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Quantitative morphological phenotyping (QMP) is an image-based method used to capture morphological features at both the cellular and population level. Its interdisciplinary nature, spanning from data collection to result analysis and interpretation, can lead to uncertainties, particularly among those new to this actively growing field. High analytical specificity for a typical QMP is achieved through sophisticated approaches that can leverage subtle cellular morphological changes. Here, we outline a systematic workflow to refine the QMP methodology. For a practical review, we describe the main steps of a typical QMP; in each step, we discuss the available methods, their applications, advantages, and disadvantages, along with the R functions and packages for easy implementation. This review does not cover theoretical backgrounds, but provides several references for interested researchers. It aims to broaden the horizons for future phenome studies and demonstrate how to exploit years of endeavors to achieve more with less.

The current constraints associated with cancer diagnosis and molecular profiling, which rely on invasive tissue biopsies or clinical imaging, have spurred the emergence of the liquid biopsy field. Liquid biopsy involves the extraction of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating free or circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA or ctDNA), circulating cell-free RNA (cfRNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) from bodily fluid samples. Subsequently, these components undergo molecular characterization to identify biomarkers that are critical for early cancer detection, prognosis, therapeutic assessment, and post-treatment monitoring. These innovative biosources exhibit characteristics analogous to those of the primary tumor from which they originate or interact. This review comprehensively explores the diverse technologies and methodologies employed for processing these biosources, along with their principal clinical applications.

Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in this pathogen poses a significant public health challenge. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of studies conducted in Iran to determine the frequency of key antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their association with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains or pandrug-resistant strains. Methods: Systematic database searches encompassing literature up to June 2023 were undertaken. The selected studies centered on OprD downregulation, efflux pump (mexAB-OprM, mexXY-OprM) expression, and AmpC overproduction. Extracted data were synthesised in a meta-analysis for pooled frequency determination of each resistance mechanism. Results: In total, 24 studies were included. OprD downregulation exhibited a pooled frequency of 61%. Efflux pump component frequency ranged from 48% to 77.5%. AmpC overproduction was identified in 29.1% of isolates. Polymyxin B and colistin demonstrated lower antibiotic resistance rates, with pooled frequency of 1% and 1.6%, respectively. Conversely, resistance to other antibiotics ranged widely, with pooled frequency spanning 38.4% to 98.2%. Conclusions: This study underscores the concerning frequency of diverse antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from Iran. Concurrent OprD downregulation, mexAB, mexXY, OprM expression, and AmpC overproduction highlight the urgent need for stringent infection control and prudent antibiotic usage to curb the dissemination of these resistant strains. PROSPERO: CRD42022379311

Fostering equity in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs can be accomplished by incorporating learner-centered pedagogies, resulting in the closing of opportunity gaps (defined here as the difference in grades earned by minoritized and non-minoritized students). We assessed STEM courses that exhibit small and large opportunity gaps at a minority-serving, research-intensive university, and evaluated the degree to which their syllabi are learner-centered, according to a previously validated rubric. We specifically chose syllabi as they are often the first interaction students have with a course, establish expectations for course policies and practices, and serve as a proxy for the course environment. We found STEM courses with more learner-centered syllabi had smaller opportunity gaps. The syllabus rubric factor that most correlated with smaller gaps was Power and Control, which reflects Students Role, Outside Resources, and Syllabus Focus. This work highlights the importance of course syllabi as a tool for instructors to create more inclusive classroom environments.

In recent years, there has been a focus on improving geotechnical systems by implementing and constructing new deep foundation such as helical and expanded piles. This study examined the effects of parameters such as embedment depth, pile geometry, and axial loading direction on the load-displacement behaviour of these piles. To conduct the research, a database was compiled consisting of 80 axial loading test records for different piles. The embedment depth of the piles ranged from 2.4 to 36.8 m, and the diameter of helices or expanded parts ranged from 254 to 1500 mm. The ultimate load of the piles was determined using the 2.5% and 5% displacement ratio criteria and the Brinch-Hansen 80% method. Additionally, hyperbolic functions were fitted to the load-displacement curves, allowing for consistent estimation of the limit load and the initial tangent modulus. Analysis of the results from the database revealed that the dominant factors influencing the ultimate load, limit load, maximum measured load, initial stiffness, and load-displacement behaviour were the ratio of helices or expanded part diameter to shaft diameter, shaft and toe surface area, and load direction. Correlations derived from the database were validated using measurements from eight full-scale helical and expanded piles.

