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Two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (2D 1H NMR) relaxometry is increasingly used in the field of wood sciences due to its great potential in detecting and quantifying water states at the level of wood constituents. More precisely, in this study, this technique is used to investigate the changes induced by "natural" and "artificial" aging methods on modern and historical oak woods. Two bound water components are detected and present differences in terms of association to the different wood polymers in cell walls: one is more strongly associated with wood polymers than the other. The evolution of the two bound water types is discussed in regard to aging methods and is related to the structure of the cell wall, especially with the S2 layer and the evolution of wood chemical composition (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin). The evolution of hydric strains is also discussed taking into account the effect of aging methods on the two bound water components. The obtained results confirm the ability of 2D 1H NMR relaxometry to evaluate the effect of aging at the molecular level and on hydric deformation. Furthermore, this method shows that it is possible to determine the moisture content of wood without the necessity to oven-dry the wood material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of extractive content on fuel properties of selected woody and non-woody biomass samples has been evaluated. The results show significant variation in the amount of extractives (15-70%) present in different biomass samples. There is significant decrease in ash content, fixed carbon content and calorific value in extractive-free samples. The elemental carbon reduces after extraction in woody biomass. There is no specific trend observed in the reduction of elemental carbon with removal of extractives in nonwoody samples. In extractive-free samples, ash content decreases by 2-60%, fixed carbon content by 7-24% and calorific value by 1-17%. In conclusion, fuel properties of unextracted biomass are found to be better than extracted biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With different extraction methods, chemical components from the branch, root and bark of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl were analyzed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that there were a large number of chemical components in Forsythia suspense, in which there were also different components with different extraction solvent ethanol and benzene/ethanol, respectively. Exacted by ethanol vs. benzene/ethanol, the branch had 79 peaks and 55 chemical components in ethanol, and 31 peaks and 17 components in benzene/ ethanol, respectively. The root had 32 peaks and 23 chemical components in ethanol, and 38 peaks and 25 components in benzene/ethanol. As to bark, there were 54 peaks and 39 components with ethanol, 25 peaks and 14 components with ethanol. There were also some common components in different parts with different solvent. It could be found that there were 3 and 7 common extracts in the branch, root and bark Forsythia suspense exacted by ethanol and benzene/ethanol, respectively. It was also found that the same part of Forsythia suspense could have common with different extracted methods. Extracted by ethanol and benzene/ ethanol, the branch, root and bark of Forsythia suspense had 5, 7 and 12 common components, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood extractives are considered the major factor determining the natural durability of wood. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was assessed for rapid determination of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook. var. occidentalis) durability based on extractives in heartwood, sapwood-heartwood and sapwood regions. Durability was assessed by exposing samples to brown-rot decay fungi [Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill and Rhodonia placenta (Fr.) Niemelä, K.H. Larss. & Schigel] or eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar). Durability classifications were compared to their extractive contents, along with ATR-FTIR spectra of extracted and unextracted blocks to establish relationships using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Western juniper durability varied with test organisms, but the majority of samples had high fungal and termite resistance. Moderate to weak connections were observed between durability and extractive content, but HCA and PCA analysis were unable to classify durability with accuracy. The absence of non-resistant samples may have influenced the ability of the chemometric methods to accurately categorize durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the impacts in human rights violations of two extractive megaprojects in indigenous communities of Guatemala (Renace project) and Mexico (Morelos Integral Project) with participation of Spanish companies. In the context of extractive industries, social conflicts and criminalization of natural resources defenders have increased. On the basis, there is an unfulfillment of protection by States, and by Spanish companies, which are also bound by the international human rights framework. This should undoubtedly encourage the debate on the need to advance in the definition of binding mechanisms in the field of business and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of extractive-rich heartwood is a process in live trees that make them and the wood obtained from them more resistant to fungal degradation. Despite the importance of this natural mechanism, little is known about the deposition pathways and cellular level distribution of extractives. Here we follow heartwood formation in Larix gmelinii var. Japonica by use of synchrotron infrared images analyzed by the unmixing method Multivariate Curve Resolution – Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). A subset of the specimens was also analyzed using atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy. The main spectral changes observed in the transition zone when going from sapwood to heartwood was a decrease in the intensity of a peak at approximately 1660 cm-1 and an increase in a peak at approximately 1640 cm-1. There are several possible interpretations of this observation. One possibility that is supported by the MCR-ALS unmixing is that heartwood formation in larch is a type II or Juglans -type of heartwood formation, where phenolic precursors to extractives accumulate in the sapwood rays. They are then oxidized and/or condensed in the transition zone and spread to the neighboring cells in the heartwood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of the Lamiaceae family are important ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants, with many of them producing essential oils that are used in traditional and modern medicine as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. This review summarizes research on selected Lamiaceae species from the Uzbekistan flora with regard to their chemical constituents and biological activity. These plants contain many bioactive compounds, such as ecdysteroids, iridoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics and alkaloids, exhibiting different antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. The botanical description, taxonomy, habitat and ethnopharmacology of the investigated Lamiaceae species that have been used in Uzbek traditional medicine are presented as well, including the local names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical properties of biomass pellets were compared following their preparation from extracted and non-extracted sycamore leaves. The goal was to achieve high-quality biomass pellets. Batches of pellets were prepared at different moisture contents and pressure. The properties, including pellet density, diametric compressive strength, and combustion performance, were