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This study investigates the function of item information on mixed-format tests on the measurement of physics learning outcomes. The item information function is an important attribute in the item response theory approach that describes the accuracy of the measures taken. In this research, the mixed-format test used is a physics test consisting of 30 multiple choice format items and five constructed-response formats. The data analyzed in this study were responses from 300 junior high school students from six schools. The sample was selected using the Purposive Sampling Method. The mixed format test response data were analyzed using item response theory models, namely the Multiple-Choice Model and the Graded Response Model. Calibration is done in two ways: simultaneously and separately, then the results are compared to find out the value of higher information functions. The results of the analysis show that the information function of the items carried out simultaneously for the mixed format test is higher than the information function produced by the calibration done separately. Therefore, the combination of multiple-choice and graded response models is highly recommended for analyzing mixed-format tests; this combination increases the accuracy of capability measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer-based assessment greatly helps the teacher's task in assessment, especially for objective tests. This study aimed to develop a computer-based test design (CBT) for physics class X using the Moodle platform version 3.6.4. This study uses research and development (R&D) methods that refer to the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The product made displays computer-based tests using the Moodle media platform by presenting 5 types of objective tests with several different question packages. In addition, the test is complemented by a safe exam browser application, which is an exam isolation room. Media experts have validated this CBT product with an achievement percentage of 87.3% with excellent interpretation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close relationship between science and religion should not be separated, but one must be strengthened through the integration of science and the Qur'an learning. Experimental activities are very important in learning science. To support the implementation of experimental activities in the science learning process, student worksheets are needed to guide students in conducting experiments. Therefore, this study aims to develop basic physics practice guidelines that are integrated with the verses of the Qur'an for prospective teachers of Natural Sciences. Al-Qur'an verses integrated into this worksheet aim to instill Islamic values and positive character in students. This type of research is research and development (R&D) using the methods of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE). The research instruments used in this study were validation sheets (used at the development stage) and questionnaires (used at the implementation stage). Based on the results of the study, it was found that the validity of the basic physics practicum guide integrated with the verses of the Qur'an was in the category of very valid with a score of 90%, very feasible with a score of 92% and very practical to use with a score of 96%. In addition, students showed a positive response to the worksheets used with a score of 96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One fundamental problem for students is a low understanding of the concept of kinematics. The reason is that the use of learning models is limited to learning lecture methods. Therefore, this research uses mind mapping learning models as an alternative to help students improve their understanding of kinematics concepts. This study uses a single group pretest-posttest design with treatment using mind mapping learning models. The results showed that the average student pretest score (n = 21) was 4.28, and the average posttest score was 8.66. This shows an increase in the mean score of 4.38 after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the quality of softball hitting skills and improve knowledge about momentum and impulses in the use of instructional DVD media softball hitting techniques that are integrated with the concept of momentum and impulse material. This study uses a quasi-experimental research method. The quality of softball hitting skills is measured using an observation sheet, while the increase in students' knowledge in material momentum and impulses is measured using n-gain values from the pre-test and post-test results. The results show that the class given additional treatment in the form of instructional DVD media use is better than the control class. In measuring the quality of softball hitting skills, the results show that the experimental class contained seven students with excellent skills, six students with good skills, and three students needed improvement. Whereas in the control class there were only four students with very good skills and five students with good skills, the remaining seven students needed improvement again. As for the increase in knowledge about momentum and impulses, the experimental class with a gain value of 0.81 (high improvement) is superior to the control class with a gain value of only 0.55 (medium improvement). Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the use of instructional DVD media on the technique of hitting a softball ball that is integrated with the concept of momentum and impulse material has a great influence on the quality of softball hitting skills and increasing knowledge about momentum and impulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation Z learning patterns that rule out classroom learning make this generation less motivated in the thought process. This test instrument is designed to improve students' thinking ability, especially strategic thinking. Strategic thinking is an ability possessed by a person who can plan, analyze, and consider solving a problem by staying focused and in the right time. This instrument was developed with an R&D model and is based on the stages of preparation of test instruments by Mc Intire. Instruments were validated by 7 physicists who filled out questionnaires using the Likert scale and analyzed using the Aitken formula. The validation results of the question get 10 valid questions with validation index 0.857, and the question can be tested by the student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics learning is now more often using teacher-centered learning even though effective learning should use student-centered learning. Then, it needs improvement; one that can be used is to adopt a learning approach. The learning approach that is considered effective to use is the STEM approach. The STEM approach is a learning approach that integrates four branches of science at once, namely science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The purpose of this study was to determine whether students' understanding of concepts in learning STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) by using slingshot projects on the material elasticity and Hooke law, taking the subject by purposive sampling in the experimental class and the control class. This type of research was a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design experimental study with a quasi-experimental design research design, using data collected in the form of tests consisting of pre-test and post-test. The data were processed using statistical tests with normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests. The results obtained from this study are the average value of the experimental class of 72,09 and the average value of the control class of 68,11. The average value of the experimental class is higher than the control class so that the concept of understanding in the material elasticity and Hooke law is better to use STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) using a slingshot project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational games as multimedia learning media are fun, challenging, motivated, active, and provide fast feedback. Learning by using educational games will reduce tension and boredom in learning physics. This study aims to develop a fun and meaningful physics education game for high school students. Using educational games can be an effective way to present the challenges of learning physics after school hours, so students are interested in engaging in assignments. This study uses the waterfall method with steps: analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. This educational game was designed using the Construct 2 application. The results of this study are android-based educational game applications that will be validated by media experts using a Likert scale questionnaire. This study succeeded in designed an Android-based educational game for high school physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The learning trend in the 21st century is to adopt technology to support the learning process. The rapid development of social media can be used positively to improve the physics learning process outside the classroom. This article presents the results of the research and development of Powtoon-based physics learning videos on social media Instagram. This research and development used the ADDIE model approach. Research has succeeded in developing learning videos on Instagram for the concepts of equilibrium and rotational dynamics. The resulting video has been implemented in Instagram media. Product worthiness was assessed by experts using a valid and reliable Likert scale questionnaire instrument. Besides, the feasibility of the product is also evaluated by the number of users by giving a like statement on Instagram. The results of this study indicate that the Powtoon-based learning video concepts of equilibrium and rotational dynamics displayed on Instagram are appropriate as physics learning materials in 21st century learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to produce augmented physics animation (APA) with the crosscutting concept of the COVID 19 pandemic. APA was used as a supplement to introductory physics courses. The research method used Research and Development (R&D) with the 4D development model, which consists of (1) define, (2) design, (3) develop, and (4) disseminate. Assessment of the product involved three material experts from the fields of physics, chemistry, and biology. In addition, an education expert was also involved, especially regarding teaching materials. The user's motivation level involved thirty students (N=30) from the Department of Physics Education, UNTIRTA, in the second semester. The products produced were interactive teaching materials used augmented reality technology, integrated with crosscutting concepts of the COVID 19 pandemic. The results showed that the APA developed was "feasible" in terms of material and educational aspects. Also, this augmented physics animation can increase student motivation levels in deepening fundamental physics. APA makes it easier to understand the concepts of physics associated with real life, especially concerning the COVID 19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find out the impact of blended learning on student learning outcomes in the pattern grading lesson taught in the Textile Physics course. This pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest study involved 68 students from the Apparel Design Program of the Faculty of Engineering at Universitas Negeri Jakarta. The study engaged participants to learn pattern grading in face-to-face and blended learning environments. The students were assessed before and after receiving each treatment. Then, the results were presented and compared. This