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Background Circular economy (CE) is a development priority of the European Union and it is part of the EU industrial strategy. The transition to a more circular economy is an essential contribution to the EU’s efforts to develop a sustainable, low carbon, resource-efficient and competitive economy. The author focuses her CE-related reflections and research in this paper on the macro-level (research subjects: 28 EU countries), the level which is least represented in scholarly publications addressing CE (as follows from the analysis of literature in the Scopus database). This study aims to fill this gap partially. The aim of this paper is to identify and group the EU-28 countries according to their advancement towards circular economy. CE indicators proposed by the European Commission were used for the analysis. Given the research subjects and after an analysis of the literature they were concluded to be the most adequate. The theoretical part was based on an analysis of the literature, whereas the empirical work used the principal components analysis, hierarchical and k-means clustering and a grade correspondence-cluster analysis. Results On the basis of the research, the existence of a “two-speed Europe” was identified in terms of EU countries’ advancement towards CE. Leading countries, those most advanced in pursuing operation according to CE principles, include Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The second pole accommodates EU countries in which transformation towards CE is happening at the slowest pace. This group includes mainly countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and the countries of the south of Europe. Conclusions Differentiated levels of advancement of individual countries towards CE result inter alia from the adoption by some of the latter of different development strategies for their economies’ transitioning to circular economy (according to recommendations of EU ministers at the Environment Council in June 2016) and also from the differences occurring in social and economic development (it is mostly noticeable between the EU-15 and the EU-13 countries). Unfortunately, as can be concluded from the effects obtained so far, only a few of the adopted development strategies may be considered effective in meeting the challenges of circular economy according to the European Union’s standards.

Datafication is widely acknowledged as a process “transforming all things under the sun into a data format” (van Dijck, 2017, p. 11). As data become both objects and instruments of social science, many scholars call for attention to the ways datafication reconfigures scholarly knowledge production, its methodological opportunities, and challenges (Lomborg et al., 2020). This contribution offers a reflection on the interdependence between methodological approaches taken to study datafication and concepts about it, that these approaches provide within the domains of critical data studies and media studies. Expanding on the concept of methods' performativity (Barad, 2007), I apply the notion of methods assemblages: “a continuing process of crafting and enacting necessary boundaries [and relations]" between researchers and all relevant matters (Law, 2004: 144). The key question in the presented study is what kinds of methods assemblages are being applied in current datafication research and what concepts of datafication they produce. 32 expert interviews were conducted with scholars who published empirical work on dataficaiton between 2015 and 2020. Three methods assemblages were developed. Central to distinguishing between methods assemblages are the ways of associating of the involved actors and things. In my analysis the questions of (1) what we are talking about when talking about datafication and (2) kinds of knowledges that researchers were interested in producing can be understood as such ways of associating. The methods assemblages contribute to critical data studies by producing accounts about datafication processes that are in concert with the methods assemblages applied to study these.

Theoretical and empirical work on Black fathering has been grounded in a deficit perspective. Scholarship has focused on absenteeism and incarceration of Black fathers, neglecting their positive roles as well as the structural inequalities and challenges Black fathers face. This paper highlights the significance of positive fathering in Black youth development, with a focus on the protective influences of attachment relationships. Structural and proximal processes that may support or undermine this relationship are delineated, as well as how theory and methods on attachment can be extended to support research on Black families and youth development. Culturally and contextually grounded research on Black fathering may lead to refinement in theory and measurement of attachment. Advancing research on father-child relationships in Black families requires greater attention to processes that promote positive fathering and strengthen father-child attachment bonds, particularly in the context of structural racism.

Virtually every employee will experience bereavement and grief at some point in their careers, but organizations are often ill-prepared to support grieving employees. Little empirical work has been conducted on the experience of grief in the workplace, and this study answers calls for research on the subject. We interviewed bereaved employees (N = 14) who continued to work full-time. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis conducted by three independent coders. The results suggested four key themes that characterized effective bereavement support in the workplace and that together comprise the C.A.R.E. model of bereavement support-vis: (1) communication, (2) accommodation, (3) recognition of the loss, and (4) emotional support. The results provide insight into critical ways that employers, leaders, and coworkers can support grieving employees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This chapter presents an overview of advances in the structural analysis of contracting in vertical markets over the past fifteen years. We provide a discussion of theoretical models of contracting and bargaining that form the basis of recent empirical work, and then present common approaches used by researchers to take these models to the data. We also briefly survey the structural empirical literature on topics in vertical markets (including horizontal and vertical mergers, price discrimination, and nonlinear and exclusionary contracts), and conclude with a discussion of potential topics for future research.

