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This chapter reflects on the impact of neoliberalism on schools in England. The culture of primary and secondary schools appears to evidence an emphasis being placed upon the importance of achieving outstanding academic results, with schools being pitted against each other in league tables. Educational standards are monitored by regimes of inspectors and the disciplines of science and mathematics are equated with the potential of enabling future economic productivity. The chapter reveals that there is less emphasis being placed on ‘creativity’ and that the whole development of the child across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is not occurring. This is in consequence of the focus that is placed on the ‘intellectual development’ of the students. The chapter content links to the image that is present on the cover of the book. It is argued that the characteristics of the Edwardian classroom in England, with its association of ‘fear’ and ‘education’ has not changed all that much with neoliberal governments in England. A relentless emphasis is being placed on ‘results’ and the consequences of not achieving these results produces ‘fear’. Moreover, the chapter reveals that the mental health needs of children in England have exacerbated across all areas over time, and what is happening in schools in England has consequences for this aspect of children’s health and well-being.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite AUD's substantial contributions to lost economic productivity and quality of life, there are only a limited number of approved drugs for treatment of AUD in the United States. This chapter will update progress made on the epigenetic basis of AUD, with particular focus on histone post-translational modifications and DNA methylation and how these two epigenetic mechanisms interact to contribute to neuroadaptive processes leading to initiation, maintenance and progression of AUD pathophysiology. We will also evaluate epigenetic therapeutic strategies that have arisen from preclinical models of AUD and epigenetic biomarkers that have been discovered in human populations with AUD.

This chapter explores the application of technology to pedagogy under neoliberalism. The chapter content focuses on a key debate in this area concerning the tensions that exist within the wish by neoliberal policymakers to provide technology in educational settings, and the absence that occurs in respect of clear directions as to how this technology ought to be used. The chapter reveals that in England, the desire to have pedagogy informed by technology has been present for years, however, there appears to be an absence of pedagogical philosophy in this area. This argument is exemplified with the application of technology to pedagogy in the early years (with learners who are aged from birth to eight years). The academic research in this area of pedagogy advocates that technology can be applied to teaching and learning successfully if this develops the creative thinking processes of children. However, what appears to happen in England under successive neoliberal governments is that although the technology is made available, there is no real guidance provided as to how this technology is beneficial for pedagogy. ‘Skills development’ and ‘economic productivity’ are aligned by neoliberal policymakers to technology and education, however there is no clear philosophy underpinning this alignment.

Given its high energetic efficiency, canola (Brassica napus L.) constitutes a potential biodiesel feedstock. However, since this crop is native to temperate regions, Brazil has not yet consolidated its production. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate agro-nomic performance of canola hybrids grown in the tropical Brazilian Cerrado (15 ° 35'18 "S, 47° 43'57" W at 999 m), aiming to select promising candidates for crop expansion. Our hypothesis states that obtaining high canola yields in Cerrado conditions is possible given a favorable agronomic adaptation of the species to this environment. Eight commercial canola hybrids were evaluated for seven agronomic traits in three experiments. Data were subjected to joint ANOVA and Tukey test. Grain yield of the evaluated hybrids resulted higher than the national average, including southern plantations. Hyola 61 and Hyola 76 hybrids outperformed regarding grain yield, followed by Diamond which, in addition to high productivity, exhibited a short crop cycle, even in rainfed conditions. Given these characteristics, Diamond hybrid can be considered the best option for crop rotation system. These promising results reveal the adaptability and cultivation potential of these hybrids in the Brazilian Cerrado. Resumen: La canola es una materia prima potencial para la producción de biodiesel debido a sus altos niveles de eficiencia energética. Sin embargo, Brasil aún no ha consolidado su producción pues se desarrolla en las regiones templadas. Este estudio tuvo la hipótesis de que es posible obtener altos rendimientos de canola en condiciones de Cerrado. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de los híbridos de canola en las condiciones tropicales de la Sierra brasileña - Cerrado - (15 ° 35'18 "S, 47° 43'57" W a 999 m) para seleccionar candidatos que contribuyan con la expansión del cultivo de canola en el país. Se evaluaron ocho híbridos comerciales de canola para siete carac terísticas agronómicas, en tres experimentos. Los datos obtenidos para cada variable se sometieron a análisis conjunto de varianza y se compararon las medias mediante la prueba de Tukey. El rendimiento de grano de los híbridos evaluados fue superior al promedio nacional, que incluye plantaciones solo en la región sur. Los híbridos que destacaron en productividad de grano fueron Hyola 61 y Hyola 76 seguidos por Diamond, que además de su alta productividad, tuvo un ciclo de cultivo más corto incluso en condiciones de secano. Por sus características, el híbrido Diamond puede considerarse la mejor opción para ser incluido en el sistema de rotación de cultivos. Estos resultados prometedores revelan la adaptabilidad y el potencial de cultivo de estos híbridos en el Cerrado Brasileño. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-12T02:16:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tropicalization-of-canola-Brassica-napus-L.-2021.pdf: 367535 bytes, checksum: 149b1d1f07174bf0bbc279c1a08854c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021 Título em espanhol: Tropicalización de canola (Brassica napus L.): híbridos comerciales muestran potencial de cultivo en el Cerrado brasileño.