Introduction Salinity stress is an important abiotic stress threatening the production of cotton in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, which can be reduced by the proper use of organic materials. Cotton is the most important fiber product, which is widely cultivated for agricultural and industrial purposes in temperate and hot regions of more than 15 countries of the world. Although cotton is known as a salinity-tolerant plant, not only is the resistance to salinity limited in this plant, but different stages of development also show different reactions to salinity. One of the effects of stress is disturbing the nutritional balance in the plant. Proper nutrition during times of stress can partially help the plant deal with various environmental stresses. In this regard, by using fertilizers containing micronutrient elements, firstly, plant yield increases, secondly, increasing the concentration of these elements in agricultural products plays an important role in improving the quality of food consumption. Using organic fertilizers, especially organic and animal manure such as humic acid, can improve the performance and performance components of different products under stress conditions. Materials and Methods To study the effect of manure and humic acid on some of the physiological qualities of cotton under salt water salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as factorial split plots (factorial split plot) in which different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) as the main factor and two treatments of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/100 kg of seeds) as sub-factor in 4 replications in a farm located in Boshrouyeh city in 1398 years. The software SAS (V9.1) and Excel were used to analyze the data and draw the figures. Means were compared using the FLSD test at a 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of three experimental factors (salinity stress, manure, and humic acid) were significant on all studied traits (on the relative water content, Electrical conductivity and membrane stability, chlorophyll a and b contents, and proline content). With increasing salinity level, increased proline content (286.5%), membrane Electrical conductivity (4.2%) and carotenoids (88.79%) and decreased chlorophyll a (20.7 1 %) and b content (39.38%), relative water content (23.16%) and membrane stability (13.54%). The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the modifying effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. The interaction effects were significant, too. Conclusion The results of this research showed that the use of water with high salinity, such as salinity of 8 ds.m-1, caused significant changes in the physiological traits of the plant, including relative leaf water content, membrane stability, membrane electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls, and proline. With increasing salinity levels, the amount of proline, membrane electrolyte leakage, and carotenoid increased, and the content of chlorophyll a and b, relative water content, and membrane stability decreased. The application of animal manure and humic acid increased the relative water content, membrane stability, and chlorophyll content under stress conditions, which indicates the moderating effect of these fertilizers in reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress. Considering the positive effects of using organic fertilizers in this experiment, it is recommended to test and investigate the use of humic acid during the growing season in addition to the use of animal manure before planting and the use of humic acid in bulk Thus, it is suggested to use humic acid and animal manure in cotton cultivation to adjust the salinity levels.

In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the governance of AI based on the perspective of political phenomenologists with Morrow's interpretive approach and theoretical framework. The main question is: How does political phenomenology provide insights into the concept of AI governance? According to the hypothesis, the phenomenology of AI governance has a mathematical and positivist rationality. The results of the research also show that political phenomenologists refer to mathematical systems in the process of forming the rule of artificial intelligence; the formal systems of mathematics that create the mathematical world cause the mathematization of the life-world and its political horizon; and finally, the sovereignty of AI emerges. This process is not related to the philosophical development of existence and human freedom, and it is a kind of forgetting the life-world and is in conflict with the human meaning of phenomenology. They consider this process to be the cause of the attenuation of ancient virtues and the distortion of political action in the sense of the political space of the city-state, and while adopting a cosmic vision, anti-modernism mainly shows its dependence on the virtues and rights and natural law of pre-modern political systems against the modern systems of the mathematical world.

