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A new species of Epidendrum L. from northern Peru is described, illustrated, and compared with related species. This new species belongs to the Laxicaule Group and shares morphological characteristics with Epidendrum laxicaule D.E. Benn & Christenson but differs in the shape and length of the dorsal sepal; the shape of the petals and the lip, ribs position of the lip, shape of the vesicle formed between the ovary and the column as well as the section of the stem.

Orchidaceae is a megadiverse botanical family in Brazil, particularly in the Atlantic Forest where it is a priority group for conservation. Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PARNA Itatiaia) was the first conservation unit established in Brazil, and represents a large and mature remnant of Atlantic Forest. Updated data on richness, distribution and conservation of the Neotropical and ornamental subtribe Laeliinae in the park recently disclosed the occurrence of presumed locally extinct species, but without a taxonomic approach. Thus, we present a comprehensive taxonomic treatment of Laeliinae in the PARNA Itatiaia. The subtribe is represented by six genera and 33 species, which corresponds to about 15% of the orchid flora of PARNA Itatiaia. Epidendrum is the richest genus, with 20 species, followed by Cattleya (6 spp.) and Prosthechea (4 spp.). Species of Laeliinae grow in shady and humid habitats, especially near rivers, at elevations ranging 750-1,200 m, with species richness decreasing with elevation. Several species form small populations (commonly < 10 individuals), which are in need of prompt conservation actions to avoid local extinction. Samples of Laeliinae from PARNA Itatiaia in collections of consulted herbaria were found to be scarce. Variable morphological characteristics, mainly of the lip, distinguishe species of Laeliinae.

