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In this present work, we have investigated the performance of two kinds of electrolyzers: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) and Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE), which are powered by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The results showed that PEM needs less voltage than Alkaline to produce the same amount of hydrogen. For the Alkaline electrolyzer, two types of solutions have been used as an electrolyte: Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and saline water. Experimental tests revealed that the optimal concentration ratio to achieve the best flow rate of hydrogen corresponds to 100 % seawater. The best production of hydrogen, using the Alkaline electrolyzer, has been found with KOH as the electrolyte. In fact, the accumulated quantities of hydrogen produced, during the same experiment time of 10 h, are 10300 ml/day if using PEM electrolyzer, 3600 ml/day and 450 ml/day if using alkaline with the KOH solution and sea water, respectively. So, it requires to use almost 8 units of sea water as an electrolyte to get the same daily hydrogen production if using KOH solution as electrolyte. It is observed that the hydrogen production increases with the increase of the incident solar irradiation. Also, the system (PV-PEM) has higher efficiency than the system (PV-Alkaline) and the total system efficiency decreases from 15 % to 8 % with the increase of incident solar irradiation. The results indicated that the higher production of hydrogen is obtained by using aluminum electrodes than copper or stainless-steel electrodes. • Experimental water electrolyzer polarization curves are conducted for AWE and PEM. • Effect of seawater, as electrolyte, on the daily hydrogen flow rate production. • Effect of a PV system with MPPT on the daily hydrogen flow rate production. • Effect of electrodes types on the daily hydrogen flow rate production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Li-ion batteries, ion diffusion kinetics represent a limitation to combine high capacity and a fast charging rate. To bypass this, textured electrodes have been demonstrated to increase the active surface, decrease the material tortuosity and accelerate the electrolyte wetting. Amongst the structuring technologies, ultrashort pulse laser processing may represent the key option enabling, at the same time, high precision, negligible material deterioration and high throughput. Here, we report a study on the structuring of electrodes with both holes and grooves reaching the metallic collector. Electrochemical models emphasize the importance of hole and line dimensions for the performances of the cell. We demonstrate that we can control the hole and line width by adjusting the applied fluence and the repetition rate. In addition, results show that it is possible to drill 65 µm-deep and ~15 µm-wide holes in nearly 100 µs resulting in up to 10,000 holes/s. To further reduce the takt time, bursts of 40 MHz pulses were also investigated. We show that bursts can reduce the takt time by a factor that increases with the average power and the burst length. Moreover, at comparable fluence, we show that bursts can shorten the process more than theoretically expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel layered double perovskite-based electrode of composition Ba 2 NiMoO 6-δ (BNMO) is proposed for application in Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells (PCECs). Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed good chemical compatibility with a BaCe 0.7 Zr 0.1 Y 0.2 O 3- δ (BCZY712) electrolyte and phase stability in oxidizing atmospheres. In this study, symmetrical cells of both the pure BNMO electrode and a composite electrode with 50 vol% of BCZY712 material were prepared by screen printing and sintering in air at 950 °C. Microstructural characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed good adhesion of the electrode films with the substrate, while Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) revealed good percolation of both phases in the case of the composite electrode. Electrochemical studies made by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on the pure BNMO electrode demonstrated that the total polarization resistance was lower in wet conditions in the case of N 2 atmospheres, corroborating a potential protonic contribution, while in O 2 atmospheres this term was similar between wet and dry conditions, due to dominant p-type electronic conductivity. Conversely, performance was aggravated by the addition of the BCZY712 composite phase; a result clarified to be due to an insufficient level of electronic conductivity in the composite electrode. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of BNMO for proton conducting applications, providing important information on preparation, compatibility and electrochemical performance, as required for its further optimization. • Pure Ba 2 NiMoO 6-δ (BNMO) and composite BNMO + BaCe 0.7 Zr 0.1 Y 0.2 O 3- δ (BCZY712) electrodes are fabricated. • BCZY712 and BNMO mixtures shown to be chemically stable up to 1100 °C in air and with suitable thermal expansion match. • R p of pure BNMO electrode shows water vapor pressure dependence in N 2 , corroborating a potential protonic contribution. • Comparison between BNMO and composite electrodes revealed electronic transport as the key property for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, batteries are the most widely used energy storage devices, fulfilling the requirements of different industrial and consumer applications. However, the efficient use of renewable energy sources and the emergence of wearable electronics has created the need for new requirements such as high-speed energy delivery, faster charge–discharge speeds, longer lifetimes, and reusability. This leads to the need for supercapacitors, which can be a good complement to batteries. However, one of their drawbacks is their lower energy storage capability, which has triggered worldwide research efforts to increase their energy density. With the introduction of novel nanostructured materials, hierarchical pore structures, hybrid devices combining these materials, and unconventional electrolytes, significant developments have been reported in the literature. This paper reviews the short history of the evolution of supercapacitors and the fundamental aspects of supercapacitors, positioning them among other energy-storage systems. The main electrochemical measurement methods used to characterize their energy storage features are discussed with a focus on their specific characteristics and limitations. High importance is given to the integral components of the supercapacitor cell, particularly to the electrode materials and the different types of electrolytes that determine the performance of the supercapacitor