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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o incremento inicial da altura e o diâmetro do colo das espécies Acacia mearnsii De Willd, Eucalyptus grandis Hill, Mimosa scabrella Benth e Ateleia glazioviana Baill nos espaçamentos de 2 x 1m, 2 x 1,5m; 3 x1m e 3 x 1,5m com vistas à produção de madeira para fns energétcos em plantos de curta rotação. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial de 4 x 4. As avaliações foram realizadas nos períodos 0,60 e 120 dias após o planto das mudas no campo. Nos períodos iniciais ocorreu interferência do espaçamento no diâmetro de colo para A. mearnsii e na altura para E. grandis. O crescimento inicial em altura das espécies M. scabrella (122,1cm) e E. grandis (97,2cm) foram superiores a A. mearnsii (70,9cm) e A. glazioviana (26,7cm) após 120 dias do planto das mudas no campo.

Abstract The appropriate choice of tree species and planting arrangement for use in agroforestry systems is very important in order to maximize productivity and sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of five tree species and its effect on sugarcane yields in different planting arrays in agroforestry systems. The study was conducted from 2007 to 2011 in the city of Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil. The five studied tree species were: guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahybae), bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella), canafístula (Peltophorum dubium), angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida) and eucalypt (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden). Root collar diameter, diameter at breast height, plant height and mean diameter of crown were evaluated for four years with an interval of 90 days between assessments. Yield data for sugarcane were collected in June 2009, 2010, and 2011. Eucalypt presented the greatest root collar diameter values, diameter at breast height, crown development, and plant height. Angico-vermelho, canafístula and eucalypt presented a higher growth in the strip system, while guapuruvu presented the greater growth in the line system. Bracatinga was not influenced by an arrangement in the agroforestry systems. Sugarcane presented greater production in the understory of angico and bracatinga.

ABSTRACT A low profile and dual band rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) based on high permittivity BaTiO3 is proposed. The antenna main characteristics are investigated for wireless communication system applications at the frequency band from 6.0 to 8.0 GHz. The antenna design is performed using Ansoft HFSS through the finite element method. Antenna prototypes are built and measured on a vector network analyzer (R&S ZVB14 model) for comparison purpose. Agreement between simulated and measured results is observed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2759-2763, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates the introduction of a feast celebrating the conception of the Mother Mary and the popular belief that Mary's conception had occurred without the transmission of original sin. Solicitation for opinion to Bernard of Clairvaux about the liturgical celebration of Mary's conception by the canons; Role of the Mother in the salvation of all human beings; Views of Bernard to the introduction of a celebration on Mary's conception.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a flexão estática e a massa específica aparente da madeira de Inga marginata em diferentes condições de umidade. Foram abatidos três indivíduos com, aproximadamente, seis anos de idade. Para a determinação das propriedades estudadas foram seguidas as recomendações da norma ASTM D143-94. Observou-se redução superior a 1,2 vezes do módulo de elasticidade, módulo de ruptura, tensão no limite proporcional e força máxima na flexão estática em função da saturação das fibras. De maneira geral, as amostras apresentaram valores de massa específica aparente menores e maior resistência mecânica conforme a dessorção até a umidade de equilíbrio de 12%, sendo a madeira, nessa condição, classificada como moderadamente pesada.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth reducer and nitrogen fertilization on morphological variables, SPAD index, radiation interception, and grain yield of three cultivars of wheat. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial scheme 3x5x2, with three cultivars (Mestre, Iguaçú and Itaipú), five nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 Kg ha-1), and application or no application of a growth reducer, with three replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, SPAD index, leaf area index (LAI), Global Radiation Interception (GRI) and grain yield. The Tukey test (p < 0.05) was used for the comparison between the means of cultivar and growth reducer factors, and for a regression analysis to evaluate N levels. Increasing the dose of nitrogen promotes an increase in LAI of plants of wheat crops differently among cultivars, which leads to a greater degree of global radiation interception. At doses higher or equal to 120 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen, there are significant differences in grain yield between treatments with and without the application of the growth reducer. The significant interaction between growth reducer and nitrogen dose, showed that applications of growth reducer increase the GRI at doses above and below 80 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Nitrogen rates of 138 and 109 Kg ha-1 are responsible for maximum grain yields of wheat, which is 4235 and 3787 Kg ha-1 with and without the use of growth reducer, respectively.