We study the design of macroprudential policies based on quantitative collateral-constraint models. We show that the desirability of macroprudential policies critically depends on the specific form of collateral used in debt contracts: While inefficiencies arise when current prices affect collateral---a frequent benchmark used to guide policies---they do not when only future prices affect collateral. Since the microfoundations and quantitative predictions of models with future-price collateral constraints do not appear less plausible than those using current prices, we conclude that additional empirical work is essential for the use of these models in macroprudential policy design.

While foreigners are prominent in the Treasury market and in theoretical and empirical work, little is known about the nature of their Treasury portfolios. We provide novel evidence on foreigners' U.S. Treasury portfolios based on data not yet used by researchers: the security-level Treasury portfolios of foreigners and private U.S. investors. We find that private foreign investors earn above market returns and on a risk-adjusted basis both foreign private and foreign official investors outperform U.S. investors. Moreover, while foreign officials, with their broader objective functions, may well have inelastic demand, private foreign investors increase purchases of Treasuries and increase the duration of their Treasury portfolios when their sovereign yields are low or decrease relative to Treasury yields (that is, when CIP deviations decrease). Our results are so different from existing results that we close with a reconciliation exercise that provides a useful assessment of different sources of data on flows and holdings.

We review the literature on entrepreneurial team formation with a focus on data to study academic teams and summarize our empirical work on the life sciences industry. We consider how academics form teams to start new companies and the implications of various configurations on firm behavior with regards to patenting, survival and firm growth. We present several empirical challenges facing research on academic teams and conclude with suggestions for future research.

Bargaining is an important pricing mechanism, prevalent in both online and offline markets. However, there is little empirical work documenting the costs and benefits of bargaining, primarily because of the lack of real-world bargaining data. We leverage rich, transaction-level bargaining data from a major online platform and supplement it with primary data to quantify the costs and benefits of bargaining for sellers, buyers, and the platform. We do this by building a structural model of buyer demand and seller pricing decisions while allowing for the existence of bargaining initiation cost, loss-of-face cost, and price discrimination. Using our results, we perform three policy simulations to quantify the importance of not distinguishing between no-bargain and failed-bargain transactions, ignoring the loss-of-face cost, and not allowing for bargaining. These simulations provide rich details on how the various costs of bargaining impact our understanding of buyer and seller behavior and transaction outcomes. Banning bargaining, in particular, benefits the buyer and the platform greatly but only has a modest benefit for sellers. Finally, we show that our results are robust to our assumptions and replicate in another product category.

This position paper proposes a previously neglected method for investigating cybercrime disruption: laboratory experiments. As a case study for the exploration of this method, it examines slander and Sybil operations against cybercriminal marketplaces. While there has been some scholarly discussion of these interventions, carrying out empirical work on the effectiveness of these tactics is challenging. This position paper reports on a feasibility pilot study, and the results should be viewed as suggestive, rather than conclusive. The paper’s core value is in providing proof of concept for employing this methodology within cybercrime research, and offering insights for future studies of these, or other, disruption tactics.

Parents and peers play critical roles in the socialization of children and adolescents, yet investigations on the role played by parents vs. peers have been largely separate for many years. To address this problem, we invited leading scholars in the field to collectively tell a complex story of the part that parents and peers together play in the development of children and adolescents. The resulting Special Issue is a collection of papers highlighting current conceptualizations and empirical work in this area, with a focus on additive, multiplicative, and transactional mechanisms that link parent and peer relational contexts to each other and to child/adolescent social and emotional development. Two papers present new conceptual models, six illustrate empirical work in the field, and one paper that provides a comprehensive review of the literature. The stories that are conveyed in the issue are both innovative and complex.

Soil microbes can influence plant competitive outcomes by stabilizing plant community dynamics or mediating plant competitive hierarchies. Which effect dominates depends on whether microbial effects can extend beyond the focal conditioning individual. While it is well known that microbial effects can extend to other individuals through space, we lack an explicit theoretical understanding of the factors that regulate their spread to other individuals in subsequent generations. Here, we examine how the commonly assumed stabilizing effects of host-specific pathogens in fact depend on two factors that allow microbial effects to be cross-generational-which plant demographic vital rate is influenced by microbes and the conditioning and decay rates of soil microbial communities. With a novel patch occupancy model that incorporates the transition of soil states following plant colonization and mortality, we show that host-specific pathogens enable plant coexistence when they suppress conspecific plant colonization of empty patches but contribute to competitive hierarchies when they modify only the mortality and fecundity of the conditioning plant individual. In a series of model extensions, we further demonstrate that these latter microbial effects can still promote coexistence, but only when microbial communities decay slowly following plant death, thereby allowing microbial effects to be cross-generational. Our study calls for further empirical work quantifying the demographic rates most affected by soil microbes as well as the timescales of conditioning and decay.