study revealed that blended learning had been proven successful in improving student learning outcomes by 28%, which was higher than the conventional method, which was only 11%. Thus, it suggests that blended learning made a more significant impact on student learning outcomes at pattern grading compared to face-to-face learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the cognitive abilities and critical thinking skills of junior high school students on heat transfer concepts. The research method used is quantitative descriptive. The research subjects were Grade VII students of TB Junior High School, Jakarta. The research instruments were used the multiple-choice question to measure cognitive abilities and essay tests to measure students' critical thinking skills. The data collection technique used is a test then conducted a descriptive analysis to determine the percentage of cognitive abilities and critical thinking skills of students. Based on the results of data analysis, the cognitive ability of students in the C1 domain is 75%. The cognitive abilities of students in the C2 domain are 68.75%, the cognitive abilities of students in the C3 domain are 43, 75%, and the abilities of the students in the C4 domain are 31.25% so the average cognitive abilities of the students are 54, 69 %. The results of the analysis of critical thinking skills show that 50% can identify the reasons stated, 37.5% of students can make agreements among sources, 43.75% of participants can deduce explanations, conclusions, and hypotheses, 12.75% can choose criteria for considering possible solutions so that the overall score is 29.69%. The results of this data analysis mean that the cognitive abilities of students in the overall category are sufficient, and the overall critical thinking skills are in a low category so that efforts are needed to improve the process and creativity in learning by applying a contextual approach continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of digital education 4.0 encourages educators to be able to integrate the teaching and learning process with digital practice. Students can now find their own learning media through internet access. This research aims to develop physics learning videos in the form of animated videos. Submission of learning materials with animated videos can attract the attention of students. The animated video can also be accessed easily via the internet. Animated videos were developed using Powtoon software. The method used is a research and development method for the development model of Dick and Carey. The video made displays a summary of the material, supporting videos, practice questions, and a short quiz about physics class X material that will be delivered. The output of the study is a learning video that is suitable for use as a medium for high school learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop multiple-choice physics items in measuring the ability of talent intellection of class XI high school students on dynamic fluid material. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method. The development model used in this study refers to the model proposed by Djemari Mardapi in stages: (1) compiling test specifications; (2) writing test questions; (3) examine test questions; (4) conducting test trials; (5) analyzing tests; (6) correcting test; (7) assembling the test; (8) carrying out the test; and (9) interpreting test results. The items to be generated are in the form of an essay that can be accessed via smartphones or laptops connected to the internet network. The feasibility test of an essay physics test item on dynamic fluid material to measure the ability of high school student intellection thinking ability through a validity test questionnaire to expert judges by providing a Likert scale and analyzing using the Aiken formula. Validation results from 17 items test questions show validity ≥ 0.87, then the items valid and can be tested to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulty in receiving lesson information, boredom, and lack of interest and motivation are common among students in the physics learning process. The development of instructional media is one solution that can be done to overcome it. In this study, an audio-visual media type in the form of learning videos of cartoon genres will be developed using the PowToon web application. Based on related research, cartoon genre learning videos can focus students' attention, increase interest and motivation to learn even in difficult learning environments, improve the ability to receive messages conveyed, as well as improve the ability to think mathematically. This research and development uses a modified Dick and Carey approach. The product has validated by media experts and material experts using a valid and reliable Likert scale questionnaire. This research succeeded in getting a video learning based on the PowToon web application which is suitable as a physics learning media. The validation result provides that this video learning is materially feasible with an average percentage of 79.26%, which is categorized as very good, and in the media with an average percentage of 78.75%, which is categorized as very good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted with aims to develop a computer-based school exam application model for high school physics subjects. The questions that have been developed in the model are then analyzed using IRT Model 1P (Rasch Model). The research method used is Sadiman type of research and development. The product developed is in the form of a test kit application model for School Physics Exams. The developed product shows very good criteria with an average score of 87.79% with details for aspects of Physics material at 87.92% (very good), assessment aspects of 83.13% (very good), and media aspects of 92.32% (very good). The results of the analysis of the problems that have been developed in the model using