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Movie-induced tourism is significant for destination marketing. Although various studies have analyzed movie-induced tourism in the past, none of the earlier studies have investigated the movie-induced tourism for Bollywood movies. The present study fills the gap and examines the movie-induced tourism for Bollywood movies. The data has been collected for a total of 86 Bollywood movies, and the tourist location it promotes in the movie. The study further employs the event study methodology to understand the influence of the release of the movies on the number of tourists visiting the particular location. The results of the event study suggest that the tourism of a specific place is highly influenced by the movies and thus validated the movie-induced tourism for Bollywood movies. The findings of the study could be used to promote lesser-known regions by portraying them in Bollywood movies and then by subsequent promotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to discuss the positioning of the Mandalika folklore, between ecology and economics. This folklore text is described by combining Norman Fairclough's theory and methods of critical discourse analysis (CDA) with an ecocritical perspective. In his analysis, Norman Fairclough uses a three-dimensional CDA model, namely text analysis, discursive practice, and socio-cultural practice. The results showed that in text analysis related to the analysis of language features in the form of vocabulary analysis (words and meanings) that represent the nobility, women, and the ecological system, the analysis of discursive practice interpreting the story text of Putri Mandalika is interpreted as a story text that produces tradition bau nyale. Furthermore, socio-cultural practices are related to the social relations of the people in relation to the bau nyale event being a cultural event, tourism event, and ecological event. The folklore text of Putri Mandalika presents the bau nyale festival. This celebration has an ecological and economic impact. Economically, the bau nyale festival is able to improve the people's economy, but ecologically, the bau nyale festival can damage environmental sustainability due to the lack of public awareness of environmental care, as evidenced by leaving trash everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work evaluates the effects that several outdoor 'popular' sports events, held in the province of Huesca, had on production and employment in the Aragonese economy (a European region in Northeast Spain). We use data from 880 questionnaires responded to by participants of the most significant and recent sporting events held in Huesca. The data have been used to build a vector of final demand increases. For the analysis, we update the input-output table for Aragon from the last one available, from 2005 to 2010. Using the input-output methodology, the results suggest positive effects on production and employment in most sectors (estimated to be about equal to current losses from not having these events, due to COVID19) The events under examination are typically 1-day affairs and have relatively low costs (registration income surpasses costs, and typically use public unused/unsaturated spaces). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the relationship between community perception of government's effectiveness and trust in government at the local level. Using the Festival of Arts and Culture hosted in Limbe, Cameroon, the study evaluates how citizens' experiences of a service delivery influence their trust in the government, and the mediating effect of economic, social, and political factors. Trust is evaluated using three measures: competency, integrity, and responsibility. A framework that distinguishes between broad and narrow measures of economic effectiveness is proposed and tested using an ordered logit model. Findings from data generated from 324 event attendees indicate that citizens' perceptions of broad measures of economic effectiveness is influenced by the social and political environment, which in turn influences their trust in the local government. They are, however, able to separate the socio-political context from the economic when asked about narrow measures of economic effectiveness. These findings are relevant for political planners, analysts, and policymakers seeking to foster political trust and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism consumption is not only an important means by which to improve residents' sense of happiness but is also the main way to promote national economic development. In a traditional relational society such as China, it remains unclear how social network affects tourism consumption by households. Here, we evaluated the impact of the social network on tourism consumption by Chinese households using the data of 3254 samples from the China Family Panel Studies. The empirical results from the ordinary least square method showed that the social network promotes tourism consumption, which can be projected to increase by about 28% for every 1% increase in social network strength. This was further confirmed using the instrumental variable method to address the issue of endogenous social network formation, as well as other robustness checks. The impact of the social network on tourism consumption was heterogeneous. Compared with other residents, there were higher positive effects for high-income families, households with a head aged 35–44 years, urban families, and households in eastern China. The quantile regression results revealed that the impact of the social network was weakened with increasing tourism consumption by households. These results are crucial for policymakers, in that they could form good habits of tourism consumption and strengthen tourism market management, especially for the management of tourism negative events in the context of new media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural events feature prominently in the economic strategies of many cities. However, culture is open to interpretation and cultural expression can be problematic. This article examines Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Belfast and how this event has been the victim of a bitter "cultural war." Efforts to reframe the event and make it inclusive have had limited success. Like many other postconflict countries, culture in Northern Ireland is tied to group identity and cultural expression is bound up with the battle for political legitimacy and state sovereignty. This battle for ownership and cultural supremacy has meant that Belfast has been unable to cash in on its authentic links to Saint Patrick. This is unlikely to change because, despite COVID-19 and the prominence given to event tourism in Belfast's new culture strategy, the zero-sum character of the cultural war in Northern Ireland