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Developmental sevoflurane exposure leads to widespread neuronal cell death known as sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity (SIN). Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-driven necroptosis plays an important role in cell fate. Previous research has shown that inhibition of RIPK1 activity alone did not attenuate SIN. Since RIPK3/MLKL signaling could also be activated by Z-DNA/RNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), the present study was designed to investigate whether ZBP1-mediated and RIPK3/MLKL-driven necroptosis is involved in SIN through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We found that sevoflurane priming triggers neuronal cell death and LDH release in a time-dependent manner. The expression levels of RIPK1, RIPK3, ZBP1 and membrane phosphorylated MLKL were also dramatically enhanced in SIN. Intriguingly, knockdown of RIPK3, but not RIPK1, abolished MLKL-mediated neuronal necroptosis in SIN. Additionally, inhibition of RIPK3-mediated necroptosis with GSK'872, rather than inhibition of apoptosis with zVAD, significantly ameliorated SIN. Further investigation showed that sevoflurane treatment causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release into the cytosol. Accordingly, ZBP1 senses cytosolic mtDNA and consequently activates RIPK3/MLKL signaling. This conclusion was reinforced by the evidence that knockdown of ZBP1 or depleting mtDNA with ethidium bromide remarkably improved SIN. Finally, the administration of the RIPK3 inhibitor GSK'872 relieved sevoflurane-induced spatial and emotional disorders without influence on locomotor activity. Altogether, these results illustrate that ZBP1 senses cytosolic mtDNA to induce RIPK3/MLKL-driven necroptosis in SIN. Elucidating the role of necroptosis in SIN will provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of anesthetic exposure in the developing brain.

A major mark of the progress of human society is its transition from the production of things in space to the production of space itself. Oral narrative covers a certain range of space with sound, and physical spaces such as theaters, cinemas, and concert halls accommodate various forms of narrative communication. Drama was the most popular form of mass communication in the pre-industrial age, and its performance required a “sound wall” around the theater to keep people focused. Comment and discussion were both significant forms of narrative consumption. Some consumers who paid more attention to “being seen” even regarded the communication arena as a social platform. In present times, commentary subtitles (Danmaku in Japanese) pop up on computer screens from time to time to make consumers feel as if they are chatting with people while watching. “Chatting” in social media groups also belongs to interaction in virtual space. Surround sound in the cinema wraps the audience and screen into a unifying auditory space, blurring or even eliminating the boundaries between them. Narrative has been an act of producing acoustic space from the very beginning. Nowadays, people adopt more abundant narrative means yet still rely on the imitation of auditory communication.

Native plant communities are commonly invaded by invasive plants to different degrees. However, the relative contribution of the invasive plant abundance vs. phylogenetic evenness to the responses of wetland communities to different degrees of invasion is still unclear. In addition, whether such contribution varies with environmental conditions such as flooding is also unclear. To address these questions, we chose Alternanthera philoxeroides as the invasive plant, and set up four invasive degrees by changing the community species composition under both flooding and non-flooding conditions. The relative abundance of A. philoxeroides and phylogenetic evenness changed simultaneously with the change in the community invasion degree. The invasion degree significantly affected the individual biomass of A. philoxeroides and some native species. Variation partitioning showed that the relative abundance of A. philoxeroides contributed more to variation in community indicators than phylogenetic evenness, regardless of flooding. Spearman rank correlation test showed that the relative abundance of A. philoxeroides was negatively correlated with the individual biomass of A. philoxeroides and some native species, while the phylogenetic evenness was positively correlated with only a few native species. And their correlation strength and significance were all affected by specific species and flooded environment. In conclusion, our results suggest that the relative abundance of A. philoxeroides can more effectively explain the wetland community response to different invasion degrees than phylogenetic evenness, regardless of flooding.

