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During an economic recession, the gaps between community service demands and available resources for nonprofits widen. Nonprofits with financial vulnerability cut back on their services or activities when facing a turbulent economic downturn. To make sense of such situations, drawn from organizational ecology theory, we examine the relationships between environmental factors and a nonprofit’s financial health and the moderating role of the Great Recession of 2008 on their relationship. Employing IRS 990 and US census data (2007–2012) on counties, our longitudinal analysis finds that: 1) nonprofits’ county-level environmental factors, i.e., service demand and available resources, are associated with their financial health; 2) the impact of economic recession on nonprofits’ financial health is particularly severe in communities with greater racial diversity; and 3) nonprofits located in communities with more resources are more likely to be financially healthy and are less affected by the economic recession in the long term.

Turnover is a common occurrence where employees choose to leave an organization. Despite previous research on turnover intentions and job satisfaction, the impact of work experience and perceived alternative job opportunities, especially during economic crises, has not been adequately studied. This study aims to explore the relationship between turnover intentions and job satisfaction, considering factors of work experience and perceptions of other job opportunities. This study was conducted in Lebanon, and 156 educators were surveyed via electronic questionnaires. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression modeling. The findings reveal a significant negative correlation between turnover intention and job satisfaction (r = –0.315*, p < 0.05). Perceived alternative job opportunities do not show a significant correlation with job satisfaction (ß = –0.028, p > 0.05), thus having no moderating role. However, work experience significantly moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intentions (ß = –0.052*, p < 0.05). Despite the negative impact on job satisfaction, Lebanon’s economic crisis affects teachers’ decision to stay due to limited job opportunities. AcknowledgmentThe authors sincerely appreciate all the teachers who devoted their time to participate in the survey.

The evolution and reform of public policies face new challenges amidst the economic, social, and political conditions of the electoral year 2024. Indeed, the electoral year of 2024 appears to have a significant global impact, given the elections in countries with significant geopolitical influence such as the USA, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and the European Union. The choice between Trump and Biden in the USA, in particular, captures the attention not only of Americans but also of the entire world. Certainly, electoral years are crucial moments for democracies worldwide, and the fact that over 75 states have scheduled elections in a single year is impressive. It is a sign of people's engagement and desire to exercise their right to vote and influence the political direction of their countries. However, it is important to underline that elections are not always a guarantee of a healthy democracy, as there can be various issues such as electoral fraud, voter intimidation, and other undemocratic practices that can distort the electoral process. The year 2024 is a unique electoral year in Romania - with European, local, legislative, and presidential elections.

This article is devoted to the influence of a number of macroeconomic indexes on the amount of reserves for possible losses in the Azerbaijan banking sector.The purpose of research. The purpose of the research to analyze the stability of the banking sector to the impact of macroeconomic shocks in the economy, study what the concept of financial stability of the banking sector includes, and what methods are used in the process of its analysis and assessment, investigate the dependence of a number of variables characterizing the state of the banking sector on various macroeconomic shocks inherent in the economy, analyze how the Central Bank is involved in regulating and monitoring the financial stability of the banking sector, as well as through what measures it supports banks in times of crisis.Materials and мethodology. The practical stage of the work is to create a multiple regression model that will reveal the degree of impact of macroeconomic shocks on the position of the Azerbaijan banking sector. To carry out the analysis and construct regression equations, quarterly data for the period 2012-2023 were used. Information was taken from a number of sources: 1) Official website of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan; 2) Official website of Ministry of Finance; 3) Official website of Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee; 4) Reports on the development of the banking sector and banking supervision. To analyze and estimating the values of the dependent variables of provisions for possible losses and return on assets, values for the banking sector as a whole are taken from annual reports on the development of the banking sector and banking supervision.Since the source data in the work is quarterly, our model will be a time series estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. Lagged variables may be included in the time series. The lags in the explanatory variables take into account the degree of possible lag with which macroeconomic shocks affect banks. In other words, changes in the values of macroeconomic factors do not have an immediate impact on the position of banks, but appear after some time and are delayed [7]. Such lags need to be identified and taken into account in order to form a more accurate and complete picture of the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on the banking sector.During preliminary diagnostics of the data, the presence of heteroscedasticity and first-order autocorrelation was revealed. To eliminate it, Newey-West corrections are applied, adjusting the variation-covariance matrix to obtain more consistent estimates of regression coefficients.Results. When selecting indexes to study the degree of impact of macroeconomic factors on the stability of the banking sector, we took into account the peculiarities of the economy of our country. The fact is that Azerbaijan is a raw materials country, the export of which consists of almost 70% of fuel and energy products [30]. This means that the size of export revenues, the financial position of companies and the stability of the economy are highly dependent on the price situation in the global energy market, namely the price of oil.In addition, Azerbaijan belongs to a number of countries with an emerging market, which is characterized by increased volatility of exchange rates and instability of financial markets and high interest rates and spreads. Therefore, our country is characterized by the risk of a sharp outflow of capital in the event of a crisis in the world, as investors seek to withdraw their funds from countries that are most vulnerable to the influence of macroeconomic shocks.GDP dynamics are one of the important indicators of the economic activity of the state. Its fall during the crisis negatively affects various spheres of economic and social life [8].The Baku stock exchange index reflects the state of the stock market of large companies, which are the most important for the country’s economy [9]. The collapse of the index means a deterioration in the position of companies, a decrease in the market value of their assets and shares, and increases problems with paying external debt and obtaining new loans to ensure the functioning of their activities. In addition, the collapse of quotes on the stock market leads to large losses as a result of their negative revaluation.Conclusion. When conducting a research of the sustainability of the banking sector in Azerbaijan based on an econometric model, it is necessary to take into account certain limitations. First, the availability and reliability of data is an important aspect that can affect the accuracy of the study results. Secondly, to fully understand the issues under study, it is necessary to take into account the context and specifics of the banking system of Azerbaijan. Finally, this study does not examine social and political factors that may also influence the sustainability of the banking system. Limitations of the study should be considered when interpreting the results and making recommendations.