Epidendrum katarun-yariku H��gsater & Wrazidlo, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2) Type: ��� VENEZUELA. Bol��var, Gran Sabana, Macizo del Chimant��, sector SSE, Altiplanicie suroriental del Acop��n-tepu��, cabeceras del R��o Arau��c, 1920 m, 14 February 1984, J. A . Steyermark, J. L. Luteyn & O. Huber 129987 (holotype VEN!; isotype MO!). Epidendrum katarun-yariku is similar to E. secundum Jacq. but the sepals and petals yellow, the lip white, callus massive, deep yellow (vs. flowers entirely pink with a massive callus, pale yellow at the base center, the apical 2/3 white). Lithophytic or terrestrial, sympodial, caespitose herb, 23���300 cm tall including the inflorescence. Roots 1���2 mm in diameter, basal, terete, fleshy, thin, white. Stems 6���48 x 0.3���0.5 cm, simple, cane-like, slightly sinuous, terete to slightly compressed towards the apex, thin, covered by foliar sheaths. Leaves 6���24, distichous, distributed throughout the stem; sheaths 0.8���2.8 x 0.3���0.5 cm long, tubular, smooth, green tinged wine red, papyraceous and scarious when dry; blades 3.2���8.0 [10.5] x 0.7���2.0 [2.6] cm, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, articulate, apex obtuse to rounded, narrowly bilobed, coriaceous, smooth green, margins entire, spreading. Spathe lacking. Inflorescence 19���75 cm long, racemose becoming pluri-racemose, producing new racemes over time from the upper nodes of the peduncle; peduncle 17���70 cm long, elongate, green, covered by several tubular bracts 5.9���6.9 cm long, yellow with brown dots, scarious when dry, striated, papyraceous, imbricated, acute; rachis 2.0��� 8.5 cm long. Floral bracts 4���7 x 2.0��� 2.5 mm, progressively smaller, much shorter than the ovary, triangular, acuminate. Flowers up to 17 or more, successive, with up to 6 open at any time, non-resupinate, sepals and petals yellow, lip white to pale yellow, callus yellow, column pale green, anther green tinged brown along the sides, becoming totally brown with age; fragrance none. Ovary 16���20 mm long, terete, thin, not inflated, pale green, darker towards the base, furrowed. Sepals 8.3���9.1 x 3.3 mm, spreading, the apical half becoming somewhat revolute as the flower ages, oblong-obovate, the outer margin nearly straight, apex obtuse, slightly apiculate, 7-veined, margin entire, spreading; lateral sepals oblique. Petals 9.1���10.0 x 2.5 mm, spreading, the apical half becoming somewhat revolute as the flower ages, oblanceolate, acute, 5- veined, margin entire, somewhat revolute. Lip 7.3 x 9.6 mm, united to the column, more or less flat in natural position, deeply 3-lobed, base deeply cordate; callus massive, fleshy, thick, with a total of 7 tubercles, the platformed formed by 5 unequal tubercles merged at the base, the central body formed by 3 tubercles, the middle part longer and prolonged into a low, short mid-ridge with a pair of lateral shorter tubercles, one on each side of the main body, slightly divergent, and basally two more tubercles, short, elevated, somewhat laminar, obliquely triangular, the apex rounded and then somewhat concave below, so as to be nose-shaped, placed atop the base of the lateral tubercles of the main body; lateral lobes 3.2 x 4.3 mm, the distal lateral margin superposed over the edge of the mid-lobe, sub-orbicular, lateral margins erose, distal margin irregularly erose-dentate; mid-lobe 3.7 x 6.3 mm, bilobed, the lobes sub-orbicular, apical sinus somewhat mucronate, margin irregularly erose dentate. Column 6.3 mm long, straight, terete, slightly thickened towards the apex, with a pair of fleshy, yellow lateral lobes, recurved in front of the column, the apex rounded to truncate, margin entire. Clinandrium hood reduced, narrow, margin irregularly dentate. Anther cordiform, apex acute, laminar, surface rugose, 4-celled. Pollinia 4, narrowly obovate, elongate, laterally compressed; caudicles longer than the pollinia, soft and granulose, like a pile of roof-tiles; viscidium semi-liquid. Rostellum apical, slit. Lateral lobes of the stigma occupying 1/4 of the length of the stigmatic cavity. Nectary deep, penetrating half the pedicellate ovary. Capsule ellipsoid, 38 mm long (immature), pedicel 6 mm long, body 20 mm long, apical neck 12 mm long. Etymology:��� From the indigenous Pem��n Arekuna language, katarun (high), and yariku (flower), meaning high flower, in reference to this species being found only on the summits and upper foothills of the tepuis. The name was chosen in consultation with members of the Pem��n Arekuna community of Paruima, to honor the indigenous heritage of the Guiana Highlands. Distribution and habitat: ���Known currently from the ���high-tepui belt���, especially summit plateaus and upper talus slopes of the tepuis in the southwestern part of the states of Bol��var and Amazonas, Venezuela: Chimant�� Massif (Acop��n-tepu��, Amur��-tepu��, Apacar��-tepu��, Abacap��-tepu��), Auy��n-tepu��, Ptari-tepu��, Camarcaibarai-tepu��, Meseta del Jaua, Sierra de la Neblina and Cerro Duida (Fig. 3) as well as the neighboring area around Pico da Neblina in Brazil. Terrestrial in wet savanna; ���praderas h��medas y arbustales enanos sobre turberas, bosquecillos ribere��os y vegetaci��n sobre rocas abiertas���, at 1380 to 2400 m altitude, with the lowest occurrences recorded on Cerro Sarisari��ama. Flowering throughout the year. From records in Reflora and AMO-DATA, it does not appear to be present in Serra do Arac�� in Brazil. The plates by Barbosa-Silva & Forzza (2016: fig. 73) only show a white flowered species of this group. None of the specimens mentioned in the Appendix 1 of Barbosa-Silva et al. (2020, Appendix 1), correspond to this entity. Proposed conservation status: ���VU (Vulnerable). Assuming that as stated by Steyermark (1979) only 63% of the Pantepui flora is endemic above 1500 m. Research shows that 80% of the vascular flora of the tepuis, ca. 1,700 species of which up to 400 are believed to be Pantepui endemics, are threatened of extinction (Nogu�� et al. 2009). Epidendrum katarun-yariku is only present in the ���high tepui belt��� as expressed by Huber (1988). Its present extension area is confined to less than 20,000 km ��. It complies with Criterion B1 for the VU (Vulnerable) applies (IUCN 2001). It is threatened by the effects of climate change, increased temperatures and less rainfall, and is unable to migrate to higher altitudes. Discussion: ��� Epidendrum katarun-yariku belongs to the Schistochilum group, Secundum subgroup, which is recognized by the caespitose habit, simple stems, leaves oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, bilobed, the peduncle elongate, erect, the inflorescence pluri-racemose, the flowers non-resupinate, and the callus complex, pluri-tuberculate. The species is recognized by yellow flowers with the lip white. Epidendrum holstii H��gsater (H��gsater & Carnevali 2018: pl. 1623) (H��gsater & Duarte 2020) has crimson red to salmon or coral-red sepals and petals and the lip pink to purple, a massive callus, yellow with edges white, the flowers relatively small, and the sepals 8���13 mm long. Epidendrum secundum Jacq. has pink flowers with a massive white callus with the base yellow; it is found commonly atop several tepuis, as well as on the base foothills of the tepuis and the surrounding savannas (La Gran Sabana). There are on the tepuis, in addition, a totally yellow flowered species, concolor, as well as a totally white entity, and an orange-red species with a large yellow callus; all of which require further study with detailed photographic records. Epidendrum xanthinum Lindley (1844: 18) has totally yellow flowers and is restricted to the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in Amazon rainforest, Caatinga and Atlantic rainforest; it is endemic to Brazil, though the name has been used for all the yellow flowered members of this