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Impacts of intensified hillside farming on land use patterns, vegetation cover, soil nutrient status, and erosion were evaluated in the Bayhang River watershed, Leyte, The Philippines. Forests in the Bayhang watershed provide subsistence food and income to landless lowlanders, primarily through forest product collecting and food and cash-crop cultivation. Unregulated forest product collecting has depleted mature, commercially harvestable rattan and hardwood species (e.g., Calamus spp., Dipterocarpaceae and Pterocarpus indicus ) throughout the watershed. Intensified agricultural activities (i.e., shortened swidden fallow cycles) have led to a depauperate, largely exotic, xerophytic flora dominated by Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum spontaneum and various Compositae. Continuous cultivation of corn and sweet potato gradually exhaust soil calcium, magnesium, available phosphorus, and organic matter levels and increase soil acidity. However, soil nutrient and physical characteristics appear to decline more slowly under sweet potato monocropping than under corn + sweet potato relay intercropping. An average of 3.3 cm (± 3.1 cm) of soil (approximately 489 metric tons per ha) eroded from hillside farm study plots during the first 6 months of cultivation. Sustainable and productive forest gathering and hillside farming activities that incorporate existing land use practices are reviewed, including: the cultivation of rattan in farms and forests, the introduction of agronomic soil conservation measures, and the construction of agroforestry countour bunds and drainage ditches.

Proteins of bovine rod outer segments (ROS) were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after repeated washing. Three major proteins are found in the molecular weight region of 30,000 to 42,000. The rhodopsin content of ROS disc membranes is estimated to be only 50 % of total protein.

We report transmission-electron-spin-resonance (TESR) measurements on dilute alloys of Er, Tm, and Lu in aluminum. We have derived theoretical expressions for the effects of the exchange and crystal-field interactions on the resonance properties of the Er and Tm alloys. A computer fit of these expressions to the data yields values for the crystal-field parameters and the sign, magnitude, and a measure of the $k$ dependence of the exchange interaction for each alloy. Combining the TESR results with direct EPR measurements on Al:Er, we obtain the free-ion $g$ value of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ and a measure of the electron-electron enhancement in the host. The TESR measurements also yield the outer-shell spin-flip scattering cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{sf}}$ for Er, Tm, and Lu. Corresponding resistivity measurements indicate that the outer-shell scattering properties of these impurities are quite similar, in that they are all characterized by roughly the same value for the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{sf}}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}}$.

Spinach thylakoids and chromatophores from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were investigated by means of time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, using thin water-containing membrane films which fully maintained their photochemical activity. Upon flash excitation, reversible infrared absorbance changes were obtained and their difference spectra were recorded. In spinach thylakoids, these transient signals could be described by a sum of two exponential decay functions with half-times of about 2 and 30 ms, respectively. They were insensitive to the addition of benzyl viologen, ferricyanide or ferricyanide + DCMU. They are ascribed by their dependence on intensity and wavelength range of the actinic flash to processes in the antenna pigment-protein complexes. In chromatophores from photosynthetic bacteria, similar infrared signals in the millisecond time range were obtained. Their spectral distribution was investigated for three mutants of the photosynthetic bacterium and is different for membranes lacking carotenoids. Both signals, in thylakoids and chromatophores, reflect the proportion of absorbed flash energy which is neither channelled to the reaction center nor emitted as light, but is dissipated through radiationless decay. A common feature of the difference spectra from spinach thylakoids and bacterial chromatophores are bands identified by deuteration as being due to H 2 O. Some bands are interpreted in terms of water going transiently from the hydrogen-bonded to the free state. Other bands are assigned to the polypeptides of the light-harvesting complexes, and thus indicate their participation in energy dissipation. Membranes from photosynthetic bacteria containing a photochemical reaction center show a distinct slow signal component decaying in about 1 s. It saturates at low flash intensity and is abolished upon chemical oxidation of the primary electron donor. Two bands in the difference spectrum of this component are tentatively assigned to the ester C = O and keto C = O vibrations of photooxidized bacteriochlorophylls in the reaction center. The data suggest that chromophoric and non-chromophoric infrared absorbance changes contribute to the difference spectra, and thus may represent a clue to the processes at the active sites of polypeptides in photosynthesis.

