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SummaryVarious levels of EDTA and zinc were added to the poult diet containing isolated soybean protein. One hundred mg of EDTA/kg were equivalent to approximately 8 mg/kg zinc in supplementing the basal diet. When 7 or 10 mg of zinc/kg were added to the diet, 100 mg of EDTA/kg were equivalent to approximately 19 mg of zinc/kg. The data indicate that EDTA improves the effectiveness of added zinc as well as increasing the utilization of zinc already present in the basal diet. Perosis increased as the zinc level of the diet increased to approximately 30 mg/kg and decreased as zinc was added above this level.

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that a large variety of animals develop ketosis when their diet contains a high proportion of lipid relative to carbohydrate (1). However, the chick embryo (2) as well as growing chicks (3, 4) can utilize diets essentially devoid of carbohydrates without developing ketosis. Since the enzymes necessary for acetoacetate biosynthesis are demonstrable in chick liver (5) and ketosis can be produced if fatty acids furnish all nonprotein calories (4), the lack of ketosis in the chicken can not be attributed to an inability to synthesize ketone bodies.Ketosis could be avoided, however, if the chick could perform a net synthesis of carbohydrate from acetate via some pathway which is not physiologically important in other animals (6) but may become important in the developing chick where lipid is the only available energy source. Three possible pathways which could account for a net synthesis of carbohydrate from acetate are: (a) initial synthesis of acetoacetate, which then is c...

The lipids of the superficial pectoral muscle of 5-week-old normal and dystrophic New Hampshire chickens were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography procedures. Total lipid in the dystrophic muscle was fivefold greater than in normal muscle with the triglycerides 15-fold greater and the phospholipids 1.5-fold greater (wet weight basis). The relative proportions of phospholipids were quite similar except for significantly less phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid in the dystrophic muscle. In another study acetate-2-14C was injected intraperitoneally into normal and dystrophic chickens which were killed at various times up to 7 days after the administration. The dystrophic birds incorporated acetate-2-14C to a greater extent into total lipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids of the muscle than normal chickens. The turnover times for both triglycerides and phospholipids were much greater in dystrophic than in normal chickens with the triglycerides showing a longer time than the phospholipids. In vitro incubation of acetate-2-14C with muscle slices showed a greater rate of incorporation into lipid by dystrophic than by normal muscle. These results indicate that the difference in acetate incorporation between normal and dystrophic muscle was due to metabolism in the muscle itself and not entirely a result of mobilization of lipid from other tissues.

SummaryGrowth of chicks and poults was depressed by approximately 25% by the addition of 300 p.p.m. molybdenum to their rations. The addition of copper to the rations containing molybdenum caused slightly improved growth. There was no evidence of anemia or diarrhea in birds on the high molybdenum diets. Poults fed high molybdenum rations for over 4 weeks had normal feather pigmentation.

Barium sulfate (Whitson et al., 1943) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) (Dansky and Hill, 1952) have been suggested as inert indicators in balance studies with chickens. In the present communication a study has been made of the absorption of 133BaSO4 or 51Cr2O3 from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. Barium-133 was obtained in the form of BaCl2 from General Radioisotope Processing Co., San Ramon, California. Barium sulfate was precipitated from a solution containing 100 μcuri Ba-133 and 0.64 gm. BaCl2 in 5 ml. H2O with H2SO4. The precipitate was centrifuged and washed with dilute HCl (2% by v/v). repeatedly, until the supernatant had no radioactivity. The precipitate was washed with alcohol and dried under an infra-red lamp. Sodium chromate-Cr-5l was obtained from Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill. It was mixed with a solution containing 3.5 gm. sodium dichromate (about 5 ml.) and evaporated to dryness in a porcelain crucible under an infra-red . . .

SummaryTurkey poults fed a purified ration containing an isolated soybean protein (Drackett C-1) developed perosis. Addition of zinc to the ration improved growth and markedly reduced the incidence and severity of the perotic condition. Approximately 40 ppm of zinc, in addition to the 26 ppm contained in the basal ration, were required for optimum growth.

It has been indicated previously that the value of linseed meal may be improved for feeding chicks by treatment with 50 percent ethanol or water (Kratzer 1946, McGinnis and Polis, 1946). The process of treatment with water has been investigated further to determine the length of time at room temperature which is required to produce the maximum improvement in the chick growth-promoting value of the meal. The experimental samples were prepared by mixing thoroughly 4 kilograms of commercial linseed meal with 12 liters of water and allowing them to stand at 22°C. for the period of time indicated in Figure 1. They were then spread in shallow trays, dried at 85°C. for approximately 50 hours, and ground finely. The only variable in the procedure was the length of time the meal was treated. S. C. White Leghorn cockerel chicks were fed a stock mash for a week before they were . . .

A DEFICIENCY of lysine not only depresses the growth of turkey poults but also causes depigmentation of their flight feathers (Vohra and Kratzer, 1957). Although α,e-diaminopimelic acid cannot be utilized by L. mesenteroides (McLaren and Knight, 1953), it replaces lysine for the growth of certain strains of E. coli (Davis, 1952). l -Lysine can be produced by the bacterial decarboxylation of diaminopimelic acid (Casida, 1956). The decarboxylation of lysine by bacteria during putrefaction gives rise to cadaverine which is excreted by animals in cystinuria (Udranszky and Baumann, 1889). Formaldehyde reacts with amines and amides to give hydroxymethyl derivatives which can be biologically active (Kisliuk, 1957). The roles of α,e-diaminopimelic acid, cadaverine, ethyl ester of l -lysine dihydrochloride, and formaldehyde-reacted-lysine in replacing lysine for the growth of turkey poults and feather pigmentation have been investigated in the present study. EXPERIMENTAL For the synthesis of formaldehyde-lysine complex, 20 gm. of l -lysine monohydrochloride and 50 …