As we comprehend narratives, our attentional engagement fluctuates over time. Despite theoretical conceptions of narrative engagement as emotion-laden attention, little empirical work has characterized the cognitive and neural processes that comprise subjective engagement in naturalistic contexts or its consequences for memory. Here, we relate fluctuations in narrative engagement to patterns of brain coactivation, and test whether neural signatures of engagement predict later recall. In behavioral studies, participants continuously rated how engaged they were as they watched a television episode or listened to a story. Self-reported engagement was synchronized across individuals and driven by the emotional content of the narratives. During fMRI, we observed highly synchronized activity in the default mode network when people were, on average, more engaged in the same narratives. Models based on time-varying whole-brain functional connectivity predicted evolving states of engagement across participants and even across different datasets. The same functional connections also predicted post-scan event recall, suggesting that engagement during encoding impacts subsequent memory. Finally, group-average engagement was related to fluctuations of an independent functional connectivity index of sustained attention. Together, our findings characterize the neural signatures of engagement dynamics and elucidate relationships between narrative engagement, sustained attention, and event memory.

Nations have and will continue to shape their economies through industrial policy. Nevertheless, the empirical literature on these interventions is thin, dwarfed by the attention industrial policies receive from policymakers across the world. In this paper, I discuss the difficulties of empirically studying industrial policy and review how new econometric work is confronting these issues. Through careful research design and attention to institutional detail, I argue that emergent studies are rapidly expanding what we know—and updating what we thought we knew—about these policies. As well, I argue tools from policy evaluation allow us to study the impact of endogenous industrial interventions. This review is a proposal to take industrial policy, along with their complexities, more seriously as objects of inquiry. Doing so requires not only more serious evaluations of past policy but also a reevaluation of past empirical work and consensus.

Many older adults succeed in finding meaning in life, even in deep old age. There is, however, a minority of older adults, in particular among the oldest old, who feel that life no longer makes sense: they suffer from the consequences of old age, explicated in feelings of loneliness, social isolation and disconnectedness, and fears for (further) decline and dependency. This article seeks to address this darker side of ageing. It discusses probing questions including: what can we learn from the stories of those who severely struggle with the consequences of old age? And how might these stories guide us in finding ways how we – both as fellow human beings and as a society – can face and respond to suffering in old age? To achieve this, this article first briefly outlines the scholarship on suffering and explores the idea of suffering from life in old age. Secondly, drawing on empirical work, it reflects on the phenomenological question: what is it like to suffer from life in old age? What does it mean to live with a deep sense that life is no longer worth living? Then, thirdly, building on these insights, the aim is to work towards developing an ethics of suffering that emphasises the primacy of witnessing. It is argued that in the confrontation with manifestations of meaninglessness and suffering that cannot be solved or remedied, we need bystanders who are willing to name, to narrate, to give voice and connect to these experiences of suffering.

This survey examines recent developments in economic research relating to antitrust, paying specific attention to research in the areas of collusion and merger enforcement. Research relating to both collusion and mergers has made significant advances in the last twenty years. With respect to collusion, this includes important theoretical and empirical work on the sustainability, structure, and impact of collusive schemes. With respect to mergers, this includes important work on the impact of enforcement institutions, both theoretical and empirical work on unilateral effects, and theoretical work on the selection of which mergers get proposed to antitrust agencies and optimal policy in the face of that selection. A feature of recent research is the increasing complementarity between empirical work (ranging from observational studies to model-based measurement) and theoretical work in advancing our understanding of collusive and merger-related phenomena.

Rouder and Haaf (2021, this issue) propose a focus shift toward qualitative individual differences in cognition and present a research toolkit for doing so. In this invited commentary, I will argue that the observation of qualitative individual differences may be no more than an indicator that more theoretical and empirical work needs to be done to identify the mechanisms and abilities underlying these individual differences in directionality. I will then move on to discuss how the toolkit can be used though to investigate one of the currently most central current topics in cognitive differential psychology, that is, the question over the existence of true quantitative individual differences in attentional control experimental effects. I conclude that, while highly valuable, no toolkit can save us from facing the challenging theoretical and conceptual questions in this area.

Few people are as important for an adolescent's development as their parents. However, most research on parent–adolescent relationships describes long-term population-wide effects. Therefore, little is known about everyday interactions between adolescents and parents in individual families. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measures families several times a day as they go through daily life. This approach provides ecologically valid insights into which interactions took place and how they were experienced. State-of-the-art EMA studies suggest that within-family fluctuations in parenting may trigger changes in an adolescent's well-being and behaviors. In practice, moreover, EMA may strengthen family support and intervention research. This article reviews recent empirical work, highlights the (un)used theoretical and practical promise of EMA and identifies key-challenges to unlock this full potential.