device (e.g., storage capability, power output, cycling stability). Current directions in the development of electrode materials, including carbonaceous forms, transition metal-based compounds, conducting polymers, and novel materials are discussed. The synergy between the electrode material and the current collector is a key factor, as well as the fine-tuning of the electrode material and electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-consumable tungsten electrode plays a key-role in the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process, governing the behavior of the electrical arc that is essential for generating the necessary heat in welding. This study is focused on varying of electric parameters in the purpose to identify the appropriate conditions that promote electrode integrity. The post weld cathode analysis revealed that both the input current intensity and its frequency affect the overall morphology and microstructural and mechanical performance of the refractory electrode. Noticeable physical alterations occur with increased current, leading to larger grains and a reduction in microhardness values. In addition, it causes apparent defects such as perforation and superficial deformation. However, applying higher frequencies mitigates these defects significantly. Based on these findings, it seems crucial to take into consideration the interactive effect of current applied and its frequency to ensure better electrode conservation, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the welding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes are used to measure a potential difference between two points. In geophysical and geotechnical applications they are often in the form of non‐polarizable porous‐pot electrodes. Here we describe the design, construction, and testing of modular and refillable electrodes, which facilitates repair as the electrodes degrade over time. We use a chemical composition based on a metal in contact with an over‐saturated electrolyte that consists of a salt of that metal and an auxiliary salt. We compare characteristics when the electrolyte is stabilized in a clay or not, and with various states of ceramic porous plugs and two types of wood plugs. Next, we assess the long‐term stability (more than 1 month), noise (periods of 1 s to 1 hr), and temperature sensitivity of different types of electrodes. Electrodes with an electrolyte and clay formula showed lower noise (0.2–0.4 μV at periods of 1–120 s), greater long‐term stability (0.05–0.5 mV/month of smooth drift), and greater consistency between samples measured than those with no clay (noise and drift values up to four times larger). The effects from different porous plugs were negligible, with similar results for ceramic and wood types. The temperature sensitivity of the electric potential was assessed, from −3 to 35°C. All electrodes showed a temperature sensitivity of about −30 μV/°C. This is considered very low compared to some commercially available electrodes. Finally, continuous long‐term laboratory and field measurements of the potential highlight the application of the new electrodes. Key Points: Development of a modular, repairable, refillable porous‐pot electrode with an over‐saturated electrolyte, preferably stabilized in clayLong‐term measurements reveal (a) high stability, (b) smooth drift, <0.5 mV/month, and (c) low noise, 0.2–0.4 μV at a period of 1–120 sExperiments from −3 to 35°C determine a temperature sensitivity of the electric potential of about −30 μV/°C, which is considered low [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing need for soft robots and wearable electronics, batteries play a crucial role, but finding high-performance electrode materials is still difficult. Recently, heterostructures (HS) have been effectively developed, and it has been discovered that they perform superbly as electrodes/anodes and for metal ion batteries (MIBs). However, the mechanism behind the promising experimental outcomes is not fully understood. This study shows that MoS 2 /Ti 3 CO 2 HS is an attractive and competitive anode/electrode material for Li+/Na+/K+-ions batteries. The HS system shows enhanced electrical conductivities compared to MoS 2 and Ti 3 CO 2 single-layers. The calculated adsorption energies (E ads) prove the admirable higher negative values for Li+ compared to the Na+/K+-ions. Due to the lower diffusion energy barrier of Li+-ion than the Na+/K+-ions, it can be concluded that MoS 2 /Ti 3 CO 2 HS is a promising anode/electrode material for Li+-ion batteries. The results discussed above shed light on the experimental configuration of the HS-based electrode/anode material for MIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oximetry, capnography and pH measurement are a fundamental facet of safe and modern anaesthetic and intensive care practice. A good anaesthetist will not only use these techniques routinely but will also understand how they work and how this can affect clinical management of their patients. This educational article aims to demonstrate the principles underlying these techniques, their limitations and recent developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study used recycled copper chips as a base material for electrode manufacturing through the additive manufacturing route utilizing the bound powder extrusion (BPE) process. Initially, the copper chips were collected from a conventional machining centre. Then, the chip size was reduced by the two-step milling process (ball-to-powder ratio, 2:1) to attain the micro-sized fine particles around 44 μm, which is the prerequisite for preparing the base material for the BPE process. Subsequently, the input parameters were optimized to a layer thickness of 0.125 mm, nozzle diameter of 1 mm, and printing speed of 20 mm/s by the Box-Behnken design approach and attained a maximum relative density of 98.57%. Finally, the BPE-recycled copper tool electrode was manufactured in 0° and 90° orientations. Further, the electrical conductivity of the tool, material removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness of the machined surface of manufactured components were evaluated and compared for BPE-90°, BPE-0°, and conventional tools. The result shows that the BPE-90° tool electrode performs better than BPE-0° and conventional tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amperometric Gas Sensor (AGS) uses an electrode as the transducer element which converts its signal into a current from the electrochemical reaction of analytes taking place at the electrode surface. Many attempts to improve AGS performance, such as modifying the working electrode, applying a particular gas-permeable membrane, and selecting the proper electrolyte, etc., have been reported in the scientific literature. On the other hand, in the materials community, atomic gold has gained much attention