analyzed. Pellets produced from extracted leaves had higher pellet density (between 1125 and 1250 kg·m-3) compared to those made from non-extracted leaves. In addition, data of the combustion experiment showed more weight loss in extracted leaves’ pellets and a higher burning rate (9.54%·min-1) than that of non-extracted leaves’ pellets (8.47%·min-1). Also, the pellets made from extracted leaves could be ignited and burned easily compared to non-extracted leaves. However, the diametric compressive strength was not always higher in extracted leaves’ pellets compared to non-extracted. In general, it was concluded that extraction could increase the pellet density and improve combustion performance but did not fit the purpose to increase the diametric compressive strength. The analysis and conclusions can provide a reference for the production of high-quality biomass pellets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus was applied to investigate the influence of extractives on thermo-degradation of wood during heat treatment. Degradation characteristics, specifically the thermal degradation kinetics and volatile products during the heat treatment, were studied. A kinetic analysis was performed based on the Arrhenius equation and the time-temperature superposition principle. A devolatilization analysis was then conducted according to the chromatography identification. The results showed that the extractives facilitated the thermo-degradation and initiated the degradation at a lower temperature. An earlier degradation starting point was detected, and a lower activation energy of 65.7 kJ/mol was calculated for the non-extracted Eucalyptus. The VOCs collected in this research were primarily acetates, furans, terpenes, and other compounds. The non-extracted specimen released more VOCs than the extracted specimen. Compared with extracted samples, further hemicellulose degradation was identified for the non-extracted samples at the whole stage of 180 °C and a temperature-elevating period of 200 °C, as well as lignin decomposition at the temperature-holding section of 220 °C. However, only hemicellulose degradation was observed in extracted samples. This research could be helpful for the mechanism explanation of wood heat treatments and to promote the process to be more efficient and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, subfossil oak has become increasingly popular, particularly in the manufacture of small wooden products. Due to the long period of its underground preservation, detailed knowledge of its properties is essential to properly use this material. In this study, subfossil oak samples dated to approximately 1000, 2000 and 3000 years BP and recent oak samples were chemically analyzed to determine the contents of extractives, the main wood components, and inorganic elements. The results were then evaluated in light of their natural durability. The mass loss of subfossil oak was 2–3 times lower than that of the recent sample, but the age of the subfossil oak itself had no influence on its durability. The long-term leaching process of water-soluble ellagitannins, together with their hydrolysis and bonding in ferric tannate complexes, were responsible for the decreased durability. The oldest subfossil oak had the lowest amount of phenolic compounds and the highest content of inorganic elements. Optical emission spectrometry proved an increase in inorganic elements 5–7 times higher than recent oak content, with the highest increase found for calcium and iron. Compared to recent oaks, subfossil oaks manifested decreased content of carbohydrates and correspondingly increased lignin content. Our results revealed that subfossil oak cannot be considered a suitable material for exterior use under aerobic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Optimized biochar with an HHV and energy yield of 23.83 MJ kg−1 and 82.11 % • Optimization promoted biochar quality while reducing emissions and energy requirements. • Pequi seed biofuel: CO 2 reduction by 188.65 kg CO2 eq, replacing diesel fuel. • Circular economy frame shows the environmental benefits of pequi seed as biofuel. • Stoichiometry diagram of pequi seeds thermochemical conversion routes. Food loss and waste, about 30% of human-consumable food production, pose challenges to safety, the economy, and the environment. A significant portion includes discarded fruit parts, notably seeds. Pequi fruit seeds contribute to agro-industrial waste due to their intricate structure and thorns, raising environmental concerns. Prior research shows promise in utilizing pequi seeds (PS) for bioenergy through pyrolysis and gasification, but comprehensive torrefaction optimization investigation is lacking. Furthermore, PS contains 40–50% extractives, constituting a potential feedstock for biodiesel and enhanced biorefinery value. Despite literature on extractive valuation, studies often neglect residual biomass and biorefinery integration. This study fills the gap by evaluating the torrefaction of post-extraction residual biomass (PSW) and comparing it to PS. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), torrefaction conditions are optimized, evaluating Soxhlet extraction impact on raw (PS) and de-oiled pequi seeds (PSW) across scenarios: prioritizing biochar quality (S 1) and simultaneously evaluating biochar quality, energy requirements, and potential CO 2 retention (S 2). Biochar parameters include solid yield, bulk density, proximate, ultimate, and energetic properties. Torrefied pequi seeds show superior biofuel properties, with up to 21% HHV enhancement for PSW, including increased energy content and substantial CO 2 emission reductions compared to fossil fuels. RSM provides statistically significant models (reduced quadratic, reduced cubic, and reduced 2FI), with R2 > 0.9762 for the assessed biochar outcomes. The study identifies PS torrefaction at 274 °C and 42 min as optimum in S 1 , resulting in biochar (CH 1.30 O 0.33) with a 76.18% energy yield and HHV of 24.11 MJ kg−1. In S 2 , PS is also optimal, with ideal torrefaction at 265 °C and 31 min, providing biochar (CH 1.39 O 0.36) with an 82.11% energy yield, HHV of 23.83 MJ kg−1, and a 188.65 kg CO 2 eq (by substituting diesel as fuel). The results allowed the development of a pioneering stoichiometry diagram that provides a thorough understanding of the biofuels derived from pequi seed residues. This contribution significantly advances the insights of thermochemical conversion pathways, aimed at maximizing bioenergy yield and fostering environmental benefits within the context of a circular economy framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies carried out on biomass pyrolysis indicate that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are solely responsible for the chemical composition of bio-oil. However, few studies refer to extractives as a relatively significant biomass fraction in bio-oil composition. This work aims to study the influence of hydrophilic extractives on the quality of bio-oil using sugar cane bagasse, sisal, and eucalyptus bark residue. The extractives were separated from the biomasses, using ethanol and water as solvents due to their polarity and efficiency in extracting hydrophilic compounds. Three materials were obtained: biomass before and after extraction and extractives. GC-MS was used to identify the species that compose the extractives and the micro-pyrolysis products at 550°C of the three materials. As expected, the results showed that the bio-oils had different compositions. While bio-oils derived from sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus bark residue exhibited higher levels of aldehydes (23%), bio-oil from sisal residue contained approximately 47% hydrocarbons. Finally, extractives also influenced CO 2 production, as evidenced by notable variations in the range of 52.6–75.3% of this compound during the pyrolysis of biomass extractives. These differences are especially notable