An efficient intramolecular transfer of electron deficiency from tryptophan (TrpH) to tyrosine (TyrOH) was observed in numerous synthetic and natural peptides in aqueous solutions. The transfer was initiated pulse radiolytically by azide radicals, which react selectively by electron abstraction at TrpH. Transient yields and transfer rate constants, ranging from 10 3 to over 10 6 s --1 , were complled. In TrpH-TyrOH dipeptides the transfer rate depends on the diastereomeric conformation, k ( d TrpH- l TyrOH)= 1.2.10 5 s −1 and k ( l TrpH- l TyrOH)=7.10 4 s -1 , suggesting that the side chains are closer to each other in the l - l than in the d - l conformation. The data demonstrate, on the other hand, that not only the distance but also the intramolecular environment and flexibility are important factors determining the rates of the redox reaction. For instance, the neurotoxin erabutoxin b exhibits transfer only if the rigid structure achieved by disulphide bonds is broken with dithiothreitol, and for glucagon a remarkable change in the transfer rate occurs when going from Triton X-100 ( k =1.1.10 4 s -1 ) to SDS ( k =1.2.10 3 s -1 ) solution, consistent with unfolding by SDS. Methionyl peptides, in contrast to free methionine, form rather stable products with O H and Br .- 2 radicals, probably by radical addition at the sulphur. Spectra and decay kinetics of these products, denoted -Met(S∴Br)- and -Met(S . OH)-, are given. Met (S∴Br)-Gly was found to react intermolecularly with TrpH and TyrOH, generating the characteristic absorption of Trp . and TyrO . , respectively. In peptides of methionine with TrpH or TyrOH the transformation of Met(S∴Br) into Trp . or TyrO . also occurs intramolecularly. Rate constants for some redox reactions of this type were estimated.

The kinetics of the metarhodopsin I–II reaction have been measured over a wide range of temperatures (1–37°C) and pH values (4.5–8) with suspensions containing fragments of bovine rod outer segments. It was found that for all conditions the occurrence of metarhodopsin II could be described by two independent first-order processes. The fast component: slow component amplitude ratio depends upon pH and temperature. The kinetics of the lumi-metarhodopsin I reaction show the same pH dependence for the fast component: slow component amplitude ratio as the one observed for the metarhodopsin II signals. All the results observed could be described with the assumption that rhodopsin itself exists in two conformational states before bleaching which are in a pH and temperature-dependent equilibrium. This hypothesis is confirmed by its ability to explain some apparently anomalous observations in the literature.

We have applied our recently developed technique of flash induced kinetic infrared spectroscopy to the rhodopsin/Meta I and rhodopsin/Meta II transitions. Features of the infrared spectrum reflecting the C = C-vibration and the isomeric form of the chromophore are in agreement with resonant Raman experiments. Different results are obtained for the C = N-vibration of the Schiff base retinal opsin link. They are interpreted in terms of a Schiff base protonated via an hydrogen bond. A proton transfer in the excited state is suggested to explain the deviating results. In addition we have obtained spectral changes which cannot be attributed to molecular changes in the chromophore. We assume that these spectral features reflect molecular events in the protein part of rhodopsin.

A dequate food supplies depend on productive land. Soil erosion is a major environmental problem that threatens world food production (UNEP 1980). Today the human population is greater than ever before, and more people are malnourished (Swaminathan 1983). At present, one billion people are malnourished and the problem is growing rapidly (Latham 1984). Currently 97% of the world's food supply comes from land rather than oceans and other aquatic systems (CEQ 1980). Therefore, the control of soil erosion for a sustainable agricultural system is essential to any program to improve world food security and development. Just at a time when agricultural efforts are focused on increasing crop yields, land degradation is increasing. The dimensions of land destruction

Forest-product use among nonforest dwelling cultural groups in Southeast Asia is not well known, particularly in contrast to what is known about indigenous forest-product collectors. A case study in one lowland Filipino village in Leyte, Philippines, revealed that over half of village households depend upon 8 species of commercially valuable rattan and 8 species of timber as a primary source of livelihood, and that all village households collected forest-products for supplementary and emergency income. The future of the rattan and timber trade on Leyte is seriously threatened by agricultural encroachment and intensive collecting pressures in the absence of forest management.