Micro business concept; These are businesses with less than 10 employees (1-9) and whose net sales revenue or monetary balance does not exceed three million TL during the year. The subject of the research is the equivalent of the "micro and small enterprises" phenomenon in the sports industry. It is seen that sports enterprises operate in large, medium, small land micro scale in the private sector. This study aims to understand the effects of the economic crisis and pandemic process on sports businesses with fewer than 50 employees. The research was designed according to the qualitative method, with the interpretive/interpretive paradigm. "Semi-structured in-depth interview" technique was used as a data collection tool, and interviews were conducted with managers and representatives of sports enterprises. Care was taken to ensure that the participants in the sample had worked in the relevant business for at least one year. Number of participants interviewed according to purposeful sampling from sports halls in Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Kağıthane, Beşiktaş, Üsküdar, Kadıköy, Sarıyer, Şişli, Beyoğlu, Eyüpsultan, Avcılar, Beylikdüzü, Kartal, Ataşehir, Ümraniye, Gaziosmanpaşa, Küçükçekmece, Bakırköy and Fatih districts in Istanbul. It is 30. After the audio recordings were transcribed into text, 3 themes were determined through content analysis: 1. Effects of the Economic Crisis on Micro and Small-Scale Sports Businesses, 2. Effects of the crisis on customer base, 3. Pandemic Experiences of Sports Businesses. It is a striking fact that economic crises negatively affect sports businesses in many ways. Potential customers' decreased interest in sports services in a crisis environment; rent, withholding tax etc. Factors such as the increase in payment-related problems come to the fore. The increase in prices, the decrease in the number of customers and marketing strategies for the relevant conjuncture are other notable issues. It has been observed that problems such as loss of income due to the closure of the halls during the pandemic period, continuation of payments during this period and insufficient government support have highlighted various marketing strategies in sports businesses.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strained healthcare systems globally, particularly in terms of access to medicines. Lebanon has been greatly affected by the pandemic, having faced concomitant financial and economic crises. The objective of the study was to understand the experiences of patients with COVID-19 in Lebanon, as well as those of their families, and healthcare providers, with regards to their treatment decisions and accessibility to COVID-19 medicines. Methods For this qualitative study, we conducted 28 semi-structured interviews. We used purposive sampling to recruit participants with a diverse range of perspectives. The data collection phase spanned from August to November 2021 and was conducted virtually. After transcribing and translating the interviews, we employed thematic analysis to identify recurring themes and patterns. Results In total, 28 individuals participated in this study. Participants highlighted challenges owing to the COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis. Accessing COVID-19 medicines posed major hurdles for physicians and patients, given limited availability, global shortages, local circumstances, community hoarding and stockpiling by pharmacies. Providers based treatment decisions on research, local and international practice guidelines, experiences and expert feedback. Patients sought information from social media, community members and physicians, as well as through word of mouth. Accessing medicines involved navigating the healthcare system, the black market, charities, personal networks and political parties and sourcing from abroad. The medicines were either free, subsidized or at inflated costs. Conclusions This study highlights the diversity and complexity of factors influencing decision-making and accessing medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon. Future research should explore strategies for ensuring medicine access during crises, drawing insights from comparative studies across different countries.

The Greek economic crisis produced severe economic and social outcomes. A massive rescue package was conditional on implementing a Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies agreed upon between the Greek government and the EU, European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. The extremely austere fiscal consolidation and the structural reforms accompanying the Greek Economic Adjustment Programmes reduced the country’s GDP. Implementing the austerity policies on the Greek National Health System, which was already facing structural problems, reduced the quality and availability of public health care services. This paper investigates the impact of the GDP change on public healthcare expenditures (HCE) from 2000 to 2018. The empirical analysis reveals a statistically significant positive correlation between the GDP per capita and public healthcare expenditure (HCE) from 2000 to 2014 while the effect of GDP on HCE after the 2015 remains unchanged. This paper contributes to the field’s literature since it determines the impact of GDP on public HCE, specifically matched with empirical results to derive conclusive answers.