in biomasses with higher extractive contents, such as sisal (69.3%) and eucalyptus bark (21.9%) residues. • Study of extractives in bio-oils from sugarcane bagasse, sisal, and eucalyptus bark. • Sisal stands out in its likely applicability for vehicle fuel. • Sugarcane and eucalyptus bark residues have uses in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. • The bio-oil derived from sisal residue exhibited 47% hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the viability of an accelerated solvent extraction technique employing environmentally friendly solvents to extract ellagitannins while producing cellulose-rich fibers from rambutan peel. Two sequential extraction protocols were investigated: 1) water followed by acetone/water (4:1, v:v), and 2) acetone followed by acetone/water (4:1, v:v), both performed at 50 °C. The first protocol had a higher extraction yield of 51 %, and the obtained extractives featured a higher total phenolic (531.4 ± 22.0 mg-GAE/g) and flavonoid (487.3 ± 16.9 mg-QE/g) than the second protocol (495.4 ± 32.8 mg-GAE/g and 310.6 ± 31.4 mg-QE/g, respectively). The remaining extractive-free fibers were processed by bleaching using either 2 wt% sodium hydroxide with 3 wt% hydrogen peroxide or 4–5 wt% peracetic acid. Considering bleaching efficiency, yield, and process sustainability, the single bleaching treatment with 5 wt% of peracetic acid was selected as the most promising approach to yield cellulose-rich fibers. The samples were analyzed by methanolysis to determine the amount and type of poly- and oligosaccharides and studied by 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The products obtained from the peels demonstrate significant potential for use in various sectors, including food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and paper production. [Display omitted] • An eco-friendly biorefinery approach is reported for ellagitannin and cellulose fiber extraction. • The extraction with water followed by acetone-water gave the highest yield, phenolic and flavonoid contents. • The PAA treatment is an efficient approach to remove lignin yielding polysaccharide-rich fibers. • Rambutan peel contain high amounts of hemicelluloses mainly xylose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, and galactose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surging global demand for sustainable energy has propelled the solid biofuel industry, particularly wood pellets. However, the industry grapples with persistent challenges involving off-gassing during storage and transportation. This study introduces an alternative: harnessing a biogenic extract from spent coffee grains (SCG) to manage emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Our approach involves applying SCG extract to pinewood sawdust pellets in controlled volumes (0.1 L) and concentrations (0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.4 employing an airbrush compressor for even distribution. To assess emissions, triplicate 0.1 kg samples were placed in gastight chambers at regulated temperatures (25, 35, and 50 °C) and humidity levels (30 %, 60 %, and 90 %). They were measured at five-day intervals over six months. Pellets with the antioxidant additive at 0.05 % exhibited approximately 18,269 ppm of gases (CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and VOCs), compared to 21,039 ppm in untreated pellets, indicating a consistent 13.2 % reduction in total off-gassing. Specifically, CO concentrations in treated and untreated pellets were 3795 ppm and 5012 ppm, respectively, translating into a 24.3 % reduction. Significant reductions were also observed in CO 2 (12.95 %), CH 4 (19.35 %), and VOCs (5.45 %). Environmental factors, particularly humidity levels above 60% and elevated temperatures within the range of 35–50 °C, were identified as influencing factors in these emissions. This insight was elucidated through a conditional inference tree (CIT) analysis. Stakeholders can leverage these findings to optimize pellet storage and transportation practices, aligning with the global commitment to advancing sustainable energy solutions. [Display omitted] • Exploring various agricultural by-products to identify the most efficient option. • Spent coffee grounds extract consistently reduces total emissions by 13.2 % • Notable 25.4 % decrease in the specific emission of carbon monoxide. • Gompertz model assists in characterizing and understanding off-gassing kinetics. • Temperature and humidity influence off-gassing, stressing the need for environmental control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Keystone agents are dominant players and critical for system transition. • We study the extractives, which has multiple sustainability controversies. • We find both the extractives industries and ownership thereof is highly concentrated. • Advancing sustainability in extractives requires leveraging a limited number of keystone agents. Natural resource extraction has a lasting and dramatic impact on the natural environment as well as far-reaching social effects. As such, public policy and governmental regulation are crucial for a transition to sustainability. However, on their own, these have shown to be insufficient to achieve such transformation. Changing commitment and conduct of the extractives too is important to transit. Firms in the extractives are large and highly international, and their owners are decisive for businesses' conduct. Therefore, it is relevant to determine whom and how to influence to transit towards sustainability. To this extent, we study dominant firms and their owners in the top-10 international extractive industries. We establish that both natural resource markets and ownership of keystone agents are highly concentrated: the three largest companies earn 70% of the revenues in the ten industries studied, and the three largest shareholders in these companies on average have 22% of the shares of the keystone firms. This helps explain why regulation has been rather ineffective so far. We discuss several options to influence keystone agents. We conclude that advancing sustainability in extractives requires leveraging a limited number of keystone agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the utilization and consumption of lignocellulosic biomass increases, so too will the need for an adequate supply of feedstock. To meet these needs, novel waste feedstock materials will need to be utilized. Exploitation of these novel feedstocks will require information both on the effects of solvent extraction on the succeeding analysis of potential novel feedstocks and how accurate current methodologies are in determining the composition of novel lignocellulosic feedstocks, particularly the carbohydrate and lignin fractions. In this study, the effects of solvent extraction on novel feedstocks, including tree foliage, tree bark and spent mushroom compost, with 95% ethanol, water and both sequentially were examined. Chemical analyses were carried out to determine the moisture content, ash, extractives, post-hydrolysis sugars, Klason lignin (KL) and acid-soluble lignin (ASL) within the selected feedstocks. The result of extraction could be seen most strongly for Klason lignin, with a strong association between higher levels of Klason lignin levels and greater amounts of non-removed extractives (tree foliage and bark). Higher Klason lignin levels are reported to be due the condensation of non-removed extractives during hydrolysis, hence the lower Klason lignin determinations following extraction are more exact. In addition, total sugar determinations were lower following extractions. This is because of the solubility of non-cell-wall carbohydrates; thus, the determinations following extraction are more accurate representations of structural cell-wall polysaccharides such as cellulose. Such determinations will assist in determining the best way to utilize novel feedstocks such as those analyzed in this work.