would suggest group identity will continue to trump the economic argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores direct spending profiles of sport event tourists in a very small rural destination as an alternative to the multiplier effect economic impact studies. Sport event tourism has been used as an economic engine tool by a variety of destination sizes but has been neglected for small rural destinations, where people arrive from various distance radiuses to participate in this central activity for the place. Data were collected from participants at a small-scale recurring mountain running event. An online survey instrument was sent to the participants after the event. Participants reported on their daily and total expenditures regarding accommodation, meals and other tourist spending. The results revealed that the participants who responded to the survey spent on average about EUR 163 for accommodation, EUR 205 for meals and about EUR 38 for other tourist spending, such as souvenirs. Respondents from closer radius, spent less on average, approximately EUR 156, EUR 383 and EUR 26 for the respective spending categories. Rural destinations counting on hosting sport events for economic boosts in poorly economic areas witness considerable financial gains for the regions via the estimation of the more feasible direct spending calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article fills a void in the literature by investigating the impacts of royal weddings—arguably the grandest and the most iconic of public ceremonies involving royals—on destination-level brands. The direct and short-term effects of royal families and indeed the direct effect of seminal events involving the royals on destination-level accommodations and tourism service providers are more somewhat obvious. However, the more intriguing question and the one which we are more concerned with is: do royal weddings leave a more enduring legacy on the local tourism industry? The engagement announcement and the wedding date produce significant positive increases in the valuation of the home country's tourism firms. Important managerial implications are derived in line with the long-term impact of unique events on tourism firms' performance and the transference of brand knowledge from the destination to the companies is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of congestion-related controls on runner density, flow rate, perceived safety, and satisfaction during an Australian running event. Runner congestion was compared between races organized at the Sunshine Coast Marathon and Running Festival in 2019 without controls and in 2021 with added controls, including modifications to the start corral design and use of wave starts. Following a mixed-method design, runner congestion was quantitatively measured via determining runner density and flow rate in the start corrals with video analyses, while post-event surveys were used to gather qualitative evidence regarding the prevalence of congestion and its impact on runner safety and satisfaction. Descriptive analyses for quantitative data showed runner density (1.48–3.01 vs. 0.52–1.20 runners per m2) and flow rate (102–152 vs. 36–59 runners per min per m) were reduced across races with controls. Regarding qualitative data, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank-sum tests demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.01) lower prevalence of congestion was perceived on course while running, alongside a reduced (p = 0.08) perceived impact of congestion on event satisfaction across races with controls. Furthermore, descriptive analyses for qualitative data showed a reduced proportion of runners indicated the start corrals were "somewhat" to "extremely" (rating of at least 3 on a 5-point scale) congested upon race commencement with controls (64% vs. 75%), and perceived safety (10% vs. 17%) and satisfaction (17% vs. 30%) were "somewhat" to "extremely" impacted by congestion across races with controls. Adopting suitable start corral designs with wave starts may enable race directors to reduce runner congestion to enhance continued participation among the public and viability of their running events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culinary tourism product of Lombok Island, especially local snacks, has various local snacks, from sweet to savory and from steamed to fried snacks, which represent not only the history and culture of the Sasak tribe but also from hybrid cultures in the past. The purpose of this research is to identify local snacks that can be developed as culinary tourism products of Lombok Island, analyze and design strategies to leverage strengths and opportunities, rectify the weakness, and overcome the threats of Lombok Island culinary tourism products. This study uses the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. This research uses a qualitative method with the results showing that four strategies could use to develop snacks as culinary tourism products on the island of Lombok. The strategies are sorted based on recommendations for implementation priorities, namely: 1)Local snacks can introduce to tourists through tourism activities or events made by the government, and also hotels can cooperate with local snack sellers as a snack menu option; 2)The government and related organizations can provide training and understanding to tour guides to introduce local snacks of Lombok; 3)The local government conducts coaching or competition for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (SME's) to innovate flavors and adjust sizes, branding, good packaging and also registers local Lombok snacks in HKI (Intellectual Property Rights). 4) Establish cooperation between the government and business actors to rebrand products and online marketing with available marketplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article focuses on the local feast "Young Wine Festival”. An attempt has been made to position the festival in comparison to other festival events as well as to wine events and tours held in our country. Based on this, its marketing, tourist and cultural-entertainment functions and the specific mix of interrelated participants are presented. In conclusion, some summaries and recommendations to the organizers have been drawn up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines factors of importance for the pricing of virtual academic conferences based on information on their quality attributes. Data are based on 76 virtual conferences held or planned to be held in the field of tourism and related fields between April 2020 and December 2021. The distribution of fees is skewed with a median price of US$61 and an average of US$126. One fourth of the conferences is free of charge, although there is a trend toward increased prices the longer the time elapse from the outbreak of the pandemic, ceteris