The paper is devoted to developing a methodology for failure mode and effects analysis on the example of assessment of defects that occur during production and operation of polymer composite materials and industrial products from them. The paper uses the Ishikawa method to illustrate and further analyze the cause of defects in reinforced polymer composite material. The Ishikawa diagram was constructed and analyzed using the method of causal analysis. The types and consequences of failures and defects for polymer composite materials are analyzed. For each type of defect, the value of the priority number of risks is calculated. For the most critical defect, measures to reduce potential defects are proposed. Suggestions for improving the detected defective zones in the structures of polymer composites in the analysis process are given.

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) continue to increase in relevance in the modern age, with investment furthering development in both military and civilian application across air, ground and sea-surface environments. The technology has the potential to boost economic productivity, reduce urban congestion and empower an aging population. However, increased connectivity often results in increased risk of cyber attacks. This chapter aims to analyze the technology implemented in the advancing industry of fully automated, self-driving vehicles, their connection to the ever-expanding Internet of Things (IoT), and the growing concern for cyber security risks presented by this technology, along with future advancements to reduce these risks.

Assessment of environmental consequences of agri-food products during their life cycle is currently identified as the most important and efficient way to investigate agricultural systems. In addition to the environmental impacts, energy and economic issues are considered major issues in the life cycle of products. The present study aimed to investigate and assess the energy flow, environmental, and economic dimensions during shallot production in farms of Iran. Given the limited number of shallot farmers, the required data were collected from 22 shallot farms through the census method in the Shahrekord region. Based on the results obtained from the energy analysis, energy input and output and energy ratio (ER) were obtained as 107,145 and 36,243 MJ ha−1 and 0.4, respectively. Also, electricity was identified as major contributor to energy consumption with the contribution of 74%. Results related to the economic analysis of shallot production revealed that the values of total production, economic productivity, and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) are 15,672 US$ ha−1, 10.89 kg US$−1, and 8.45, respectively. Based on the life cycle assessment results, the contribution of input consumption in the farms and input production to total environmental impacts were determined as 55 and 45%, respectively. Also, normalization of results showed that the marine ecotoxicity (ME) and global warming potential (GWP) impact categories were the main environmental impacts during shallot production. ME and GWP impacts can be attributed to the indirect emissions of electricity and direct emissions of inputs in the farm, respectively.

While literature is a mode of representing animals within culture, through the Romantic period’s innovations to rights discourses and through its biopoltical apparatus the animality of animals meets and even exceeds our representational capacities. Animal standing before the law gains recognition through a discourse of sentimental connectedness as seen in the works of Jeermy Bentham, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, and Robert Burns. In a number of agriculturally themed literary works of the period, one witnesses a transformation of life into economic productivity through apparatuses of biopolitical control. In such moments, animals and humans fall under the biopolitical technologies and yet at times resist this mode of capture by expressing capacities that exceed our representational systems. As this chapter conveys, the Romantic period provides novel modes of capture and resistance which echo into today.