the Rasch Model analysis show all the questions are declared valid and reliable, so it is feasible to be implemented in the implementation of the School Exams. The questions that have been developed are also scattered in various levels of difficulty and are not biased towards gender and school origin. Based on the results and discussion, the computer-based school exam application model for high school physics subject is appropriate to be used and implemented in the implementation of school exams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the comparison of problem-based learning strategies assisted by animated video and without video-assisted animation on the metacognitive abilities of high school students. This research uses a quasi- experimental type of research with a pretest-posttest control group design. The instrument used in this study was a 4-item essay-shaped question instrument, where each question contained indicators of metacognitive abilities, namely: 1) planning, 2) monitoring, and 3) evaluation. The results of the data were processed with the Microsoft Excel 2016 application to test the validity, reliability, level of difficulty, and differentiation. Meanwhile, for the normality test, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing using the SPSS 23 application. In this study, the results showed that the metacognitive abilities of students from the control class were higher than the metacognitive abilities of students from the experimental class because the significance value obtained was around 0.5 or greater than 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 21st century learning encourages to use technology in the education field. One of the skills that are trained in the 21st century is Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Physics is a subject that requires a practicum to deliver an abstract material. The worksheets that are available are not optimal in training HOTS of students in learning physics. This article will describe the results of research and development for worksheets of physics practicum that combines print worksheets with QR-Code technology-based 3D media that is appropriate for training HOTS students. The physics material developed by the worksheet is for practicum in class XI odd semester. Worksheets were developed using the stages of discovery learning. The development of this worksheet uses the Research and Development (R&D) model from Dick & Carey. The feasibility of the worksheet was tested by material experts, media experts and learning experts using a valid and reliable Likert scale instrument. This research resulted from a worksheet with discovery learning equipped with QR-Code based 3D media, which was appropriate to train HOTS high-school students in the class XI odd semester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The learning process in the 21st century must be supported using technology. One of the competencies that are trained in physics learning is the ability to analyze. High school physics worksheets have not been optimal in training high school students' analytical skills. This article will describe the results of research and development of a physics practicum worksheet equipped with 3D media based on QR-Code technology to train it. The worksheet was developed using discovery learning stages. The research and development method used the Dick and Carey model. The resulting worksheet product was tested for material feasibility, learning stages, and practicum media by experts using a Likert scale questionnaire instrument. The results showed that the worksheet product with discovery learning stage equipped with QR-code based 3D media was feasible to be used to train analytical skills in learning physics in high scool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The student needs easy and engaging learning media to study independently to meet the 21st century demands. Technological developments encourage renewal in the learning process. This research aims to produce a compact book as a practical medium to learn physics independently. The research method used was Research and Development with Lee & Owens model development process. The Android-based pocket book contains short materials, learning videos, sample questions, and interactive evaluation issues that are packaged in a mind map form. The resulting product is tested for the feasibility of the material, learning media and software by experts using a valid and reliable four-scale instrument. From the aspects of software engineering, aspects of media and aspects of learning materials, the resulting pocket book was declared feasible as a medium for learning physics independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop the subject of global warming symptoms in the form of a description test to train talent ideation in Grade XI High School Students that deserves to be used as a learning evaluation. The method used in this study is Research and Development (R&d) with the djemari mardapi model. The steps are to compile test specifications, write test questions, study test questions, fix test questions, test trials, analyze test items, and interprets test results. The subject of global warming symptoms in the form of a description test to train talent ideation is validated by five Expert Judges by providing a likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using the Aiken formula. Validation results from 31 details of the description question show validity ≥ 0.80, then the entire item is declared valid and can be tested to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology in the 21st century produces diverse teaching materials in support of a quality learning process. Pocket books become one of the simple teaching materials and are widely used in supporting independent learning. The addition of technology to display multi-media in a printed pocket book will improve the quality of its use. This article will describe the results of research that produces physics pocket books equipped with multi-media based on QR-Code technology. The pocket book was developed for high school physics class X material. This research and development method uses the Dick and Carey model. The feasibility of the resulting pocket book was tested material and media by experts using a valid and reliable Likertz-scale questionnaire instrument. This research succeeded in producing a product in the form of a physics pocket book equipped with media-based QR-Code technology that is feasible as a practical teaching material and can be used as a source of independent teaching material by high school students in grade X. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the relationship between information and communication technology literacy and English abilities with student learning outcomes at the Physics Education Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences UNJ. The study uses associative quantitative research methods using multiple correlation analysis techniques. The target population is all students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences UNJ, the affordable population is all students of the field of physics, while the sample is the third-year physics education student. The research instrument consisted of the Information and Communication Technology literacy instrument and the English ability instrument, while the learning outcomes used the student's Grade Point Average (GPA). Based on the results of the study it was concluded that there was a positive relationship between information and communication technology literacy and English language ability together with the learning outcomes of the students of Physics Education at FMIPA UNJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to compare experiment-based guided inquiry learning (EBGIL) and experimental problem-based learning (EPBL) models to improve the Science Process Skills (SPS) of high school students in the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The study used a quantitative approach, a quasi-experimental method, and its implementation with comparative techniques. The target population in this study were all high school students in the city of Banda Aceh, while the sample was randomly selected as many as 31 students for the group taught by the EPBL method and the EBGIL method. Data collection instruments were developed by researchers, including SPS tests, concept understanding tests, and student response questionnaires. The validity of the instrument is carried out by 2 lecturers and 2 high school teachers—data analysis using N-gain, normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that there were significant differences in the increase in SPS between students in the EBGIL group and the EPBL group. Inference from the results of this research is expected by teachers to be willing and able to use the EBGIL method in an effort to improve SPS and understanding wave concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target of Physics Laboratory II lectures is to learn a practicum media for Physics in Senior High Schools, with criteria following one of the basic competencies of physics learning in High School, with creative ideas, innovative, beautiful, and portable. The lecture process uses a project-based learning model to train and improve creative thinking skills either independently or in groups, so skill and ability to innovate in reaching the target lectures. Student learning results are evaluated based on the achievement of the objectives in accordance with pre-defined criteria. This research has been conducted to examine the problem of student creative thinking and their influence on the study outcomes laboratory II using a project-based learning model. The results of the study were used to design the learning model in the coming year. The learning Data is derived from lecture documentation. Data on student creative thinking skills are gathered using a poll. All students (55 students) who attended the lecture were used as respondents. Data analyzed with the equation regression and correlation Product Moment. The results of the study gained creative thinking skills and very high learning outcomes. Both variables are positively and strongly correlated with correlation coefficient rxy 0,69, and there is a significant influence that with Trh > ttable at a significant level α = 0.05 i.e. 6,97 > 0,266. Hypothesis testing generates trh in acceptance Hα. It was concluded that creative thinking students of the education Physics, has a strong and positive relationship and there is a significant influence on the outcome of learning outcomes in physics laboratory II of Odd semester 2019/2020 whose lecture process is using Project-based learning model. The magnitude of the influence of creative thinking on the achievement of 48% (coefficient of determination) results, 52% is determined by other variables not examined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability in the 2013 curriculum requires students to think critically. This ability can be improved by an active learning model, and this study looks for the effect of the active learning model team quiz type on critical thinking ability. The research method used was a quasi-experiment with pretest-posttest design, and the data collection technique used was purposive sampling. The steps for learning the active learning model of the group quiz type assisted with animated videos were given animated videos to each team. Then, each team is given a student worksheet to work. The value obtained from the posttest mean of the experimental class = 84.44 and the control class = 79.44. The t-test from the posttest results obtained t-count = 2.673 and t-table = 1.667, then the t-test value count> t-table. Based on the results of the t-test, it can be concluded that there is an effect on the thinking ability of high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a