group throughout South America. In Colombia E. melinanthum Schlechter (1920: 139) (Moreno & H��gsater, 2017) and E. aura-usecheae H��gsater, Rinc��n-Useche & P��rez-Escobar (2013: 1410) are also totally yellow and distinct, easy to distinguish once you know what to look for, even in herbarium specimens. Epidendrum sterrophyllum Schlechter (1920: 151) also from Colombia (Antioquia), is certainly conspecific with E. melinanthum, as can be clearly seen from the sketch of a flower published by Schlechter (1929) and conforms to the known range of distribution of the latter. Comments: ���The specimens included have been seen, but as the dried flowers are very similar for the three species mentioned above, they have been identified based on the yellow and white color noted by the collectors, as that is definitely the most notable distinguishing feature, aside from differences in the calli which would require boiling a good pressed flower to regain the original three dimensional structure. From photographs provided by Martin Hingst and Brad Wilson, it is clear that there is an additional species with completely yellow flowers, another with white flowers with a yellow callus, as well as orange flowers with a yellow callus atop Auy��n-tepu�� and also on the Chimant�� Massif. Additional photographs provided by Mateusz Wrazidlo, taken in the vicinities of Kavanay��n in Venezuela, proves that a similar species characterized by completely white flowers with a yellow callus occurs also on lower elevations in La Gran Sabana. Due to parts of the known distribution of E. katarun-yariku being located relatively close to the border of Guyana, it is highly probable that the range extends to the Pantepui biogeographic zones in that country (montane habitats of Waukauyengtipu in Guyana), which requires further study. OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazonas: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Igarap�� Cuiabixi, P. N. do Pico da Neblina, 2060 m, 20 September 2012, Forzza 7189 (RB!). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Rio Negro, Neblina Camp 10; 12.5 km NNW of Pico Phelps, 16.25 km NE of Base Camp, 1670���1690 m, 12 February 1985, Boom 5758 (VEN!) ibid. 13 February 1985, Boom 5849 (NY!; VEN!); Atabapo: Cerro Duida, Campamento 3, 2140 m, 21 November 1991, Fuentes 1263 (VEN!); Atabapo: Plateau of Cerro Huachamacari, 1720 m, 1 March 1985, Liesner 18122 (MO!; VEN!); Rio Negro: Cerro Aracamuni, summit, Proa camp, 1400 m, 25 October 1987, Liesner 22453 (MO!; VEN!); Cerro Huachamacari, R��o Cunucunuma. In low bush in cumbre west of Ca��o de Dios, 1800 m, 14 December 1950, Maguire 30238 (NY!); Bol��var: Macizo del Chimant��, sector sur-occidental. Cumbre meridional del Amur��-tepu��; altiplanicies levemente inclinadas hacia el sur y sureste, en las cabeceras del R��o Aparur��n, 2100 m, 4 March 1986, Huber 11425 (VEN!); Macizo del Chimant��, sector occidental. Brazo sur del Apacar��-tepu��, cerca de la conexi��n con el Abacap��-tepu��, en las cabeceras occidentales del R��o Tirica, 2100 m, 8 March 1986, Huber 11470 (VEN!); Central and western part of saddle between Camarcaibarai-tepu�� and Terek��-Yur��n-tepu��, 1800���1900 m, 23 May 1986, Liesner 21005 (VEN!); Ptari-tepu��. Vicinity of Cave Rock camp below southern face of mountain, 1600���2000 m, 14 August 1970, Moore 9753 (UC!; VEN!); Chimant�� Massif. central section. Rocky edge of scarpment above Middle Falls R��o Tirica below summit, 1925 m, 5 February 1955, Steyermark 496 (AMES!; VEN x2!); Auy��ntepu��, Cumbre de la parte norte de la secci��n sur (divisi��n occidental del cerro): a lo largo del rio Churum, vecindad del campamento sur, sureste del ���Second Wall���, Bordering zanjones, 1690 m, 3 May 1964, Steyermark 93266 (AMES!; VEN!); Meseta del Jaua: Cerro Sarisari��ama, cumbre, porci��n NE, 1380 m, 11 February 1974, Steyermark 108970 (VEN!); Meseta del Jaua: Cerro Jaua: cumbre, porci��n SW; al W del tributario del R��o Marajano 2���3 km al oeste del campamento y bordeando la sabana, 1850���1920 m, 4 March 1974, Steyermark 109802 (VEN!); Macizo del Chimant��. Altiplanicie en la base meridional de los farallones superiores de Apacar��-tepu��, sector norte del macizo, 2200 m, 31 I 1983, Steyermark 128290 (VEN!); Macizo del Chimant��, sector SSE. Altiplanicie SE del Acop��n-tepu��, cabeceras del R��o Arau��c, 1930 m, 14 February 1984, Steyermark 129988 (VEN!); Camarcaibarai-tepu��, SW facing shoulder 1800���1825 m, 22���24 May 1986, Steyermark 1311993 (MO!; VEN!) ibid. Steyermark 1311993- A (MO!). OTHER RECORDS: VENEZUELA. Bol��var: Amur�� tepu��, 29 January 2009, Hingst s.n., digital image; Cima del Auy��n-tepu��, 2300���2400 m, received May 2016, Kaes 9, digital image (AMO!); Abacap��-tepu��, observed 2011, Wilson s.n., digital image; Southwestern slopes of Ptari-tepu��, in a Bonnetia roraimae Oliv. shrub patch on a sandstone boulder above Punto Phelps cave rock camp, 1900���2000 m, observed May 2018, Wrazidlo s.n., digital image (AMO!); Summit plateau of Acop��n-tepu��, observed January 2017, Wrazidlo s.n., digital images (AMO!; LCDP voucher)., Published as part of H��gsater, Eric & Wrazidlo, Mateusz, 2020, Epidendrum katarun-yariku (Orchidaceae), a new species of the Schistochilum group from the tepuis of the Guiana Highlands in South America, pp. 33-40 in Phytotaxa 472 (1) on pages 35-38, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.472.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5805727, {"references":["Barbosa-Silva, R. G. & Forzza, R. C. (2016) Parque Estadual da Serra do Araca, Amazonas, Brazil, Spermatophytes of Serra do Araca. 732 version 1. Chicago, United States of America. Available from: https: // fieldguides. fieldmuseum. org / sites / default / files / rapid-colorguides-pdfs / 732 _ brazil-spermatophytes _ of _ serra _ do _ araca. pdf (accessed 2 November 2020)","Barbosa-Silva, R. G., Bueno, M. L., Labiak, P. H., Coelho, M. A. N., Martinelli, G. & Forzza, R. C. (2020) The Pantepui in the Brazilian Amazon: Vascular Flora of Serra de Araca, a Cradle of Diversity, Richness and Endemism. The Botanical Review. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12229 - 020 - 09235 - x","Steyermark, J. A. (1979) Plant Refuge and Dispersal Centres in Venezuela: Their Relict and Endemic Element. In: Larsen, K. & Holm- Nielsen, L. B. (Eds.) Tropical Botany. Academic Press, Inc. Great Britain, London, pp. 185 - 221.","Nogue, S., Rull, V. & Vegas-Vilarrubia, T. (2009) Modeling biodiversity loss by global warming on Pantepui, northern South America: projected upward migration and potential habitat loss. Climatic Change 94: 77 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10584 - 009 - 9554 - x","IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, ii + 30 pp.","Hagsater, E. & Carnevali, G. (2018) Epidendrum holstii. In: Hagsater, E. & Santiago, E. (eds.), The Genus Epidendrum, Part 12. Icones Orchidacearum 16 (1): pl. 1623.","Hagsater, E. & Duarte, J. (2020) Epidendrum holstii. In: Hagsater, E. & Santiago, E. (Eds.) The Genus Epidendrum, Part 13. Icones Orchidacearum 17 (2): pl. 1770.","Lindley, J. (1844) Epidendrum xanthinum. Edwards's Botanical Register 30: 18.","Schlechter, R.; 1920, Die Orchideenfloren der sudamerikanischen Kordillerenstaaten, II Colombia. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis, Beihefte 7: 139, 151 - 152.","Moreno, J. S. & Hagsater, E. (2017) Epidendrum melinanthum. Species Orchidacearum 1 (1): LCDP 3.","Hagsater, E., Rincon-Useche, C. & Perez-Escobar, O. (2013) Epidendrum aura-usecheae. In: Hagsater, E. & Santiago, E. (eds.), The Genus Epidendrum, Part 10. Icones Orchidacearum 14: pl. 1410.","Schlechter, R. (1929) R. Mansfeld (Ed.) Figurenatlas zu den Orchideenfloren der sudamerikanischen Kordillerenstaaten, Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis, Beihefte 57 (6 - 11): t. 54, Nr. 206."]}