Objective: To estimate the annual and lifetime economic productivity loss due to adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the United States (U.S.) over a 5-year study period between 2013-2018. Methods: All adult (age≥ 18 years) non-traumatic EMS-treated OHCA with complete data for age, sex, race, and survival outcomes from the CARES database for the most recently available 5-year period were included. Annual and lifetime labor productivity values, based on age and gender, were obtained from previously published national economic data. Productivity losses for OHCA events were calculated by year. Productivity losses for survivors were assigned by cerebral performance category score (CPC): CPC 1 and 2 = 0% productivity loss; CPC 3-5 = 100% productivity loss. Sensitivity analyses were performed assigning CPC 2 varying productivity losses (0-100%). Lifetime productivity values assumed 1% annual growth and 3% discount rate. Productivity data are presented in U.S. dollars and adjusted for inflation based on 2016 values. Results were extrapolated to the annual U.S. population. Results: A total of 338,492 (96.5%) cases met inclusion criteria. The mean annual and lifetime productivity losses per OHCA in 2018 were $48,224 and $638,947 respectively. Total annual and lifetime productivity losses for the study population in 2018 were $3.8 billion and $50.6 billion, respectively. Sensitivity analyses assigning CPC 2 varying productivity losses yielded similar findings. Males had a much larger lifetime productivity loss to approximately age 65 years compared to females (FIGURE 1). For the U.S. population in 2018, the total annual and lifetime productivity losses due to OHCA were $11.3 billion and $150.2 billion, respectively. Conclusion: Adult non-traumatic OHCA events are associated with significant annual and lifetime economic productivity losses and should be the focus of public health resources to improve preventative measures and survival outcomes.

[ES] A partir de datos reales de temperatura y producción de 130 lotes obtenidos en granjas de camarón en Ecuador, se ha establecido un modelo de crecimiento térmico y una caracterización de la productividad y rentabilidad que ha permitido desarrollar planes de producción considerando diferentes alternativas de inicio de los lotes, y tamaño de los estanques (1, 2,5 y 5 has), etc., determinándose el número de estanques necesarios para un volumen de producción de 600 toneladas anuales, siendo 100, 40 y 20 respectivamente. Asimismo, se ha estimado el coste de construcción de las camaroneras diseñadas, y el coste de producción de las diferentes alternativas, y la rentabilidad económica, siendo de un 29% en el caso más favorable con estanques de 5 has., [EN] From a set of 130 batches with real temperature and production data, obtained in shrimp farms in Ecuador, a thermal growth model and a production and rentability caracterisation have been established, allowing the development of production plans considering different alternatives such as start date of the batch, pond size (1, 2,5 and 5 has), etc., determining the necessary number of ponds for a production volume of 600 tons per year, being 100, 40 and 20 respectively. Additionally, the designed farm¿s construction costs have been estimated, along with the production costs of the different alternatives, and the economic rentability, being 29% in the most favourable case, with 5 ha ponds., [CA] A partir de dades reals de temperatura i producció de 130 lots obtinguts en granges de llangostins a l'Equador, s'ha establert un model de creixement tèrmic i una caracterització de la productivitat i rendibilitat que ha permès desenvolupar plans de producció considerant diferents alternatives d’inici dels lots, mida dels estanys (1, 2, 5 i 5 ha), etc., determinant el nombre d'estanys necessaris per a un volum de producció de 600 tones anuals, 100, 40 i 20 respectivament. Així mateix, s'ha estimat el cost de construcció de les camaroneres dissenyades, el cost de producció de les diferents alternatives i la rendibilitat econòmica, sent d'un 29% en el cas més favorable amb estanys de 5 ha.