Background: Diabetes, as the most common disease caused by metabolic disorders, is associated with several compli-cations, including ocular complications. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the fre-quency of meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the eye clinic of Farshchian Hospital (Sina) from December 2019 to October 2020 were included. Data were collected on the patients’ demographic characteristics, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c using a pre-designed checklist. The severity of dry eye was assessed by the tear breakup time (TBUT) test, while meibomian gland disorder and ocular complications were evaluated by a slit lamp. Results: In this study, 267 patients with type 2 diabetes participated. The mean age of the patients was 59.8 years, and 44.2% of them were male. Mild, moderate, and severe dry eye were observed in 34.1%, 18.0% and 5.2% of the patients, respectively. Grades 1, 2, and 3 of meibomian gland dysfunction were observed in 32.6%, 15.7%, and 5.2% of the patients respectively. Patients with poor glycemic control had higher se-verity of dry eye (p

Objectives Aging is one of the stages of the life cycle that is accompanied by sensory changes and bodily awareness. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of perceptual-motor exercises based on multi-sensory therapy on body image and sensory processing in elderly individuals with cognitive impairments. Methods & Materials The present study is a clinical trial with a pre-test-post-test design with an experimental and a control group, conducted in a double-blind manner. The samples were selected using the available sampling method and were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups (15 participants in each group). The interventions were performed individually for each participant in 8 treatment sessions, 2 days a week, for a duration of 1 month. The assessment tools included the multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire (MBSRQ) and the sensory profile questionnaire. Results The results showed that the perceptual-motor exercises based on multi-sensory therapy had a significant difference in all cases of the MBSRQ (except for body satisfaction and preoccupation with excess body) and the sensory profile questionnaire in both groups (P

Extended Abstract Background: As a public belief, religion has always played a fundamental role in the development and strengthening of social institutions. Since the creation of mankind, religion has not only acted as a personal guide but also as a measure for regulating social behaviors and has played an important role in various areas, including natural resource management. One of the interesting patterns in the relationship between religion and nature is the connection formed based on the significance and sanctity of water in religious teachings. In this context, water is introduced as a symbol of purity, innocence, and spiritual health. According to this pattern, spiritual health, which refers to a deep connection to religious and divine values, plays a key role in regulating religious, civic, and individual relationships. Despite the great importance of this topic, few studies have investigated the role of religious beliefs in the consumption of natural resources, especially in Islamic societies. This shortage of research is largely due to the cultural and social challenges associated with studying such topics, avoided by many researchers. In reality, people’s religious beliefs and attitudes are often naturally inspired by nature and its resources, among which water is one of the most vital elements of nature, playing a crucial role in the survival and life of humanity. Islam, particularly in its Qur'anic teachings, repeatedly emphasizes the importance of water conservation and careful use. The Holy Qur'an refers to water as the source of life and stresses the need to care for this divine blessing. Alongside these teachings, religious beliefs have always played a central role in shaping people's attitudes and behaviors. One such belief, which is recognized as part of religious practice, is the concept of spiritual health, which refers to an individual's deep connection with religious teachings that can guide them toward more responsible use of natural resources, including water. This connection is not only evident in religious and ritualistic behaviors but also influences everyday life aspects, such as social interactions and the use of natural resources. However, fewer studies have specifically examined the relationship between spiritual health and optimal water use, particularly in Islamic societies. Cultural and social complexities associated with studying such topics have always posed challenges, leading to limited research in this field. Considering the role of water and its connection to religious beliefs and spiritual health, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between religious attitudes, income levels, and water consumption in the community of Gorgan. This study aims to answer the question: Is there a relationship between individuals' religious attitudes and their water consumption? Additionally, the study explores the influence of other variables, such as gender, income level, family size, and employment status, on water consumption. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study focuses on the urban population of Gorgan in 2021. A total of 100 individuals were selected from this population using simple random sampling. The samples were selected to ensure diversity in demographic, economic, and cultural characteristics. Standard and validated questionnaires were used as data collection tools, including a Religious Attitude Scale, a Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and a Financial Questionnaire. The Spiritual Health Questionnaire, by Polotzin and Ellison, consists of 20 questions designed to measure two dimensions: religious health and existential health. This questionnaire determines an individual's overall spiritual health score from 0 to 100. The second questionnaire assessed individuals' attitudes toward water consumption and their inclination toward water conservation. This questionnaire included 21 questions to evaluate cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and responsibility dimensions related to water consumption. The validity of these tools was confirmed through content validity, and their reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha, with values of 0.82 for spiritual health and 0.94 for the water conservation attitude questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Initially, descriptive statistics were employed to describe demographic variables and study indices (mean, standard deviation, and percentages). Then, inferential statistics, including Spearman's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis, were used to examine the relationship between independent variables (spiritual health, gender, income, family size, and employment status) and the dependent variable (water consumption) at a significance level of 0.05. All ethical principles, including informed consent from participants and confidentiality of information, were observed in this study. Results: A significant positive relationship was observed between spiritual health and water consumption, meaning that individuals with higher spiritual health were more inclined to conserve water. Additionally, a significant relationship was observed between water consumption and age. Older individuals were more likely to conserve water than younger ones. Multivariate regression analysis showed that spiritual health and age were the two main predictors of water-saving behaviors. In other words, an increase in spiritual health and age was significantly associated with a greater tendency toward optimal water use. Other demographic variables, such as gender, income level, employment status, and family size, did not significantly affect water consumption. The results suggest that improving spiritual health can lead to better water consumption behaviors and a reduction in water waste. This impact is particularly noticeable among older individuals. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that spiritual health, as an important and influential factor, plays a key role in improving water consumption behaviors. Strengthening spiritual health and religious beliefs in society, especially in arid and water-scarce regions, can serve as an effective strategy for addressing the water crisis and promoting the optimal use of natural resources. The findings also suggest that age is an important factor in reducing water consumption and encouraging conservation. Therefore, promoting and educating religious concepts related to natural resource conservation and protection, particularly through religious and educational institutions, can play a crucial role in changing water consumption patterns in society. Overall, the results of this study indicate that enhancing spiritual health through education and raising awareness can lead to reduced excessive water consumption and better protection of natural resources. This is especially important in communities facing water scarcity, requiring greater attention from policymakers and cultural and educational planners.

