ria natural.
- Published
- 2011
186. Caracteriza????o da diversidade gen??tica de popula????es naturais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) atrav??s de marcadores moleculares: uma contribui????o para conserva????o da esp??cie
- Author
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Santos, Maria da Concei????o Freitas and Farias, Izeni Pires
- Subjects
MtDNA, microsatellites, tambaqui, genetic variability, panmixia, historical demography ,DNAmt, microssat??lites, tambaqui, variabilidade gen??tica, panmixia, demografia hist??rica ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS - Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:38:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Conceicao.pdf: 3479286 bytes, checksum: e423419bc970a5fbce6d4829446d589e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-24 Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas The floodplain ecosystem shelters and supports most of the fish stocks of commercial importance, such as the tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, which is considered a key species of this ecosystem. This fish is the largest characin of the Amazon and it is highly appreciated as food by the local population. Currently the tambaqui represents 70% of the regional pisciculture, but despite increasing aquiculture output, wild populations have been experiencing severe over-exploitation. To manage natural stocks of tambaqui it is necessary to access a range of information from diverse areas of knowledge, including genetics. It is thus of fundamental importance to access levels of genetic variability and how this variability is distributed throughout the Amazon region where the species occurs. This information is necessary to guide management strategies and conservation of this species. To obtain such information, mitochondrial (control region and ATPase gene) and nuclear (microsatellites) molecular markers were used. In this study 14 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the tambaqui were developed. These molecular markers were successfully transferred to other species of serrasalmids. For the genetic characterization of the tambaqui, 21 localities in the Amazon basin were sampled. We sequenced 1561pb (control region + ATPase gene) from 539 individuals finding 444 haplotypes, of which 440 were unique. The haplotype diversity was high and relatively homogeneous among all localities, however diversity was smallest in Porto Velho. Data from 12 microsatellite loci were collected from 604 individuals, showing an average of 21,4 alleles per locus. Total HE was 0,78 and heterozygosity levels were homogeneous among sampled localities. Porto Velho and Guapor?? showed lower values of HE. These results suggest high levels of genetic variability in the tambaqui. AMOVA and other tests to detect population structure based on both markers indicated that within the Brazilian Amazon basin, the tambaqui comprises a single large population, supported by high gene flow between localities. These results indicate that species management in this area can be unified. Considering the entire sampling scheme, the data suggest a metapopulation scenario between the Brazilian and Bolivian basins, with low genetic differentiation between the basins and restricted gene flow due to isolation by distance. The rapids of the Tapaj??s and Madeira Rivers are not barriers to gene flow among population samples of tambaqui. A demographically stable population was detected in the Bolivian basin and a historical demographic expansion in the Amazon basin, supported by the large number of haplotypes and the presence of unique alleles in Brazilian localities. The migration rates were higher from white water tributaries to the main channel, while the opposite was true for the clear waters of Tapaj??s River. The effective population size (Ne) was greater in the channel, and in Jacareacanga and Boca do Acre. Genetic effects of over-exploitation were not detected in the tambaqui due to the high genetic diversity found. However, these findings are showing the historical status compatible with a large effective population size of the species in the past since the time of over-exploitation is still be short to be registered genetically. O ecossistema de v??rzea amaz??nica abriga e sustenta a maior parte dos estoques de peixes de import??ncia comercial, como o tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Este peixe ?? o maior carac??deo da Amaz??nia e ?? muito apreciado como alimento pela popula????o local. Atualmente corresponde com 70% da piscicultura regional, mas apesar da crescente produtividade cultivada, esta esp??cie na natureza vem experimentando uma intensa sobre-explora????o. Para gerenciar os estoques naturais de tambaqui ?? necess??rio acessar um conjunto de informa????es de diversas ??reas do conhecimento e, concernente ?? gen??tica, ?? de fundamental import??ncia acessar a variabilidade gen??tica e a forma como esta variabilidade est?? distribu??da ao longo da regi??o Amaz??nica. Estas informa????es s??o importantes para direcionar estrat??gias de manejo e conserva????o para esp??cie. Para obter tais informa????es, foram utilizados marcadores moleculares mitocondriais (regi??o controle e gene da ATPase) e nucleares (microssat??lites). No presente estudo foram isolados 14 locos de microssat??lites altamente polim??rficos para tambaqui. Estes marcadores moleculares foram transferidos com sucesso para outras esp??cies de serrasalm??deos. Para a caracteriza????o gen??tica do tambaqui, 21 localidades foram amostradas na bacia Amaz??nica, e 1561 pb (regi??o controle + gene da ATPase) foram seq??enciados em 539 indiv??duos. Foram encontrados 444 hapl??tipos, sendo que 440 foram ??nicos. A diversidade haplot??pica foi alta e relativamente homog??nea para todas as localidades, mas foi menor em Porto Velho. Para dados de microssat??lites foram utilizados 12 locos em 604 indiv??duos, sendo encontrada uma m??dia de 21,4 alelos por loco. A HE total foi de 0,78, sendo em geral, homog??nea para as localidades amostrada. Para Porto Velho e Guapor?? a HE apresentou os menores valores. Estes resultados sugerem altos n??veis de variabilidade gen??tica em tambaqui. AMOVA e as demais an??lises para detectar estrutura populacional, com base em ambos marcadores, indicaram que dentro da bacia Amaz??nica brasileira o tambaqui forma uma ??nica e grande popula????o, suportado por um intenso fluxo g??nico entre as localidades. Estes resultados indicam