because its physicochemical properties dramatically differ from those of gold nanoparticles. This paper provides an overview of the use of atomic gold in AGSs, both in a bulky AGS and a miniaturized AGS. In the miniaturized AGS, the system must be redesigned; for example, the aqueous electrolyte commonly used in a bulky AGS cannot be used due to volatility and fluidity issues. A Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) can be used to replace the aqueous electrolyte since it has negligible vapor pressure; thus, a thin film of RTIL can be realized in a miniaturized AGS. In this paper, we also explain the possibility of using RTIL for a miniaturized AGS by incorporating a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. Several RTILs coated onto modified electrodes used for isomeric gas measurement are presented. Based on the results, the bulky and miniaturized AGS with atomic gold exhibited a higher sensor response than the AGS without atomic gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As the cardinal part of capacitive deionization apparatus, the performance of electrode directly determines the capacitive deionization's adsorption rate, adsorption capacity and selectivity. However, the adsorptivity and reusability of electrode material for special adsorbate need to be developed urgently for the application of capacitive deionization in wastewater purification. In this research, we successfully enhanced the Cu(II) adsorptivity of activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF) to 23 mg/g (4.47 times of ACFF0) by the sonication‐assisted chemical reactivation process with the solution of 20 wt % NaOH used as activator (ACFF‐N20). As ACFF‐N20 used as cathode, the Cu(II) electro‐adsorptivity of ACFF‐N20 under a current of 0.15 A is 84 mg/g for 130 mg/L Cu(II) standard working fluid. For the Cu(II) wastewater with a concentration of 50 mg/L, it can be purified to 0.14 mg/L by one step of capacitive deionization, which below the drinking standard of World Health Organization. By the technology of low‐temperature pickling regeneration, the regeneration rates of ACFF‐N20 are 102 %–106 % for five recycling times of Cu(II) electrosorption process. Based on fitting analysis of adsorption processes using different kinetic models, it was found that Langmuir model is more convergent than Freundlich model to the adsorption isotherms. Additionally, Bangham adsorption kinetic model and pseudo‐first order adsorption kinetic model have the best fitting correlation for the Cu(II) static adsorption and electrosorption of ACFFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ammonia electrooxidation (AEO) is studied to probe the electrochemical behavior of aqueous NH 3 as direct fuel by implication of gamma alumina supported copper oxide catalysts (CuO/Al 2 O 3). Precipitation and impregnation techniques are adapted to synthesize the substrate Al 2 O 3 , and loading of different ratios (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) of active precursor i.e., CuO, respectively. Small average crystallite sizes (D Avg) in range of 1.46–6.76 nm and smaller particle sizes from micrographs proposed a superb activity of the catalysts. Modified GCE exhibited the excellent conductive properties towards standard redox probe K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] and KCl, displaying a high active electrochemical surface area of up to 0.0021 cm2. Current profiles in response to increase in scan rates, concentrations of ammonia and temperature have been observed in 0.1 M KOH, thereby estimating the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints of the AEO process. Attributed to the electroactive properties towards AEO, CuO/Al 2 O 3 is found to exhibit the desirable physiochemical properties owing to large oxidation current, large diffusion coefficient "D°" (3.6 × 10-9 cm2 s-1), large rate constant "ko" (1.2 × 10-5 cm s-1), large system entropy "ΔS" (-108 J K-1 mol-1), high change in enthalpy "ΔH" (72.3 J mol-1) and low activation energy "ΔG" (32.8 kJ mol-1). Resultingly, the oxidation of ammonia is found to be facile and robust by incorporation of CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts owing to large ko, ΔH and ΔH. This study opened a gateway towards eco-benign and economical efficient energy generation and viable market entry of direct ammonia fuel cells. • CuO/Al 2 O 3 microstructures are developed by typical precipitation and impregnation techniques. • Electrochemical understanding is built after fabricating the GCE with CuO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. • Modified electrodes are tested for electrooxidation of ammonia in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. • Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are estimated varying the analyte concentration and temperature, respectively. • AEO is diffusion-controlled at low temperatures while activation-controlled at higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an excellent source of sustainable green energy, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) become a compelling energy conversion and storage device which has been attractive to stakeholders worldwide for their high fuel efficiency, lower air pollution, reduced cost, and admirable steadiness. The electrodes, anode, and cathode, are the significant components of SOFC, facilitate byproducts transportation via electrochemical reaction, and fuel oxidation with electron and ion transportation. SOFCs with a lower operating temperature will reduce system and operating costs while increasing long-term durability. The performance of electrodes in SOFCs has been developed and investigated using a variety of material compositions, as the key determinant of efficiency is dependent on lower operating temperatures. Nanostructured materials, in particular, have demonstrated the greatest potential for improving electrodes at low operating temperatures by enhancing the surface area and improving electrocatalytic activity. Artificial intelligence (AI) is used to create the theoretical SOFC model to minimize the time necessary to identify the operational optimum over a wide range of parameters as well as the total cost of the system. In this review, we have highlighted the development of nanostructured electrodes, their preparation techniques, and the function of AI in the creation of a range of nanoelectrodes and SOFC modeling as well as their significant roles in improving SOFC performance. • The focus on nanomaterial research is significant for developing solid oxide fuel cells. • Low-temperature functioning of SOFCs is aided extra benefits in nanomaterials. • Economical solutions of fabrication and performance of nanomaterials for SOFCs. • The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising wing in nanomaterials fabrications. • One of the most promising simulation models for SOFCs is