This paper first analyses the historical Rural-Urban migration in China and suggests 3-level reasons behind the change. Then, the model and the empirical work are used to determine the reverse migration stream – Urban- Rural Migration. The model is constructed to find the maximized wealth for individuals who experience the urban-rural migration during their life- time. The empirical framework then studies the reverse migration direction for individuals after a certain age. Overall, this paper suggests that in general, rural-urban migration is one prevailing trend for Chinese people and it greatly triggers urbanization in China. However, with the change in the personal monetary factors and living styles, some people may find hump- shaped wealth when living in urban areas. Therefore, they may leave the city to rural areas when their total wealth is maximized. From the data analysis, older people have a higher likelihood to do urban-rural migration and contribute to counterurbanization in China.

COVID symptom screening, a new workplace practice, is already affecting many millions of American workers. As of this writing, 34 states already require, and federal guidance recommends, frequent screening of at least some employees for fever or other symptoms. This paper provides the first empirical work identifying major features of symptom screening in a broad population and exploring the trade‐offs employers face in using daily symptom screening. First, we find that common symptom checkers could screen out up to 7 percent of workers each day, depending on the measure used. Second, we find that the measures used will matter for three reasons: Many respondents report any given symptom, survey design affects responses, and demographic groups report symptoms at different rates, even absent fluctuations in likely COVID exposure. This last pattern can potentially lead to disparate impacts and is important from an equity standpoint.

Orcinus Orca is the world's largest predator, and simultaneously a significant tourist asset and cultural icon for much of the Pacific Northwest. In the past two decades, the Southern Resident Killer whales (SRKW) have declined by more than 25 percent, and this population appears on a slow-motion path towards extinction. This paper combines elements from biology and economics to put forward a new methodology for investigating their collapse and presents empirical work supporting its novel explanation - the Orca Conjecture. The key mechanism is ecological - Gause's law of competitive exclusion - combined with a shock coming from booming trade with Asia. Using three different empirical methods drawn from economics, I find the attendant noise disturbance from increased ship traffic post-1998 has lowered births and raised deaths significantly, placing the SRKW on a slow-motion path towards extinction.

Entrepreneurship is thought to be a key driver of economic growth. While there are myriad forms of entrepreneurship, ranging from self-employment to small and medium size enterprises to technology- and innovation-driven startups, recent research provides evidence that the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth is driven not by overall quantity of new firm entry, but rather by a small subset of high-growth startups that are primarily categorized as innovation-driven. This paper provides a survey of the growing literature on the economics of such innovation-driven entrepreneurship. We begin by distinguishing between the various forms of entrepreneurship, which are often confounded in both theory and empirical work. We lay out the current state of knowledge, and describe the challenges faced by researchers in the field, particularly around measurement, data and identification. We conclude with an overview of the major open questions and directions for future research in the area. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Theory is at the very heart of organizational scholarship and a key criterion for evaluating the quality and contribution of our research. Focusing on conceptual rather than empirical work, this editorial essay highlights the wide range of forms that theorizing might take – and how it, in consequence, materializes in different types of theory papers. Next to the propositional form of theory building, which has so far dominated reflections in the literature, we discuss the particularities of process, configurational, perspectival, and meta-theorizing, as well as various forms of critique. We demonstrate how these forms of theorizing differ in terms of their aims, style of reasoning, their contributions, and the way in which they are written up as papers. In view of the rather different roles that each of these forms of theorizing serve, we propagate, in line with the ethos of Organization Theory, a pluralistic stance when it comes to advancing theory in organization studies.

Appreciating the critical importance of Lisa Blomgren Amsler’s contribution to the scholarly literature on arbitration requires understanding the context in which she began her scholarship. Supreme Court jurisprudence on the topic was inconsistent—the Court had recently transitioned from a love-hate relationship with arbitration to a besotted lovefest....

Societal and political changes mean that individuals are working until later in life, leading to interest in whether older workers' effectiveness differs from that of younger workers. An important predictor of work effectiveness is ‘interpersonal emotion regulation’, that is, the management of others' feelings. However, little is known so far about whether there are age-related changes in interpersonal emotion regulation ability. In this article, I apply theoretical evidence about aging to a model of the composite tasks involved in interpersonal emotion regulation, in order to form predictions about age-related differences in the management of others' feelings. I further review the existing empirical evidence base, to highlight areas where predictions are supported and areas where further research is needed. It is hoped that this article will guide future empirical work in this important area, in order to broaden the evidence base on age and emotion regulation.

Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has progressed in the last decade in the fields of public health and economics, with under-explored potential for cross-fertilisation. We examine the theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches that each discipline uses to conceptualise and study IPV and offer a perspective on their relative advantages. Public health takes a broad theoretical perspective anchored in the socio-ecological framework, considering multiple and synergistic drivers of IPV, while economics focuses on bargaining models which highlight individual power and factors that shape this power. These perspectives shape empirical work, with public health examining multi-faceted interventions, risk and mediating factors, while economics focuses on causal modelling of specific economic and institutional factors and economic-based interventions. The disciplines also have differing views on measurement and ethics in primary research. We argue that efforts to understand and address IPV would benefit if the two disciplines collaborated more closely and combined the best traditions of both fields., Highlights • Public health and economics take different approaches to IPV research. • Public health has a broad, multi-level theoretical lens, analysing risk pathways. • Economics focuses on individualistic causal models and analysis of causal impacts. • Disciplinary differences also include ethical and measurement considerations. • Increased inter-disciplinary research will facilitate global efforts to end IPV.

The speed with which Covid-19 vaccines were developed and their high-performance underlines how much society depends on the pace of scientific research and how effective science can be. This is especially the case for vaccines based on the new designer mRNA technology. We draw on this exceptional moment for science to reflect on whether the government funding system is sufficiently supportive of research needed for key breakthroughs, and whether the system of funding encourages sufficient risk-taking to induce scientists to explore transformative research paths. We begin with a discussion of the challenges faced by scientists who did pioneering-research related to mRNA-based drugs in getting support for research. We describe measures developed to distinguish risky from non-risky research and their citation footprint. We review empirical work suggesting that funding is biased against risky research and provide a framework for thinking about why principal investigators, panelists and funding agencies may eschew risky research. We close with a discussion of interventions that government agencies and universities could follow if they wish to avoid a bias against risk.

We provide a complementary approach to global sensitivity analysis that should be useful for empirical work in economics.

Much empirical work in strategic management adopts measures of firm performance originally developed in accounting and finance. Not surprisingly, these measures are based on theories of how firms c...

The term ‘preference imprecision’ seems to have different meanings to different people. In the literature, one can find references to a number of expressions. For example: vagueness, incompleteness, randomness, unsureness, indecisiveness and thick indifference curves. Some of these are theoretical constructs, some are empirical. The purpose of this paper is to survey the various different approaches and to try to link them together: to see if they are all addressed to the same issue, and to come to some conclusions. In the course of this survey, we report on evidence concerning the existence of preference imprecision, and its impact on theoretical and empirical work.

Every day on social media, people see streams of content curated by algorithms that leverage their relationships, preferences, and identities. However, algorithms can oversimplify the complexity of people's social contexts. Consequently, algorithms can present content to people in ways that are insensitive to their circumstances. Through 19 in-depth interviews, our empirical study examines instances of contextually insensitive content through the lens of people's upsetting encounters with content about their ex-romantic partners on Facebook. We characterize the encounters our participants had with content about their exes, including where on Facebook it occurred, the types of social connections involved in the content, and participants' perceptions of why the content appeared. Based on our findings, we describe the "social periphery"---the complex social networks and data that enable inferred connections around otherwise explicit relationships---and discuss the design challenges that the periphery presents designers.

Though considerable research demonstrates that non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites in the USA vary in how much their health improves from educational attainment, empirical work that explains why these populations arrive at unequal returns to education is sparse. In this study, to flesh out our understanding of how heterogeneous educational gradients arise among racial populations in the USA, I examine how income—a crucial mediator of the education–health association—contributes to racially disparate health returns to college. In particular, I compare how the association among college completion and health status would manifest across blacks and white subpopulations if income were factored out of the underlying education–health generative process. I use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 7222) and sequential g-estimation for this investigation. Results demonstrate that income plays a larger role in mediating the association among college completion and health status for blacks and, as such, that sizable racial differences in the health benefits of college persist after controlling for income.

The median voter theorem has regularly been used in economics to represent the behaviour of teachers unions. Little empirical work, however, tests whether this framework is a good fit for teachers ...

Loyalty between soldiers is idealized as an emotion that promotes cohesion and combat effectiveness. However, little empirical work has examined how military personnel understand, feel, and enact loyalty. We use a symbolic interactionalist informed frame to explore the lived experience of 24 retired Australian Defence Force members via in-depth semi-structured interviews. Our analysis revealed three core themes: (1) Loyalty as reciprocity, where there was an expectation that loyalty would be returned no matter what. (2) The importance of emotional connection for cohesion. (3) Loyalty as a prioritizing process, where a soldier’s loyalties gave them a way of choosing between competing demands. Loyalty is a moral emotion that enabled sensemaking. Close interpersonal loyalties tended to trump wider/diffused loyalties. Respondents understood their loyalties to fellow soldiers within wider social constructs of mateship and professionalism. The findings show the risks that come from a reliance on loyalty for combat cohesion.