paribus. Count data model estimations show that the conference fee depends on size, academic field, and location of the host. A one-day conference is on average US$60 cheaper than a two-day event while pure tourism conferences are on average US$34 more expensive than those in related fields. Conferences in the United Kingdom have the lowest fees while hybrid format is a factor of specific importance for the pure tourism events. Reputation of the host university and whether the conference is held by an association are aspects of no significance for the fee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes the impact of terrorism on Malaysia's tourism demand. Panel data from the 25 top source countries, covering the period from 2000Q4 to 2017Q4 is obtained from the Global Terrorism Database, and the Malaysian Tourism Board (MyTourismData). For analysis, a panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) procedure is employed. The results indicate that an increase in terrorism activity in Malaysia depresses international arrivals to the country. Furthermore, spillover effects from terrorism activity in neighboring South East Asian countries are identified. Increased terrorism activity in Thailand is found to boost tourist arrivals in Malaysia from each of the four source continents (Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) as well as overall. However, increased terrorism activity in Indonesia depresses arrivals from each of the four source continents as well as overall, possibly due to closer physical and cultural proximity. Increase in terrorism activity in Philippines generally creates a negative effect on Malaysia tourism arrivals except for fatalities which induces a positive effect from North America and Oceania. It is suggested Malaysia should coordinate counter terrorism strategies with Indonesia and Philippines to reduce negative spillover. Malaysia tourism providers should also emphasize differentiation of Malaysia tourism products from Indonesian and Philippine products. Future research should assess how terrorism attack patterns affect tourism demand across different nationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global statistics shows that health tourism grew significantly before the outbreak of Covid-19, but with the beginning of the pandemic and the closure of countries' borders to immigrants, this trend has declined significantly. The present study aimed to identify the bottlenecks of health medical tourism in the context of the outbreak of Covid-19 and to present scientific solutions for its development using two stages of content analysis and surveying. Materials & Methods: This research is exploratory in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of type, which was conducted by field method. Study population was selected in two stages; the first stage consisted of 20 physicians with more than 15 years of experience in Ardabil province who were chosen by snowball sampling method and the second stage consisted of 200 employees of the province's University of Medical Sciences who were randomly selected. In order to analyze the data in the first stage, the content analysis was used in 6 stages and in the second stage, the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis test was used. Results: The research findings showed that 9 main themes and 29 sub-themes were identified as barriers and bottlenecks in health medical tourism and 23 scientific solutions were presented to reduce barriers and bottlenecks in health medical tourism in the event of COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusion: The adaptive fit indices are good and the RMSEA value is 0.047 which indicates that the model has a good fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the tourism programs offered by the higher education institutions in Japan address the aspect of sustainability and corresponding concerns and challenges faced in the tourism industry. This study identifies the main issues based on thematic analysis from 62 sustainable tourism event publications identified based on key search terms and relevance. The findings highlight a major shortage in addressing the concerns found in the analysis which, shows that there is a need for the higher education institutions in Japan to revamp their existing curricula. There are strong critical voices that call for necessary reforms in management practices to include collaboration with residents. Given the importance the Japanese government has placed on the role of tourism for invigorating the economy and revitalizing rural communities, a lot must be done in higher education for tourism to be successfully, and sustainably managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the interviews, it also appears that a pilgrimage is not just a religious form of tourism but a cultural form of tourism which includes many stakeholders and forms of tourism (Bellia et al., [1]). The tourism and event industries are major sources of income for many destinations in the world (Getz & Page, [7]). [Extracted from the article]

“Srem Folk Fest” has become one of the most popular and significant international folklore festivals in this part of the Balkans since 2004. For the past 16 years, a town Sremska Mitrovica was a host city for European, Asian, South American and African youth. Besides its historical importance, this town on the Sava river could also be considered as the promoter of culture, tradition and folklore of its guests. Each year, the artistic stylization of folklore stage is accompanied by about 20000 visitors during the four festival nights. In 2015, “Srem Folk Fest” was added to the calendar of events of the International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts (CIOFF). The Festival is also recognized by the Serbian National Commission for UNESCO as the keeper of the intangible cultural heritage. One of the main tasks of the paper is related to the need of considering potential and participants’ intentions to repeat their visit, as well as of improving the offer and promotion of the town and its surroundings. The aim of the paper is to analyze the data obtained in the context of the behavior and preferences of participants/respondents, to determine the specificity of their role and thus to make a recommendation for creating even better offer. Considering the respondents from 10 countries, the result is especially significant in the form of improving the image of Serbia, as well as their preferences for getting to know rural areas and cultural features. The study contains the survey research, while gained results might provide a good basis for further organization in accordance with their expectations. In addition, the results could also find practical implication in terms of providing basic information necessary to expand this event within the surrounding area of Sremska Mitrovica.