artificial neural networks (ANN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage sludge as a byproduct of industrial and municipal wastewaters treatment is produced worldwide at large quantities. This organic waste contains nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, organic pollutants and other toxic substances. In recent years, the significant increase in the amount of sludge as an important environmental issue, which is considered both a threat and an opportunity, has highlighted the issue of its proper management. In recent decades, various methods have been used to manage and energy recovery from sewage sludge, including pyrolysis, incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, landfill, composting, lime and microbial fuel cell. Nowadays bioenergy production from sewage sludge attracted the attention of environmentalists due to environmental and economic considerations. In this regard, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have gained a great importance as an alternative energy conversion method for bioenergy production. This system converts the chemical energy in the organic substance directly into valuable electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganisms. The effectiveness of the system depends on the reactor configuration, operational and environmental parameters. Identifying and optimizing these parameters are important to increase the system efficiency. In this paper, we reviewed and discussed the effects of different parameters on the treatment and electricity generation from waste activated sludge (WAS) using MFC system such as nature of electrode materials, oxygen flow rate, reactor design, substrates and pH. Furthermore, a better understanding of the MFCs performance for bio-fuel generation from WAS, as well as solving concerns associated to the abilities of this technology in real application is aims of this review. [Display omitted] • To power generation and sewage sludge stabilization, simultaneously. • Impact of configurations and operation of MFC on sewage sludge stabilization. • To study the factors influencing the sewage sludge treatment and power generation by MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials engineering is an important trajectory for the design of new complex oxide compounds for their high-temperature application in solid oxide electrochemical cells. Usually, tailoring the functional properties of such compounds is realized through a cationic-type doping strategy, when a partial substitution of basic cations with impurity ions is performed. Typically, such a doping improves some properties, but deteriorates others due to significant changes in the cationic framework of a crystal. Anionic-type doping is an alternative way to leave the cationic sites unchanged, which may be suitable for achieving a compromise between a variety of properties. In this brief review, we summarize the existing data devoted to the F-doping (or F-insertion) of solid oxide electrolyte and electrode materials. In most cases, the F-doping improves the chemical stability of compounds and their ionic transport properties. Possible reasons responsible for this improvement are briefly discussed. In addition to highlighting these advantages, possible drawbacks are also listed to stimulate further research activities on this problem. [Display omitted] • This work overviews a strategy of F-doping of solid oxide materials (SOMs). • The insertion of small amounts of fluorine improves the ionic conductivity of SOMs. • The chemical stability against CO 2 is also often higher for F-containing SOMs. • The F-doped SOMs can be used as SOFC/SOEC electrolytes and electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific features of the structure, as well as the main mechanical and thermophysical properties of a high-density carbon–carbon composite material based on nonwoven frame are considered. The promise of using this material in the manufacture of accelerating and emissive electrodes of an ion-optical ion source system is shown. The results of the operation of an ion-optical system with two sets of electrodes with a diameter of 180 mm with a slot and a circular apertures as part of an experimental ion source HFIS-16IP are presented. Operating modes of the ion source have been achieved that ensure a minimum half-angle of divergence of the ion beam when operating on xenon and krypton with different electrode configurations. The microstructure and elemental composition of the surfaces of the electrodes of an ion-optical system were studied after testing the ion source. Comparative studies of electrode surfaces after their high-temperature annealing in vacuum were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a highly regarded technology for large‐scale energy storage due to its outstanding features, such as scalability, efficiency, long lifespan, and site independence. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of its performance in carbon‐based electrodes, along with a comprehensive review of the system's principles and mechanisms. It discusses potential applications, recent industrial involvement, and economic factors associated with VRFB technology. The study also covers the latest advancements in VRFB electrodes, including electrode surface modification and electrocatalyst materials, and highlights their effects on the VRFB system's performance. Additionally, the potential of two‐dimensional material MXene to enhance electrode performance is evaluated, and the author concludes that MXenes offer significant advantages for use in high‐power VRFB at a low cost. Finally, the paper reviews the challenges and future development of VRFB technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels have limited reserves and cause harmful pollution. Hydrogen is the most promising sustainable alternative fuel and energy source. Direct hydrogen PEM fuel cells, which convert chemical energy to electrical energy, offer potential as an energy source. This study examined the components and conditions that affect the performance of PEM fuel cells. The effects of the membrane, gas diffusion layer, bipolar plate, and anode-cathode electrodes were investigated. It was found that decreasing the membrane thickness increased performance. The impact of excessive or insufficient water in the gas diffusion layer was found to limit performance. The use of bipolar plates with good electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance, such as graphite, improved performance. Increasing the electrical conductivity of the electrodes and their ability to adhere to hydrogen on their surface positively affected performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure Lanthanum Ferrite (LaFeO3) nanoparticles and Lanthanum Magnesium Ferrite (LaMgxFe1-xO3) nanocomposites have been prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method. The