que o manejo da esp??cie nesta ??rea pode ser unificado. Considerando toda a amostragem do estudo, evidenciou-se um cen??rio de metapopula????o entre as bacias hidrogr??ficas brasileiras e bolivianas. As corredeiras presentes nos rios Tapaj??s e Madeira n??o representam uma barreira ao fluxo g??nico entre as amostras populacionais de tambaqui. Uma estabilidade populacional foi detectada para a bacia Boliviana e uma expans??o para a bacia Amaz??nica, suportado pelo grande n??mero de hapl??tipos ??nicos e a presen??a de alelos exclusivos nas localidades brasileiras. As taxas de migra????o foram maiores das localidades dos tribut??rios de ??gua branca para a calha principal, e desta para o rio Tapaj??s. Os dados gen??ticos podem estar configurando a migra????o reprodutiva ou uma din??mica nos movimentos da esp??cie. O tamanho efetivo populacional (Ne) foi maior na calha principal, no rio Tapaj??s e no rio Purus. N??o foram detectados sinais de sobreexplora????o devido ?? alta diversidade gen??tica encontrada. No entanto estes achados podem estar mostrando um status hist??rico da esp??cie compat??vel a um enorme tamanho efetivo populacional no passado ou que o tempo de sobreexplora????o pode ainda ser curto para um registro gen??tico.
- Published
- 2010
187. Diversificação do complexo Allobates femoralis (Anura, Dendrobatidae) em florestas da Amazônia brasileira: desvendando padrões atuais e históricos
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Simões, Pedro Ivo, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Lima, Albertina Pimentel
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Genética de populações de Anura ,Dendrobatidae ,complexo Allobates femoralis - Abstract
Neste estudo, analiso aspectos da diversidade e evolução de um grupo de espécies de anuros filogeneticamente relacionados, amplamente distribuídos na bacia Amazônica e historicamente reconhecidos como um único táxon: Allobates femoralis. O primeiro capítulo aborda as relações sistemáticas entre diversas populações alopátricas deste grupo e formaliza o reconhecimento e descrição de uma nova espécie: Allobates hodli. Também é apontada a ocorrência de outras linhagens monofiléticas, possuidoras de fenótipos acústicos e morfológicos característicos, indicadas como potenciais espécies crípticas. No segundo capítulo, avalio o efeito do rio Madeira sobre a diferenciação genética, morfológica e acústica de populações de A. femoralis distribuídas ao longo de seus interflúvios, além de aplicar análises filogeográficas para verificar a congruência entre os padrões de diferenciação observados e os padrões esperados caso o rio Madeira tenha funcionado como uma barreira vicariante desde sua formação. Análises filogenéticas e populacionais baseadas em marcadores moleculares mitocondriais apontam padrões condizentes com a hipótese de que o leito do rio Madeira represente uma barreira histórica proporcionando o isolamento entre populações de margens opostas. Porém, a eficácia do rio como barreira vicariante é variável ao longo de seu curso, sendo reportados prováveis eventos de dispersão entre margens em pontos entre o médio e o alto curso do rio. Populações amostradas em um mesmo interflúvio não possuem morfologia ou vocalizações mais similares entre si do que quando comparadas a populações amostradas na margem oposta, indicando que a diferenciação de caracteres fenotípicos é influenciada por outros mecanismos evolutivos. No terceiro capítulo, apresento a caracterização genética de uma zona de contato entre A. femoralis e A. hodli, localizada no alto rio Madeira. A análise de marcadores moleculares mitocondriais e microssatélites sugerem que hibridização natural entre as duas espécies é mais freqüente na linha central geográfica da zona de contato, decaindo abruptamente em um raio inferior a dois quilômetros à jusante e à montante desta área. Estimativas de diversidade genética obtidos em áreas adjacentes à zona de contato suportam a existência de seleção contra híbridos oriundos do cruzamento direto entre indivíduos parentais pertencentes às duas espécies. In this study, I analyze aspects of the diversity and evolution of a group of phylogenetically related anuran species, which are widely distributed along the Amazon basin, and which have been historically recognized as belonging to a single taxon: Allobates femoralis. The first chapter addresses the systematic relationships between several allopatric populations of this group and formalizes the recognition and description of a new species: Allobates hodli. It also highlights the occurrence of additional monophyletic lineages, which present particular acoustic and morphological phenotypes, and are indicated as potential cryptic species. In the second chapter, I evaluate the effect of the Madeira River on the genetic, morphological, and acoustic differentiation between A. femoralis populations distributed along both interfluves, applying phylogeographic analyses in order to verify the congruence between observed differentiation patterns and those expected if the Madeira River has functioned as a vicariant barrier since its origin. Phylogenetic and population analyses based on mitochondrial molecular markers suggests patterns that are coincident with the hypothesis that the Madeira River channel represents a historical barrier causing the isolation between populations from opposite riverbanks. However, the effectiveness of the river as a vicariant barrier is variable along its course, and possible events of dispersal between riverbanks are reported for localities between its middle and upper course. Morphology and calls of populations sampled on the same interfluve are not more similar to each other in when compared to populations sampled on the opposite riverbank, suggesting that differentiation of phenotypic characters is influenced by additional evolutionary mechanisms. In the third chapter, I present the genetic characterization of a contact zone between A. femoralis and A. hodli, located on the upper Madeira River. Analyses of mitochondrial and microsatellite molecular markers suggest that natural hybridization between the two species is more frequent along the geographic central line of the contact zone, decaying abruptly less than two kilometers downstream and upstream of this area. Genetic diversity estimates measured at sites adjacent to the contact zone support the existence of selection against hybrids originating from direct crosses between parental individuals belonging to the two species.