Recently, the Italian higher education system has experienced two profound changes: the strong feminization of its academic staff and the implementation of market-based reforms aimed at fostering cost efficiency and economic productivity. Such reforms include the reshaping of the academic career ladder envisaged by the last university reform, the so called Gelmini reform (law 240/2010), and the adoption of a performance-based funding system. Both elements occurred in parallel with a strong cut in turnover. By accessing unique data on recruitment covering the last two decades, which were provided by the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research&rsquo, s statistical office, this study aims at investigating these changes from a gendered perspective. More specifically, it firstly aims at analyzing if the feminization of the academic staff is due to an effective improvement of gender equality in recruitment or, rather, to demographic dynamics, secondly, it investigates to what extent the recent neo-liberal transformations, and more specifically the reshaping of the career structure combined with the limitations on hiring, has had any implications in terms of women&rsquo, s recruitment and advancement. The results suggest that the road to gender equality is extremely slow and non-linear. The introduction, with the Gelmini reform, of the new fixed-term assistant professor has tightened female access to the tenure track. Moreover, female recruitment remained substantially unchanged over the period among associate and full professors, thus suggesting that the feminization of the academic staff is not due to an effective improvement of gender equality in recruitment, but also to demographic dynamics, such as the retirement of men who are concentrated in the older cohorts.

Findings – Crowdsourcing is becoming a worldwide business model and allows anyone with free time and an internet connection to contribute to economic productivity. This study has discussed the importance of crowdsourcing for companies in contextual terms and has made predictions on how to make this concept become a better model in which fields.

For centuries both engineers and economists have collaborated to attempt to raise economic productivity through efficiency improvements. Global primary energy use (PEU) and gross world product (GWP) data 1950–2018 reveal a the effects of aggregate energy efficiency (AEE) improvements since the 1950's have been characterised by two distinct behavioural regimes. Prior to the energy supply shocks in the 1970s the AEE of the global economy was remarkably constant such that PEU and GWP growth were fully coupled. We suggest this regime is associated with attempts to maximise growth in GWP. In contrast, in the 1970s the global economy transitioned to a lower growth regime that promoted maximising growth in AEE such that GWP growth is maximised while simultaneously attempting to minimise PEU growth, a regime that appears to persist to this day. Low carbon energy transition scenarios generally present the perceived ability to raise growth in AEE at least three fold from 2020 as a tactic to slow greenhouse gas emissions via lower PEU growth. Although the 1970s indicate rapid transitions in patterns of energy use are possible, our results suggest that any promise to reduce carbon emissions based on enhancing the rate of efficiency improvements could prove difficult to realise in practice because the growth rates of AEE, PEU and GWP do not evolve independently, but rather co-evolve in ways that reflect the underlying thermodynamic structure of the economy.

Climate change may have major influences on surface runoff, which would consequently result in important implications for terrestrial ecosystems and human well‐being. At global scale there is limited understanding of these issues with respect to the warming targets stipulated in the Paris Agreement. Here we use a well‐established hydrological model (Variable Infiltration Capacity [VIC]) forced with a representative ensemble of latest climate projections from four global circulation models (GCMs) to estimate potential future changes in runoff and Terrestrial Ecosystem Water Retention (TEWR), as well as changes in extreme runoff and their impacts on population, and overall gross domestic product (GDP) worldwide. Results suggest that annual runoff generally would have larger increases, while annual TEWR generally would have larger decreases under the 2.0°C warming scenario as opposed to 1.5°C warming scenario. Global mean warming of 2°C versus 1.5°C would lead to more distinct spatial patterns in runoff change, with a general shift of the runoff distribution towards more extreme low runoff in Mexico, western United States, Western Europe, southeastern China, West Siberian Plain and more extreme high runoff in Alaska, northern Canada, and large parts of Asia. More people and GDP would be exposed to extreme low runoff decrease, extreme high runoff increase, extreme low runoff decrease as well as extreme high runoff increase under a higher warming scenario. This study differentiates hydrological impacts between the two warming scenarios and illustrates higher runoff, lower TEWR, larger potential drought and flood hazards and adverse impacts on population and GDP under 2°C than 1.5°C.

Postmenopausal longevity distinguishes humans from our closest living evolutionary cousins, the great apes, and may have evolved in our lineage when the economic productivity of grandmothers allowed mothers to wean earlier and overlap dependents. Since increased longevity retards development and expands brain size across the mammals, this hypothesis links our slower developing, bigger brains to ancestral grandmothering. If foraging interdependence favoured postmenopausal longevity because grandmothers' subsidies reduced weaning ages, then ancestral infants lost full maternal engagement while their slower developing brains were notably immature. With survival dependent on social relationships, sensitivity to reputations is wired very early in neural ontogeny, beginning our lifelong preoccupation with shared intentionality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’.