Epidendrum katarun-yariku Hágsater & Wrazidlo, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2) Type: — VENEZUELA. Bolívar, Gran Sabana, Macizo del Chimantá, sector SSE, Altiplanicie suroriental del Acopán-tepuí, cabeceras del Río Arauác, 1920 m, 14 February 1984, J. A . Steyermark, J. L. Luteyn & O. Huber 129987 (holotype VEN!; isotype MO!). Epidendrum katarun-yariku is similar to E. secundum Jacq. but the sepals and petals yellow, the lip white, callus massive, deep yellow (vs. flowers entirely pink with a massive callus, pale yellow at the base center, the apical 2/3 white). Lithophytic or terrestrial, sympodial, caespitose herb, 23–300 cm tall including the inflorescence. Roots 1–2 mm in diameter, basal, terete, fleshy, thin, white. Stems 6–48 x 0.3–0.5 cm, simple, cane-like, slightly sinuous, terete to slightly compressed towards the apex, thin, covered by foliar sheaths. Leaves 6–24, distichous, distributed throughout the stem; sheaths 0.8–2.8 x 0.3–0.5 cm long, tubular, smooth, green tinged wine red, papyraceous and scarious when dry; blades 3.2–8.0 [10.5] x 0.7–2.0 [2.6] cm, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, articulate, apex obtuse to rounded, narrowly bilobed, coriaceous, smooth green, margins entire, spreading. Spathe lacking. Inflorescence 19–75 cm long, racemose becoming pluri-racemose, producing new racemes over time from the upper nodes of the peduncle; peduncle 17–70 cm long, elongate, green, covered by several tubular bracts 5.9–6.9 cm long, yellow with brown dots, scarious when dry, striated, papyraceous, imbricated, acute; rachis 2.0– 8.5 cm long. Floral bracts 4–7 x 2.0– 2.5 mm, progressively smaller, much shorter than the ovary, triangular, acuminate. Flowers up to 17 or more, successive, with up to 6 open at any time, non-resupinate, sepals and petals yellow, lip white to pale yellow, callus yellow, column pale green, anther green tinged brown along the sides, becoming totally brown with age; fragrance none. Ovary 16–20 mm long, terete, thin, not inflated, pale green, darker towards the base, furrowed. Sepals 8.3–9.1 x 3.3 mm, spreading, the apical half becoming somewhat revolute as the flower ages, oblong-obovate, the outer margin nearly straight, apex obtuse, slightly apiculate, 7-veined, margin entire, spreading; lateral sepals oblique. Petals 9.1–10.0 x 2.5 mm, spreading, the apical half becoming somewhat revolute as the flower ages, oblanceolate, acute, 5- veined, margin entire, somewhat revolute. Lip 7.3 x 9.6 mm, united to the column, more or less flat in natural position, deeply 3-lobed, base deeply cordate; callus massive, fleshy, thick, with a total of 7 tubercles, the platformed formed by 5 unequal tubercles merged at the base, the central body formed by 3 tubercles, the middle part longer and prolonged into a low, short mid-ridge with a pair of lateral shorter tubercles, one on each side of the main body, slightly divergent, and basally two more tubercles, short, elevated, somewhat laminar, obliquely triangular, the apex rounded and then somewhat concave below, so as to be nose-shaped, placed atop the base of the lateral tubercles of the main body; lateral lobes 3.2 x 4.3 mm, the distal lateral margin superposed over the edge of the mid-lobe, sub-orbicular, lateral margins erose, distal margin irregularly erose-dentate; mid-lobe 3.7 x 6.3 mm, bilobed, the lobes sub-orbicular, apical sinus somewhat mucronate, margin irregularly erose dentate. Column 6.3 mm long, straight, terete, slightly thickened towards the apex, with a pair of fleshy, yellow lateral lobes, recurved in front of the column, the apex rounded to truncate, margin entire. Clinandrium hood reduced, narrow, margin irregularly dentate. Anther cordiform, apex acute, laminar, surface rugose, 4-celled. Pollinia 4, narrowly obovate, elongate, laterally compressed; caudicles longer than the pollinia, soft and granulose, like a pile of roof-tiles; viscidium semi-liquid. Rostellum apical, slit. Lateral lobes of the stigma occupying 1/4 of the length of the stigmatic cavity. Nectary deep, penetrating half the pedicellate ovary. Capsule ellipsoid, 38 mm long (immature), pedicel 6 mm long, body 20 mm long, apical neck 12 mm long. Etymology:— From the indigenous Pemón Arekuna language, katarun (high), and yariku (flower), meaning high flower, in reference to this species being found only on the summits and upper foothills of the tepuis. The name was chosen in consultation with members of the Pemón Arekuna community of Paruima, to honor the indigenous heritage of the Guiana Highlands. Distribution and habitat: —Known currently from the “high-tepui belt”, especially summit plateaus and upper talus slopes of the tepuis in the southwestern part of the states of Bolívar and Amazonas, Venezuela: Chimantá Massif (Acopán-tepuí, Amurí-tepuí, Apacará-tepuí, Abacapá-tepuí), Auyán-tepuí, Ptari-tepuí, Camarcaibarai-tepuí, Meseta del Jaua, Sierra de la Neblina and Cerro Duida (Fig. 3) as well as the neighboring area around Pico da Neblina in Brazil. Terrestrial in wet savanna; “praderas húmedas y arbustales enanos sobre turberas, bosquecillos ribereños y vegetación sobre rocas abiertas”, at 1380 to 2400 m altitude, with the lowest occurrences recorded on Cerro Sarisariñama. Flowering throughout the year. From records in Reflora and AMO-DATA, it does not appear to be present in Serra do Aracá in Brazil. The plates by Barbosa-Silva & Forzza (2016: fig. 73) only show a white flowered species of this group. None of the specimens mentioned in the Appendix 1 of Barbosa-Silva et al. (2020, Appendix 1), correspond to this entity. Proposed conservation status: —VU (Vulnerable). Assuming that as stated by Steyermark (1979) only 63% of the Pantepui flora is endemic above 1500 m. Research shows that 80% of the vascular flora of the tepuis, ca. 1,700 species of which up to 400 are believed to be Pantepui endemics, are threatened of extinction (Nogué et al. 2009). Epidendrum katarun-yariku is only present in the “high tepui belt” as expressed by Huber (1988). Its present extension area is confined to less than 20,000 km ². It complies with Criterion B1 for the VU (Vulnerable) applies (IUCN 2001). It is threatened by the effects of climate change, increased temperatures and less rainfall, and is unable to migrate to higher altitudes. Discussion: — Epidendrum katarun-yariku belongs to the Schistochilum group, Secundum subgroup, which is recognized by the caespitose habit, simple stems, leaves oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, bilobed, the peduncle elongate, erect, the inflorescence pluri-racemose, the flowers non-resupinate, and the callus complex, pluri-tuberculate. The species is recognized by yellow flowers with the lip white. Epidendrum holstii Hágsater (Hágsater & Carnevali 2018: pl. 1623) (Hágsater & Duarte 2020) has crimson red to salmon or coral-red sepals and petals and the lip pink to purple, a massive callus, yellow with edges white, the flowers relatively small, and the sepals 8–13 mm long. Epidendrum secundum Jacq. has pink flowers with a massive white callus with the base yellow; it is found commonly atop several tepuis, as well as on the base foothills of the tepuis and the surrounding savannas (La Gran Sabana). There are on the tepuis, in addition, a totally yellow flowered species, concolor, as well as a totally white entity, and an orange-red species with a large yellow callus; all of which require further study with detailed photographic records. Epidendrum xanthinum Lindley (1844: 18) has totally yellow flowers and is restricted to the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in Amazon rainforest, Caatinga and Atlantic rainforest; it is endemic to Brazil, though the name has been used for all the yellow flowered members of this group throughout South America. In Colombia E. melinanthum Schlechter (1920: 139) (Moreno & Hágsater, 2017) and E. aura-usecheae Hágsater, Rincón-Useche & Pérez-Escobar (2013: 1410) are also totally yellow and distinct, easy to distinguish once you know what to look for, even in herbarium specimens. Epidendrum sterrophyllum Schlechter (1920: 151) also from Colombia (Antioquia), is certainly conspecific with E. melinanthum, as can be clearly seen from the sketch of a flower published by Schlechter (1929) and conforms to the known range of distribution of the latter. Comments: —The specimens included have been seen, but as the dried flowers are very similar for the three species mentioned above, they have been identified based on the yellow and white color noted by the collectors, as that is definitely the most notable distinguishing feature, aside from differences in the calli which would require boiling a good pressed flower to regain the original three dimensional structure. From photographs provided by Martin Hingst and Brad Wilson, it is clear that there is an additional species with completely yellow flowers, another with white flowers with a yellow callus, as well as orange flowers with a yellow callus atop Auyán-tepuí and also on the Chimantá Massif. Additional photographs provided by Mateusz Wrazidlo, taken in the vicinities of Kavanayén in Venezuela, proves that a similar species characterized by completely white flowers with a yellow callus occurs also on lower elevations in La Gran Sabana. Due to parts of the known distribution of E. katarun-yariku being located relatively close to the border of Guyana, it is highly probable that the range extends to the Pantepui biogeographic zones in that country (montane habitats of Waukauyengtipu in Guyana), which requires further study. OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazonas: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Igarapé Cuiabixi, P. N. do Pico da Neblina, 2060 m, 20 September 2012, Forzza 7189 (RB!). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Rio Negro, Neblina Camp 10; 12.5 km NNW of Pico Phelps, 16.25 km NE of Base Camp, 1670–1690 m, 12 February 1985, Boom 5758 (VEN!) ibid. 13 February 1985, Boom 5849 (NY!; VEN!); Atabapo: Cerro Duida, Campamento 3, 2140 m, 21 November 1991, Fuentes 1263 (VEN!); Atabapo: Plateau of Cerro Huachamacari, 1720 m, 1 March 1985, Liesner 18122 (MO!; VEN!); Rio Negro: Cerro Aracamuni, summit, Proa camp, 1400 m, 25 October 1987, Liesner 22453 (MO!; VEN!); Cerro Huachamacari, Río Cunucunuma. In low bush in cumbre west of Caño de Dios, 1800 m, 14 December 1950, Maguire 30238 (NY!); Bolívar: Macizo del Chimantá, sector sur-occidental. Cumbre meridional del Amurí-tepuí; altiplanicies levemente inclinadas hacia el sur y sureste, en las cabeceras del Río Aparurén, 2100 m, 4 March 1986, Huber 11425 (VEN!); Macizo del Chimantá, sector occidental. Brazo sur del Apacará-tepuí, cerca de la conexión con el Abacapá-tepuí, en las cabeceras occidentales del Río Tirica, 2100 m, 8 March 1986, Huber 11470 (VEN!); Central and western part of saddle between Camarcaibarai-tepuí and Tereké-Yurén-tepuí, 1800–1900 m, 23 May 1986, Liesner 21005 (VEN!); Ptari-tepuí. Vicinity of Cave Rock camp below southern face of mountain, 1600–2000 m, 14 August 1970, Moore 9753 (UC!; VEN!); Chimantá Massif. central section. Rocky edge of scarpment above Middle Falls Río Tirica below summit, 1925 m, 5 February 1955, Steyermark 496 (AMES!; VEN x2!); Auyántepuí, Cumbre de la parte norte de la sección sur (división occidental del cerro): a lo largo del rio Churum, vecindad del campamento sur, sureste del “Second Wall”, Bordering zanjones, 1690 m, 3 May 1964, Steyermark 93266 (AMES!; VEN!); Meseta del Jaua: Cerro Sarisariñama, cumbre, porción NE, 1380 m, 11 February 1974, Steyermark 108970 (VEN!); Meseta del Jaua: Cerro Jaua: cumbre, porción SW; al W del tributario del Río Marajano 2–3 km al oeste del campamento y bordeando la sabana, 1850–1920 m, 4 March 1974, Steyermark 109802 (VEN!); Macizo del Chimantá. Altiplanicie en la base meridional de los farallones superiores de Apacará-tepuí, sector norte del macizo, 2200 m, 31 I 1983, Steyermark 128290 (VEN!); Macizo del Chimantá, sector SSE. Altiplanicie SE del Acopán-tepuí, cabeceras del Río Arauác, 1930 m, 14 February 1984, Steyermark 129988 (VEN!); Camarcaibarai-tepuí, SW facing shoulder 1800–1825 m, 22–24 May 1986, Steyermark 1311993 (MO!; VEN!) ibid. Steyermark 1311993- A (MO!). OTHER RECORDS: VENEZUELA. Bolívar: Amurí tepuí, 29 January 2009, Hingst s.n., digital image; Cima del Auyán-tepuí, 2300–2400 m, received May 2016, Kaes 9, digital image (AMO!); Abacapá-tepuí, observed 2011, Wilson s.n., digital image; Southwestern slopes of Ptari-tepuí, in a Bonnetia roraimae Oliv. shrub patch on a sandstone boulder above Punto Phelps cave rock camp, 1900–2000 m, observed May 2018, Wrazidlo s.n., digital image (AMO!); Summit plateau of Acopán-tepuí, observed January 2017, Wrazidlo s.n., digital images (AMO!; LCDP voucher).