structural and morphological properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy. Powder XRD studies revealed that the samples are pure orthorhombic perovskite crystals with a size of around 20-50 nm. The FT-IR spectra of pure and composites was confirmed the formation perovskite structure. It has been discovered that composites material functions as an electrode in supercapacitors after its electrical characteristics have been examined by galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a 2 M KOH electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid scale-up of battery production which could be observed the last years, various challenges remain in electrode production. In particular, the high scrap rates of up to 40 % during the coating process of the electrodes offer enormous potential in terms of economic and ecological aspects. To counter these problems, a system concept was developed that can react autonomously to process conditions and thus reduce scrap. For this purpose, with the gap distance and the angle of attack deliberately two parameters are varied during slot-die coating, which react quickly and furthermore do not affect the productivity of the system. By adapting the position of the slot-die, it is possible to achieve an optimum operating point in the coating window and thus improve the quality of the results without regulating the volume flow or the web speed. The aim is both to shorten the start-up process by a fast and precise correction of the slot-die position on the basis of the coating result and to increase the quality in the adjusted operation. With the help of the corresponding measuring technology and the control based on the coating result, the processing of slurries with fluctuating fluid properties or the processing of new recipes is simplified and possible without manual intervention. The concept is possible for existing plants as well as for new plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the earliest nontraditional machining processes being considered one of the most popular machining methods today. The EDM process basis on thermoelectric energy between the workpiece and an electrode, so that the discharge energy generated during the operation characterizes the productivity of the process. Due to the well-established machining options utilized in the industry of aerospace, automotive industry and surgical components for precision machining and making complex geometrical shapes in hard-to-cut materials, a significant amount of research interests has been created in this field. This paper provides a review of numerous academic research activities carried out in the previous years, as well as numerous developments in the field of EDM related to increased machining rates, improved performance, materials and dielectrics used, electrode design and manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced construction technology cannot be separated from welding, as it plays an important role in constructing and repairing metal structures. At present, the construction of metal structures involves a lot of welding elements, especially in the field of good quality design. Based on the background, the problem can be formulated, namely, the effect of current strength on strength of Aisi 4340 steel joints after SMAW welding treatment. The research method used is the impact test method to see the results of the influence of strong currents in steel joints. The results of this study are the value of impact toughness at a current variation of 80 Ampere, the first specimen is 0.56080 J/mm2, the second specimen is 0.54811 J/mm2, and the third is 0.51724 J/mm2. The impact toughness value at 95 amps variation of the first sample is 0.01869 J/mm2, the second is 0.05481 J/mm2, and the third is 0.05172 J/mm2. From the test data, it can be seen that the average value of the average impact toughness in the variation of current strength of 80 Ampere and 95 Ampere is 80 Ampere current average impact toughness value of 0.54205 J/mm2 and 95 Ampere current average impact toughness value of 0.04174 J/m2. That the 80 ampere current variation is better and more efficient because it produces a higher toughness value than the 95 ampere current variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrode material properties, such as widening the voltage window, rational design, and morphology are known to play an essential role in increasing its efficiency for energy storage devices. Herein, a simple strategy to first prepare a Mg(OH)2/Cu2(OH)3(NO3) (MHCNx) binary heterostructure by co-precipitation method. The morphology studies from SEM and HR-TEM analysis revealed that the Mg(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2/Cu2(OH)3(NO3) binary heterostructures show quasi-spherical and nanosheet-like structures. The electrochemical characteristics of as-prepared binary heterostructure electrodes were investigated by a three-electrode system. At a low current density of 5 Ag−1, the specific capacitance of the MHCN-2 achieved 146 Fg−1. The MHCN-2 electrode displayed capacitance retention of ~ 97% and coulombic efficiency of ~ 96% for 5000 cycles. This study offers a facile and low cost approach for producing novel nanostructures and electrodes for energy storage in binary heterostructure materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) represent an environmentally-friendly approach to generating electricity, but the need to study variation parameters to find improvement conditions has been an important challenge for decades. In this study, a single-chamber MFC was designed to investigate the key parameters such as the concentration and type of bacteria, chamber temperature, electrode spacing, and substrate rotation speed that affected the performance of MFCs. Therefore, two types of bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis (S.one) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were compared as microorganisms. Then, the function of MFC was investigated under the following condition: three temperatures (30 ℃, 45℃, and 60℃), three bacterial concentrations (0.5% (v/v) (4.5 mg/ml), 1% (v/v) (9mg/ml), and 1.5% (v/v) (13.5mg/ml)), electrode distances (2 cm, 3 cm, 4cm), and substrate speeds (100 rpm, 150 rpm, 200 rpm). Ultimately, (S.one) bacteria, a chamber temperature of 45 ℃, a bacterial concentration of 1% (v/v) (9mg/ml), a cathode-anode spacing of 3 cm, and a rotation speed of 150 rpm proved to be the most efficient parameter settings for the constructed microbial fuel cell. The maximum voltage and highest power density were 486.9 mV and 9.73 mW/m², respectively, with a resistance of 7500 ohms. These results are meaningful for determining and improving important parameters in an MFC device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an advanced energy storage system, lithium-ion batteries play an essential role in modern