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Poleward range shifts are a global-scale response to warming, but these vary greatly among taxa and are hard to predict for individual species, localized regions or over shorter (years to decadal) timescales. Moving poleward might be easier in the Arctic than in the Southern Ocean, where evidence for range shifts is sparse and contradictory. Here, we compiled a database of larval Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba and, together with an adult database, it showed how their range shift is out of step with the pace of warming. During a 70-year period of rapid warming (1920s–1990s), distribution centres of both larvae and adults in the SW Atlantic sector remained fixed, despite warming by 0.5–1.0°C and losing sea ice. This was followed by a hiatus in surface warming and ice loss, yet during this period the distributions of krill life stages shifted greatly, by ~1000 km, to the south-west. Understanding the mechanism of such step changes is essential, since they herald system reorganizations that are hard to predict with current modelling approaches. We propose that the abrupt shift was driven by climatic controls acting on localized recruitment hotspots, superimposed on thermal niche conservatism. During the warming hiatus, the Southern Annular Mode index continued to become increasingly positive and, likely through reduced feeding success for larvae, this led to a precipitous decline in recruitment from the main reproduction hotspot along the southern Scotia Arc. This cut replenishment to the northern portion of the krill stock, as evidenced by declining density and swarm frequency. Concomitantly, a new, southern reproduction area developed after the 1990s, reinforcing the range shift despite the lack of surface warming. New spawning hotspots may provide the stepping stones needed for range shifts into polar regions, so planning of climate-ready marine protected areas should include these key areas of future habitat.

Drawing on the tenets of job demands-resources and conservation of resources theories, it is suggested that HR attributions about wellness programs hold ‘job resource potential’, irrespective of actual participation. It is proposed positive (commitment, compliance) and negative (control, image) attributions about the organization's motivation for offering a wellness program predict employee outcomes. In addition, it is proposed wellness program attributions influence how employees cope with role overload. A sample of 524 Australian employees with access to a wellness program completed a questionnaire. Commitment and compliance buffered the negative effects of role overload on job dissatisfaction. However, commitment created a stress-exacerbating effect of role overload on days impaired due to poor health. Employees with control attributions were buffered from the negative effects of role overload on job dissatisfaction. Overall, results highlight that the underlying theoretical distinction between positive and negative HR attributions across different types of employee outcomes should not be assumed.

Background After a stroke, experts recommend regular monitoring and kinematic assessments of patients to objectively measure motor recovery. With the rise of new technologies and increasing needs for neurorehabilitation, an interest in virtual reality has emerged. In this context, we have developed an immersive virtual reality version of the Box and Block Test (BBT-VR). The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of the BBT-VR among patients with stroke and healthy participants. Methods Twenty-three healthy participants and 22 patients with stroke were asked to perform the classical Box and Block Test (BBT) and BBT-VR three times with both hands. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations between these two tests and reliability of the BBT-VR through correlation on test–retest. Usability of the BBT-VR was also evaluated with the System Usability Scale. Hand kinematic data extracted from controller’s 3D position allowed to compute mean velocity (Vmean), peak velocity (Vpeak) and smoothness (SPARC). Results Results showed strong correlations between the number of blocks displaced with the BBT and the BBT-VR among patients with stroke for affected (r = 0.89; p < 0.001) and less-affected hands (r = 0.76; p < 0.001) and healthy participants for dominant (r = 0.58; p < 0.01) and non-dominant hands (r = 0.68; p < 0.001). Reliability for test–retest was excellent (ICC > 0.8; p < 0.001) and usability almost excellent (System Usability Scale = 79 ± 12.34%). On average participants moved between 30 and 40% less blocks during the BBT-VR than during the BBT. Healthy participants demonstrated significantly higher kinematic measures (Vmean = 0.22 ± 0.086 ms−1; Vpeak = 0.96 ± 0.341 ms−1; SPARC = − 3.31 ± 0.862) than patients with stroke (Vmean = 0.12 ± 0.052 ms−1; Vpeak = 0.60 ± 0.202 ms−1; SPARC = − 5.04[− 7.050 to − 3.682]). Conclusion The BBT-VR is a usable, valid and reliable test to assess manual dexterity, providing kinematic parameters, in a populat