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) monocropping have had a great socio-economic and environmental impact on the world and agroforestry systems has been considered an alternative for more sustainable production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different arrangements of agroforestry systems of the species E. urophylla x E. grandis and P. dubium and the pruning of the trees on the dynamics of solar radiation and soybean yield. A field experiment was conducted in Southern Brazil. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the solar radiation transmissivity and the productive performance of the soybean were evaluated. In this study, the soybean yield was determined by the arrangement of the agroforestry system and forest species utilized. The soybean crop cultivated in the understory of the P. dubium trees showed the highest yield response. The use of silvicultural practices for the management of forest species should be considered to generate the balance of the productive system. In this context, tree pruning is a viable side for agroforestry systems, as it promotes an increase in the incidence of solar radiation in the understory, resulting in an increase in soybean yield, especially when integrated with P. dubium.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age and plant spacing on biomass production of four forestry tree species: Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth, and Ateleia glazioviana Baill. The following spacings of plants at the ages of 1, 3, and 5 years after planting were considered: 2.0 × 1.0 m, 2.0 × 1.5 m, 3.0 × 1.0 m, and 3.0 × 1.5 m. The study was installed in randomized complete block design. Biomass was determined by weighing different components of the trees after harvesting. Plant spacing affected biomass production of forestry trees at different ages after planting. Dense spacings produced larger quantities of biomass than less dense spacing. The tree species differed in biomass production: Eucalyptus grandis produced the largest quantity (325.1 t ha-1), followed by Acacia mearnsii (239.3 t ha-1), Mimosa scabrella (53.4 t ha-1), and Ateleia glazioviana (32.1 t ha-1). Wood biomass represented the biomass component with the largest production over time, which showed an increasing proportion throughout the age groups, followed branch, leaf, and bark biomass.

ABSTRACT The objective of this experiment was to determine the conversion efficiency of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation into biomass of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. seedlings. A forest species, plastic tubes (90 cm3), and 11 evaluation periods (up to 180 days after emergence) were used in this study. The leaf area index (LAI), total dry biomass (BIO), global solar radiation (GSR), cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PARic), and conversion efficiency of radiation (εb) were determined using a pyranometer (LI200X, LICOR). The value of εb in BIO seedlings of Acacia mearnsii was 7.76 g MJ-1. LAI was directly related to the efficiency of PARic, and this influenced the development, production potential and accumulation of BIO. The value of GSR flow was 11.81 MJ m-2 day-1, while the value inside the greenhouse was 6.26 MJ m-2 day-1.

The output from a Coulter model S is captured by a specially designed silent interface which visualizes the results, automatically prints the data on a continuous paper roll and transmits the information to a card punch located in a data processing room. Further requested test data and patient identification data are subsequently added manually to the punch card. The completed deck of cards is used in an off-line batch mode on a dedicated laboratory computer to format report documents, produce ward listings, and quality control information. A punch card off-line method is also described for blood group and related data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to determine the energy productivity of the different compartments of above ground biomass of forest species: Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth and Ateleia glazioviana Baill distributed in different spacing in planting: 2.0x1.0m, 2.0x1.5m, 3.0x1.0m and 3.0x1.5m, at ages of 1 and 3 years. The study was conducted in an experiment in the city of Frederico Westphalen-RS, in experimental design of randomized complete block with three replications. The determination of the energy productivity was carried out through the measurement of values of above ground biomass and power calorific value of each compartment. The different planting spacings induced different yields of biomass energy, and it was found a systematic negative trend in relation to the living space provided by lower planting space. The energy productivity achieved in the third year for all species, were higher than those of the first year. The species Eucalyptus grandis presented the greatest potential for energy productivity of wood and for the other species, equivalent to twice the Acacia mearnsii, the denser spacing (2.0x1.0m)