The aim of the present study was to determine the most suitable pretreatment to enhance the tetrazolium test in seeds of the Epidendrum genus. Initially, mature capsules were harvested at El Escorial village, in the municipality of Pamplona, ​​Colombia. Subsequently, the seeds were subjected to five pretreatments: deionized water, 0.5% NaClO, 1.0% NaClO, 10.0% sucrose and a control group. Using the syringe method with cloth filter, the seeds were rinsed with distilled water and subjected to two concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.25%, 1.0%) and three exposure times (6 h, 24 h and 48 h). Finally, the tetrazolium viability test results were correlated with the in vitro germination test. It was found that the use of deionized water improves the efficiency of the tetrazolium test in seeds of Epidendrum fimbriatum and E. microtum; as in seeds of E. elongatum when using 1.0% tetrazolium for 24 h. Similarly, a high correlation was found between viability and germination, using deionized water and 10.0% sucrose, with homogeneous results with each other O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o pré-tratamento mais adequado para aprimorar a metodologia do teste de tetrazólio em sementes do gênero Epidendrum. Inicialmente, cápsulas maduras foram coletadas na vila de El Escorial, no município de Pamplona, Colômbia. Em seguida, as sementes foram submetidas a cinco pré-tratamentos: água deionizada, NaClO a 0,5%, NaClO a 1,0%, sacarose a 10,0% e um controle. Utilizando o método de seringa com filtro de pano, as sementes foram lavadas com água destilada e submetidas a duas concentrações de solução de tetrazólio (0,25% e 1,0%) e três tempos de exposição (6 h, 24 h e 48 h). Finalmente, os resultados do teste de viabilidade do tetrazólio foram comparados ao teste de germinação in vitro. Verificou-se que o uso de água deionizada melhora a eficiência do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de Epidendrum fimbriatum e de E. microtum, assim como em sementes de E. elongatum ao usar 1,0% de tetrazólio por 24 h. Da mesma maneira, foi encontrada alta correlação entre viabilidade e germinação, utilizando água deionizada e 10,0% de sacarose, com resultados homogêneos.