Objective: Empirical work explaining student mobility, particularly postsecondary pathways among 2-year college students, remains limited. This study examines the underlying process that drives 2-year college students into one or more pathways as they navigate higher education. Method: Drawing upon survey, transcript, and interview data from one transfer-focused and two comprehensive community colleges in a Midwestern state, this study uses a grounded theory approach to develop a conceptual model to understand college students’ decision-making process when choosing among competing postsecondary pathways. Results: The resulting College Pathway (Re)Selection Model Among Beginning 2-Year College Students contained two categories—lifetime decision-making and short-term decision-making—that defined the purposes of students’ decisions as they navigate postsecondary education. Within the categories, 2-year college students described the role of payoff, fit, transferability, place, flexibility, and mobility in their decision-making process. Contributions: This study offers a new model that explains what shapes 2-year college students’ decisions and challenges notions of postsecondary pathways, student progress, success, and completion in the context of 2-year college students’ fluid lives and goals.

Prevention enthusiasts show great optimism about the potential of health apps to modify peoples’ lifestyles through the tracking and quantification of behaviours and bodily signs. Critical sociologists warn for the disciplining effects of self‐tracking. In this paper we use an empirical ethics approach to study the characteristics and strivings of the various types of ‘ethico‐psychological subjects’ that emerge in practices of self‐quantification by analysing how people and numbers relate in three cases of self‐quantification: in prevention discourse, in testimonies from the quantified self (QS) movement and in empirical work we did with people with Diabetes type I and with ‘every day self‐trackers’. We show that a free subject that needs support to enact its will is crucial to understand the optimism about prevention. In the QS‐movement the concern is with a lack of objective and personalised knowledge about imperceptible processes in the body. These subjects are decentered and multiplied when we trace how numbers in their turn act to make sense of people in our empirical study. We conclude that there are many different types of ethico‐psychological subjects in practices of self‐tracking that need to be explored in order to establish what good these practices of self‐quantification might do.

The notion of effectual networks is one of the central concepts in the effectuation research. However, there has been little conceptual and empirical work on how they emerge and what structures they have. This article incorporates the concept of complex adaptive systems from complexity theory to understand both their dynamic and structural elements. We examine the effectual networks and networking of 10 startups from Finland and offer a process-system model of effectual networks. We derive propositions that connect dynamic and structural entrepreneur-related factors of their emergence and outline directions for future research at the intersection of effectuation and complexity theory.

Zusammenfassung Durch die voranschreitende Digitalisierung bieten sich neue Ansatze fur Designs und Methoden in der Jugendforschung. Mit vielfaltigen digitalen Moglichkeiten wachsen auch Chancen fur inklusiv angelegte Befragungen. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert exemplarisch gehorlose bzw. horbeeintrachtigte gebardensprachige Jugendliche und stellt nach einem theoretischen und empirischen Uberblick die Frage, ob und inwieweit diese heterogene Gruppe Jugendlicher durch in digitale Fragebogen implementierte Videos in Gebardensprache profitieren kann. Anhand zweier kontrastiver Fallvignetten sollen Erfahrungen aus dem Projekt „Inklusive Methoden“ in Bezug auf Moglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen, Herausforderungen und Grenzen digitaler Befragungen mit Gebardensprachvideos dargestellt und diskutiert werden. Schlagworter: Digitale Befragung, Gebardensprachvideos, Inklusion, Gehorlosigkeit und Horbeeintrachtigung, Jugendforschung ----- Youth research – accessible and digital. Possibilities, requirements and limits of incorporating sign language videos into digital survey methods Abstract Advances in digital media technology open up new options for study designs and research methods in social science. Various digital resources now available offer new opportunities to design and conduct surveys that are accessible regardless of disability. This article focuses on D/deaf people or hearing impaired sign language users as a case in point. Following an overview of theoretical and empirical work to date, it considers whether and to what extent this heterogeneous group could profit from the incorporation of sign language videos into digital questionnaires. Drawing on two contrasting case vignettes, it presents and discusses experiences from the project "Inclusive Methods", exploring possibilities, challenges, requirements and limits when conducting digital surveys with sign language videos. Keywords: digital surveys, sign language videos, accessibility, D/deaf, hearing loss, youth research ----- Bibliographie: Muller, Jasmin/Schutz, Sandra/Brodersen, Folke: Jugendforschung inklusiv und digital. Moglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen und Grenzen von Gebardensprachvideos in digitalen Erhebungen, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung / Discourse. Journal of Childhood and Adolescence Research, 3-2019, S. 308-322. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v14i3.05

Diversity education is increasingly recognized as important to the health of a university, however, little empirical work has examined the intergroup processes at play and the effectiveness of onli...