In the context of tourism, sports are one of the major attractions countries offer. There cannot be the slightest doubt about the relevance of sports activities for the economy. Previous studies assessing the economic impact of sporting events have usually been partial equilibrium studies. This article contributes to the emerging body of literature by explicitly incorporating four categories of sports tourism events (competitions, championships, tournaments, and leagues), so as to study the effects of sports tourism demand on the economic system in terms of income and added value. It further examines their relative, rather than individual, impact on the regional economy of Castile and Leon through a fixed price multiplier model based on the regional social accounting matrix. The results reveal that sports tourism events represent 3.1% of the regional gross domestic product, highlighting the importance of this sector for its economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Islamika is the property of Center for the Study of Islam & Society of UIN Jakarta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Web accessibility is an important aspect of creating an inclusive event or meeting. This study examined a total of 278 websites' accessibility of various event sectors using AChecker. The findings explain the identified known problems of the websites by different event sectors (professional event management association events, convention centers, and tradeshows) based on Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) 2.0. In addition, the results contribute to the methodology of web-accessibility research suggesting that the exploratory factor analysis could offer web designers a practical improvement plan based on the unique interrelationships among the detected items of each criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covid-19 pandemic has led to significant restrictions on sports and the sport tourism event industry. Consequently, event organisers must consider and implement new safety strategies to protect event attendees. This empirical study focuses on active runners and their intention to attend future running events following the covid-19 crisis, and the perception of how important they find some of the nonpharmaceutical safety-related protective measures when attending sporting events (e.g. limited number of people, prescribed minimum distance, no-contact payment etc.). To collect data, a survey questionnaire was conducted in February 2021 among the running community in Croatia. Besides descriptive statistics, a nova and t-test were employed to test whether statistically significant differences exist in the perception of safety protective measures among participants depending on their motivation and the type of running event. Respondents are very impatient regarding events and it seems they do not perceive the safety protective measures as very important. The majority of respondents plan to attend one-day races in their home country within a few weeks and they are mostly motivated by competition and improvement of racing skills, socializing and fun. The type of motivation and the type of running event are not found to have a major influence on the perception of safety protective measures. Even though running is an outdoor sport, safety protective measures might be a challenge for event organizers in the future. Revealing the runners' intentions to visit running events and their attitudes towards safety protective measures, this study could shape event organizers' future managerial and security strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research results provide an insight into the profile, motivation and activities of visitors of mid-size cities in Central Europe, using Advent in Zagreb, Croatia, as a case study. It is based on a questionnaire survey conducted on a sample of visitors of the event. The event that spread tremendously from 3 to 30 locations in the period 2010-2019, attracts mainly younger visitors with higher educational background, mostly from Croatia, Europe and East Asia, with a complex motivation. Two main groups of visitors are distinguished based on their travel distance, length of stay and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination image influences the decision-making process and conditions the after-decision-making behaviors of tourists. Events can be image maker and branding driver for destinations, and a good portfolio with diversified events benefits the destination image and is a viable form of sustainable tourism development. This study investigates the role of event types in influencing the destination image perceptions among tourists. In particular, event types (sporting events vs. food festivals) are hypothesized to moderate the relationships between perceived event value and destination image. Macao is chosen as the study context, where the destination marketing organization (DMO) relies much on planned events to diversify the image of the world's gaming center. The findings from a sample of 490 event tourists show that the perceived values of the two studied events have different magnitude of effects on the destination image, which further has a significant effect on tourists' destination loyalty intention. Results of the study have implications for the strategic planning and management of event portfolio for destinations trying to leverage marketing impacts and tourism gains from different events. The study aims to contribute to