It is currently unknown whether motor skill learning (MSkL) with the paretic upper limb is possible during the acute phase after stroke and whether lesion localization impacts MSkL. Here, we investigated MSkL in acute (1-7 days post) stroke patients compared with healthy individuals (HIs) and in relation to voxel-based lesion symptom mapping. Twenty patients with acute stroke and 35 HIs were trained over 3 consecutive days on a neurorehabilitation robot measuring speed, accuracy, and movement smoothness variables. Patients used their paretic upper limb and HI used their nondominant upper limb on an MSkL task involving a speed/accuracy trade-off. Generalization was evaluated on day 3. All patients underwent a 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging used for VSLM. Most patients achieved MSkL demonstrated by day-to-day retention and generalization of the newly learned skill on day 3. When comparing raw speed/accuracy trade-off values, HI achieved larger MSkL than patients. However, relative speed/accuracy trade-off values showed no significant differences in MSkL between patients and HI on day 3. In patients, MSkL progression correlated with acute motor and cognitive impairments. The voxel-based lesion symptom mapping showed that acute vascular damage to the thalamus or the posterior limb of the internal capsule reduced MSkL. Despite worse motor performance for acute stroke patients compared with HI, most patients were able to achieve MSkL with their paretic upper limb. Damage to the thalamus and posterior limb of the internal capsule, however, reduced MSkL. These data show that MSkL could be implemented into neurorehabilitation during the acute phase of stroke, particularly for patients without lesions to the thalamus and posterior limb of the internal capsule. URL: https://www. gov; Unique identifier: NCT01519843.

Background: To plan treatment and measure patients’ recovery, frequent and time-bounded functional assessments are recommended after a stroke. With the increasing needs for neurorehabilitation, new technological technics such as virtual reality have emerged. To answer these needs, we developed an immersive virtual reality version of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT-VR). Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity, test-retest reliability and usability of the ARAT-VR among individuals with stroke, healthcare professionals and healthy control subjects (HCS). Methods: Thirty individuals with stroke, ten healthcare professionals and 25 HCS were recruited. Content validity was assessed by asking healthcare professionals to compare the difficulty of the movements performed during the ARAT-VR in comparison to the classical Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Concurrent validity was measured through correlation between the ARAT-VR and ARAT scores. A third of individuals with stroke and HCS were reseen in a convenient delay to measure test-retest reliability. Usability was measured thanks to the System Usability Scale. Results: On average, healthcare professionals estimated that virtual tasks movements’ difficulty was comparable to those of the classical ARAT expect for the items involving marbles. When assessing paretic hands, strong correlations were found (r = 0.84) between classical ARAT and ARAT-VR scores. Test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.99; p < 0.001) and usability (SUS = 82.5 [75 - 90]) were found to be excellent. Conclusion: The ARAT-VR is a valid, reliable and usable tool holding potential to increase assessment’s frequency and remote evaluation among individuals with stroke.

Urban stress is one of today’s most critical health challenges that urban stakeholders need to urgently address. However, while the positive role of nature for mental health and stress level reduction has been widely reported, the role distinct urban green infrastructure design characteristics play in citizen stress level reduction is yet to be understood. This paper presents a novel methodology where virtual reality, eyetracking technologies, biometric sensing for heart rate variability, and participant questionnaires have been combined, to evaluate the psychological and physiological stress level reduction capacity of urban green infrastructure. 30 subjects have participated in a virtual reality immersion of 12 urban squares. 360° images were captured for each square, and mapped on a virtual sphere surrounding the participant. For each urban square, the green view index was computed using semantic image classification, and based on the obtained green view index values, the images were organized in two blocks: green >35% and non-green <20%. The eye-tracking data showed significant differences between green and non-green blocks. Fixation counts decreased in the green image block, which is an indicator of stress reduction. The perceived restorativeness scale questionnaire also reported highly significant differences with higher global scores for the green image block.

We will be presenting the results obtained for 60 subjects that have participated in a virtual reality immersion of 12 urban squares. The urban squares are located in two of the densest neighbourhoods in the city of Brussels - St. Gilles and Molenbeek. 360° images and videos were captured for each square, and mapped on a virtual sphere surrounding the participant. For each urban square, the green view index was computed using semantic image classification, and based on the obtained green view index values, the images were organized in two blocks: green >35% and non-green <20%. Virtual reality, eye-tracking technologies, biometric sensing for heart rate variability, and participant questionnaires have been combined, to evaluate the psychological and physiological stress level reduction capacity of urban green infrastructure. The preliminary results show that for the eye-tracking data significant differences are observed between green and non-green blocks. Fixation counts decreased in the green image block, which is an indicator of stress reduction. The perceived restorativeness scale questionnaire also reported highly significant differences with higher global scores for the green image block. The study will also be analyzing the differences on the results between the participants that experience 360° images vs the participants that have experienced 360° videos that also included the audios recorded on site.