The paper considers expulsion of fluid from a long severed tube, initially distended under the influence of internal pressure. A basic model for elastic expulsion is presented and theoretical solutions developed for a non-Newtonian fluid and non-linear elastic tube walls. These solutions are used to investigate the influence of rheological characteristics and are compared with two sets of experimental results: a set of physical experiments designed to test the basic expulsion model and a particular physiological set designed to test the suitability of the model in vivo.

Far infrared absorption measurements with NaCl single crystals doped with AgCl and CuCl respectively show resonant band mode lines at 4.2 ‡K at 52.5 cm−1 and 23.6 cm−1 respectively. Their measured halfwidths are 10 cm−1 and 0.7 cm−1 respectively. The halfwidth of the NaCl: Cu+ line increases strongly with increasing temperature. In NaCl:Mg++, NaCl:Ca++ and NaCl:Ag+ a temperature independent broad absorption is observed above 50 cm−1, which behaves roughly as the density of phonon states in the unperturbed crystal. In KCl: Cu+ and KCl: Br− a temperature independent absorption with a maximum at 108 cm−1 is obtained corresponding to an expected region of high density.

Acoustoelectric domains in ZnO and CdS can be converted into domains of non-coupling sound waves by reflection. These acoustoelectrically inactive waves have been used to measure non-electronic losses with the Brillouin scattering technique. Akustoelektrische Domanen in ZnO und CdS wurden durch Reflexion in Domanen aus inaktiven Schallwellen verwandelt. Diese konnen dazu benutzt werden, nichtelektronische Verluste mit Hilfe der Brillouinstreuung zu messen.

We studied species richness and density of rattan palms in 50 plots of 10 × 100 m2 each between 250 m and 2420 m in eight sites in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. Rattans were observed in all sample sites, representing three genera and 34 species. The elevational patterns for species richness and density were humped-shaped with maxima around 1000 m. Polynomial models of second order explained 59 and 32% of species richness and density with the factor elevation, respectively. A majority of rattan species (65%) overlapped between 1000 and 1100 m elevation, while a pronounced change in the rattan flora occurred above 1100 m. Commercially important rattan species (Calamus zollingeri, C. ornatus var. celebicus, Daemonorops macroptera) were not observed above 1250 m. The change of species assemblage was significantly related to elevation (56%), followed by geographical distance (47%) and precipitation (40%). Less than 10% of LLNP is lowland forests, much of which is threatened by agricultural intensification. In contrast, montane forests are well represented in the park and high elevation forests are not subject to agricultural conversion or intensive harvesting of rattan and other forest products. peerReviewed

Characteristics of and requirements for successful establishment and operation of fuelwood cooperatives were assessed by evaluating nine currently or recently operating New England fuelwood cooperatives. Three types of cooperatives were identified—consumer, processing, and producer. The importance of maximizing local member-patron participation in all facets of cooperative action and of restricting government and professional forestry involvement to educational and forestry assistance are illustrated. Churches are identified as a potential source of assistance in attempts to establish and operate fuelwood cooperatives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:137-139, Dec. 1986.

The performance of different configurations of a Meissner liquid nitrogen trap operating in the main chamber of a high‐vacuum system have been measured. Temperature fluctuations of the cryosurface and corresponding fluctuations in the chamber pressure were monitored for a variety of different chamber base pressures and liquid nitrogen flow conditions. Large fluctuations in the chamber pressure, observed with a high flow resistance, and low heat capacity configuration, clearly illustrate the importance of the thermal stability of the cryosurface in the presence of a condensible gas, such as CO2, that has a vapor pressure at liquid nitrogen temperature comparable to the system base pressure. These experiments indicate that a Meissner trap placed in the main chamber of a conventional 10−6 Torr vacuum system will be fully effective only if designed and operated so that the cryosurface is thermally stable to better than 0.1 K. The design, operation, and performance of such a configuration are presented.