A new species of Epidendrum from Peru, Epidendrum curimarcense, is described, illustrated and compared with the similar species Epidendrum ampelospathum. The new finding represents an important record for the flora associated with Polylepis forests of central Peru. The species has stems produced from a middle internode of the previous cane-like stem, a spathe, an elongate peduncle with several similar spaced bracts, flowers opening in succession, petals narrower than the sepals, a 3-lobed lip which is bicallose with rounded sub-equal lobes, and 4 obovoid, laterally compressed pollinia. Una nueva especie de Epidendrum del Perú, Epidendrum curimarcense, es descrita, ilustrada y comparada con la especie similar Epidendrum ampelospathum. El nuevo hallazgo representa un importante registro para la flora asociada a bosques de Polylepis en el centro del Perú. La especie tiene tallos tipo cañas producidos de un internodo medio del tallo anterior, una espata en la base de la inflorescencia, con varias brácteas semejantes espaciadas a lo largo del pedúnculo alargado, las flores abren en sucesión, los pétalos son más angostos que los sépalos, labelo 3-lobado, lóbulos redondeadas semejantes, bicalloso; polinios 4, obovoides, lateralmente comprimidos. Key Words / Palabras clave: Andean orchids, central Peru,&nbsp

Universal angiosperm enrichment probe sets designed to enrich hundreds of putatively orthologous nuclear single-copy loci are increasingly being applied to infer phylogenetic relationships of different lineages of angiosperms at a range of evolutionary depths. Studies applying such probe sets have focused on testing the universality and performance of the target nuclear loci, but they have not taken advantage of off-target data from other genome compartments generated alongside the nuclear loci. Here we do so to infer phylogenetic relationships in the orchid genus Epidendrum and closely related genera of subtribe Laeliinae. Our aims are to: 1) test the technical viability of applying the plant anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) method (Angiosperm v.1 probe kit) to our focal group, 2) mine plastid protein coding genes from off-target reads; and 3) evaluate the performance of the target nuclear and off-target plastid loci in resolving and supporting phylogenetic relationships along a range of taxonomical depths. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from the nuclear data set through coalescent summary and site-based methods, whereas plastid loci were analyzed in a concatenated partitioned matrix under maximum likelihood. The usefulness of target and flanking non-target nuclear regions and plastid loci was assessed through the estimation of their phylogenetic informativeness. Our study successfully applied the plant AHE probe kit to Epidendrum, supporting the universality of this kit in angiosperms. Moreover, it demonstrated the feasibility of mining plastome loci from off-target reads generated with the Angiosperm v.1 probe kit to obtain additional, uniparentally inherited sequence data at no extra sequencing cost. Our analyses detected some strongly supported incongruences between nuclear and plastid data sets at shallow divergences, an indication of potential lineage sorting, hybridization, or introgression events in the group. Lastly, we found that the per site phylogenetic informativeness of the ycf1 plastid gene surpasses that of all other plastid genes and several nuclear loci, making it an excellent candidate for assessing phylogenetic relationships at medium to low taxonomic levels in orchids.

The choice of suitable source and concentration of silicon added to culture medium may benefit orchid seedling production. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate growth of Cattleya guttata and Epidendrum schomburgkii seedlings grown in vitro under acid silicate concentrations. This silicon source contains 14.04 g L-1 of silicon as sodium silicate, hydrochloridric acid 10%, water pH=11 and polyethylenoglycol 400. Protocorms 90-day-old grown on Murashige and Skoog medium were transferred onto MS medium containing the acid silicate in seven different concentrations (treatments) of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mL L-1; and four replicates in a completely randomized experimental design. The seedlings were transferred to 280-mL flasks with 40 mL of the nutrient media and incubated under controlled conditions of temperature (24-27°C) and illumination (25 μmol m-2 s-1 with photoperiod of 14 h light). After 90 days of in vitro growth (180 days after sowing), leaf number, root number, root length, shoot height, leaf area and total dry matter mass were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means compared by the Tukey's test at 5% of probability using the Agroestat statistical program. The concentration of 10 mL L-1 of the acid silicate is recommended as an additive in the culture medium for Cattleya guttata and Epidendrum schomburgkii, as it improved all the growth parameters evaluated.

Este artigo consiste em analisar o potencial das espécies endêmicas e orquídeas representativas da província de Manabí que investiga e determina sua importância para o turismo. Como o Equador é um dos países que possui uma grande diversidade de famílias Orchidaceae e outras plantas vasculares, a província de Manabí apresenta importantes recursos de riqueza, como as orquídeas, para desenvolver uma oferta turística de natureza altamente diferenciada. Uma seleção de amostragem, observações participativas e entrevistas com informantes-chave foram realizadas para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa (25); também foi realizada uma busca por informações, inclusive através da revisão de publicações e relatórios sobre dados botânicos e turísticos. Sessenta e um (61) orquídeas e cinco híbridos foram identificados no total. Os gêneros mais representativosEpidendrum(6),Oncidium(5),Dendrobium(4)Pleurothallis(4) eStelis(3). Conclui-se que a organização de identificação mostra a necessidade de implementação de caminhadas interpretativas, integrando educação e conservação observando as orquídeas em seu ambiente natural, permitindo a geração de renda econômica, explorando o potencial das comunidades locais, integrando todos os atores locais.

The Encyclia adenocarpos complex is restricted to the Pacific slopes of Megamexico, from Sonora, Mexico, to northern Nicaragua. It is characterized by pyriform to suborbicular pseudobulbs, (1-)2-3(4) thickly coriaceous, narrow leaves (> 15 times longer than wide), thin, verruculose inflorescences, and a verruculose ovary. The column is broad and wingless, fused to the labellum at its proximal 1/4. The flowers of the Encyclia adenocarpos complex feature what is here dubbed the Tupperware© labellum-column morphology, where the columnar ventral face is concave and fits tightly around the rim or upper margins of the callus, similar to the seal of this plasticware. All species grow on dry forests at low elevations from sea level to ca. 1500 m; most populations occurring below 500 m. The complex consists of six species, two of which are newly described herein: E. acapulcensis sp. nov., from southern Guerrero and E. enriquearcilae sp. nov., from western Oaxaca and neighboring Guerrero, Mexico. Encyclia rodolfoi is the correct name for populations of the Tehuantepec Isthmus whereas E. × nizandensis is here regarded as a natural hybrid between E. rodolfoi and E. parviflora; the evidence is presented and discussed. Encyclia schaeferi is treated as a morph of E. papillosa and included in its synonymy. A neotype is selected for Epidendrum adenocarpos and Epidendrum crispatum is rejected as a synonym thereof. All species are illustrated and discussed, and a key to the species is presented. Furthermore, the conservation status of each species is analyzed under the IUCN methodology. Other aspects of the biology of this complex are also discussed.

El cultivo in vitro es una técnica que ha permitido la propagación de distintas especies de orquídeas, pero el lento crecimiento de este grupo de plantas, así como el costo de las sales minerales y del agente gelificante (agar) empleados en los medios de cultivo, pueden limitar su aplicación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer el efecto de la composición del medio de cultivo y el uso de sustratos como sustitutos del agar en el crecimiento in vitro de Laelia anceps Lindl. y Epidendrum sp. Brotes adventicios de ambas especies se cultivaron in vitro en distintas mezclas de sustratos (perlita, tezontle y fibra de coco) y agar con diferentes concentraciones de las sales basales de Murashige y Skoog (50 y 100%) y ácido giberélico (AG3) (0 y 1 mg L-1) para evaluar su longitud, número de hojas, número de raíces y peso fresco en un diseño experimental con tres factores y 15 repeticiones, cada repetición consistio en un frasco con 5 brotes adventicios. El comportamiento in vitro estuvo en función del genotipo; L. anceps Lindl. respondió mejor que Epidendrum sp. Los brotes crecidos sobre perlita-tezontle o fibra de coco-tezontle, y medios con sales al 50% y AG3 no mostraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a su longitud, número de hojas, número de raíces y peso fresco, con respecto a aquellos que lo hicieron en agar, sales al 100% y sin AG3. Los medios de cultivo con sales diluidas sin AG3 y sustratos como sustitutos del agar, permitieron el crecimiento in vitro de las plantas de L. anceps Lindl. y Epidendrum sp. con una reducción significativa del 60 % de los costos.