O cenário de contaminação da Covid-19 causa preocupação na sociedade, economia e no campo científico. Por ser recente, detectado na China pela primeira vez em dezembro de 2019, e no Brasil em 26 de fevereiro de 2020, os resultados científicos ainda não apresentam consistência para apontar elementos factíveis de melhores medidas para serem executadas. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar práticas de controle da Covid-19 adotadas por governos municipais para conter o avanço da doença. Os esforços do campo científico e organismos de saúde apontam para a necessidade do isolamento social como prática de enfrentamento da doença. Por outro lado, tal prática afeta a produtividade econômica dos países. Foi realizado um estudo de caso com os municípios de Ubá e Viçosa. Para isso, partiu de uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir de uma análise documental utilizando os decretos, as notas à comunidade e os boletins epidemiológicos. Como resultados, nota-se que Ubá, cidade do interior mineiro, optou por um modelo mais flexível de prevenção à doença, optando pela recomendação em ficar em casa, enquanto Viçosa adotou medidas rígidas de combate à transmissão da Covid-19, optando pela restrição de acesso e circulação na cidade.

Background: Migraine is one of the most common disorders in neurological clinical practice and is part of the group of primary headaches. It often affects individuals in the age group of 25-55 years, when people are at their peak of economic productivity. Many patients ultimately overuse analgesics. Overuse is defined by the use of analgesics for at least 15 times a month - within a minimal three-month period. Impulsivity and migraine cause losses in the lives of individuals suffering from them, as they can compromise these individuals’ social, emotional, and professional spheres. Regarding the professional sphere, it results in economic losses compared with the overall population. Objective: To investigate the presence of impulsive behavior in patients with migraine and with medication-overuse migraine. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 210 female and male patients; 140 were diagnosed with migraine according to criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders and were subdivided into two groups (70 patients each). One of these groups was composed of medication-overuse patients; the control group was composed of non-migraine patients (70 patients). All patients were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11). Results: The group of migraine patients accounted for the highest impulsivity level, followed by the control group and, finally, by the medication-overuse group. However, these differences did not attain statistical significance. Conclusions: It was not possible to establish a clear connection between migraine and impulsive behavior. Association was higher among migraineurs without medication overuse. RESUMO Introdução: A enxaqueca é uma das condições mais comuns na prática clínica neurológica, enquadrando-se no grupo das cefaleias primárias. Sua prevalência é maior na faixa etária de 25 a 55 anos, coincidindo com o pico da produtividade econômica. Muitos pacientes recorrem ao uso abusivo de analgésicos. O uso excessivo desses medicamentos é definido pela sua utilização por pelo menos 15 vezes ao mês, por um período de no mínimo três meses. A impulsividade e a enxaqueca causam prejuízos na vida dos indivíduos afetados, podendo comprometer os âmbitos social, emocional e profissional, resultando em um prejuízo monetário a esse grupo, em relação à população em geral. Objetivo: Investigar a presença de comportamento impulsivo em pacientes com enxaqueca com abuso de analgésico. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal com 210 pacientes, homens e mulheres, sendo 140 com diagnóstico de enxaqueca segundo os critérios da Classificação Internacional das Cefaleias (IHCD-3), subdivididos em dois grupos de 70 pacientes cada, um composto por pacientes em uso excessivo de medicamentos, e um grupo controle composto por indivíduos sem enxaqueca. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com a Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt - BIS 11. Resultados: O grupo com enxaqueca apresentou maior impulsividade, seguido do grupo controle e, por fim, o grupo com enxaqueca com abuso de medicamentos. No entanto, essas diferenças não atingiram significância estatística. Conclusão: Não foi possível encontrar relação direta entre a enxaqueca e comportamentos impulsivos. No entanto, esta relação foi maior entre os pacientes com enxaqueca sem abuso de analgésico.