Objective An increasing number of children are socially transitioning to live as their identified genders rather than their assigned sexes, yet little empirical work has examined the decision-making process surrounding social transitions. We aimed to understand (1) why parents and their gender nonconforming children do and do not consider social transitions and (2) whether families discuss social transitions both before and after initial social transitions. Methods Studies 1 and 2 involved telephone interviews of parents of socially transitioned transgender children (N=60) and gender nonconforming children who were not socially transitioned (N=60), respectively. Study 3 involved an online survey of 266 parents of socially transitioned transgender children. Results Parents of socially transitioned transgender children (Study 1) and parents of gender nonconforming children who are not socially transitioned (Study 2) often reported that their children had led the decision to transition or not. Most parents of gender nonconforming children who had not transitioned had discussed transitioning (Study 2) and most parents of socially-transitioned transgender children reported discussing the option of future re-transitions (Study 3). Conclusions Parents often report that they and their children are discussing social transitions, a process that children are leading. In contrast to possible concerns about discussing transitions, our results suggest that many families openly discuss the possibility of their children transitioning (or re-transitioning), yet these discussion do not inevitably lead to an imminent transition.

espanolEl objetivo de este trabajo es averiguar a partir de las experiencias y percepciones de profesores universitarios, las principales expectativas, actitudes, demandas, ventajas y desventajas de la aceptacion -y adopcion- de las metodologias de Blended Learning (BL) en la ensenanza superior. El trabajo empirico se realizo siguiendo un diseno metodologico mixto de tipo derivativo secuencial de equivalencia de status. La informacion cuantitativa fue recogida con un cuestionario, elaborado ad hoc, al que contestaron 980 profesores universitarios; de estos, 86 manifestaron de forma abierta su opinion sobre estas metodologias. Para integrar los resultados de los analisis CUANT-CUAL se realizo un analisis DAFO en el que se ponen de manifiesto, a juicio de los docentes participantes en el estudio, las debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades de la ensenanza B-learning, a nivel interno y externo de las instituciones universitarias EnglishThe objective of this work is to find out, through the experiences and perceptions of university teachers, what the main expectations, attitudes, demands, advantages and disadvantages of the acceptance -and adoption- of Blended Learning (BL) methodologies are in higher education. The empirical work was carried out following a mixed methodological design of sequential derivative type of status equivalence. The quantitative information was collected with an ad hoc questionnaire to which 980 university teachers replied; of these, 86 openly expressed their opinion about these methodologies. In order to integrate the results of the QUANT-QUAL analysis, a SWOT analysis was carried out in which university teachers expressed the weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities of Blended Learning at universities - at both an internal and external level.

This paper conceptualizes the way fear contributes to the formation of various urban landscapes of fear and safety. To this end, this study unravels the ongoing and mutually constitutive relations between perceptions of fear, spatial practices, and the formation of specific urban spaces, and it shows how together, these attributes portray a unique and multilayered sociospatial map of the city. To identify and examine the landscape of fear and safety, this study focuses on Jerusalem, a city of deep conflict between Israeli Jews and Palestinians. The empirical work is based on a sample of 625 residents from Jerusalem: 318 Jews and 307 Palestinians. By mapping their perceptions of fear and spatial practices, we are able to tell a new story about the city and its sociospatial divisions. We propose an understanding of the landscape of fear and safety through a three-pillar model that brings together the different actors, their (power) relations and an evolving urban landscape.

Summary This manuscript considers locally best invariant tests for sphericity in heterogeneous panels. A new integral representation for the characteristic function of the test statistic under the null is presented, along with an algorithm for inverting it to obtain the distribution function. A saddlepoint approximation to the null distribution addresses the need to quickly compute approximate $p$-values in empirical work. The approximation shows substantial improvements over the normal approximation when the cross-sectional dimension is small.

Empirical work in regional science has seen a growing interest in causal inference, leveraging insights from econometrics, statistics, and related fields. This has resulted in several conceptual as well as empirical papers. However, the role of spatial effects, such as spatial dependence (SD) and spatial heterogeneity (SH), is less well understood in this context. Such spatial effects violate the so-called stable unit treatment value assumption advanced by Rubin as part of the foundational framework for empirical treatment effect analysis. In this article, we consider the role of spatial effects more closely. We provide a brief overview of a number of attempts to extend existing econometric treatment effect evaluation methods with an accounting for spatial aspects and outline and illustrate an alternative approach. Specifically, we propose a spatially explicit counterfactual framework that leverages spatial panel econometrics to account for both SD and SH in treatment choice, treatment variation, and treatment effects. We illustrate this framework with a replication of a well-known treatment effect analysis, that is, the evaluation effect of minimum legal drinking age laws on mortality for US states during the period 1970–1984, a classic textbook example of applied causal inference. We replicate the results available in the literature and compare these to a range of alternative specifications that incorporate spatial effects.