technologies. Despite their ubiquitous success, there is a great demand for continuous improvements of the battery performance, including higher energy density, lower safety risk, longer cycling life, and lower cost. Such performance improvement requires the design and development of novel electrode and electrolyte materials that exhibit desirable properties and satisfy strict requirements. Atomistic modeling can provide a unique perspective to fundamentally understand and rationally design battery materials. In this paper, we review a few recent successful examples of computation-driven discovery and design in electrode and electrolyte materials. Particularly, we highlight how atomistic modeling can reveal the underlying mechanisms, predict the important properties, and guide the design and engineering of electrode and electrolyte materials. We have a conclusion with a discussion of the unique capability of atomistic modeling in battery material development and provide a perspective on future challenges and directions for computation-driven battery material developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltammetry has been used in many industries and has been a popular method for food analysis in recent years. Its high sensitivity, rapid analysis, usability in a wide variety of concentrations and temperatures have positive potential in the wine industry. With standardized methods for food analysis being too work-intensive and time-consuming for the fast market demand, the main purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the possible benefits that voltammetry can provide to the wine industry. This review paper focused its discussion on the different voltammetric methods, parametric conditions, and electrochemical behavior of essential compounds from wine as the main substance of interest. In particular, the limit of detection (LOD), initial voltage peak, pH levels, working electrodes, and their respective reagents were taken into account to determine the applicable methods that can be utilized in the wine industry. This study could serve as a point of reference for future research into the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer grid electrodes consisting of Cu0.7Ni0.3/Cu/Cu0.7Ni0.3 utilize the high conductivity of Cu to realize low electrical resistance and the high corrosion resistance of CuNi to improve reliability. The effect of thickness of outer CuNi layer on corrosion resistance and visibility was investigated. Samples prepared with 2 μ m line width on PET having grid mesh side length of 300 μ m, and 60° internal angle with 280 nm thickness showed a transmittance of 90.1% at 550 nm and sheet resistance of 2.4 Ω/□ after grid pattern formation. The low process temperature enabled electrode formation on thin substrate, 23 μ m-thick PET and accomplish highly durable and flexible electrode on PET. The superior bending properties showed no change in sheet resistance after 200 000 cycles of outer/inner fatigue bending tests at 3 mm radius of curvature. Additionally, the potential for foldable usage was further supported by demonstrating the ability to form electrodes on both sides of the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste wood, which has a large amount of cellulose fibers, should be transformed into useful materials for addressing environmental and resource problems. Thus, this study analyzed the application of waste wood as supercapacitor electrode material. First, cellulose fibers were extracted from waste wood and mixed with different contents of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in water. Using a facile filtration method, cellulose papers with GnPs were prepared and converted into carbon papers through carbonization and then to porous activated carbon papers containing GnPs (ACP−GnP) through chemical activation processes. For the morphology of ACP−GnP, activated carbon fibers with abundant pores were formed. The increase in the amount of GnPs attached to the fiber surfaces decreased the number of pores. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas and specific capacitance of the ACP−GnP electrodes decreased with an increase in the GnP content. However, the galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of ACPs with higher GnP contents gradually changed into triangular and linear shapes, which are associated with the capacitive performance. For example, ACP with 15 wt% GnP had a low mass transfer resistance and high charge delivery of ions, resulting in the specific capacitance value of 267 Fg−1 owing to micropore and mesopore formation during the activation of carbon paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been tremendous research progress among scientists in the development of hybrid solar cells (HSC) as green solar energy. The research aims to investigate the influence of several types of transparent conductive electrodes on the performance of fabricated HSC. Single-layer graphene (SG)-based film has been identified as a potential replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO)-based film as anode transparent conductive layer (ATCL) in HSC. In this work, we have fabricated ITO-based HSC (ISc), SG-based HSC (GSc), and heat-treated SG-based HSC (HGSc). It was observed that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was significantly dependent on the types of ATCL. These significant findings are measured by Raman spectroscopy, a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and a solar simulator. The HGSc possesses the best PCE of 1.960%, compared to 1.225% in the ISc, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.5 V, a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 11.2 mAcm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.35. The properties of heat-treated SG-based film were significantly attributed to PCE enhancement in HSC. As a conclusion, the use of graphene-based film has opened up a new research interest in the solar cell fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fig. 3 Overview of the application of BDC materials in VRFB. [Display omitted] Biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials are suitable as electrode or catalyst materials for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), owing to the characteristics of vast material sources, environmental friendliness, and multifarious structures. A timely and comprehensive review of the structure and property significantly facilitates the development of BDC materials. Here, the paper starts with the preparation of biomass materials, including carbonization and activation. It is designed to summarize the lastest developments in BDC materials of VRFB in four different structural dimensions from zero dimension (0D) to three dimension (3D). Every dimension begins with meticulously selected examples to introduce the structural characteristics of materials and then