Se realizó un estudio sobre la diversidad, riqueza, dominancia y equidad de la nematofauna y la relación de estos organismos con algunos parámetros físicos y químicos del suelo en 15 sitios de tres localidades de la Subregión Sabana departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Utilizando la metodología de Jenkins (1964), se extrajeron un total de 4.683 individuos, identificados utilizando claves taxonómicas, en 22 géneros y uno no determinado (c.f Dorylaiminae). Los parámetros edáficos se realizaron utilizando las metodologías del IGAC (2006) y la diversidad se estimó haciendo uso de índices de diversidad; relacionando estos dos factores se observó mayor abundancia de nematodos en suelos de textura franco arenosa, principalmente de los géneros Criconemella, c.f. Dorylaiminae y Helycotilenchus. La humedad, porosidad, materia orgánica y pH, no presentan relación en cuanto a diversidad de los nematodos identificados. Contrario con la textura del suelo que si influyen en la abundancia y la fracción limo en diversidad. Sin embargo la presencia de los géneros Criconemella y c.f Dorylaiminae no están determinada por estos parámetros edáficos.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o poder calorífico superior (PCS) das árvores e a massa específica básica ponderada (ρb pond) da madeira de Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth e Ateleia glazioviana Baill distribuídas em diferentes espaçamentos em plantio: 2,0 x 1,0 m; 2,0 x 1,5 m; 3,0 x 1,0 m; e 3,0 x 1,5 m, nas idades de 1 e 3 anos. O estudo foi conduzido em um experimento localizado no Município de Frederico Westphalen, RS, em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. A determinação do PCS das árvores foi realizada a partir da ponderação dos valores obtidos em cada compartimento (madeira, casca, galho e folha), por meio de bomba calorimétrica. A determinação da ρb pond foi realizada a partir da ponderação dos valores verificados dos discos coletados em diferentes posições ao longo do tronco, usando-se o método da balança hidrostática e massa seca. O PCS de todas as espécies no primeiro ano após o plantio foi superior ao do terceiro ano, destacando-se a Acacia mearnsii com as maiores médias. A ρb pond não apresentou tendência sistemática de aumento ou redução ao longo do tempo e as espécies Acacia mearnsii e Ateleia glazioviana, os maiores valores. Os diferentes espaçamentos de plantio não induziram a variação do PCS e da ρb pond nas espécies estudadas, não sendo verificada tendência sistemática positiva ou negativa em relação ao espaço vital proporcionado pelo espaçamento.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814565They are still few the information on the influence of the brightness in the production of biomass as well as in the concentration of some nutritious in leaves of Ilex paraguariensis. This work aimed to evaluate the production of dry matter of the aerial part of the Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (branches and leaves) and the concentration of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and iron in leaves produced in two systems of cultivations, intercropping with Pinus elliottii Engel. and single, along the seasons in the municipality of FredericoWestphalen, Rio Grande do Sul state. The results showed that the production of biomass of the Ilex paraguariensis (leaves + branches) is larger in the single cultivation when compared to the intercropping. However, when comparing the two cropping systems with respect to phosphorus, but especially calcium and magnesium, there was a small variation for different periods of the year, which indicates a more constant metabolic activity of the plant yerba mate in a more shaded condition, which makes it an important factor in the final quality of the product.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814563The efficiency of conversion of the solar radiation in biomass is a variable frequently used in models of simulation the culture growth, because the biomass production is related with the efficiency of which a plant converts radiant energy in chemistry, given by the process of the photosynthesis. The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of conversion of the photosynthetically active and intercepted solar radiation (RFAi) in Ilex paraguariensis biomass, cultivated in consortium (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. e Pinus elliottii Engelm) and single. For so much, it was determined the photosynthetically active and intercepted solar radiation (RFAi), the index of leaf area and the biomass dries of the seedlings, being then, the efficiency of conversion of RFAi in biomass dries of the cultivated in consortium and single. For a same radiation value RFAi, is obtained larger efficiency of use of the radiation in the accumulation in matter dries when Ilex paraguariensis is cultivated in consortium. The conversion efficiency (εb) of biomass total drought of Ilex paraguariensis plants in relation to the amount of the photosynthetically active and intercepted solar radiation (RFAi) accumulated is of 0.83 g MJ-1 in the system consortium and of 0.23 g MJ-1 in the single system. In spite of that, the production of aerial biomass for plant was larger in the single system.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue ajustar ecuaciones de regresión que expresen el poder calorífico superior (PCS) de la madera de cuatro especies forestales: Acacia mearnsii De Willd., Eu - calyptus grandis Hill, Mimosa scabrella Benth. y Ateleia glazioviana Baill. El procedimiento de selección de variables hacia atrás se utilizó para generar ecuaciones de PCS en función de los contenidos de material volátil (CMV), ceniza (CC), carbono fijo (CCF) y materia orgánica (CMO). Las muestras se recolectaron un año después de la plantación para la determinación de dichas variables. Todas las ecuaciones obtenidas tuvieron buena correlación, presentaron coeficientes de determinación ajustados superiores a 82 %, error estándar de estimación inferior de 1.1 % y distribución adecuada de los residuos. Las ecuaciones que implican solamente el CMV para A. mearnsii , CC para E. grandis y A. glazioviana, y los elementos del análisis proximal para M. scabrella , son tan adecuadas para estimar el PCS como las ecuaciones que incluyen más variables independientes.