This paper reported the result of chemical analysis from sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) and rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) with several age groups. The analysis comprise of the determination of holocellulose, cellulose, lignin, pentosan, ash content, silica content and the solubility in cold water, hot water, one percent of sodium hydroxide and alcohol benzene ex-tractives. These analysis were conducted to determine their basic characteristics and ultimate uses of the wood. The result showed that holocellulose content ranges from 66,46 - 70,90 % , cellulose from 46,62 - 49,88 %, lignin from 29,10 - 33,54 %, pentosan from 15,51 - 17,80 %, ash content from 0,45 - 1,25 %, silica content from 0,24 - 0,52 %, The solubility in cold water ranges from 3,12 - 5,40 %, hot water from 3,89 - 5,65 %, in NaOH 1 % from 13,06 - 16,06 % and in alcohol benzena (1:2)from 2,06 - 4,43 %. . Based on chemical analysis, especially the cellulose, lignin and pentosan content sengon and rubber wood are suitable as raw material for pulp and paper industry, except for 20 years old rubber wood.

The objective of this research was to analyze the morphology, crystallinity, elemental components, and functional group changes, as well as thermal stability of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Nanofibrillated cellulose has an irregular and aggregated shape with a diameter of about 100 nm. NFC self-aggregations were observed due to hydrogen bonding and Van-der Waals forces. The cellulose crystallinity index, atomic size, and polymorph of the NFC sample were found to be 63.57%, 2.2 nm, and cellulose I, respectively. The NFC sample was composed of various elemental components, such as C, O, N, Na, Al, Si, and K. IR analysis showed only small amounts of hemicellulose and lignin deposits, whereas cellulose functional groups appeared in several wavenumbers. Aromatic and oxygenated compounds, such as carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones, and aldehydes, were deposited as extractive on NFC; these compounds were associated with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The NFC thermal degradation process consisted of four steps: water evaporation (50-90 ºC); hemicellulose degradation and glycosidic linkage cleavage (250-325 ºC); amorphous cellulose and lignin degradation (325-429.29 ºC); and cellulose crystalline degradation (above 429.29 ºC).

Persian wingnut, Persian honeylocust, Persian ironwood and Persian alder are of four endemic and important species of Hyrcanian forests that initial data about the presence of bioactive components in them are available, however no comprehensive study has been done about their chemical components yet. Furthermore, bioactive phenolics are more in knot wood extractives than other parts of a tree, in this study, the amounts of extractives, carbohydrates, lignin, as well as antioxidant properties of acetonic extractives were calculated and the extractives components were identified via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The results demonstrated that the knot wood of Persian wingnut contains the most amount of extractives, carbohydrates and phenolics and showed the most ability against Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radicals, while the knot wood of Persian honeylocust contains the most amount of lignin and capability against chelating of iron ion. All of these four species presented superior scavenging capability against radicals compared to synthetic antioxidant, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Besides, phenolics and non-phenolics with different and interesting antioxidant properties were identified.

Alternative and higher value uses are needed for residual materials generated from wood products processing. Western redcedar sawdust contains an array of unique chemicals and has the potential to be used to alter the appearance, stability and durability of non-durable timbers. Here it was hypothesized that impregnation of Western redcedar heartwood extractives into Pacific silver fir would decrease shrinkage, hygroscopicity, and susceptibility to decay. Western redcedar hot water extracts were obtained from sawdust and used to pressure-treat Pacific silver fir blocks. Extractive impregnation enhanced the wood’s appearance and gave it a more cedar-like brown colour. Impregnated samples had reduced shrinkage, but were not as dimensionally stable as Western redcedar heartwood. Pacific silver fir blocks impregnated with water-soluble extractives were also highly susceptible to leaching, and leached samples had similar shrinkage values to untreated controls. In contrast, leaching had little effect on the hygroscopicity of the Western redcedar heartwood. Extractive-impregnated Pacific silver fir blocks had increased resistance to decay by two brown-rot fungi, and showed resistance similar to that of Western redcedar heartwood. However, leached blocks did not have the same decay resistance.

Eight polyhydroxy triterpenoid acids, hederagenin, (4α)-23-hydroxybetulinic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, arjunolic acid, asiatic acid, caulophyllogenin, and madecassic acid, with 2, 3, and 4 hydroxyl substituents, were identified and quantified in the dichloromethane extract of Eucalyptus globulus wood by comparing their GC-retention time and mass spectra with standards. Two other triterpenoid acids were tentatively identified by analyzing their mass spectra, as (2α)-2-hydroxybetulinic acid and (2α,4α)-2,23-dihydroxybetulinic acid, with 2 and 3 hydroxyl substituents. Two MS detectors were used, a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and a quadrupole mass filter (QMF). The EI fragmentation pattern of the trimethylsilylated polyhydroxy structures of these triterpenoid acids is characterized by the sequential loss of the trimethylsilylated hydroxyl groups, most of them by the retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) opening of the C ring with a π-bond at C12-C13. The rDA C-ring opening produces ions at m/z 320 (or 318) and m/z 278 (or 277, 276, 366). Sequential losses of the hydroxyl groups produce ions with m/z from [M - 90] to [M - 90*y], where y is the number of hydroxyl substituents present (from 2 to 4). Moreover, specific cleavage in ring E was observed, passing from m/z 203 to m/z 133 and conducting other major fragments such as m/z 189.

The aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the total phenolic, flavonoid, and extractive content in extracts of Origanum vulgare L. on the soil pH, humus, total nitrogen (Ntotal), and plant-available/mobile phosphorus (P2O5), as well as potassium (K2O), total calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) concentrations. Experimental fields were formed in four locations in Lithuania. Soil and perennial O. vulgare samples were taken at three sites of each experimental field. A total of 12 samples of soil and 12 samples of the tested plant were collected and analyzed. The concentrations of bioactive compounds in plants are significantly (p < 0.05–0.01) affected by some chemical properties of the soil: the total phenolic content was reliably correlated with the soil pH, Ntotal, Ca, Mg, and P2O5; the flavonoid content was correlated with the soil P2O5, K2O, Mg, and Na; and the extractive content was correlated with the soil humus, Ntotal, and Na. The obtained results are useful for the development of the commercial cultivation of O. vulgare.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Stakeholder Engagement (SE) intervention in improving outcomes for communities affected by oil and gas extraction in Western Uganda. The study design is a randomized controlled trial where villages are randomly assigned to a treatment group (participating in SE) or a control group (not participating). Data are collected via household surveys at baseline and end line in 107 villages in the Albertine Graben. We find that SE improves transparency, civic activity, and satisfaction with issues that most concern the people under study. While satisfaction has improved, it is too early to ascertain whether these interventions improve long-term outcomes. These results are robust when controlling for spillover effects and other subregional fixed effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 11% of the world's primary energy consumption comes from biomass. However, a continuing material deficit indicates the need to find suitable timber for use as bioenergy. In this context, this study aims to determine some chemical and energetic properties, wood density, and fiber features of 10 Hevea brasiliensis clones, including Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. pellita species, to understand how the characteristics of studied woods might interfere with higher heating value (HHV) and determine if these woods and their residues would present potential for bioenergy. In general, HHV results corroborate those in the literature, e.g., E. pellita (16,502 kJ kg−1) lower value, and MT45 H. brasiliensis clone (19,757 kJ kg−1) higher value, and woods with higher extractive contents and lignin content, but lower holocellulose content, of wood pulp, in addition to denser woods with longer fibers and thicker walls, are woods considered to have higher heating values and, hence, indicated as potential woods for use in bioenergy. However, it is suggested that wood characteristics should be analyzed together to determine the most suitable material for use in bioenergy since a high value of one factor influencing HHV would not, in and of itself, establish suitability of the wood for bioenergy. Nonetheless, all wood samples could have their waste exploited for bioenergy since they range from 16,502 kJ kg−1 in E. pellita to 19,757 kJ kg−1 in the MT45 clone of H. brasiliensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was to chemically characterise the polymeric fraction of birch pulp extractives. We showed that 70–96% of the material in extracts of fully bleached birch kraft elemental chlorine-free (ECF) pulp from three Finnish mills consists of compounds that are undetectable by conventional gas chromatography (GC) analysis, i.e. high-molar mass (HM) material. There were small variations in the extractive content and composition between the three mills, but the overall trend was the same. The HM material was present mainly in the acetone extracts, and the molar mass was shown to range between ca. 1000 and 10 000 Da. Alkaline hydrolysis of the hexane and acetone extracts released fatty acids (FAs) especially, but also sterols and triterpenoids. The dominating FAs were palmitic and stearic acids. Pyrolysis and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM)-GC-mass spectrometry (MS) analyses confirmed that the HM material consists mainly of FA units, and additionally of sterol, triterpenoid and aromatic units. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis further confirmed the presence of FAs containing aromatic groups, but also glycerol units. The FA chains seemed to be linked to each other by ester linkages mainly, although ether linkages were also present. The FA oligomers and polymers may have a suberin-like structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood chemical composition was determined for five tree species that cohabitate in the forest of Ixtlán de Juárez (Oaxaca, Mexico). These species were Alnus acuminata, Arbutus xalapensis, Myrsine juergensenii, Persea longipes, and Prunus serotina. The chemical composition was then correlated with the higher heating value of the wood. The chemical components determined were total extractives, ash, lignin, and holocellulose (alpha cellulose and hemicelluloses). The extractives were separated using Soxhlet equipment, and the ash obtained was analyzed via atomic absorption spectrometry. On average, the species presented 8.26 to 19.64% of total extractives, 0.56 to 1.50% of ash, 23.1 to 37.2% of lignin, 74.0 to 79.5% of holocellulose, 56.3 to 66.3% of α-cellulose, and 12.3 to 21.0% of hemicelluloses. In the ash, higher percentages of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were detected. The amount of chemical components was different between species (p ≤ 0.05). The higher heating value showed a positive correlation with the extractives content (r = 0.582), while with the ash content it was negative (-0.575). The high proportions of polysaccharides predict good performance of these species in pulp production, and the calorific value indicates that they have the potential for use as fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantation poplar (Populus x euramericana cv. Pannonia) wood samples were steamed at 100 °C, 110 °C, and 120 °C and then irradiated by a strong UV emitter mercury lamp to test their colour stability. The colour change was evaluated and presented in a CIE Lab colour coordinate system. For the control, unsteamed poplar specimens were irradiated using the same mercury lamp. A considerable increase in colour saturation in the specimens was generated by steaming, and the saturation value further increased during the UV treatment. The lightness value of the unsteamed control specimens decreased continuously during the entire UV irradiation period. In contrast, the lightness value of the steamed samples decreased only during the first seven hours of the UV treatment and remained constant afterward. Steaming enhanced the redness stability of the poplar wood against UV irradiation. Modification of wood components during steaming at 120 °C stabilised the poplar wood redness against short-term photodegradation. Steaming slightly reduced the yellow colour sensitivity of the poplar to photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connection between chemical composition and anatomy of wood is poorly studied. Abiotic and biotic growth conditions affect the synthesis of structural compounds and the anatomy of wood at the same time as they affect growth. In this study, the wood chemical composition, and connections between wood chemistry and anatomy were studied in downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) grown on four growth sites possessing mineral and peat