illustrates the improved performance of the VRFB due to the structure. Simultaneously, challenges, solutions, and prospects are indicated for the further development of BDC materials. Overall, this review will help researchers select excellent strategies for the fabrication of BDC materials, thereby facilitating the use of BDC materials in VRFB design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag and AgNO film were fabricated through sputter deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass. Electrochemical detection using cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out for low albumin levels in blood as a parameter of cancer patients. This study aims to determinate low albumin level as a biomarker cancer. Albumin adsorption on the Agfilm/ITO and AgNOfilm/ITO was also investigated to determine the level of sensitivity of both electrodes. Analysis of the CV measurements indicated that the Agfilm/ITO electrode was more sensitive compared to the AgNOfilm/ITO electrode, with a sensitivity value of 4.564 µA M-1cm-2 for the Agfilm/ITO electrode and 2.123 µA M-1cm-2 for the AgNOfilm/ITO electrode. The testing of albumin levels in blood within a range of low concentration levels between 10-1 and 10-8 g/dL indicated a detection limit of 10-9 g/mL. The selectivity of Ag electrodes was found to be very good for other interfering molecules such as urine, glucose, and lysozyme. The results of the modeling of electric field and magnetic field distribution showed that the Agfilm/ITO electrode possessed larger values than the AgNOfilm/ITO electrode. From this analysis, it can be concluded that the electrode modified with micro-sized Ag achieved more effective results than the electrode modified with AgNO. This sensor can determine low albumin level as a blood cancer biomarker. This sensor holds great promise for use in real samples in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Carbon materials bearing advantages such as chemical and thermal stability, electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and high porosity are widely used in electrode materials. While wood-based carbon materials exhibit good capacitive behavior and offer increased charge storage capacity, their electrical conductivity is often insufficient for optimal performance as carbon electrodes. To enhance their conductivity, composite materials combining wood-based carbon with other conductive materials have been synthesized. In this study, we assessed the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of nanocomposite electrodes based on carbonized wood/Mn-MOF, which were prepared using the in-situ synthesis method. Additionally, we investigated the performance of these electrodes as cathodes in sediment microbial fuel cells. Furthermore, we compared their performance with that of control wood-based electrodes and commercially available carbon felt electrodes. Materials and Methods: The sapwood blocks of Platanus orientalis were used as a lignocellulosic precursor and subjected to pyrolysis at a temperature of 700 °C. The heating rate was set at 5 °C min-1, and the pyrolysis process took place in an argon atmosphere with a constant flow of 100 mL/min and a retention time of 1 hour. Following pyrolysis, the carbonized wood samples were washed with distilled water and subsequently dried in an oven. To synthesize composite electrodes of CW/Mn-MOF, we employed manganese (II) acetate tetrahydrate and a 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid ligand. The resulting samples were washed with ethanol and dried once more in the oven. For secondary pyrolysis, the samples were subjected to a temperature of 900 °C for a duration of 2 h in an argon atmosphere, with a heating rate of 5 °C min-1 . Results: The findings revealed that the porous structure and its interconnected and direct channels were successfully maintained after wood pyrolysis. Moreover, the in-situ synthesis of Mn-MOF on carbonized wood was achieved. Raman spectra analysis indicated an increase in the degree of disorder in the structure of the prepared nanocomposite electrodes compared to the control carbonized woods. Additionally, XRD patterns demonstrated the presence of both amorphous and graphitic carbon within the graphitic crystals of carbon. Furthermore, the carbon electrodes doped with Mn-MOF exhibited the lowest impedance and the highest maximum power density when compared to the control and carbon felt electrodes. Conclusion: It was found that high-temperature carbonization leads to the graphitization of wood material, resulting in increased electrical conductivity. The doping of carbon electrodes and the fabrication of carbon-nanocomposite electrodes using carbonized wood/Mn-MOF significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance of the cathode in sediment microbial fuel cells. The combination of the pseudocapacitive behavior of Mn-MOF and the electrical double-layer capacitance behavior of the carbon material exhibited a synergistic effect, which ultimately improved the overall performance of the SMFC setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cochlear implantation is a major treatment option for severe-to-profound hearing loss. By insertion into the cochlea and stimulation of the cochlear nerve, cochlear implantation can improve the performance of hearing and speech performance of the implantees. The microenvironment of the cochlea is innate and gets disturbed in response to the insertion of a foreign body. However, realtime changes inside the cochlea in terms of electrophysiology at the molecular level can never be investigated in vivo in human beings. Thus, impedance is a good guide that reflects the electrophysiology inside the cochlea. Because the initial measurement of impedance cannot be performed earlier than the traditional interval of 1 month postoperatively, early changes in impedance have not been explored until recently; however, surgeons are now trying the initial switch-on earlier than 1 month after implantation. This review discusses the scenario of electrophysiological variation after early switch-on in <1 day postimplantation. Evidence has shown that fluctuations in impedance after implantation depend on the interplay between cell cover formation, fibrosis, electrode design, and electrical stimulation. Further studies addressing the correlation between impedance and clinical parameters are required to develop reliable biomarkers for better performance of cochlear implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of biosignals in the clinical and healthcare fields is fundamental; however, conventional electrodes pose challenges such as incomplete skin contact and skin-related issues, hindering accurate biosignal measurement. To address these challenges, conductive hydrogels, which are valuable owing to their biocompatibility and flexibility, have been widely developed and explored