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- 2010
188. Caracteriza????o molecular e epidemiol??gica dos v??rus Dengue no estado do Amazonas, Brasil
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Figueiredo, Regina Maria Pinto de and Farias, Izeni Pires
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Dengue ,Serotype ,RT- PCR ,Sorotipo ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS - Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Maria Pinto de Figueiredo.pdf: 895178 bytes, checksum: 18bad8fbb4a4c9f02c1af51dee70295b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-29 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico Dengue virus infection increased significantly in Brazil during the last decade, particularly after 1994, as a consequence of Aedes aegypti dissemination. Vector dispersion was followed by the introduction of DEN-1, DEN-2 and DEN-3 serotypes in major Brazilian cities and the co-circulation of different serotypes has led to the first cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). This study had as objectives: Isolate in cell culture samples of dengue virus circulating in the state of Amazonas; identify the serotypes of the dengue virus through sorologicas and molecular techniques; to correlate the clinical and laboratory most important cases of dengue, of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue by shock syndrome (DSS), with each serotype; comparing the results obtained through the sequencing parcial of genes C and prM of samples of dengue found in this study compared with the sequences deposited in GenBank. Between January 2005 and June 2007, 534 blood samples were collected from patients with clinical symptoms of dengue fever who were negative for malaria. Anti-dengue immunoglobulin M (IgM) specific antibodies were detected in 90 (16.8%) samples, from those 40 (44.4%) were PCR-amplified, 13 (32.5%) were typed as DEN-2, 23 (57.5%) as DEN-3 and 4 (10%) as DEN-4. Among the 40 PCR-positive samples, 52 (57,7%) were also positive for viral culture. DEN-3 was isolated from two patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever by the WHO criteria. As this work reports the first detection of dengue type 4 viruses in Amazonas, DEN-4 was identified from the sera of three patients with co- infection two of them were DEN-3/DEN-4 co-infection and one DEN-2 / DEN-4. A greater incidence of DEN-3 in relation to DEN-2 and DEN-4, and the absence of DEN-1 circulation. A infec????o pelo v??rus dengue aumentou significantemente no Brasil durante a ??ltima d??cada, particularmente depois de 1994, como conseq????ncia da dissemina????o do Aedes aegypti. A dispers??o do vetor foi seguida pela introdu????o dos sorotipos DEN-1, DEN-2 e DEN-3 nas principais cidades brasileiras e a co-circula????o de diferentes sorotipos permitiu o surgimento dos primeiros casos de dengue hemorr??gico (DHF). Este estudo teve como objetivos: Isolar em cultura de c??lulas amostras dos v??rus dengue circulantes no Estado do Amazonas; identificar os sorotipos do v??rus dengue por meio de t??cnicas sorol??gicas e moleculares; correlacionar os aspectos cl??nicos e laboratoriais mais importantes dos casos de dengue, febre hemorr??gica do dengue (DHF) e da s??ndrome de choque por dengue (DSS), com cada sorotipo e comparar os resultados obtidos por seq??enciamento parcial dos genes C e prM das amostras de dengue encontradas neste estudo em compara????o com seq????ncias depositadas no GenBank. Entre janeiro de 2005 e junho de 2007, 534 amostras de sangue foram coletadas de pacientes com sintomas cl??nicos de dengue e negativos para mal??ria. Anticorpos espec??ficos anti-dengue (IgM) foram detectados em 90 (16,8%) amostras, dessas 40 (44,4%) foram amplificadas, 13 (32,5%) foram tipadas como DEN-2, 23 (57,5%) como DEN-3 e 4 (10%) como DEN-4. Entre as 40 amostras positivas por PCR, 52 (57,7%) foram tamb??m positivas no isolamento viral. DEN-3 foi isolado de dois pacientes diagnosticados com DHF pelos crit??rios da Organiza????o Mundial de Sa??de (OMS). No presente trabalho foi tamb??m registrada a primeira detec????o de DEN-4 no Amazonas. O sorotipo DEN-4 foi identificado em tr??s casos de co- infec????o, dois deles foram co- infec????es de DEN-3/DEN-4 e um DEN-2 / DEN-4. Foi observada uma incid??ncia de DEN-3 em rela????o ao DEN-2 e DEN-4, e a aus??ncia da circula????o de DEN-1.