This paper presents a novel approach to prognosing European economic crises through the development of an economic–financial risk sensitivity model. The model integrates key macroeconomic indicators such as government deficit (NETGDP), GINI coefficient, social protection expenditure (ExSocP), unemployment rate (UNE), research and development spending (RDGDP), and tax structures (TXSwoSC), assessing their role in predicting economic vulnerability across European countries. By applying the Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test on data from 324 observations across multiple countries, significant differences were identified in the distribution of these variables. The results show that government policies related to social protection, R&D, and taxation play an important role in a country’s resilience to economic shocks. On the other hand, indicators such as income inequality and unemployment exhibit less variation, reflecting global economic conditions. The model provides a comprehensive risk assessment framework, allowing for the early detection of potential economic crises and guiding policy adjustments to mitigate risks. This methodology offers valuable insights into the sensitivity of European economies to financial disruptions, emphasizing the importance of fiscal policies and social expenditure in maintaining economic stability.

Objective: Smoking habits have widely changed over time; however, they remain a well-known fashion that risks people's health. In addition, nicotine addiction depends on the interplay between several factors. Our study aimed to understand the smoking habits and nicotine dependence in the Lebanese population before (September 2019) and during (June 2020) the economic crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This observational cross-sectional survey-based study included 1560 Lebanese individuals aged between 13 and 75 years old from June till October 2020. Data collection was performed through an electronic survey including patients' demographics and validated instruments to assess addiction to nicotine (CAGE, Four C's, Fagerström test, and Smoker's profile scores). Results: Out of 1560 participants, 794 (50.9%) were males. The mean age was 26.5 ± 11.69 years, and 67.8% were aged between 18 and 25 years old. We found that 865 (55.4%) participants were smokers. In addition, smoking cigarettes or vaping, significantly increased between September 2019 and June 2020. Our smoker group showed a high CAGE positivity (P <.001), marked compulsion (P <.001), and a considerable lack of self-control to surcease smoking (P <.001). Furthermore, the nicotine dependence score (NDS) increased with age (B =.166) and decreased with higher educational levels (B = −.219). Conclusion: During the economic crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, the Lebanese population showed an increased prevalence of smoking, a high level of CAGE positivity, strong compulsion, and a significant lack of self-control when it came to quitting smoking. This strongly entails public health measures for smoking cessation through national awareness campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how economic crises relate to the likelihood of experiencing regime changes 'from within'; that is, transitions brought about, in part or fully, by actors in the incumbent regime. While historically common and influencing the political trajectories of many countries, such processes are far less studied than regime transitions forced by non-incumbent actors, such as coups or revolutions. We synthesize previous arguments and further specify how crises can incentivize leaders to change the regime from within due to two mechanisms. First, crises create windows of opportunity for leaders to pursue transitions they inherently prefer, for instance through self-coup. Second, crises sometimes allow opposition actors to mobilize and threaten the regime, forcing incumbents to liberalize. We leverage new data on timing and mode of regime change for more than 2000 regimes from about 200 countries, during the period 1789–2018. Employing different measurement strategies, estimators, control variables and other specification choices, we find fairly robust evidence that economic crises are related to transitions from within. However, when we distinguish between liberalizing and non-liberalizing guided transitions, we only find that economic crises systematically relate to the latter, suggesting that the window of opportunity mechanism may be especially pertinent in many contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. The article focuses on the effects of the pandemic and the current economic crisis on the living conditions of Czech families with children. Its aim was to identify different groups of families according to the degree of application of austerity measures. As latent profile analysis shows more than two-fifths of families have not been yet greatly affected by recent economic changes. Another two fifths of families have adopted austerity measures, most of them felt more significant effects of the energy crisis. Other families remain in economic trouble for a long time. The ability to respond to sudden crises is reduced especially by low income and indebtedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing the context in which 1848 Revolutions erupted it is challenging given the comprehensive character of the evolutions occurred in Europe in the previous decade. From this perspective, the so-called "Potato Blight" is one of the most important events that had a global influence not only on Europe but also in United States, Russia, Middle East and even in the Far East. Between 1845-52, Ireland suffered a period of starvation, disease and emigration that became known as the "Great Famine". In a very short time, the famine crossed the Channel and ravaged most of the Western Europe, having huge impact on the food prices that developed into a credit crisis. Equally, it induced a profound change of the mindset, aggravating the fears regarding the fulfilment of the basic needs. The "Great Panic" was another label defining the general state of large mass of people in Western Europe that choose to leave their lands of origin and migrate in extra-European areas. Under these auspices, the social unrest become one of the common patterns in the European countries, thus increasing the instability and protest movement. There was an overlapping between social unrest caused by the economic crisis and the liberal movements that was asking for political reforms and national emancipations. The bourgeoise grievances interlinked with the general state of revolt both in rural and industrial areas against inflations, scarcity of food and unemployment. Thus, the comprehensive character of the revolutionary programs consolidated with the economic and financial aspects. At the same time, one can argue that the economic crisis between 1845-47 prepared the ground for the revolution that will erupt in Sicily in the first month of 1848. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]