for electrode applications. In this study, we fabricated a conductive hydrogel by mixing polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymers dissolved in deionized water, followed by light-triggered crosslinking. Notably, this study pioneered the use of a PEGDA−PEDOT:PSS hydrogel for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring- a type of biosignal. The resulting PEGDA−PEDOT:PSS hydrogel demonstrated remarkable conductivity while closely approximating the modulus of skin elasticity. Additionally, it demonstrated biocompatibility and a high signal-to-noise ratio in the waveforms. This study confirmed the exceptional suitability of the PEGDA−PEDOT:PSS hydrogel for accurate biosignal measurements with potential applications in various wearable devices designed for biosignal monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The horizontal flatbed electrophoresis method is employed to separate protein samples, providing greater flexibility for various electrophoretic applications and easier sample loading compared to its vertical counterpart. In the currently available equipment setup, cathode and anode electrodes are positioned on top of a gel at each end. Since an electric field enters the gel from the top, its strength gradually weakens from the top to the bottom of the gel. When examining the interior of gels following electrophoretic separation, the uneven electric field causes the protein bands to lie down forward in the direction of migration, leading to an increase in bandwidth. This issue has remained unaddressed for several decades. To address this problem, new clamp-shaped and double-deck electrodes were developed to apply an electric field simultaneously from both the top and bottom of the gel. Both of these new electrodes facilitated the formation of perpendicular protein band shapes and enhanced resolution at a comparable level. Due to their ease of use, double-deck electrodes are recommended. By combining these new electrodes with the field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) technique, the protein bands could be focused and aligned nearly vertically, resulting in the highest level of electrophoretic resolution. Our electrodes are compatible with polyacrylamide gels of varying sizes, buffer systems, and sample well formats. They can be easily manufactured and seamlessly integrated into existing laboratory instruments for practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of two-dimensional NiO nanostructures by programmable chemical deposition in combination with the hydrothermal treatment of intermediates in distilled water and in aqueous ammonia solution was studied. Simultaneous thermal analysis was used to determine the dependence of thermal stability and sorption capacity of particles of the intermediates on the parameters of their hydrothermal treatment and on the composition of the dispersion medium. The results of IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis helped us to recognize the crystal structure specifics and the set of functional groups for intermediates and for NiO nanopowders formed on their basis. The average size of the coherent scattering regions (CSRs) of the manufactured nickel oxide powders varied from 4.0 ± 0.5 to 8.6 ± 0.8 nm depending on the hydrothermal treatment parameters. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy showed that the recrystallization of NiO nanoparticles can be tuned depending on the synthesis parameters to yield two-dimensional nanostructures of various shapes and required sizes, ranging from nanosheets of chaotic geometry to flat hexagons with a variable diameter. Due to their anisotropic microstructure, the manufactured nanomaterials can be effectively used in the fabrication of functional components for advanced alternative energy devices (supercapacitor electrodes, solid oxide fuel cells, etc.), including the use of printing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of hierarchically organized MoS2 films on various substrates by a hydrothermal method was studied. The influence of synthesis conditions and the substrate (a glass or a flexible carbon paper substrate) on the crystal structure of sulfide films was determined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the films on glass substrates comprised structurally different elements, namely a continuous dense layer of spherical nanoparticles on the surface of which hierarchically organized globular agglomerates of two types are arranged. A molybdenum disulfide shell about 1.5 μm thick, consisting of hierarchically organized nanosheets less than 10 nm thick, was formed on the surface of carbon fibers that make up the carbon paper. Elemental mapping was used to evaluate the homogeneity of the MoS2 film formed on the carbon paper. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that an individual carbon fiber modified with a sulfide film had a mean square roughness of about 13 nm (over an area of about 100 μm2). According to Kelvin-probe force microscopy (KPFM) data, the electron work function of the material was 4.53 eV. The electrochemical characteristics of the manufactured flexible electrode based on a hierarchically organized molybdenum disulfide film were investigated. The specific capacitance and the stability of functional and microstructural properties of the manufactured supercapacitor electrode in 2000 charge–discharge cycles were evaluated. Thus, the proposed strategy is promising for the fabrication of efficient hierarchically organized MoS2 electrodes for flexible supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing scarcity of fresh water due to rapid population growth and the establishment of new industries every single day has motivated researchers to use efficient technologies for the removal of dissolved salts from water. Various methods of salt removal and wastewater treatment have been established in last decades; however, membrane capacitive deionization has gained much attention due to its low energy consumption and low process costs in water treatment applications. The progress of membrane capacitive deionization for desalination and water treatments is systematically presented in this review. This review includes significant input on the membrane capacitive deionization progress, the current status of membrane capacitive deionization in the removal of salts and different pollutants, and a comparative discussion on various membranes and electrodes used in membrane capacitive deionization reported so far. It also highlights a summary and future scope in the area of membrane capacitive deionization. Based on the literature available and a review of the membrane capacitive deionization process, it could be a more effective and promising process for desalination and water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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