Soybean oil meal is an excellent source of growth promoting as well as antiperotic factors for turkey poults, and these can be concentrated in methanol extracts ofof soybean oil meal (Kratzer et al., 1959). Further characterization of these factors is desirable. Phospholipids (McKinneyey et al., 1937), saponins (Burrell and Walter, 1941), sitosterols (Kondo and Mori, 1936), genistin (Walz, 1931; Walter, 1941), and stigmasterol (Kraybill et al., 1940) have been isolated from soybeans and alcoholic extracts of soybean oil meals. Genistin has estrogenic properties as tested by mice (Cheng et al., 1953), and stigmasterol is believed to be an antistiffness factor for guinea pigs (Rosen krantz et al., 1951). A study of these well characterized compounds for the growth promoting and antiperotic behavior when fed to turkey poults has been undertaken. Saponins were not studied because they inhibit the growth of chicks (Peterson, 1950). Purified diets containing isolated soybean protein (Drackett …

A large number of studies on the zinc requirements of poultry have been conducted with purified diets containing isolated soybean protein obtainable from the Dracket Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, and later from Archer Daniels Midland Co. of the same address, under the trade name of ADM-Assay Protein C-l (ADM-C-1). This particular preparation has become unavailable and nutritionists have been forced to consider other materials. We have compared ADM-Assay protein C-l with Assay Protein C-l obtainable from Skidmore Enterprises, Cincinnati, Ohio, (Skid-C-1) and RP-100 obtainable from Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. The results of our experiments in which a comparison of these sources of isolated soybean protein was made for the growth of turkey poults are given in this report. The composition of the zinc deficient diet is given in Table 1. The protein source was added at a level of 330 gm./kg. diet. In the absence of any supplementary zinc, …

SummaryPyridoxine deficiency in turkeys is characterized by loss of appetite, poor growth, apathy, hyperexcitability when disturbed, convulsions, and death. Pyridoxine prevented the deficiency symptoms.

SummaryDried whey treated with 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, 70% isopropanol or an equivalent amount of water improved the growth of chicks to which it was fed more than an equivalent amount of untreated dried whey.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonalobus), a drought resistant legume is widely cultivated in India and Pakistan for feeding cattle. The endosperm of the guar seed is a rich source of a galactomannan polysaccharide called guar gum. Guar meal is obtained after the mechanical separation of the endosperm from the hulls and germ of the ground seeds. On analysis, it contains: moisture, 12%; fat, 4%; crude protein, 45%; fiber, 6%; and ash, 4.5% and should be a source of well-balanced protein, rich in lysine and sulfur-amino acids (Ramakrishnan, 1957). However, a series of experiments carried out in our laboratories indicated that the incorporation of as little as 7.5 guar meal in chicken rations caused a significant depression in growth. Also, a major part of this inhibition could be attributed to the presence of guar gum in the guar meal (Kratzer and Vohra, 1963). This report describes methods developed for overcoming the growth inhibitory…

Although linseed meal is used extensively as a feedstuff for livestock, several investigators have shown that it depresses chick growth when fed at levels of 4.5 percent or more of the ration (Ackerson, Blish and Mussehl 1938, Bethke, Bohstedt, Sassaman, Kennard and Eddington 1928, Hammond 1944, Heuser and Norris 1944, Heuser, Norris and McGinnis 1946, Sherwood and Couch 1940, Slinger, Small, Motzok and Marcellus 1943). Amino acid analyses of linseed protein (Grau 1945) show that for the chick, it is deficient in lysine and possibly in methionine. However, if a suitable method for overcoming the detrimental effect of linseed meal could be found, it might become a valuable protein source for chicks. In the course of experiments with linseed meal, a simple treatment was found which greatly improved the meal for poultry feeding. Commercial linseed meal was mixed with three times its weight of water and allowed to stand at . . .

The preventive and curative effect of cholic acid on dietary gizzard erosion of chicks has been reported.1, 2 The effect is similar in the case of gizzard erosions produced by the use of either a basal diet or a practical rearing diet to which cincophen has been added.2 We desire to report at this time evidence for the existence in cow's milk of a labile substance which acts like cholic acid.Dried milk products were fed by mixing in the diets; liquid milk products were given to the chicks in place of the drinking water. The diets and the details of the experimental procedure have been described.1, 2The results given in the table show no effect on the characteristics measured in the case of dried whole milk. This has also been found true in the case of commercial dried skim milk, dried buttermilk and dried whey. On the other hand, liquid milk products distinctly reduce the severity of gizzard erosion, increase the gall bladder bile volume per chick and increase the quantity of cholic acid per chick. The da...

Liquid milk products in the diet of the chick are known to exert a preventive effect on the development of gizzard erosions caused by either a dietary deficiency or the presence of cincophen in the diet.1, 2 This preventive action of milk products is evidently related in both cases to an enhanced secretion of cholic acid.2 An earlier report linked the gizzard erosions with a deficient formation of bile in the chick and especially of cholic acid in the bile.3Further studies have been made of the action of milk in promoting cholic acid formation in the chick. In general, the methods employed were the same as previously described.2, 3 Two types of diets were used, a complete practical diet containing 1% of cincophen and a deficient basal diet.2, 3Attempts were also made to concentrate the anti-erosion and cholic acid-producing activity from whey by a procedure essentially similar to those used for the extraction of estrogenic substances from urine.4 The extract obtained yielded distinct color tests for estro...