Species of Gymnosporangium are major pathogenic rust fungi causing diseases and significant economic losses of plants in the Cupressaceae and Rosaceae family (Kern 1973). During our investigation of rust fungi in Qinghai Province, northwestern China, we found the spermogonial and aecial stages of Gymnosporangium species on Cotoneaster acutifolius. C. acutifolius is the woody plant that range in habit from ground-covers to airy shrubs and medium-sized trees(Rothleutner et al. 2016). Upon investigation in the field, the incidence of rust on C. acutifolius was 80% and 60% (n = 100) for 2020 and 2022, respectively. C. acutifolius leaves showing abundant aecia were collected from Batang forest area of Yushu (32.45°N, 97.19°E, alt. 3835 m), Qinghai, China, from August to October of both years. The rust makes its symptom first on the upper surface appearing yellow then dark brow, aggregated spermogonia in yellow-orange leaf spots. These spots enlarge gradually and displaying an orange-yellow and are often bordered by red concentric rings. In the later stage, many pale yellow, roestelioid aecia developed on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves or fruits. The morphology of this fungus was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (JEOL, JSM–6360LV). Microscopic examination show that aecia are foliicolous, hypophyllous, roestelioid, and producing cylindrical peridia that are acuminate, splitting above and becoming some-what lacerate nearly to base, somewhat erect after dehiscence. Peridial cells are rhomboid, and 42 to 118 × 11-27μm(n=30). They have smooth outer walls and rugose inner and side walls with long obliquely arranged ridges. Aeciospores are ellipsoid, chestnut brown, 20 to 38 × 15 to 35 μm(n=30), wall densely and minutely verrucose, 1 to 3 μm thick, with 4 to 10 pores. Whole genomic DNA was extracted (Tian et al. 2004), and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was amplified with the primer pair ITS3 (Gardes and Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (Vogler and Bruns 1998). The sequence of the amplified fragment was deposited in the GenBank database (GenBank Accession No. MW714871). A BLAST search of GenBank showed a high identity (> 99%) with the reference sequences of Gymnosporangium pleoporumGenBank Accession No. MH178659 and MH178658). G. pleoporum was first described from specimens in the telial stage found on Juniperus przewalskii, from Menyuan of Qinghai in China (Tao et al. 2020). In this study, the fungus G.pleoporum of spermogonial and aecial stages were collected from the C. acutifolius, we confirmed the alternate host of G. pleoporum based on DNA extraction results. To our knowledge, this is the first record of G. pleoporum causing rust disease on C. acutifolius. Because the alternate host can be infected by several different species of Gymnosporangium (Tao et al. 2020), further investigations are needed to verify heteroecious of the rust fungus.

The O-β-oxoalkyl carbamates were synthesized via the visible light-initiated HAT pathway from CO2, amines and inactive substrates with the assistance of CBr4, leading to simultaneous construction of C–O and C–N bonds under ambient conditions.

The palladium-catalyzed four-component carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amines, aryl iodides, CO2 and CO was developed, which has broad substrate scope and application prospects.

Presently, tight carbonate reservoirs with high gas production in lower Paleozoic of Changqing Oilfield have been continuously studied. Although tight carbonate reservoirs have a strong heterogeneity and complex combination relationship, they are difficult to evaluate using conventional logging data. The electrical imaging logging data have a high resolution, which can directly observe the structural characteristics of the formation and the spatial characteristics of pores and holes. The information on the effectiveness of pores in the formation can be obtained through the electrical imaging logging data, so that the tight carbonate reservoir parameters can be evaluated using the information. However, the interpretation of the electrical imaging logging image has multiple solutions, and the interpretation accuracy largely depends on the experience of the interpreter. In this paper, we compare a large number of core experiments, conventional logging, imaging logging, and other data, and propose a method of pore size distribution feature extraction and pore size spectrum calculation based on electrical imaging logging to quantitatively evaluate pore permeability parameters of a tight carbonate reservoir. Our result improves the interpretation accuracy and coincidence rate, which is confirmed by the well testing data.

Structural vulnerabilities associated with open-end funds have received increasing attention among academics and regulators over the past few years. Despite the effort by policymakers to enhance the liquidity risk management practices at these funds, evaluating the availability, use and effectiveness of liquidity management tools continues to be a challenging task in assessing vulnerabilities in open-end funds, largely because comprehensive data on open-end funds' access to liquidity management tools remain scarce.