- Published
- 2008
189. An??lise de parentesco em filhotes de pirarucu (Arapaima gigas Cuvier, 1817), utilizando marcadores microssat??lites
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Almeida, Yane Santos, Farias, Izeni Pires, and Hrbek, Tomas
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Microssat??lites ,Reproductive system ,Relationship ,Microsateliite ,Estimas de relacionamento ,Sistema reprodutivo ,CI??NCIAS BIOL??GICAS ,Arapaima gigas - Abstract
Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-07-15T20:46:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Yane Santos Almeida.pdf: 12026649 bytes, checksum: 336dd3f741f4d47da3ee54bbe3001d07 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-16T15:40:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Yane Santos Almeida.pdf: 12026649 bytes, checksum: 336dd3f741f4d47da3ee54bbe3001d07 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-16T15:44:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Yane Santos Almeida.pdf: 12026649 bytes, checksum: 336dd3f741f4d47da3ee54bbe3001d07 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-16T15:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Yane Santos Almeida.pdf: 12026649 bytes, checksum: 336dd3f741f4d47da3ee54bbe3001d07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-26 CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico Arapaima gigas, known in Brazil as pirarucu, is on of the most economically important species in the Amazon watershed. However there is scarce knowledge of some aspects of its biology, behavior and growing rates in any modality of intensive farming. Pirarucu presents a complex reproductive behavior, including formation of couples; nest building; and parental care by male, as observed by farmers and other authors. The present work aim to generate information about genetic kinship between nestling of pirarucu from captivity and semi-open areas (Santar??m), by means of microsatellite markers. This technique is the most used molecular marker to reveal leveis or genetic relationships within and between group of brothers and dose relatives. Kinship analyses were carried out with nine (the most polymorphic) microsatellite developed for A. gigas. The genotypes were done in the automatic DNA sequencer MegaBace 1000 using the software Genetic Profiler v1.2. Allelic frequencies and expected and observed heterozigosity values were obtained in the software ARLEQUIN and GENETIX v. 4. Genotypes of all the nestling of two offspring were used to calculate the pairwise kinship relationships and kinship relationships using the software KINSHIP vl. 2, based on all loci. The reitionships categories were estimated in the sofiware ML-RELATE. Our results indicated that, on average, the captivity offspring presented a high estimative of relationship, varying from 0.48 in Itacoatiara 2 e Rio Preto da Eva, to 0.51 in Itacoatiara 1. In Santar??m samples, the average values varied from 0,46 to 0,80 in STM G2 e STM G3, respectiveiy. The relationship categories matrixes show that the higher frequency observed in nestling is the category of non-related (U), both in captivity groups as semi-open areas groups. When we analyzed separately each sample, we find other level of kinship reiationships or kinship categories in the nestling. These results indicate that, despite the nestling are highly related, the hypotheses of an ???extra maternity or paternity??? of the pair of reiationship can not be ignored. These results demonstrate a reproductive strategy natural and effective to keep the genetie variability in the nestling of Arapaima gigas. Arapaima gigas, conhecido no Brasil como pirarucu, ?? uma das esp??cies economicamente mais importantes da bacia Amaz??nica. No entanto, o conhecimento sobre alguns aspectos da biologia, comportamento e crescimento, em qualquer modalidade de cria????o intensiva, ainda ?? escasso. O pirarucu apresenta um comportamento reprodutivo complexo e durante esse per??odo, observa????es de criadores e de outros autores afirmam que: ocorre a forma????o de casais, constru????o de ninhos e o cuidado parental da prole que ?? realizado pelo macho. O presente trabalho teve o intuito de fornecer informa????es sobre o parentesco gen??tico, entre filhotes de pirarucu, provenientes de ??reas de cativeiro e de ??rea semi-aberta (Santar??m), utilizando marcadores microssat??lites. A t??cnica mencionada tem sido a ferramenta molecular mais utilizada pelos pesquisadores para revelar n??veis de relacionamento gen??tico dentro e entre grupos de irm??os e parentes mais pr??ximos. As an??lises de parentesco foram feitas utilizando-se nove (os mais polim??rficos) microssat??lites desenvolvidos para A. gigas. As genotipagens foram realizadas no seq??enciador autom??tico de DNA MegaBace 1000 utilizando-se o programa Genetic Profiler v1.2. As freq????ncias al??licas e os valores de heterozigosidade esperadas e observadas foram obtidos atrav??s do programa ARLEQUIN e GENETIX v. 4. Gen??tipos para todos os filhotes das duas ninhadas, foram usados para calcular os coeficientes de relacionamento dos pares e a rela????o de parentesco, usando o programa de computador KITNSHIP v1.2, baseado em todos os locos. As categorias