A flash photolysis apparatus with monitoring infrared beam is described allowing measurements of relative transmission changes of 10(-3) in times of a few milliseconds. The investigation of the photodissociation of CO-myoglobin confirms the results obtained by static infrared difference spectroscopy. The application of our method to the rhodopsin/Meta II transition reveals signals which can tentatively be ascribed to the disappearance of the C = C-band of the protonated N-retinylidene Schiff base in rhodopsin. The developed method will be compared with other existing methods of kinetic vibronic spectroscopy such as kinetic resonance Raman spectroscopy and kinetic Fourier infrared spectroscopy.

The authors report two cases of recalcitrant ocular hypertension persisting 6 1/2 and 10 months following subconjunctival injections of 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide. In both instances, the glaucoma resolved promptly after the whitish plaque of residual steroid was surgically removed.

Pars plana vitrectomy has provided an approach to those situations in which treatment of a retinal detachment becomes impossible due to vitreous pathology. The records of the first 207 pars plana vitrectomies performed by one of us (M.S.) were reviewed and attention was focused on the combined vitrectomy-scleral buckle procedures, particularly with regard to anatomical reattachment and visual improvement. This group was then divided into those in which a one-handed technique was used (29 procedures on twenty-eight eyes, involving 27 patients) and those in which a two-handed technique was used (22 procedures on twenty-two eyes of twenty-two patients). A combined vitrectomy scleral buckle approach has succeeded in reattaching the retina in a number of cases and provided a number of patients with worthwhile visual improvement.

We have applied the method of flash photolysis with infrared measuring light to the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR). This method developed by us yielded first results in the study of the retinalprotein-interaction of rhodopsin.

Publisher Summary Kinetic infrared spectroscopy monitoring transmission changes only renders infrared spectroscopy selective. In addition, information on the dynamics of the reaction and the existence and nature of the intermediates is obtained from the kinetics of the transmission changes. The difference spectrum generated from kinetic infrared signals then contains useful information on the molecular processes in the chromophore as well as in the protein. This chapter discusses the application of flash photolysis apparatus for an infrared monitoring. This instrument is sensitive enough to detect the very small changes that occur in a small part of the total complex molecule. The preparation of samples for the investigation of the rhodopsin reaction sequence and the bacteriorhodopsin reaction cycle with kinetic infrared spectroscopy are reported, and the results obtained with the method are discussed in connection with other experimental techniques, mainly resonance Raman spectroscopy.

The main interest in the study of photobiological systems is the role of the chromophore. Its structure and molecular changes during the photoreaction can be investigated by uv-vis and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. However, there is a need to learn more about the role of the protein in the functioning of these systems. Especially, the interaction and interplay between specific amino acid residues and the chromophore are of great interest. In principle, infrared spectroscopy can be employed for such problems. But, since it is generally considered to be a relatively insensitive method, it appears, at first sight, questionable that it would enable one to detect molecular changes of a few functional groups against the large background absorption caused by the total system, which is a protein or even a biological membrane. With the development of new infrared detectors, however, which are fast and at least two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the usual thermopile detector, such an undertaking now appears feasible. In addition to acquiring the spectral information, it is also important to obtain information on the kinetics of the molecular changes. It appears interesting, for example, to ascertain whether or not the time-course of protein changes parallels that of chromophore changes. Therefore, the method of time-resolved infrared spectroscopy has become a natural extension of time-resolved uv-vis and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy for the investigation of photobiological systems. Since the time-resolved difference spectra reflect only those groups which undergo molecular transformations, their interpretation is facilitated. Nevertheless, additional techniques, such as chemical modifications and isotopic labelling influencing the difference spectra, may be required. Such methods would help to distinguish between molecular changes caused by the protein as apposed to the chromophore,and provide detailed information on the molecular events.

In vitro transofrmation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was found to be decreased in 17 RA patients. The addition of 50 microliter RA serum or serum from normal controls exhibited an inhibitory effect on the mitogenic reactivity to Con A but not to PHA of both normal and RA patient's PBL. Allogeneic antiglobulin preparations (a-Ig) stimulated the spontaneous in vitro DNA synthesis of PBL from normal control and, to a smaller degree, also from RA patients. The simultaneous addition of a-Ig's and mitogens to PBL of normal controls and RA patients did not exhibit a significant effect on the mitogenic reactivity.