Introduction: To plan treatment and measure post-stroke recovery, frequent and time-bounded functional assessments are recommended. With increasing needs for neurorehabilitation, new technological methods such as virtual reality (VR) have emerged. Here, we developed an immersive VR version of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT-VR) to complement VR neurorehabilitation. This study aimed to assess the validity, test-retest reliability and usability of the ARAT-VR among individuals with stroke, healthcare professionals and healthy control subjects (HCS). Methods: Eleven healthcare professionals, 30 individuals with stroke, and 25 HCS were recruited. Concurrent validity was measured through correlation between the ARAT-VR and ARAT scores for the individuals with stroke and through scores comparison for the HCS. A third of individuals with stroke and HCS were reseen in a convenient delay to measure testretest reliability. Usability was measured using the System Usability Scale. Results: When assessing paretic hands, the ARAT-VR and classical ARAT were strongly correlated (r=0.84). Test-retest reliability (ICC=0.99; p<0.001) and usability (SUS=82.5[75- 90]) were excellent. Conclusion: The ARAT-VR is a valid, reliable and usable tool to assess hand action among individuals with stroke, providing potential to increase assessment frequency and remote evaluation, particularly for use with VR based neurorehabilitation.

Stroke results in various interactive cognitive and motor impairments that requires multidisciplinary rehabilitation. For example, preserved cognitive executive functions predict motor recovery success. Despite these links, the evaluation of executive function in hemiparesis patients remains underexplored. Here we developed a virtual reality serious game that measures inhibition based on the visual search paradigm of Treisman (1980). Our objective was to evaluate the serious game feasibility. Twenty individuals with first stroke hemiparesis and twenty age-matched healthy controls were recruited. They were instructed to find a target mole presented amongst distractor moles. The stimulus array consisted of grid of 6 columns and 4 rows of mole hills, from which the target and 11, 17 then 23 distractor moles could randomly appear, in two search conditions (single feature condition and conjunction condition). Responses were made with the ipsilesional hand for individuals with stroke and with the dominant hand for healthy participants, by hitting the target using a virtual hammer. The target appeared in every possible location in the grid (24) for each condition combination (144 trials). Participants were significantly slower in the conjunction compared to single feature condition significantly slower with increased numbers of distractors and significantly slower for individuals with hemiparesis compared to controls. A significant interaction between search condition and distractors showed that reaction time only increased with distractor number for the conjunction condition, with no further interaction between participants. The serious game can successfully evaluate inhibition. However, these preliminary results show no evidence that hemiparesis patients have inhibition impairments.

Background and aims Hemineglect is an attentional disorder characterized by spatial and non-spatial (inhibition) attention deficits. Currently, there is no systematic evaluation of both attention components in clinical tests. Our aim was to create an innovative integrative measure combining the assessment of spatial and non-spatial attention. using a virtual reality serious game based on the visual search paradigm of Treisman (1980) Methods: We tested sixty healthy participants. They were asked to perform a target search task where the spatial target was a mole wearing a red helmet. In a feature search condition, the distractors were moles wearing blue helmets (with and without horns). In a conjunction search condition, the distractors were moles wearing blue helmet or a red helmet with horns. Responses were made with the dominant hand by hitting the target with a virtual hammer. Results: Reaction time results demonstrated a significant effect of search tasks and distractors (F(1,57) = 2175.6, p = 0.000; F (2,114) = 97.3, p = 0.000 respectively). Participants were significantly slower in the conjunction compared to feature search task, and they were slower when the number of distractors increased. A significant interaction between search tasks and distractors (F(2,114) = 106.4, p = 0.000) showed that reaction time only increased with distractor number for the conjunction search task. Conclusion: The innovative virtual reality serious game results replicate the Treisman paradigm, providing reliable measures of spatial and non-spatial attention. Future studies will test hemineglect patients in order to deepen the understanding of spatial and non-spatial components of hemineglect.