de relacionamento foram estimadas usando o programa ML-RELATE. Nossos resultados indicaram que as ninhadas, das ??reas de cativeiro apresentaram, em m??dia, estimativas altas de relacionamento, variando de 0,48 em Itacoatiara 2 e Rio Preto da Eva a 0,51 em Itacoatiara 1. Nas amostras de Santar??m, os valores m??dios encontrados variaram de 0,46 a 0,80 em STM G2 e STM G3, respectivamente. As matrizes das categorias de relacionamento, mostram que tanto nos grupos de cativeiro, como nos grupos de ??rea semi-aberta, a maior freq????ncia observada nos filhotes ?? da categoria n??o-relacionados (U). Quando analisamos separadamente cada amostragem, percebemos outros n??veis de rela????es de parentesco ou categorias de relacionamento nos filhotes. Esses resultados indicam que, apesar dos filhotes estarem altamente relacionados, a hip??tese de uma ???maternidade ou paternidade extra??? aos pares do acasalamento, n??o pode ser ignorada. Tais resultados demonstram uma estrat??gia reprodutiva natural e efetiva, para a manuten????o da variabilidade gen??tica na prole de Arapaima gigas.
- Published
- 2006
190. A dataset of new occurrence records of primates from the arc of deforestation, Brazil.
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Costa-Araújo R, Canale GR, de Melo FR, da Silva RR, da Silva IB, de Alencar RM, da Silva LF, Jerusalinsky L, de Azevedo RB, Santos Júnior EM, Mourthé I, Ruz EJH, Silva-Jr JSE, Roos C, Farias IP, and Hrbek T
- Abstract
The so-called arc of deforestation is a major agricultural and industrial frontier in southern Amazonia and northern Cerrado of Brazil. As arboreal mammals, the primates in this region are therefore threatened by forest loss and fragmentation. At the same time, knowledge about the taxonomic diversity and distribution ranges of these taxa is incomplete, which might hamper efficient conservation measurements. New species have been recently discovered in this region, and their ranges remain imprecise because only a few occurrence records are available for each species. Here we present 192 new records of 22 species and subspecies of Alouatta , Aotus , Ateles , Cebus , Chiropotes , Lagothrix , Leontocebus , Pithecia , Plecturocebus , Saimiri , and Sapajus , collected in 56 different localities during 10 field expeditions across the arc of deforestation between 2015 and 2018. Based on these new records, we extend the ranges of Alouatta puruensis , Ateles chamek , and Saimiri collinsi ; identify potential hybridization zones between A. puruensis and A. discolor , and between At. chamek and At. marginatus ; redefine the range of Plecturocebus moloch ; and clarify the ranges of P. baptista and P. hoffmannsi . Moreover, these results and the dataset are valuable for further research on, for example, species distribution and habitat use modeling, for assessing species extinction risks, and for supporting efforts for the conservation of species increasingly threatened on a global deforestation frontier., Competing Interests: At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of Primate Biology. The peer-review process was guided by an independent editor, and the authors also have no other competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 Rodrigo Costa-Araújo et al.)
- Published
- 2024
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191. Long-term female bias in sex ratios across life stages of Harpy Eagle, a large raptor exhibiting reverse sexual size dimorphism.
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Banhos A, Sanaiotti TM, Coser R, Gravena W, Aguiar-Silva FH, Kaizer M, Hrbek T, and Farias IP
- Abstract
The primary (PSR), secondary (SSR) and adult (ASR) sex ratios of sexually reproducing organisms influence their life histories. Species exhibiting reversed sexual size dimorphism (RSD) may imply a higher cost of female production or lower female survival, thus generating biases in PSR, SSR and/or ASR towards males. The Harpy Eagle is the world's largest eagle exhibiting RSD. This species is found in the Neotropical region and is currently threatened with extinction. We used molecular markers to determine the sex of 309 Harpy Eagles spanning different life stages-eaglets, subadults and adults-from 1904 to 2021 within the Amazon Rainforest and Atlantic Forest. Sex ratios for all life stages revealed a female-biased deviation across all periods and regions. Our results suggest that the population bias towards females is an evolutionary ecological pattern of this species, and SSR and ASR likely emerged from the PSR. This natural bias towards females may be compensated by an earlier sexual maturation age of males, implying a longer reproductive lifespan and a higher proportion of sexually active males. A better understanding of the Harpy Eagle's life history can contribute to understanding sex-role evolution and enable more appropriate conservation strategies for the species., Competing Interests: We declare we have no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2023
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192. Multilocus approach reveals distinct evolutionary units of the South American apapa Pellona flavipinnis (Valenciennes, 1837) (Clupeiformes, Pristigasteridae).