Despite its importance in many decisions throughout agriculture, limited empirical work has quantified how changes in primary demand impact producers operating at different levels of vertically‐connected industries. A structural system of equations was estimated to quantify the impacts of U.S. retail and export beef demand on fed and feeder cattle demand and supply. Increases in retail and export demand positively impact both feeder and fed cattle producers. The estimated transmission elasticities suggest that shifts in retail and export demand, whether positive or negative, accrue proportionally more to feeder cattle producers than fed cattle producers. Using estimates from previous literature of the effect of generic advertising on beef demand, simulation results suggest feeder and fed cattle producers would benefit from increasing beef checkoff assessments from $1 to $2. Furthermore, an increase in export demand of more than 3.5% from observed values would cover aggregate costs of implementing source and age verification. While primary suppliers are often not directly involved in primary demand activities in vertically‐connected industries, this study highlights the key economic value for primary suppliers to support demand enhancing activities.

The dramatic increase in the number of Chinese outbound tourists has sometimes generated negative media reports about their ‘uncivilised’ behaviour. The academic literature has only partially analysed such behaviour and its impacts on Chinese tourists in terms of their group identity. Building on the recognition of the interactive and interdependent nature of social identification, the study examines Chinese tourists' reflections on and responses to the negative image projected on them by others. Using historical resources, a conceptual appraisal of the concept of face informs the empirical work. The researchers conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews to explore ways in which educated Chinese tourists acknowledged and rationalised the prevalent ascribed negative images. The study found that the fear of ‘losing collective face’ prompts Chinese tourists to adopt and promote civilised behaviour. Practical implications derived from the findings include specifying promotional themes about face and advice for individuals and groups to monitor each other. Limitations and future research directions were also discussed.

Resumen Este estudio documental revisa el tema de las experiencias en el aprendizaje del inglés de estudiantes de esta lengua en el nivel superior. Nuestro propósito es identificar las perspectivas teóricas, los hallazgos y los enfoques metodológicos con los cuales se han abordado las experiencias de aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera en el período 2004 - 2018. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de 21 estudios encontrados en cinco bases de datos, con base en un procedimiento deductivo se extrajo el significado de los estudios. Los hallazgos reflejan las experiencias positivas vividas por los estudiantes en el aprendizaje del inglés, las cuales están asociadas con los profesores, la tecnología y el método de enseñanza. Por otro lado, se identificaron experiencias negativas, que ocurren por el descuido del factor emocional de los estudiantes, el input del docente y el trabajar con un enfoque de enseñanza no habitual. Asimismo, se identificó que solo el 20 % de los estudios adoptan un modelo teórico en sus investigaciones. El 83.33 % del trabajo empírico fue hecho bajo el paradigma cualitativo. La revisión de la literatura indica que aún falta explorar sobre las experiencias que los estudiantes viven en el proceso de aprendizaje de la lengua extranjera. Abstract This documentary study reviews studies on the experiences of learners of English as a foreign language in higher education. Our goal was to identify the theoretical perspectives, findings and methodological approaches with which the learning experiences of English as a foreign language have been addressed from 2004 to 2018. Twenty-one studies that were found in five databases were systematically reviewed. Based on a deductive procedure the meaning of the studies was extracted. The findings reflect the students’ positive experiences in learning English as a foreign language. These experiences are related to the teachers’ personality, the use of technology and teaching methods. On the other hand, negative experiences were identified, which occur due to the students’ perception that their emotional component is being ignored, the teacher’s input and working with an unfamiliar teaching approach. Likewise, it was found that in only 20% of the studies a theoretical model was adopted and that the 83.33% of the empirical work was from the qualitative paradigm. The literature indicates that there is still a need to explore the experiences that students live in the foreign language learning process. Résumé Cette recherche documentaire rapporte les expériences dans l'apprentissage des étudiants de la langue étrangère anglaise au niveau supérieur. Le but de cette étude était d'identifier les perspectives théoriques, les résultats et les approches méthodologiques avec lesquels les expériences d'apprentissage de l'anglais en tant que langue étrangère ont été abordées depuis 2004 - 2018. Une révision systématique de 21 études trouvées dans cinq bases de données a été réalisée, sur la base d'une procédure déductive, la signification des études a été extraite. Les résultats reflètent les expériences positives des étudiants dans l'apprentissage de l'anglais, qui sont associés aux enseignants, à la technologie et aux méthodes d'enseignement. D'autre part, des expériences négatives ont été identifiées, dues à la négligence du facteur émotionnel des élèves, à la contribution de l'enseignant et au travail avec une approche d'enseignement non habituelle. De même, il a été identifié que seulement 20% des études adoptent un modèle théorique dans leurs investigations et 83.33% du travail empirique a été effectué avec le paradigme qualitatif. L'examen de la littérature indique qu'il est toujours nécessaire d'explorer les expériences des étudiants qui vivent le processus d'apprentissage de la langue étrangère.