Questions Ant-gardens (AGs) involve a close association between epiphytes and ants with concurrent mutualistic interactions including protection, dispersal and nutrition; however, little is known about the spatial structure patterns that determine their establishment and formation. Our main questions were: 1) Do the AGs have a particular pattern of vertical distribution on their host trees? 2) Does a process of succession of epiphytes occur during the development of AGs? 3) Are epiphytes segregated in AGs? Location An anthropic landscape in southeastern Mexico. Methods We studied AGs built by Azteca gnava ants. We examined their vertical distribution on host trees as well as the diversity, composition and reproductive status of vascular epiphytes associated with the lower, medium and upper zones of small, medium and large AGs. Results A total of 859 AGs and 10,871 epiphytes, belonging to 26 different species, were recorded. We found that AGs are primarily (75%) located within tree crowns, and that the diversity and composition of epiphytes vary among AG sizes and among AG zones. We infer that the epiphytes that first become established in AGs are the bromeliad Aechmea tillandsioides and the gesneriad Codonanthe uleana, followed by the orchid Epidendrum flexuosum and the cactus Epiphyllum phyllanthus; these species were recorded, either individually or in co-occurrence, in 74% of the AGs examined. The species Ae. tillandsioides, Coryanthes picturata and Epid. flexuosum were most frequent in the upper AG zone, while Epidendrum pachyrachis was most frequent in the medium AG zone. Conclusions Our results show that AGs have distinct vertical distribution patterns on their tree hosts and that the establishment of epiphytes in AGs is successive and segregated, suggesting a spatial and temporal optimization in the establishment and development of these complex mutualistic systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Swiss botanist Adolphe Tonduz worked in Costa Rica from 1889 to 1920. For 20 years he carried out important activities as a plant collector and the curator of the largest Costa Rican herbarium beginning at the Instituto Físico-Geográfico Nacional, and later at the National Museum. A large number of new species of Orchidaceae are found among his collections, most of which were published by the German taxonomist Rudolf Schlechter between 1906 and 1923. The type specimens of most of these species were lost during a fire in the Berlin herbarium in 1943. The typification of the orchid species described on the basis of collections by Tonduz is a fundamental step for correct interpretation of Schlechter's and other authors' taxonomic concepts, and this paper follows the path of similar works aimed at typifying the orchid species originally collected in Costa Rica by M. A. Brenes, R. E. Endrés, and C. Wercklé. Previously lectotypified and neotypified taxa are recorded, including their bibliographical references. Here we formally designate lectotypes for Brassavola scaposa, Bulbophyllum vinosum, Camaridium costaricense, C. dendrobioides, Chysis costaricensis, Cranichis nigrescens, Elleanthus tonduzii, Epidendrum abbreviatum, E. cardiophorum, E. henrici, E. octomerioides, E. pachycarpum, E. polychlamys, Goodyera ovatilabia, G. turrialbae, Habenaria endresiana, H. gymnadenioides, Maxillaria microphyton, M. pachyacron, Microstylis adolphii, M. microtoides, M. pandurata, M. tonduzii, Ornithocephalus tonduzii, Pittierella calcarata, Pleurothallis microtatantha, Scaphyglottis brachiata, Sobralia amparoae, Spiranthes tonduzii, Stelis aemula, S. conmixta, S. effusa, S. longicuspis, S. sarcodantha, Stenoptera costaricensis, and Tetragamestus gracilis. A new lectotypification is proposed for Epidendrum adolphi. Neotypes are designated for Cycnoches tonduzii and Epidendrum barbeyanum, and epitypes are designated for Pleurothallis microtatantha and Stelis aemula. Spiranthes tonduzii is not typified, as we did not have access to any extant materials for study. El botánico suizo Adolphe Tonduz trabajó en Costa Rica desde 1889 hasta 1920. Durante 20 años llevó a cabo una importante actividad como recolector de plantas y curador de los mayores herbarios del país, antes en el Instituto Físico-Geográfico Nacional y después en el Museo Nacional. Entre sus recolectas se encuentran un gran número de especies de orquídeas descritas como nuevas para la ciencia, en su mayoría publicadas por el taxónomo alemán Rudolf Schlechter entre 1906 y 1923. Los especímenes tipo de la mayoría de estas especies se perdieron durante el incendio del herbario de Berlín en 1943. La tipificación de las especies de orquídeas descritas con base en recolectas de Tonduz representa un paso fundamental para una interpretación correcta de los conceptos taxonómicos de Schlechter y otros autores, y este artículo sigue la pauta de otras obras similares finalizadas a la tipificación de las especies de orquídeas originalmente recolectadas en Costa Rica por M. A. Brenes, R. E. Endrés y C. Wercklé. En esta contribución se registran los taxones previamente lectotipificados y neotipificados, y se referencias bibliográficas para las designaciones de lectotipos y neotipos. También, designamos formalmente aquí lectotipos para Brassavola scaposa, Bulbophyllum vinosum, Camaridium costaricense, C. dendrobioides, Chysis costaricensis, Cranichis nigrescens, Elleanthus tonduzii, Epidendrum abbreviatum, E. cardiophorum, E. henrici, E. octomerioides, E. pachycarpum, E. polychlamys, goodyera ovatilabia, g. turrialbae, Habenaria endresiana, H. gymnadenioides, Maxillaria microphyton, M. pachyacron, Microstylis adolphii, M. microtoides, M. pandurata, M. tonduzii, Ornithocephalus tonduzii, Pittierella calcarata, Pleurothallis microtatantha, Scaphyglottis brachiata, Sobralia amparoae, Spiranthes tonduzii, Stelis aemula, S. conmixta, S. effusa, S. longicuspis, S. sarcodantha, Stenoptera costaricensis y Tetragamestus gracilis. Se propone una nueva lectotipificación para Epidendrum adolphi. Se designan neotipos para Cycnoches tonduzii y Epidendrum barbeyanum, así como epitipos para Pleurothallis microtatantha y Stelis aemula. No se tipificó Spiranthes tonduzii porque no tuvimos acceso a los materiales existentes para su estudio. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Jardín Botánico Lankester (JBL)

The study of hybridization is essential for understanding the emergence of new species and the origin of reproductive barriers that will contribute to this process. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of reproductive isolation among three sympatric species of orchids of the genus Epidendrum, E. denticulatum, E. orchidiflorum and E. purpureum, the latter being a potential hybrid. Experimental crosses were performed to examine which forces maintain the integrity of these species. The results indicate high levels of fertility in intraspecific crosses in both E. denticulatum and E. orchidiflorum, which are the putative parental species. On the other hand, E. purpureum show significant lower levels of fertility when compared to the parental species. However, our results suggest that E. purpureum is able to reproduce on intraspecific crosses, suggesting an event of speciation by hybridization.