event tourism literature, especially in the areas of event leveraging and portfolio management, by providing empirical evidence on regional and local events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event tourism is a rapidly growing phenomenon. Increasing numbers of events are being attended by international travellers. In this paper, we use mobile positioning data (call detail records (CDR)) to focus on visits made to Estonia over the period 2006–2013. The aim is to compare the characteristics of visits to megastar concerts with visits to other events (entertainment events, festivals, and sporting events) and regular visits. The dataset consists of 853,013 visits by 497,038 visitors. The results show a correlation between the distance travelled by an individual and the likelihood of attending a megastar concert. Visitors to megastar concerts are more likely to come from neighbouring countries and to spend less time in a destination than visitors to other events or regular visitors. The geography of visits to megastar concerts differs from that of other types of visits; on average, visitors to megastar concerts travel less within Estonia than other groups of visitors. These results indicate that the hosting of this type of event helps to diversify the supply of tourism in Estonia. It is also clear that mobile positioning data are a valuable source in studies of event tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the relationship between sports tourism event attributes (access quality, accommodation quality and venue quality) and international participant revisit intention. Furthermore, this study attempts to explore the influence of destination image as a mediator between the relationship of sports tourism event attributes and behavioural intention. Sports events is one way to add the attractiveness of a destination for new markets as well as first-time and repeat visitors. However, there is a relatively scarce amount of adequate research regarding sports events and destination image. A variety of standard statistical analyses was employed including reliability test, descriptive analysis using mean score and multiple regressions approach to explore the relationship between the dependent variables and independent variables. For this study, a questionnaire was distributed to international participants who joined running events at Putrajaya, Malaysia. The findings from this study demonstrate that destination image does mediate the relationship between sports tourism event attributes and behavioural intention to join similar future events. However, access quality and accommodation quality are not significant predictors of overall behavioural intention while only venue quality demonstrates a significant relationship with behavioural intention to revisit similar events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of property management, the services provided by providers include technological products (e.g., identification and monitoring systems for entrances and exits and electronic toll collection identification systems), administrative services (e.g., financial preparation production and public equipment maintenance), and activities related to the establishment of personal relationships (e.g., tourism events and networking dinners). In the property management industry, the switching cost is a common actions adopted to bind customers by providing services, products, and technology and thus obtain a competitive advantage in the market. For example, an independent financial statement generation system that is incompatible with the systems of competing providers can be used to establish a strong relationship with customers and consolidate a service provider’s status. However, satisfactory instrumental performance alone does not satisfy customers, because the most crucial considerations for customers involve psychological performance (Swan & Combs, 1976). According to the satisfaction model of self-determination theory, high satisfaction only occurs when an individual perceives that his or her intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness needs are satisfied (Baard et al., 2004). Service providers often use a switching cost as a tool that binds customers when their satisfaction has decreased. External absorptive capacity generally refers to the ability of companies to acquire general knowledge generated outside the environment and from external partners such as customers, suppliers, competitors, research institutions, and consultants (Mariano & Al-Arrayed, 2018; Peeters et al., 2014; Song et al., 2018; Yang & Tsai, 2019). Therefore, high absorptive capacity enables service providers to evaluate and adjust external knowledge to generate new ideas (Nag & Gioia, 2012; Fabrizio, 2009; Yang & Tsai, 2019) and use the knowledge as a mechanism for using the switching-cost binding effect to delay the effect of reduced satisfaction on intention to stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the issue of the relationship between the event tourism and the event industry as well as the theoretical aspects of event tourism.The main characteristics of event tourism have been investigated and the stages of preparation and conduct of various events have been analyzed. The algorithm fororganizing a successful event is found. Recommendations on the procedure and stages of creating an event are made. Implementation of those recommendations will increase efficiency in the area of tourism and hospitality.