soils. Lignin, holocellulose, extractive and ash contents, and effective heating value were analysed and compared with libriform fibre double wall thickness and lumen diameter, vessel size and number, and ray and axial parenchyma numbers. Measured lignin and extractive contents were exceptionally high and holocellulose content low. Correlations between wood anatomy and effective heating value were partly different on different soils. Correlations between holocellulose and anatomy were the opposite of the correlations between other chemical compounds and anatomy. The significant correlations between chemical composition and anatomy were commonly opposite in trees grown on peat than in trees grown on mineral soil. Particularly, vessel characteristics and fibre wall thickness correlated significantly with wood chemistry in trees grown on mineral soil. The connections between wood anatomy and chemistry proved to be soil-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Whole sorghum biomass was treated using steam-explosion at various severities. • Single-step recovery of extractives and hemicelluloses was achieved. • 3 min retention time at 180 °C recovered 30 wt% of monomeric carbohydrates (dw). • No additional depolymerization steps were required at selected treatment conditions. • Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation assays led to above 95% ethanol yields. Maximizing the extracted carbohydrates from lignocellulosic biomass represents one critical step towards a wide implementation of industrial-scale second-generation ethanol production. To this purpose, a novel steam-based treatment strategy targeting the whole sweet sorghum biomass was developed. This extraction was followed by a non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the hemicellulose fraction and ethanol fermentation. By doing so, both the free carbohydrates present in the plant stems as well as the hemicelluloses trapped inside the various structural components were recovered and converted. A statistical design of experiments (DoE) approach was developed to investigate the most suitable steam-treatment severity to maximize the recovery of these carbohydrates while simultaneously minimizing the production of fermentation inhibitors. The severity of the treatment was estimated from the combined effects of temperature (150 °C – 210 °C) and cooking time (1–7 min). The optimal treatment conditions identified in this work (3 min retention time at 180 °C) successfully allowed recovering 30% of monomeric carbohydrates (based on sorghum dry weight). Three of the most efficient steam-explosion severities were investigated further in order to evaluate their impact on the subsequent ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. A maximum ethanol yield of above 95% was achieved using the mixed carbohydrate streams recovered using the optimal steam-based extraction conditions. Thus, the present work thoroughly describes for the first time and to the best of our knowledge, a single-stage recovery of sorghum extractives and hemicelluloses, followed by their efficient fermentation to ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autoclave extraction of Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.) wood gave 5.3% extractives. The chloroform soluble fraction obtained from the extracts of Q. frainetto allows to identify sesamin. The insoluble fraction contains mainly ribose and mannose. Water extraction in autoclave of thermo-treated Q. frainetto wood gave a lower amount of extractives (3.31%). The main product of the insoluble fraction was, on the basis of its mass spectrum, the monoacetyl derivative of gallic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assess the degree of cross-fertilisation of international human rights and environmental law on fair and equitable benefit-sharing in relation to the human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities over natural resources. It also explores further avenues to develop a mutually supportive interpretation by strategically analysing the interplay of international benefit-sharing obligations with environmental assessment and free prior informed consent. This will serve to substantiate four inter-linked claims. Benefit-sharing has a substantive core linked to communities' choice and capabilities, as well as a procedural one linked to communities' agency as part of a concerted, culturally appropriate and iterative dialogue with the State. Benefit-sharing expands considerably the scope and approach of environmental assessments and consultation practices, having the potential to move towards a transformative collaboration in light of multiple worldviews. Benefit-sharing should then be distinguished from compensation, with which it is often conflated, as it does not depend upon a violation of a right. Finally, the proposed interpretation has implications for understanding the status of fair and equitable benefit-sharing in international law, as well as for businesses' due diligence to respect the human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of tree height on the composition of bark extractives from Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens was investigated for its potential in the sourcing of valuable compounds. The bark of these trees was extracted at different heights to obtain lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds, which were chemically characterized. The extraction yield of lipophilic compounds was higher for E. globulus than for E. nitens. The type and proportion of the compounds changed with the tree variety and height. The main compounds detected were triterpenic acid derivatives, such as lupane, oleanane and ursane types, followed by fatty acids. The yield extraction of the hydrophilic compounds was higher for E. nitens than E. globulus. The total phenolic content, proanthocyanidins and antioxidant activity of the extracts increased with the tree height in both cases. However, the E. globulus extracts [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 13.8 ± 0.2 μg ml−1] showed higher antioxidant activity than did the E. nitens extracts (IC50 = 22.8 ± 0.2 μg ml−1). Differences in the extract composition and the spatial conformation of the molecules (steric effect) could also help to obtain a higher antioxidant capacity from E. globulus extracts. These results show that differentiation by tree height can contribute to the selective enrichment of these valuable compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative and higher value uses are needed for residual materials generated from wood products processing. Western redcedar sawdust contains an array of unique chemicals and has the potential to be used to alter the appearance, stability and durability of non-durable timbers. Here it was hypothesized that impregnation of Western redcedar heartwood extractives into Pacific silver fir would decrease shrinkage, hygroscopicity, and susceptibility to decay. Western redcedar hot water extracts were obtained from sawdust and used to pressure-treat Pacific silver fir blocks. Extractive impregnation enhanced the wood's appearance and gave it a more cedar-like brown colour. Impregnated samples had reduced shrinkage, but were not as dimensionally stable as Western redcedar heartwood. Pacific silver fir blocks impregnated with water-soluble extractives were also highly susceptible to leaching, and leached samples had similar shrinkage values to untreated controls. In contrast, leaching had little effect on the hygroscopicity of the Western redcedar heartwood. Extractive-impregnated Pacific silver fir blocks had increased resistance to decay by two brown-rot fungi, and showed resistance similar to that of Western redcedar heartwood. However, leached blocks did not have the same decay resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that