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Ximenes AM, Machado VN, Hernandez-Ruz EJ, de Lima Muniz F, Hrbek T, and Farias IP
- Subjects
- Animals, Phylogeny, Brazil, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Fishes genetics, Biological Evolution
- Abstract
The discovery and characterization of cryptic diversity is important for conservation and management, especially for ichthyofauna, whose diversity is underestimated and understudied. Cryptic diversity is especially common in widely distributed species, and Pellona flavipinnis is one such species. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate and test whether P. flavipinnis harbours cryptic diversity. In this study we used the COI and control region sequences and microsatellite loci of 86-114 specimens from 11-12 locations throughout the Amazon basin, depending on the molecular marker used. We also included two COI GenBank sequences from the type locality of the species, the Paraná River. The results from COI sequences showed that P. flavipinnis from the Amazon basin presented two spatially structured lineages differentiated from P. flavipinnis from the Paraná River by 10.6%-9.8% (depending on the lineages) and 45 mutational steps. The genetic distance between the Amazon lineages was 2.4% using COI, with high population differentiation values (Ф
ST = 0.8686 and ФST = 0.8483 for COI and control region, respectively). Among the five species delimitation methods employed, three indicated two lineages in P. flavipinnis in the Amazon basin, and all five methods indicated that the Amazonian lineages are different from that of Paraná. Results from microsatellite loci also showed that P. flavipinnis from the Amazon basin is composed of two evolutionary units. The results of 13 morphometric measurements indicated that there are no differences in shape between the P. flavipinnis lineages in the Amazon basin. The present findings suggest that there are two sympatric lineages of P. flavipinnis in the Amazon basin., (© 2023 Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
193. Notes on the distribution and habitat use of marmosets (Callitrichidae: Mico ) from south-central Amazonia.
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Costa-Araújo R, Bergamasco G, Roos C, Farias IP, and Hrbek T
- Abstract
Currently, 15 species of Amazon marmosets (genus Mico ) are known to science. The Amazon marmosets occur primarily in southern Brazilian Amazonia, the arc of deforestation, and are among the least studied primates of the neotropics. This is particularly the case for M. acariensis and M. chrysoleucos , both endemic to the Aripuanã-Sucundurí interfluve, south-central Amazonia. Mico acariensis was not studied beyond the species description, and the only information currently available is the pelage colouration of the holotype, inferred coordinates of the type locality, and a field report with two additional localities of occurrence. Regarding M. chrysoleucos , in addition to the species description, there are taxonomic reviews, the report of a second occurrence record, and a study on the species range. We provide here new occurrence records that extend the distribution of M. chrysoleucos ; provide new records for and update the distribution of M. acariensis ; and propose the existence of a hybrid zone in the Aripuanã-Sucundurí interfluve, i.e. around the known distribution boundaries of M. acariensis , M. chrysoleucos , and M. melanurus , and we also discuss habitat use patterns of Amazon marmosets., Competing Interests: At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of . The peer-review process was guided by an independent editor, and the authors also have no other competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2023 Rodrigo Costa-Araújo et al.)
- Published
- 2023
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194. Spatial and temporal population genetic analysis of Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae), an overexploited fish from the Amazon basin.
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Nunes I, Passos K, Mourão Ximenes A, Hrbek T, and Farias IP
- Subjects
- Animals, Fisheries, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Genetics, Population, Conservation of Natural Resources, Characiformes genetics
- Abstract
Background: Semaprochilodus insignis is a migratory fish of commercial and subsistence importance to communities in the Amazon. Despite the high intensity of exploitation, recent studies have not been carried out to assess the genetic status of its stocks., Methods: This study is the first to estimate genetic diversity and to test the existence of spatial and temporal structuring of S. insignis through sequencing of the mtDNA control region ( n = 241) and eight microsatellite loci ( n = 180) of individuals sampled at 11 sites distributed in the Brazilian Amazon basin., Results: Results for both markers were congruent, revealing a homogeneous genetic diversity in all the sampled locations, in addition to the absence of spatial and temporal genetic structure, indicating that the species forms a large panmictic population in the Brazilian Amazon., Discussion: Although overfishing does not yet appear to have affected the levels of genetic variability of S. insignis , signals of reduction of the effective population size and a bottleneck provide an early alert to the effects of overfishing. Thus, the ever-decreasing populations may threaten S. insignis in the future. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study may contribute to the elaboration of management plans or any other measures that aim at the management and conservation of this species of great importance for the Amazon basin., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2023 Nunes et al.)