Biological nitrogen fixation is a process by which atmospheric nitrogen could be converted to the bioavailable nitrogen forms for plants. Among plants, legumes have the ability to fix nitrogen through symbiotic interaction with a specific group of bacteria called rhizobia. Because of this interaction, organs named nodules form on the plant roots. Nodule organogenesis on plant roots begins with the perception of Nod factor by plant root cells. Downstream of Nod factor perception, activation of transcription factor (TF) signaling cascade in root tissue take place. This results in the formation of structure named infection thread and initiation of cell division in root cortex and finally formation of functional nodules. Due to the importance of biological nitrogen fixation to improve soil fertility, the molecular mechanism of nodule development is studied extensively. Here in order to identify new possible regulators that affect the formation of nodules during symbiosis in Medicago truncatula, the most significant symbiotic related TFs including MtIPD3, MtNSP1, MtNSP2, MtNIN, MtERN1, MtERN2, and MtERN3 were studied. Analyzing co-expressed genes with Phytozome database and examining interaction networks with STRING database have indicated potential new regulators involved in nodule development. According to our data, there is a high physical interaction score between IPD3 with some splicing factors and cell cycle proteins. This shows that IPD3 through interaction with these proteins could be involved in regulation of gene expression and cell cycle. Besides, we found a possible cytokinin transport gene ABCG38 and showed the activation of its expression in nodules compared to root. Moreover, we showed that auxin response factor Medtr2g043250 could be direct target of NIN transcription factor. Our results on potential regulators of nodule organogenesis will pave the way for additional researches.

From the point of view of production, the current era can be considered as the era of complex products, because we have passed from the era of traditional products to the industrial one and we are witnessing the strong role of industry in the current life of people from life to death. One of the examples of the expansion of industry can be It was clearly observed in the production and supply of pharmaceutical products. Products that are directly related to human health and life play a role in this sensitive valley. The lack of access for all to different biomes in order to obtain traditional medicines is definitely a matter of praise, especially if the producer goes through all the production steps well and without any defects, which will be highly appreciated. If the procedure is carried out properly, it still brings unwanted side effects, which of course, the extent of these side effects also has severity and weakness, and naturally its destructive effects are also different. In the upcoming article, Pira's Warning Duty we will pay attention to the unwanted side effects of medicine and in order to identify the person responsible for the warning, we will stick to the descriptive-normative method. The doctor's consensus has pointed out that we will explain and examine this issue in detail in the next article.