the polyphenols of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction in the heartwood extract from Acacia confusa (AcHWE) had good photostabilities to prevent photodegradation of wood. The wood photostabilizing actions of condensed tannins and flavonoids from the EtOAc fraction in AcHWE have been individually established, but the effects of these polyphenols on photo-induced discoloration are unknown and merit investigation. The results of this study showed that the six sub-fractions (EA1–EA6), which were fractionated from the EtOAc fraction in AcHWE and contained various condensed tannins and flavonoids, caused different photo-induced discoloration of treated wood. Treating the wood with abundant condensed tannins with little or no flavones and flavonols gave a dramatic dark reddish discoloration after irradiation. Treating the wood with abundant flavones and flavonols with/without condensed tannins produced a moderate dark reddish discoloration with faded yellow tone after irradiation. However, if there are abundant flavanones in the treated wood, their flavanones could transform to chalcones, which increased the yellow tone of treated wood surfaces after initial irradiation. These results illustrated explicit discoloration tendencies for polyphenols in the photodegradation processes for wood and can be the references for further applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the wealth that comes from being the biggest oil producer in Africa, Nigeria has some of the worst development indicators in the world. From 2011 to mid‐2016, the DFID‐funded Facility for Oil Sector Transparency and Reform (FOSTER) programme's unique design aimed to reduce incentives for the capture of oil revenue by elites and international oil companies, restoring the potential of those revenues to accelerate economic and social development. This article asks what lessons FOSTER's successes and failures offer for improved "thinking and working politically" (TWP). It examines the outcomes from five "clusters" of interventions: three viewed by the FOSTER team as successes and two as failures. The article identifies factors for successful TWP‐based programming, including the need for local ownership rooted in staff with a combination of technical expertise, a deep knowledge of the local political context and excellent networking abilities. The research used a qualitative and inductive approach. Field research was undertaken with 44 semi‐structured qualitative interviews during one month of fieldwork in Abuja and Lagos. The research also included reviews of FOSTER's internal documentation and evaluation frameworks, as well as analysis of newspaper articles and grey literature on the oil sector in Nigeria. The project offers important lessons for politically informed programming about how interventions were implemented (process), what was actually done (content) and how the project responded to changes in context that created or blocked opportunities for reform (responsiveness). The article identifies factors for successful TWP‐based programming, including the need for local ownership rooted in staff with a combination of technical expertise, a deep knowledge of the local political context and excellent networking abilities. The findings have important implications for programme design. They demonstrate the value of built‐in flexibility that allows staff to choose and switch the partners they work with and the channels they work through. They also show that a key aspect of TWP‐based programming is implicit acceptance that some failure may be unavoidable, since this permits staff to balance risk against opportunities. Finally, a better understanding of FOSTER's failures reveals the challenges of a TWP‐based approach and the trade‐offs it demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is an increasing interest in Mexico to grow teak in large-scale plantations. Teak is recognized for its natural durability combined with high mechanical strength. The present study aims at determining the quantitative and qualitative properties of teak wood for several age classes and provenances, originating mainly from three localities of south eastern Mexico, while the focus was on the extractives and the natural durability of teak samples. The percentage of heartwood (hW) formed by the plantation trees was within the range reported elsewhere for the corresponding age classes, while the hW% was in relation with the tree height and age. Further trends observed were: lower topo-chemical absorbance that was measured by ultraviolet microspectrophotometry (UMSP) of the inner hW compared to the outer hW; no clear correlation between the age and origin and the extractives' composition accumulated in the hW; abundant presence of tectoquinone irrespective of the age and provenance; and finally, high resistance against white rot (WR) and brown rot (BR) fungi regardless of the age or provenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between Europe and Africa, in the context of the extractives sector, is multi-faceted, influenced by historical, political, social, environmental, geographical, religious and cultural factors. It is the premise of this article that Africa can benefit more fully from its mineral resources, and Europe from its investments into minerals and energy in Africa, if strong capacity is developed to create and implement more sound legal frameworks and better governance in the extractives sector. This contribution explores the historical and current asymmetries in resource interdependency between the two continents, as well as the policy tools that must direct future development of the intercontinental relationship in as far as the extractive sector is involved. The article then proposes three ideas about justice key to building a theory of resource interdependency, pointing to three areas that will require further scholarly engagement in imagining a new future relationship between Europe and Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Eucalyptus nitens was thermally modified in an open (atmospheric pressure) and a closed (under pressure) reactor system. The effect of the changes of the chemical composition on the mechanical properties was investigated. Hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, extractives, acetic acid, formic acid, total phenols and the cellulose degree of polymerization (DP) as well as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured for each modification. The results indicated that the closed system modification, particularly at high pressure, presented stronger variations on the chemical structure of the modified wood than the modifications in the open system. In both modifications, MOR showed a better correlation with the chemical changes than the MOE, especially xylose, cellulose DP, lignin and total phenols. These correlations suggest a tendency of a more brittle wood in the closed system modification at high pressure than in the modifications in the open system. Results can be used as a reference for future applications of thermally modified E. nitens wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to find appropriate non-chlorinated solvent systems for the extraction and separation of pure pinosylvin (PS) and pinosylvin monomethylether (PSMME) from Scots pine/Norway spruce wood residues. The extraction was performed in a pressurized solvent extractor and the purification and isolation of pure substances was done by flash chromatography. More precisely, pure PS was isolated via sequential flash chromatography in two repetitions in the gradient mode of the mobile phase, with cylcohexane (CX) and ethylacetate (EtOAc), beginning with 100% CX and ending up with 100% EtOAc. The extractives were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in