Se describe e ilustra Epidendrum bermejoense (Orchidaceae, Epidendreae, Laeliinae) del noroeste de la Argentina y del sur de Bolivia. El taxón nuevo es una hierba de crecimiento monopodial, inflorescencia arqueada y pauciflora, flores con el lóbulo medio bien dividido en un par de lóbulos divergentes falcados a lanceolados y más anchos que los lóbulos laterales. Se asemeja a un grupo de especies caracterizadas por poseer tallos cilíndricos con nudos conspicuos, pétalos frecuentemente más angostos que los sépalos, con el lóbulo medio bilobado y polinias generalmente comprimidas y en forma de ala de pájaro. Se incluye una clave para diferenciarlo de: E. lindbergii Rchb. f., E. andres-johnsonii Hágsater & E. Santiago, E. densiflorum Hook. y E. hassleri Cogn., todas pertenecientes al grupo Pseudoepidendrum subgrupo Densiflorum. Con este trabajo se aporta una entidad más al conocimiento de la flora del noroeste de la Argentina y sur de Bolivia. Epidendrum bermejoense (Orchidaceae, Epidendreae, Laeliinae) from northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia is described and illustrated. The new taxon is a monopodial growth herb, of arched inflorescence and pauciflora; flowers with the middle lobe well divided into a pair of divergent lobes falcate to lanceolate and wider than the lateral lobes. It is similar to a group of species characterized by having cylindrical stems with conspicuous nodes, petals often narrower than sepals, with the bilobed medium lobed and pollen usually compressed and bird wing shaped. A key is included to differentiate it from: E. lindbergii Rchb. f., E. andres-johnsonii Hágsater & E. Santiago, E. densiflorum Hook. and E. hassleri Cogn., all belonging to the group Pseudoepidendrum subgroup Densiflorum. With this work, another entity is added to the knowledge of the flora of northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia.

Se describe e ilustra Epidendrum bermejoense (Orchidaceae, Epidendreae, Laelii- nae) del noroeste de la Argentina y del sur de Bolivia. El taxón nuevo es una hierba de crecimiento monopodial, inflorescencia arqueada y pauciflora, flores con el lóbulo medio bien dividido en un par de lóbulos divergentes falcados a lanceolados y más anchos que los lóbulos laterales. Se asemeja a un grupo de especies caracterizadas por poseer tallos cilíndricos con nudos conspicuos, pétalos frecuentemente más angostos que los sépalos, con el lóbulo medio bilobado y polinias generalmente comprimidas y en forma de ala de pájaro. Se incluye una clave para diferenciarlo de: E. lindbergii Rchb. f., E. andres-johnsonii Hágsater & E. Santiago, E. densiflorum Hook. y E. hassleri Cogn., todas pertenecientes al grupo Pseudoepidendrum subgrupo Densiflorum. Con este trabajo se aporta una entidad más al conocimiento de la flora del noroeste de la Argentina y sur de Bolivia.

Resumen Se presenta el inventario actualizado de la flora de angiospermas del distrito Pulan, provincia Santa Cruz, departamento Cajamarca. El area estudiada se encuentra entre los 78o52’01”-79o01’30” de longitud oeste y 06o38´30”-06o49’48” de latitud sur, entre los 1600 y 3200 m de altitud. Se registraron 751 especies distribuidas en 440 generos y 118 familias de angiospermas. Los taxones se encuentran ubicados en tres formaciones vegetales: bosque tropical estacionalmente seco (BTES), bosque nublado seco de la vertiente occidental (BNSVO) y jalca (J). Las familias mas representativas son Asteraceae, 58 generos (13,18 %) y 89 especies (11,85 %), seguida de Orchidaceae, con 31 generos y 71 especies que corresponden al 7,04 % y el 9,45 %, y Poaceae, con 31 generos y 52 especies que representan el 7,04 % y 6,92 %. Los generos con mayor presencia son los siguientes: Epidendrum con 18 especies (2,40 %), seguido de Solanum con 13 especies (1,73 %) y Tillandsia con 12 especies (1,60 %). Se encontraron 72 especies endemicas; la familia Orchidaceae tiene 10 taxones (13,89 %), seguida de Asteraceae con 8 (11,11 %) y Calceolariaceae con 6 (8,33 %). Las familias mas diversas en el bosque tropical estacionalmente seco (BTES) son Orchidaceae con 21 spp., seguido de Asteraceae con 17 spp. y Bromeliaceae con 16 spp. Las familias mas diversas en el bosque nublado seco de la vertiente occidental son Orchidaceae con 48 spp., Solanaceae con 17 spp. y Asteraceae con 16 spp.; y las familias mas diversas en la jalca (J) son Asteraceae con 18 spp., seguida de Rubiaceae y Melastomataceae con 5 spp. cada una. Palabras clave : flora, angiospermas, endemismos, Pulan, vertiente occidental andina, formaciones vegetales. Abstract We provide an updated inventory of the angiosperm flora of Pulan District, Santa Cruz Province, Cajamarca Department. The study area is located between 78o52’01”-79o01’30” W and 06o38´30”- 06o49’48” S, and 1600 to 3200 m of elevation. Seven hundred and fifty-one species were recorded, belonging to 440 genera and 118 families of angiosperms. The taxa are located in three plant for­mations: seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF), cloud dry forest of the western slopes (CDFWS), and the Jalca (J). The most diverse families are Asteraceae with 58 genera and 89 species, representing 13.18 % and 11.85 % of the genera and species respectively, followed by Orchidaceae (31 genera or 7.04 % and 71 species or 9.45 %) and, in third place, Poaceae (31 genera or 7.04 % and 52 species or 6.92 %). The most diverse genera are Epidendrum , with 18 species or 2.40 %, Solanum , with 13 species or 1.73 % and Tillandsia , with 12 species or 1.60 %. Seventy-two species were found to be endemic, being the Orchidaceae family the best represented with 10 spp. (13.89 %), followed by both Aster­aceae with 8 spp. (11.11 %) and Calceolariaceae with 6 spp. (8.33 %). The most diverse families in the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) are Orchidaceae with 21 spp., Asteraceae with 17 spp. and Bromeliaceae with 16 spp. The most diverse families in the CDFWS are Orchidaceae with 48 spp., followed by both Solanaceae with 17 spp. and Asteraceae with 16 spp. In the Jalca, the most diverse families are Asteraceae with 18 spp. and both Rubiaceae and Melastomataceae with 5 spp. each. Keywords: flora, angiosperms, endemism, Pulan, western Andean slopes, plant formations.