The efficiency of conversion of the solar radiation in biomass is a variable frequently used in models of simulation the culture growth, because the biomass production is related with the efficiency of which a plant converts radiant energy in chemistry, given by the process of the photosynthesis. The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of conversion of the photosynthetically active and intercepted solar radiation (RFAi) in Ilex paraguariensis biomass, cultivated in consortium ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. e Pinus elliottii Engelm) and single. For so much, it was determined the photosynthetically active and intercepted solar radiation (RFAi), the index of leaf area and the biomass dries of the seedlings, being then, the efficiency of conversion of RFAi in biomass dries of the cultivated in consortium and single. For a same radiation value RFAi, is obtained larger when Ilex paraguariensis is cultivated in consortium. The conversion efficiency ( ε b ) of biomass total drought of Ilex paraguariensis plants in relation to the amount of the photosynthetically active and intercepted solar radiation (RFAi) accumulated is of 0.83 g MJ -1 in the system consortium and of 0.23 g MJ -1 in the single system. In spite of that, the production of aerial biomass for plant was larger in the single system.

They are still few the information on the influence of the brightness in the production of biomass as well as in the concentration of some nutritious in leaves of Ilex paraguariensis . This work aimed to evaluate the production of dry matter of the aerial part of the Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (branches and leaves) and the concentration of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and iron in leaves produced in two systems of cultivations, intercropping with Pinus elliottii Engel. and single, along the seasons in the municipality of FredericoWestphalen, Rio Grande do Sul state. The results showed that the production of biomass of the Ilex paraguariensis (leaves + branches) is larger in the single cultivation when compared to the intercropping. However, when comparing the two cropping systems with respect to phosphorus, but especially calcium and magnesium, there was a small variation for different periods of the year, which indicates a more constant metabolic activity of the plant yerba mate in a more shaded condition, which makes it an important factor in the final quality of the product.

A produção de fitomassa é uma função da eficiência de conversão da radiação solar fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada em fotoassimilados, variando conforme as condições em que as plantas são cultivadas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a eficiência de conversão da radiação solar fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada em fitomassa - εb - de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (eucalipto) quando submetidas a diferentes tamanhos de tubetes e densidades de plantas. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, para estudar a produção de mudas em dois tamanhos de tubetes (pequeno e médio) e duas densidades de plantas na bandeja (alta com 100% de ocupação da bandeja e média com 50%), em que foram determinados a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada (RFAi), o índice de área foliar e a fitomassa seca total das mudas. O volume do tubete não interferiu nos valores de eficiência, mas, sim, a densidade de plantas, pois o índice de área foliar é quem determina tal valor. A εb foi de 7,33 g.MJ-1 em tubete médio e pequeno em densidade alta e de 3,26 g.MJ-1 em tubete médio e pequeno em densidade média.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a variação do poder calorífico superior (PCS) ao longo do fuste das espécies florestais Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill, Mimosa scabrella Benth. e Ateleia glazioveana Baill e também avaliar o número e as posições das amostras ao longo do fuste para a estimativa do PCS dessas espécies. Para tanto, foram retirados discos de aproximadamente dois centímetros de espessura, ao longo de 0 %, 25 %, 50 % e 75 % da altura total de árvores com um ano de idade para determinação do PCS em bomba calorimétrica (C5000, IKA WORKS). Para Eucalyptus grandis e Ateleia glazioveana, é possível estimar o PCS a partir de um disco, respectivamente, nas posições 50% e 0% da altura total, para Mimosa scabrella em dois discos, nas posições 0+75% e para Acacia mearnsii em três discos, nas posições 0+25+75% da altura total.This research had the objective of studing the variation of the calorific power along the shaft of the species forest Acacia mearnsii de Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill, Mimosa scabrella Benth. and Ateleia glazioveana Baill and also to evaluate the number and the positions of the samples along the shaft for the estimate of calorific power of these species. For so much, they were solitary disks of approximately two centimeters of thickness, along 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of the total height of trees, with a year of age, for determination of the power calorific superior in calorimeter (C5000, IKA WORKS). For the Eucalyptus grandis and the Ateleia glazioveana it is possible to esteem the power calorific superior starting from a disk, respectively in the positions 50% and 0%, and for the Mimosa scabrella with two disks, in the positions 0+75% and for the Acacia mearnsii, three disks, in the positions 0+25+75%.