- Published
- 2023
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195. Phylogeography and population genetic structure of the cardinal tetra ( Paracheirodon axelrodi ) in the Orinoco basin and Negro River (Amazon basin): evaluating connectivity and historical patterns of diversification.
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Sanchez-Bernal D, Martinez JG, Farias IP, Hrbek T, and Caballero S
- Subjects
- Animals, Fresh Water, Phylogeography, Rivers, Characidae
- Abstract
The Neotropics contain one of the most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes worldwide. Part of this diversity is shared between the Orinoco and Amazon basins. These basins have been separated for a long time due to the Vaupes Arch, rising between 10-11 Ma. Today, there is only one permanent connection between the Orinoco and Negro (Amazon) basins, known as the Casiquiare Canal. However, alternative corridors allowing fish dispersion between both basins have been proposed. The cardinal tetra ( Paracheirodon axelrodi), the most important fish in the ornamental world market, is distributed in both basins. Here we investigated P. axelrodi phylogeography, population structure, and potential routes of migration and connectivity between the two basins. A total of 468 bp of the mitochondrial gene (COI), 555 bp of the nuclear gene fragment (MYH6), and eight microsatellite loci were analyzed. As a result, we found two major genetic clusters as the most likely scenario ( K = 2), but they were not discreetly distributed between basins. A gradient of genetic admixture was observed in Cucui and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, between the upper Negro River and the upper Orinoco. Samples from the middle-lower Negro River were highly structured. Cucui (Negro basin) was more similar to the Orinoco than to the rest of the Negro basin populations. However, substructure was also observed by the discriminant analysis, fixation indices and other hierarchichal structure analyses ( K = 3 - 6), showing three major geographic clusters: Orinoco, Cucui, and the remaining Negro basin. Unidirectional migration patterns were detected between basins: via Cucui toward Orinoco and via the remaining of the Negro basin toward Orinoco. Results from the Relaxed Random Walk analysis support a very recent origin of this species in the headwater Orinoco basin (Western Guiana Shield, at late Pleistocene) with a later rapid colonization of the remaining Orinoco basin and almost simultaneously the Negro River via Cucui, between 0.115 until about 0.001 Ma. Historical biogeography and population genetic patterns observed here for Cardinal tetra, seem to be better explained by river capture, physical, or ecological barriers than due to the geographic distance., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2023 Sanchez-Bernal et al.)
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- 2023
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196. Taxonomic review of Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823) (Primates, Callitrichidae), and description of a new species.
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Lopes GP, Rohe F, Bertuol F, Polo E, Lima IJ, Valsecchi J, Santos TCM, Nash SD, da Silva MNF, Boubli JP, Farias IP, and Hrbek T
- Subjects
- Animals, Bees, Saguinus
- Abstract
Although the Amazon has the greatest diversity of primates, there are still taxonomic uncertainties for many taxa, such as the species of the Saguinus mystax group. The most geographically broadly distributed and phenotypically diverse species in this group is S . mystax , and its phenotypic diversity has been recognized as three subspecies- S . mystax mystax , S . mystax pileatus and S . mystax pluto -with non-overlapping geographic distributions. In this sense, we carried out an extensive field survey in their distribution areas and used a framework of taxonomic hypothesis testing of genomic data combined with an integrative taxonomic decision-making framework to carry out a taxonomic revision of S. mystax . Our tests supported the existence of three lineages/species. The first species corresponds to Saguinus mystax mystax from the left bank of the Juruá River, which was raised to the species level, and we also discovered and described animals from the Juruá-Tefé interfluve previously attributed to S . mystax mystax as a new species. The subspecies S . m . pileatus and S . m . pluto are recognized as a single species, under a new nomenclatural combination. However, given their phenotypic distinction and allopatric distribution, they potentially are a manifestation of an early stage of speciation, and therefore we maintain their subspecific designations., Competing Interests: Tomas Hrbek is an Academic Editor for PeerJ., (© 2023 Lopes et al.)
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- 2023
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197. Diversification of Amazonian spiny tree rats in genus Makalata (Rodentia, Echimyidae): Cryptic diversity, geographic structure and drivers of speciation.