Background: Post-total thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is a common complication with low calcium levels after thyroid removal. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the frequency of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy, the associated factors, and the results of vitamin D (Vit D) and calcium supplements applied to patients with hyperthyroidism. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 patients with hyperthyroidism referred to Razi hospital, Rasht, Iran, in 2022. The patients’ demographical data and clinical characteristics, level of Vit D before and after surgery, level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) after surgery, and presence or absence of hypocalcemia following surgery were recorded, and all data were analyzed using SPSS 22, considering a significant level of

Introduction: Ameloblastic fibro‑odontoma (AFO) is a rare, slow‑growing neoplastic lesion classified as a benign, epithelial odontogenic mesenchymal tumor. This tumor exhibits histological features characteristic of both ameloblastic fibromas and complex odontomas. The clinical manifestation of AFO is typically characterized by the asymptomatic enlargement of the jawbones. Radiographically, it presents as a distinct radiolucent region, indicating the presence of radiopaque substances with varying degrees of irregularities in size and morphology. Standard therapeutic intervention involves enucleation. Despite its benign nature, AFO can cause significant morbidity if left untreated. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes. The present study described the case (clinical presentation and management) of a 10‑year‑old male patient with an AFO lesion located in the posterior mandible. This particular case was treated with conservative measures involving surgical enucleation along with the extraction of the impacted tooth and the curettage of residual bone.

Field tests are the most suitable method to determine geotechnical parameters. Owing to some restrictions in field tests, physical modeling has been widely accepted as a proper method to define mathematical correlations among geotechnical parameters. This study investigates correlations between parameters derived from cone penetrometer tests. The tests were performed in a cylindrical chamber with a height and diameter of 1000 mm to minimize the boundary effect. Coastal poorly graded sand sampled from the Babolsar region, adjacent to the Caspian Sea, was used. Some correlations among geotechnical parameters, including cone resistance, dynamic cone resistance, dynamic penetration index, modulus of elasticity, internal friction angle, and relative density, are presented. All correlations were categorized into three main categories: soil stiffness, penetration strength, and geotechnical parameters. The results had reasonable accuracy and precision. The average R2 value of the obtained results was approximately 94. The investigations into the inherent CPT also indicated that the strength parameter had more accuracy than stiffness and other sand parameters. Specifically, the R2 value for the correlation between the results of various penetration tests, considered strength parameters, averaged 97. In contrast, the R2 value for the correlation between the elasticity modulus and cone penetration test results was 86.

Background: Patient’s privacy protection is a challenging ethical issue. The complex situation of the COVID-19 pandemic was a probable predictor of breaching confidentiality. This study aimed to assess the viewpoints of COVID-19-confirmed patients, who were hospitalized, and their healthcare providers about the compliance of different aspects of patient’s privacy.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 3433 COVID-19-confirmed patients who were hospitalized in Kerman, between 2020 and 2021, and about 1228 related physicians, nurses, and paraclinical staff. Two separate validated researcher-made questionnaires were developed, each including subscales for physical, informational, and spatial privacy, as well as a satisfaction rate of privacy protection. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26, with independent samples t test, Mann-Whitney-U, Kruskal Wallis, and Multiple Linear Regression tests at a 95% confidence interval.Results: The mean percentages of the patients’ privacy scores in physical, spatial, and informational areas were significantly lower (P