With our method of kinetic infrared spectroscopy we investigated the photodissociation of sperm whale CO-myoglobin in the region of the CO-vibration band. With the infrared beam at a wavelength of the CO-vibration of bound CO we observed flash induced signals whose time courses correspond to the photodissociation of CO-myoglobin and its rebinding as measured at the soret band. The amplitudes of the flash induced signals reproduced the static measured difference spectrum of CO-myoglobin vs. myoglobin, with a maximum at 1944 cm−1 and a shoulder at 1932 cm−1. This shoulder has generally been taken as an evidence for a second binding site for CO in myoglobin. It could also be that there exists an equilibrium between two types of binding at the same binding site. We hoped to get information about this problem by measuring the spectral dependence of the rebinding kinetics. Within the experimental errors no dependence could be detected. The most plausible explanation for this would be a fast equilibration between two types of binding at the same binding site. Photolysed CO dissolved in water cannot be detected due to the large intermolecular interaction with the water molecules. At the time scale of our measurements we have no evidence for an intermediate binding site of CO, since no band developed (no absorbance increase was measured), which could be attributed to the CO-vibration.

The principles of static and time-resolved infrared difference spectroscopy and its application to biochemical systems is described. Important experimental aspects of both methods are discussed. The application of the methods to the investigation of the light-induced reactions of bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin is presented. The results demonstrate, that the method allows the detection of molecular changes of the chromophores as well as of the protein, and that it is especially sensitive for the retinylidene Schiff base binding site of these retinal-proteins. Regarding the chromophore similar results, in some cases also complementary, are obtained as in resonance Raman spectra. Completely new information is obtained with respect to molecular events in the protein.

Between January 1977 and July 1981, 132 Ionescu-Shiley xenografts were implanted in 124 patients. Early and late mortality was 13.7% (17/124) and 9.2% (10/107), respectively. Cumulative survival rates at 4 to 5 years were 76% (aortic) and 84% (mitral). Thromboembolic analysis showed 0.72 episodes per 100 patients per year, without chronic anticoagulation. The thromboembolism free rates were 96.8% (mitral) and 100% (aortic); 75% of the mitral patients were in atrial fibrillation. No primary valve dysfunction was detected. In the aortic position (8 patients with valve stent diameter from 19 to 25 mm), the mean peak systolic gradient pressure was 10 +/- 5.5 mm Hg, and calculated valve surface areas were 1.6 +/- 0.5 cm2 at rest and 2 +/- 0.1 cm2 after exercise. A satisfactory correlation between catheterization-derived valve area (from hemodynamic data) and valve stent diameter was obtained (r = 0.94). In the mitral position, the mean diastolic gradient pressure was 4.7 +/- 3.1 mm Hg at rest and 13.8 +/- 0.9 after exercise with the 27 mm xenograft. The corresponding calculated surface areas were 2.8 +/- 6 cm2 and 3 +/- 0.8 cm2. The present data show minimal thrombogenicity without chronic anticoagulation, even in patients with atrial fibrillation or enlarged left atrium and advantageous hemodynamic characteristics, particularly in those with small aortic annuli.

Visual evoked responses from a diffuse Xenon flash were studied for seven normal and 14 abnormal subjects. Amplitude and latency measurements of the waveforms were compared with an energy function calculated from the area beneath a curve of the VER voltage squared and summed over the interval from 0 to 125 msec. This energy function proved superior to latency in detecting asymmetrical responses and similar to latency in detecting symmetrically reduced waveforms.

The chromoprotein Bacteriorhodopsin transducer light-energy into electrochemical energy by a light-driven protontransfer across the membrane 1). In order to elucidate the proton pump mechanism in molecular detail, we investigated the photocycle with low-temperature FTIR Difference-Spectroscopy

The main problem in the integral matrices triangularization is the 'intermediate coefficients swell'. This aspect limits the dimension of treated matrices. Since 1985, we have at our disposal, the lliopoulos algorithm to compute the Hermite Normal Form of an Integer Matrix controlling the coefficients growth by mean of the determinant.We present here two parallelizations of this algorithm and their implementations on a MIMD machine, with 16 processors.