After a stroke, around 80% of individuals suffer from upper limb motor impairments leading to an activity limitation and a reduced quality of life. To optimise rehabilitation and better predict recovery, it is recommended that patients be evaluated regularly. In this PhD thesis, different virtual applications allowing for the assessment of post-stroke manual dexterity, upper limb capacity and forearm kinematics have been validated. Results of these studies brought to light the potential of immersive virtual reality to deliver autonomous and objective assessments. Several meta-analyses were also conducted to assess the effect of virtual reality, robot-assisted therapy, serious games, self- and tele-rehabilitation programs in the treatment of individuals with stroke. Results of these works now open new perspectives for the use of technological means in the assessment and rehabilitation of individuals with stroke., (MOTR - Sciences de la motricité) -- UCL, 2022

Background: To plan treatment and measure post-stroke recovery, frequent and time-bounded functional assessments are recommended. With increasing needs for neurorehabilitation, new technological methods such as virtual reality (VR) have emerged. Here, we developed an immersive VR version of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT-VR) to complement VR neurorehabilitation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity, test-retest reliability and usability of the ARAT-VR among individuals with stroke, healthcare professionals and healthy control subjects (HCS). Methods: Eleven healthcare professionals, 30 individuals with stroke, and 25 HCS were recruited. Content validity was assessed by asking healthcare professionals to rate the difficulty of performing each item of the ARAT-VR in comparison to the classical Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Concurrent validity was measured through correlation between the ARAT-VR and ARAT scores for the individuals with stroke and through scores comparison for the HCS. A third of individuals with stroke and HCS were reseen in a convenient delay to measure test-retest reliability. Usability was measured using the System Usability Scale. Results: On average, healthcare professionals estimated that movement difficulty was comparable in the ARAT-VR to those of the classical ARAT except for the items involving marbles. When assessing paretic hands, the ARAT-VR and classical ARAT were strongly correlated (r=0.84). Test-retest reliability (ICC=0.99; p<0.001) and usability (SUS=82.5[75-90]) were excellent. Conclusion: The ARAT-VR is a valid, reliable and usable tool to assess hand action among individuals with stroke, providing potential to increase assessment frequency and remote evaluation, particularly for use with VR based neurorehabilitation.

Background: To plan treatment and measure post-stroke recovery, frequent and time-bounded functional assess- ments are recommended. With increasing needs for neurorehabilitation advances, new technology based methods, such as virtual reality (VR) have emerged. Here, we developed an immersive VR version of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT-VR) to complement neurorehabilitation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity, usability and test–retest reliability of the ARAT-VR among individu- als with stroke, healthcare professionals and healthy control subjects (HCS). Methods: Among the 19 items of the ARAT, 13 items were selected and developed in immersive VR. 11 healthcare professionals, 30 individuals with stroke, and 25 HCS were recruited. Content validity was assessed by asking health- care professionals to rate the difficulty of performing each item of the ARAT-VR in comparison to the classical Action Research Arm Test (ARAT-19). Concurrent validity was first measured using correlation (Spearman tests) between the ARAT-VR and ARAT-19 scores for the individuals with stroke, and second through correlation and comparison between the scores of the ARAT-VR and the reduced version of the ARAT (ARAT-13) for both individuals with stroke and HCS (Wilcoxon signed rank tests and Bland–Altman plots). Usability was measured using the System Usability Scale. A part of individuals with stroke and HCS were re-tested following a convenient delay to measure test–retest reliability (Intra- class correlation and Wilcoxon tests). Results: Regarding the content validity, median difficulty of the 13 ARAT-VR items (0[0 to − 1] to 0[0–1]) evalu- ated by healthcare professionals was rated as equivalent to the classical ARAT for all tasks except those involving the marbles. For these, the difficulty was rated as superior to the real tasks (1[0–1] when pinching with the thumb-index and thumb-middle fingers, and 1[0–2] when pinching with thumb-ring finger). Regarding the concurrent v

The North Atlantic Ocean is the most intense marine sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the world's oceans, showing high variability and substantial changes over recent decades. However, the contribution of biology to the variability and trend of this sink is poorly understood. Here we use in situ plankton measurements, alongside observation-based sea surface CO2 data from 1982 to 2020, to investigate the biological influence on the CO2 sink. Our results demonstrate that long term variability in the CO2 sink in the North Atlantic is associated with changes in phytoplankton abundance and community structure. These data show that within the subpolar regions of the North Atlantic, phytoplankton biomass is increasing, while a decrease is observed in the subtropics, which supports model predictions of climate-driven changes in productivity. These biomass trends are synchronous with increasing temperature, changes in mixing and an increasing uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the subpolar North Atlantic. Our results highlight that phytoplankton play a significant role in the variability as well as the trends of the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere over recent decades.