terms of PS and PSMME contents by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to optimize hydrothermal treatments (autohydrolysis) for selective hydrolysis of hemicelluloses in the residues obtained from the industrial steam distillation of Cistus ladanifer (rock-rose) for essential oil extraction (CLR). The effect of the autohydrolysis in the removal of extractives of these residues was also evaluated. Methods: The raw material was treated with water in a 6:1 liquid-to-solid ratio (w/w) and the effect of temperature (130–230 °C) on the composition of liquid and solid phases were evaluated and interpreted using the severity factor (log R0). Results: The highest recovery of oligosaccharides (24.7 g/L), corresponding to a yield of 28.4 g/100 g of CLR was obtained at moderate conditions, log R0 of 3.12. Together with hemicelluloses, polar extracts were also largely solubilized during the hydrothermal process yielding hydrolysates with a relevant concentration of phenolics. The highest glucan content (35.6 g/100 g of CLR) of the solid residue was obtained at more severe conditions, log R0 of 4.0 (220 °C). There was no apparent lignin solubilisation in any of the conditions, which is an advantage of this hydrolytic pretreatment. Conclusions: Cistus ladanifer residues demonstrated to have potential to be used in the biorefinery framework with a full upgrade of all biomass fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Biochars can be used in a wide range of applications, serving as soil additives, sorbents, fuels, catalyst supports or as catalysts themselves. There is however, a vast range of variables influencing the properties of biochars and their performance as catalysts. One of the characteristic features of pine wood is its high extractives content which is known to influence the pyrolysis process, therefore it can also affect the properties of the derived biochar. In this paper, raw and acetone-extracted pine wood was used to prepare steam-activated biochars. The changes in physicochemical properties of the chars upon the feedstock treatment were examined, including the analysis of surface area, porosity, acidic sites distribution, metals content and surface characterisation by FTIR and SEM techniques. A toluene pyrolytic conversion experiment was carried out to determine the chars' potential towards tar removal. At the initial stage of the process, toluene removal was higher for extracted than non-extracted pine char, and with time-on-stream their performance became similar. It was concluded that the removal of the extractives affected wood pyrolysis, creating char with significantly higher microporosity and increased acidity. Upon steam activation, the microporosity and acidity of both chars were enhanced in general while the difference between the samples diminished, while still improving toluene conversion in the early stages of the process. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Raw and acetone-extracted pine wood was used to prepare biochar in two-step pyrolysis and steam activation process. • Both chars were used as catalysts in toluene conversion experiment. • Chars structure and surface chemistry were examined. • The extraction of the feedstock resulted in the char with higher microporosity and acidity. • The extracted-pine derived char had better catalytic performance due to structural changes resulted from the extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical analysis of the bark from four Hyrcanian forest species, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Alnus subcordata, Gleditsia caspica and Parrotia persica were performed, and their total phenol contents, and antioxidant and chelating activities were evaluated. The greatest total phenol content (TPhC), 54.3% in dry extract, was detected in P. fraxinifolia bark and the lowest one in G. caspica bark with 4.5%. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the radical-scavenging assay against DPPH radicals in bark acetone extracts of P. fraxinifolia, A. subcordata, G. caspica and P. persica were 0.17, 0.21, 13.35, 0.19 mg ml−1, respectively. In the metal-chelating activity system, G. caspica extract demonstrated significant activity. Pterocarya fraxinifolia, A. subcordata and P. persica bark acetone extracts revealed a high potential for inhibition of DPPH radicals due to high amounts of phenolics. Superior health benefits can be expected from the compounds syringol, 4-vinylguaiacol, tyrosol, chavicol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, vanillin, rheosmin and acetophenone. Gleditsia caspica was found to have significant chelating activity due to isoeugenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last several years have witnessed a renewal of critical scholarship that understands Canada as a secondary imperialist power. While conceptualizations of Canada as a dependency of the United States have lost intellectual ground in the Canadian political economy literature, the rejection of the notion that Canada is imperialist has more recently drawn on the transnationalization thesis found in, inter alia, Robinson and Sklair. This article refutes these central premises. It argues, first, that Canadian capital can be measured as "Canadian." In turn, because there is a Canadian capitalist class we need to theorize its relationship with the Canadian state. Second, this Canadian capitalist class pursues its interests abroad, with the support of the Canadian state, as a secondary imperialist power within the hierarchical world system. Third, expansion of identifiably Canadian capital abroad is exemplified in Canadian investment trends in mining and finance in Latin America in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is an effective alternative material to alleviate the burden on wood supplies. Chemical components distributed in the gradient structure of bamboo culm are likely to be the determining factors in selecting the optimal application of bamboo. Bamboo culm exhibits a complicated chemical composition of in holocellulose, lignin, pentosan and extractives in the longitudinal direction of its culm cultivated for varying periods of time. In this study, the chemical constituents of moso bamboo were analyzed statistically at different heights cultivated for a minimum of 6 months to as long as 9 years. No significant impact on chemical components was found in the longitudinal direction of the bamboo culm. However, bamboo culm age should be taken into consideration in the trends of holocellulose, pentosan, lignin and extractives located in the inner, middle and outer layers. The moso bamboo cultivated from 3 to 5 years was optimal for industrial application. The yield percentage and difference between layers, in particular, are fundamentals for evaluating and improving the properties for bamboo products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroindustrial wastes are a type of biomass generated mainly by organic materials processing, which come from animal handling, plant cultivation and fruit and vegetable processing. The aim of this paper is to propose possible alternatives to use 19 wastes generated in the Colombian agroindustry by fruit processing. These alternatives of use are formulated based on the waste physicochemical characterization, which was carried out through proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, analysis of structural carbohydrates and extractives compounds, total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity. It was found that most of the wastes can be used as raw material in thermochemical processes. It was also found that the coffee grounds have the greatest alternatives of use, which goes from co-combustion with mineral coal to obtaining secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]