Purpose – The authors provide a personal insight into how they see the potential of urban culture as a vehicle for creative placemaking. The purpose of this study is to highlight the opportunities for the tourism industry to embrace this global youth culture now that one of its pillars, breakdance, is on the brink of becoming an Olympic discipline in 2024, thus nudging this youth culture from underground to mainstream. Design/methodology/approach – The authors interviewed two Dutch pioneers in the field of urban culture: Tyrone van der Meer, founder of The Notorious IBE (IBE), an international breaking event, and Angelo Martinus, founder of the urban scene in Eindhoven and initiator of EMOVES, an urban culture and sports event. Findings – The authors illustrate the added value of urban culture to creative placemaking by addressing the initiatives of previously mentioned Dutch pioneers. Their urban culture events on Dutch soil, yearly attract thousands of participants and visitors from the urban scene, covering over 40 nationalities, to the South of The Netherlands. Originality/value – This study provides a glimpse into a global youth culture that is primarily invisible to the tourism industry and a foresight in how the tourism industry and other stakeholders (e.g. policy makers, city marketeers, tourism managers and event organisers) can pick up on this evolving trend. The study is meant as a wake-up call.

In order to analyse the ways in which problematic ethno-national behaviour at dark events in the Western Balkans undermines the transition from conflict, to post conflict and then peaceful societies, this research employed a sociological discourse analysis to critique the role dark events play in post-conflict tourism development and peaceful coexistence. Accordingly, by combining previous analyses of dark commemorative events with a new analysis of sport events, this research explains the relationship between event tourism and 16th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) focused on peace, justice and strong institutions. This media-based analysis shows that dark commemorative and sport events share similar historical contexts, dissonant heritage and the dark leisure practices of attendees. These dark events attract tourism flows across national boundaries in the region, as well as including more widely dispersed diasporas, and international media and politicians. The prevalence of dark events in the region, which feature strongly in tourism flows, require significant attention in order to promote sustainable development. The findings of this research can be used to develop future research into the relationship between dark events and SDG16, using methods that build on this exploratory study and the new model of dark events that it provides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Events are not only one of the most important parts of tourism, but also an inseparable part of human society. In recent times, events have gained global significance through the tourism industry. As festivals are essentially special events, their special appeal stems in part from their limited duration or concentration of activities over a set period and innate uniqueness of each event or there may be a particular theme. This article critically examines the change and continuity processes of a community festival— Ekpe Cultural Festival in Umunkpeyi and Isingwu in Abia State, Nigeria—for a deeper understanding of the effects in the development of event tourism and its sustainability. Data were collected through ethnographic fieldwork conducted with key informants directly involved in the festival, including the community leaders, chiefs, and staff of the Department of Tourism (DoT), the Abia State Tourism Board (ASTB), and the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture (MoTAC). Data were analyzed using content analysis to identify themes that reflect informants' perception of the changes and continuity that affect the festival in the study area. Findings revealed notable changes in the practices associated with the festival such as indifference to attire for the festival, drastic reduction in masking, attitude to funding during the festival, while male dominance continues to be paramount. This article concludes that event tourism development requires government support, collaboration, and sensitization to harness and retain some practices of the festival amid obvious changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rio 2016 sought to connect Olympic-tourists with the city's local-Cariocan community and culture. Yet the way mega-events are spatially and regulatorily organized, alongside the behavioural tendencies of Olympic-tourists, constrain such ambitions. Using Rio 2016 as a case-study, we offer in-depth, qualitative insights through the lens of 35 individual Olympic-tourists to examine how and why these factors determine behaviour, and thus experiences across host-environments. We detail how concerns over tourists' safety result in managers designing risk averse experiences, produced by overlaying hyper-securitized and regulatory enforcements inside existing tourist bubbles, creating what we refer to as a 'double bubble' – reducing the likelihood of visitors venturing 'off-the-beaten-track'. Whilst Olympic-bubbles protect tourists from outside threats, they restrict cultural engagement with the wider city, neighbourhoods and locals – side-lining other sides to Rio. We suggest managers adopt a dual-strategy of 'local infusion' in and 'tourist diffusion' beyond official zones to achieve intended goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green practices are becoming the rule in events and tourism, and many event organizers are rebuilding their operations around sustainability management systems. In this process, assessing events' environmental impacts is crucial to define improvement strategies. Recently, researchers have proposed several quantitative methods to conduct the environmental assessment of an event, but some issues prevented their uniformity and generalizability, including the lack of a wide scope of assessment, of multi-event testing and multi-actor perspective. This paper identifies life cycle assessment (LCA) as the most comprehensive methodology and builds a uniform approach to evaluate the environmental impacts of any event. It is based on an innovative model that maps the event life cycle to identify its ecological hotspots in a way that increases transparency, comparability among different events, and accountability of different stakeholders. To generate it, the LCA was conducted in different event case studies within a multi-actor perspective. This was enabled by the collaboration with the municipality of a large European city, leveraging its involvement in many events with multiple roles in their supply network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]