∴ Introduction ∴ The concept of "spontaneous mental occurrence" or "Tabador" (springing to the mind first) plays a critical and intricate role within Islamic jurisprudential theory and practice. The term, deeply rooted in the tradition of Principles of Islamic jurisprudence [Usul al-Fiqh], denotes an immediate and intuitive perception or understanding of concepts without the need for deliberative thought. This concept is pivotal for understanding how Sharia rulings are derived and applied. In Islamic jurisprudence, the relevance and applicability of a Sharia ruling depend fundamentally on its subject matter; the ruling is only operative if its respective subject exists. Thus, the spontaneous mental occurrence helps bridge the cognitive gap between the abstract rule and its practical subject, making the law's application both possible and meaningful. In the context of legal reform, especially within the framework of Islamic codified laws, understanding and validating the role of spontaneous mental occurrence becomes crucial. This is due to its potential to either solidify or undermine the legitimacy and effectiveness of legal interpretations and applications in contemporary contexts. ∴ Research Question ∴ The primary research question of this article is: how does spontaneous mental occurrence [Tabador] influence the interpretation of legal-jurisprudential propositions in the post-legislative validation process of Islamic codified laws? This question is examined through the lens of both traditional Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal challenges, seeking to establish whether this concept can consistently provide a reliable basis for interpreting the words of the lawgiver as they were intended at the time of legislation, and how it translates into current legal applications. ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The hypothesis posited in this research is that spontaneous mental occurrence, while historically significant and deeply embedded in Islamic jurisprudential practice, may face substantial challenges in its application to modern legal systems due to the dynamic nature of language and societal evolution. These challenges primarily involve the conjectural nature of interpreting historical texts with contemporary meanings, which may lead to discrepancies between original legislative intents and current understandings. The research aims to assess the validity of spontaneous mental occurrence in bridging these interpretative gaps, with a focus on whether it can be reliably used without succumbing to conjectural inaccuracies and historical disconnections. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ This article employs a doctrinal and critical approach, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the concept of spontaneous mental occurrence in principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The research framework is multidisciplinary, drawing from both Eastern and Western philosophical traditions, including the works of prominent philosophers and logicians such as Ibn Sina and Martin Heidegger, as well as Islamic scholars of Islamic jurisprudence. This broad perspective allows for a comprehensive analysis of the concept from various philosophical and legal angles. The methodology involves a critical review of historical and contemporary texts on principles of Islamic jurisprudence, analysis of case studies where spontaneous mental occurrence has been applied, and a comparative study with other legal systems where similar concepts might exist. Additionally, the research incorporates discussions with contemporary Islamic scholars and jurists to understand current perspectives and applications of spontaneous mental occurrence in legal interpretations. This blend of theoretical analysis and practical inquiry is designed to thoroughly examine the strengths and weaknesses of relying on spontaneous mental occurrence for legal interpretation in the modern era. This framework is intended to not only validate the concept of spontaneous mental occurrence from a historical and theoretical viewpoint but also to critically assess its applicability and effectiveness in contemporary legal scenarios, where the distance between the time of legislation and current application poses unique challenges. Through this multidimensional analysis, the research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how spontaneous mental occurrence can function as a tool for legal interpretation and reform in the context of Islamic codified laws. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ The investigation into the role of spontaneous mental occurrence [Tabador] in the interpretation of legal-jurisprudential propositions reveals both complexities and significant insights. The research highlights that while spontaneous occurrence is a fundamental concept within Islamic jurisprudence, it encounters critical challenges when applied to the interpretation of laws in a contemporary context. Firstly, the study found that spontaneous occurrence often does not consistently bridge the gap between the historical meanings of words and their current interpretations. This inconsistency is primarily due to the dynamic nature of language and societal evolution, which can lead to a divergence between the original intents of the lawgiver and contemporary understandings. This divergence challenges the assertion that spontaneous occurrence can serve as a reliable tool for post-legislative interpretation and validation of Islamic codified laws. Moreover, the research critically addresses the logical relationship between spontaneous occurrence and truth. It underscores that while spontaneous occurrence may reveal a real meaning of a word, it does not necessarily equate to the discovery of the true link between the word and its meaning, which is a more comprehensive and deliberative process. This finding implies that spontaneous occurrence should be viewed as a sign of potential meaning rather than a definitive source of truth. The study points out the risk of conflating these two aspects, which can lead to misinterpretations and subsequent legal inaccuracies. Additionally, the results bring to light the problem of conjecture in spontaneous occurrence. The research elaborates on how jurists, while attempting to interpret legal texts based on their intuitive understanding, may rely on speculative and conjectural assumptions. This reliance is particularly problematic when these interpretations are used to bridge historical and contemporary meanings, often resulting in compounded speculation which lacks a solid evidential foundation. This aspect is crucial because it directly impacts the validity of jurisprudential rulings derived from such interpretations, which can subsequently influence the revision of laws. Another significant finding is the issue of logical circularity associated with spontaneous occurrence. The study explores how spontaneous occurrence can lead to a circular fallacy, where the interpretation of a term depends on an assumed understanding which itself is based on the interpretation. This circularity undermines the reliability of spontaneous occurrence as a method for legal interpretation. However, the research suggests that this problem can be addressed by distinguishing between different types of knowledge—intermediate and detailed—which can help mitigate the risk of circular reasoning.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌The study concludes that while spontaneous mental occurrence holds a traditional and significant place in Islamic jurisprudential theory, its application in the contemporary interpretation of laws faces substantial challenges. These challenges stem from the inherent limitations of spontaneous occurrence, including its conjectural nature and susceptibility to logical circularities. Furthermore, the research articulates that spontaneous occurrence, by itself, does not always provide a reliable basis for interpreting the true meanings of legal texts, especially when these texts are subject to historical and cultural distances from their original context. This realization necessitates a more nuanced approach to legal interpretation, one that integrates spontaneous occurrence with other interpretative tools and methodologies, such as historical-semantic analysis and the critical use of modern legal theories. The findings underscore the necessity for Islamic jurists and lawmakers to reconsider the reliance on spontaneous occurrence as a sole indicator of legal meanings. Instead, a combined approach, employing both traditional and contemporary interpretative methods, is recommended to ensure that legal interpretations remain relevant and accurate in today's diverse and evolving societal contexts. Finally, the implications of this study are profound for the reform of Islamic codified laws. It provides a scholarly basis for questioning the current interpretative practices and suggests a pathway for reforming substantive laws, including civil and penal laws, which have often been critiqued for not aligning with international norms and human rights standards. By recognizing the limitations of spontaneous occurrence and advocating for a multidimensional interpretative strategy, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on legal reform in Islamic countries, encouraging a reevaluation of laws in light of both traditional wisdom and contemporary demands.