The spin‐flip scattering cross sections for V, Cr, Mn and Fe impurities in aluminum are measured and compared with predictions of Yafet based on the Friedel‐Anderson model. The data confirm the predicted dependence upon both the spin orbit coupling constant and the density of states associated with the d resonance. The level breadth, Δ > .8eV, deduced from the fit is significantly larger than that derived from other experiments, indicating that the Hartree‐Fock treatment of this model is not entirely adequate to describe these non‐magnetic alloy systems.

Data from fifteen phytosociological studies were merged and classified to describe and compare the vegetation of geo­graphically separated and climatically different Mopanev eld types in South Africa. Namibia and Zimbabw e. Seven v egetation types and ten major plant communities were identified using TW INSPAN. Vegetation types were separated according to geo­graphical regions. There were significant floristic affinities even though there w ere geological and climatic differences between the regions. Plant communities were described according to vegetation structure, habitat and floristic composition. Although environmental data were not adequate for a detailed ordination. DECORANA reflected the distribution of vegetation types and major plant communities along environmental gradients. Limitations of large phytosociological syntheses were also addressed. Species richness (alpha diversity) was calculated for each geographical region. The Musina (Messina) region north of the Soutpansberg. South Africa, has the highest species richness, and Kaokoland. Namibia, the lowest Due to irregular annual rainfall patterns in semi-arid Mopaneveld, it is suggested that variance in species richness is associated with temporal vegeta­tion states induced by rainfall events. Species richness of Mopaneveld was further compared w ith other sav anna types.

An analysis of the vegetation of the Sterkfontein Caves (i.e. the natural area surrounding the caves) is presented. Releves were compiled in 24 stratified random sample plots. A TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, revealed six plant communities, also referred to as vegetation units. For each of these vegetation units the species richness was determined. Plant communities of conservation importance were identified and new associations were formally described.

It is proposed that Brillouin scattering by the bunched electrons in a CdS acousto-electric domain should be detectable if a CO 2 laser is used as the radiation source.

Substantial deviations from the statistics of chaotic light have been found in the Brillouin scattered laser light from amplified acoustic flux in ZnO. They are presumably due to nonlinear amplitude stabilization during the acoustic amplification process.

In flash photolysis measurements monitoring the product "0640" we observed, that the amount of this intermediate is increased 2" and " " remains twofold in D20, while the amount of "M41 L550 unchanged. At wavelengths between 640 nm and 700 nm a fast absorbance increase with a risetime shorter than 10 ~sec is observed, whose amplitude also doubles in D20, but, in contrast to "0640", is independent of temperature. In addition we observed, that under all our experimental conditions the decay of "M412" can be described by a single exponential decay function. From these three observations we conclude that "M412" cannot be the precursor of "0640". From the D20-dependence-of the fast absorbance increase mentioned above, we suggest that it may represent a product of a pathway different from the "M41."-containing cycle. Further evidence for this is obtained'Jy kinetic infrared measurements, from which the bacteriorhodopsin-L, the BR-M and the L-M difference spectra will be presented.

The conservation of forest resources has been recognized as crucial to the sound and sustained development of tropical developing nations. Preservation of undisturbed tropical forest remnants, particularly in mountainous regions, through such means as national parks is justified on the basis that forest reserves: (1) provide invaluable watershed protection to growing lowland populations, agricultural crops, and industries; (2) contain extremely diverse, but as yet poorly understood, flora and fauna of potentially significant educational, pharmaceutical, and economic value; (3) offer subsistence resources critical to poor, landless farmers and minor forest product collectors; (4) represent a potential source of much needed foreign exchange earnings through the development of tourism; and (5) are rapidly disappearing. However, successful establishment and management of forest preserves will likely be difficult in most tropical developing countries as a consequence of the following: (1) growing land-use pressures, particularly the spontaneous and frequently illegal conversion of forests to farm lands by impoverished landless families; (2) national development goals and continued reliance upon raw materials, such as timber, minerals, and energy, and plantation-grown agricultural products (for example, coconut, sugar-cane, pineapple, coffee, rubber, and oil palm) for foreign exchange earnings; and (3) insufficient and conflicting support within government agencies. All of these factors impede current efforts to establish and manage the Leyte Mountains National Park in Leyte, Philippines, and are also present to varying degrees in attempts to conserve tropical rainforest remnants elsewhere.