basic physics I practicum worksheet using the Science Writing Heuristic approach to improve science process skills in college students. This study used the ADDIE model. The instruments in this study were the validation instrument and the written test. The results of the validation by the material experts were 82.97%, by the media expert were 77,71%, and by the learning expert were 93.8%, with the interpretation of the practicum worksheets very feasible to be implemented. The results of a small-scale field trial involving 6 students showed an average percentage value of 92.78% and the results of a large-scale trial with a sample of 30 students of Physics Education Study Program at Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA) Universitas Negeri Jakarta showed an average percentage of 93.80%. The results showed that the practicum worksheets are very feasible to implement as a guide of Basic Physics I Practicum material. The N-Gain test results showed a score of of 0.74, which means an increase in science process skills with high criteria. Based on the N-Gain test it can be concluded that the worksheet of basic physics I practicum using the Science Writing Heuristic approach can improve the science process skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of inquiry learning models and learning motivation on students' metacognition. The study used the quasi-experimental research method with the 2x2 treatment by level model. The subjects of this study were high school students in Grade 11. The samples were divided into two groups; one group learned through the open inquiry learning model while the other group learned through the guided inquiry learning model. Both groups were then given a learning motivation test to divide students into categories of students who had high learning motivation and students who had low learning motivation. The research showed that the metacognition of students who learned through the open inquiry learning models was lower than those who learned through the guided inquiry learning models. Also, the metacognition of students who had high learning motivation was greater than students who had low motivation. The results of the hypothesis test indicated that there is a significant difference in metacognition between students who learned through the open inquiry learning model and students who learned through the guided inquiry learning model, and there is a significant interaction effect between learning models and learning motivation on students' metacognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of physics learning are observing, asking, collecting data, reasoning, and communicating. The purpose of these activities is to help students build thinking skills in solving problems, being active, and cultivating reasoning skills. These activities can be carried out using a learning model. This study resulted in applying the Problem- Based Learning (PBL) learning model to the concept of elasticity, which was carried out during two meetings at SMAN 77 Jakarta with a sample of 70 students. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive study with observation sheets to assess student activeness at the PBL stages. Based on the research results, the PBL model applied is divided into five stages: 1) orientation to the problem, 2) organizing students, 3) guiding individual and group investigations, 4) developing and presenting the work, 5) analyzing and evaluating the results of the observation sheet. The achievement of student activity can be concluded that the application of problem-based learning about the concept of elasticity has increased by 18% at the stage of organizing students in the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs) Al/SiCp and Al-Cu/SiCp with the addition of silicon carbide powder (SiCp) and mixing with the hot sterring method has been done successfully. Material Al and Al-Cu melted in the temperature of 900°C then added SiC with variations (1, 2, 3, 4) weight % with the method of hot sterring. Microstructural observation with SEM shows both Al/SiCp and Al-Cu/SiCp grain boundaries are not obvious. Testing tensile test showed that the addition of Cu make Yield Stress tends to increase. While the corrosion rate of Al-Cu/SiCp is smaller when compared to Al/SiCp. Meaning Al/SiCp tends to be more corrosive when compared to Al-Cu/SiCp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One limitation of solar panels as a high potential renewable energy is the efficiency decrease due to surface temperature increase of solar panels during the day. To overcome these problems a hybrid solar panel was developed, using a combination of photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules. The developed prototype composed of 17cm x 11cm of solar panel, a SP1848-27145 Thermoelectric generator (TEG), heatsink, INA219 sensor, two units of DS18B20 temperature sensor, and Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller as a control system. Through sensor characterizations are obtained, that maximum relative error of voltage, current, and temperatures are 2.48%, 2.52%, 2.85%, and 2.75%, respectively. Whereas TEG has a power increasing rate of 1,015 mW/0C. Data acquisition of prototype was carried out in South Tangerang. The highest power produced by the hybrid solar panel of 847,26 mW is obtained at 12:15. The TEG's additional increase the output power of hybrid solar panels by 5,45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We calculated the energy of the static soliton solution of the KdV equation numerically by using the Hamiltonian density within the classical field approach. This approach can be used because the soliton solution is well-known analytically. We found the negative real energy that cannot be associated with a particle. Thus, this approach cannot be utilized to analyze the accumulated energy of the soliton in the KdV equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]