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Miranda CL, Farias IP, Da Silva MNF, Antonelli A, Machado AF, Leite RN, Nunes MDS, De Oliveira TG, and Pieczarka JC
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- Animals, Rats, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Genetic Speciation, Rodentia genetics, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics
- Abstract
Amazonian mammal diversity is exceptionally high, yet new taxonomic discoveries continue to be made and many questions remain for understanding its diversification through time and space. Here we investigate the diversification of spiny rats in the genus Makalata, whose species are strongly associated with seasonally flooded forests, watercourses and flooded islands. We use a biogeographical approach based on a mitochondrial cytochrome b gene through divergence time estimation and reconstruction of ancestral areas and events. Our findings indicate an ancient origin of Makalata for the Guiana Shield and Eastern Amazonia as ancestral area. A first cladogenetic event led to a phylogeographic break into two broader clades of Makalata through dispersal, implying a pattern of western/Eastern Amazonian clades coinciding with the Purus Arch (middle Miocene). Most of subclades we infer originated between the late Pliocene to the early Pleistocene, with few recent exceptions in the early Pliocene through dispersal and vicariant events. The hypothesis of rivers as dispersal barriers is not corroborated for Makalata, as expected for mammalian species associated with seasonally flooded environments. We identify two key events for the expansion and diversification of Makalata species: the presence of geologically stable areas in the Guiana and Brazilian shields and the transition from lacustrine conditions in western Amazonia (Acre system) to a river system, with the establishment of the Amazon River transcontinental system and its tributaries. Our results are congruent with older geological scenarios for the Amazon basin formation (Miocene), but we do not discard the influence of recent dynamics on some speciation events and, mainly, on phylogeographic structuring processes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2022 Miranda et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2022
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198. A new species of Astronotus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins, northern South America.
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Lozano AP, Lasso-Alcalá OM, Bittencourt PS, Taphorn DC, Perez N, and Farias IP
- Abstract
Based on morphological and molecular analysis of Astronotus species, a new species is described from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins in Venezuela and Colombia. Morphologically, it differs from Astronotuscrassipinnis and Astronotusocellatus in pre-orbital depth, caudal peduncle depth, head width, and caudal peduncle length, with significant differences in average percentage values. Osteologically, it differs from the two described species by lacking a hypurapophysis on the parahypural bone (hypural complex) and having two or three supraneural bones. Another characteristic that helps diagnose the new species is the morphology of the sagitta otolith, which is oval with crenulated dorsal and ventral margins and a rounded posterior edge. Genetically, the new species is distinct from all the other lineages previously proposed for the genus, delimited by five single locus species delimitation methods, and also has unique diagnostic nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the new species as well as all other species/lineages. Astronotus species have considerable genetic, anatomical, and sagitta otolith shape differences, but have few significant traditional morphometric and meristic differences, because there is high variability in counts of spines, soft dorsal-fin rays, and lateral-line scales. It is clear that this new species is genetically and anatomically differentiated from all other species within the genus, and deserves recognition as a new valid species., (Alfredo Perez Lozano, Oscar M. Lasso-Alcalá, Pedro S. Bittencourt, Donald C. Taphorn, Nayibe Perez, Izeni Pires Farias.)
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- 2022
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199. Two new surprising species of leaf-litter toad of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Peruvian Amazon, LoretoPeru.
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Rojas RR, Pea PP, Vila RW, DE Carvalho VT, Perez R, Farias IP, Gordo M, and Hrbek T
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- Animals, Male, Peru, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves, Bufonidae, Forests
- Abstract
We describe two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the department of Loreto, Peru. We integrate morphological and phylogenetic analyses to provide evidence of new species. R. angeli sp. nov. is diagnosable from all congeners by its pronounced fleshy proboscis and R. unapensis sp. nov. by the small size (mean snout-vent length=37.7 4.1 mm) of adult males, snout pointed in dorsal view, nearly acute in lateral view, and small bony protrusion at the angle of jaws among other characters. The two species are allopatric, where the first species is known to be associated inhabits upland (=terra firme) forests, while the second white sand forests (=varillales) around Iquitos city. The two new species represent the 20th and 21st species of the Rhinella margaritifera species group.
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- 2022
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200. Mapping the hidden diversity of the Geophagus sensu stricto species group (Cichlidae: Geophagini) from the Amazon basin.
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Ximenes AM, Bittencourt PS, Machado VN, Hrbek T, and Farias IP
- Abstract
South American freshwater ichthyofauna is taxonomically the most diverse on the planet, yet its diversity is still vastly underestimated. The Amazon basin alone holds more than half of this diversity. The evidence of this underestimation comes from the backlog of morphologically distinct, yet undescribed forms deposited in museum collections, and from DNA-based inventories which consistently identify large numbers of divergent lineages within even well-studied species groups. In the present study, we investigated lineage diversity within the Geophagus sensu stricto species group. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed 337 individuals sampled from 77 locations within and outside the Amazon basin representing 10 nominal and six morphologically distinct but undescribed species. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and delimited lineages using four different single-locus species discovery methods (mPTP-15 lineages; LocMin-14 lineages; bGMYC-18 lineages; and GMYC-30 lineages). The six morphologically distinct but undescribed species were also delimited by the majority of the species discovery methods. Five of these lineages are restricted to a single collection site or a watershed and their habitats are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, agricultural activities and construction of hydroelectric plants. Our results also highlight the importance of combining DNA and morphological data in biodiversity assessment studies especially in taxonomically diverse tropical biotas., Competing Interests: Tomas Hrbek is an Academic Editor for PeerJ. All other authors declare that there are no competing interests., (© 2021 Ximenes et al.)
- Published
- 2021
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