Despite Nepal's huge linguistic diversity, maintaining minority languages and providing the mother tongue-based education to non-dominant language children are Nepal's two major obstacles. Scholars have pointed to a negative consequence of the standard language ideology on non-dominant language maintenance and mother tongue-based schooling. Using the critical discourse analysis, this paper analyzed the discourse of Nepal's two recent constitutions, which have largely been celebrated as transformative language policy texts in favor of non-dominant languages. Analysis of constitutional discourse has implications for language-based equity, home language-based schooling, and the maintenance of non-dominant languages. The current analysis revealed that Nepal's recent constitutions have employed marginalizing linguistic categories of "foregrounding," "indexicality," "backgrounding," and "erasure" in promoting the dominant language ideology, which can be rationalized to deny or delay linguistic rights and the mother tongue-based education. While the current research found the new constitution being more assertive than the previous one in support of multilingual schooling and the maintenance of non-dominant languages, existing constitutional provisions are insufficient to alter the current dominant language-based medium of instruction priority and linguistic domination. The continuation of the current language practices weakens the prospects for non-dominant language maintenance and home language-based schooling and legitimizes the state's inaction in implementing constitutional provisions. This paper concludes that analysis of language policy discourse is important to dig up the roots hindering non-dominant language development and the mother tongue-based schooling and locating the sites of linguistic marginalization.

Research in educational program administration provides insights into the operationalization of programs or organizational services; however, an area of research that is long due exploration and development is how English language programs (ELPs) differ in terms of planning, organization and services and the job English language program administrators (ELPAs) perform in their roles. This paper reports on collaborative autoethnographies of three ELPAs who share their experiences of encountering administrative challenges and devising effective strategies to address them. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected through critical self-reflections, individual research discussion dialogs, notes sharing and a focus group. While we confirm that administrative challenges exist in ELP administration, the findings of this study add that the nature and extent of these problems (e.g. cultural diversity, course alignment, power relations, racism, recruitment) can be different from program to program and context to context. The main finding of this study is that successful ELP administration requires a good understanding of the macro-culture (e.g. national context, university culture, administration at large) as well as the micro-culture (e.g. program level policies and practices). This study has significant implications for leadership training in ELP administration and future research projects investigating context-specific leadership in English education.