Freight transportation infrastructure systems facilitate commodity flows across multiple industries. The closure of key infrastructures leads to an interruption of economic productivity tha...

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious, airborne infection that develops when M. tuberculosis infect the lungs. PTB is totally curable infection. However, an early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment is needed to get the desired outcomes. Despite availability of treatment, stigmatization and negative emotions resulting from the illness could hamper the psychological well-being of patients which may eventually result in poor compliance, work absenteeism thus effecting economic productivity and prosperity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of one year. A total of 231 category II DOTS patients were recruited for the study. Quality of Life (QOL) was assessed after 3 months of the intensive phase. For QOL WHO based QOLBREF was used. Results: In the present study patients scored lowest in the psychological domain (7.82 ± 1.86) followed by physical (8.21 ± 1.98). Conclusion: HRQOL is significantly reduced in patients with PTB.

Cyber-physical systems are permeating practical application to become an integral part of manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, energy systems, financial systems, defense and smart infrastructure amongst other application spaces. It is expected that cyber-physical systems in twenty-first century generate comparable innovation and drive for economic productivity and growth to the Internet revolution of the late twentieth century. This is while educational and training programs, large scale testbeds, and skilled workforces are in short supply and are expected to remain a major challenge to innovation, development and adoption over the next decade. This chapter explores the fundamentals of cyber-physical systems. The chapter begins with a definition of cyber-physical systems and continues with a comparison between cyber-physical systems and the closely related fields of embedded systems, robotics, Internet-of-things and big data. Subsequently, a brief review of the drivers and applications of cyber-physicals systems is provided. Next, the evolution of cyber-physical systems is discussed while explaining their foundations, principles and distinguishing features. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities associated with their development are discussed followed by conclusions.

Human life and economic organization in urban areas must fundamentally rely on essential systems that provide water, health services, electricity, supply, mobility, and communication to the population. Any temporary or permanent disruption of these critical infrastructures has severe negative consequences that range from reduced economic productivity to the loss of human life.

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is tasked with the stewardship of billions of dollars’ worth of public invested highway infrastructure. Not only does INDOT continually seek design and operational policies that foster cost effective project delivery and procurement, they also seek opportunities for revenue generation. Due to population growth and the increased demand for online connectivity and global information transmission, the fiber-optic cable industry has experienced rapid growth over the past few years. Information and communication technology (ICT) companies have long sought to achieve higher economic productivity by installing fiber-optic cables in the right of way (ROW) of access-controlled highways. Based on these developments, an experiment was conducted to measure the economic impact in Indiana. To determine this impact, a database was developed by compartmentalizing the analysis into (1) GDP per county per industry type, (2) the natural growth of GDP as a factor, and (3) the extent of contribution of broadband in the growth of GDP. A general formula was developed to incorporate the adjusted median income on both the industry and county levels, along with a broadband contribution factor. This formula was employed to determine policies that can produce optimum economic outcome by leveraging the Pareto method.

The tendency of capitalist modernity to impose predictable, homogenous and linear representations of time for economic productivity has made it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to effectively respond to catastrophic environmental changes that are emergent, sudden, non-linear and unpredictable. A confusion between the actions and consequences of environmental change, and socialized representations of time and space within which humans must respond to such changes, not only paralyses possible solutions within fixed imaginaries but is also out of synch with the perpetual coming-into-being of socionature entanglements. The multiple temporalities coordinating interactions of humans and non-human natures are instead fetishized and made governable, commensurable and reproducible through the mechanistic intervals of the clock. We argue that the desire for transformative system change can be found in temporal desynchronizations to clock Time (capital T) and that political strategies to responding to socio-ecological crises reside in alter-temporalities (lower t time) of emergent socionature relations. Through an example of the desynchronized temporalities of tinawon rice production, we show how alter-temporalities emerge to reclaim cultural and food sovereignty from the otherwise flattening effects of modernity. We highlight the futuring potentials of such temporalities and their implication within ongoing debates between ecomodernists and those advocating limits to growth. Given that continuing to act in the Time of capital evidently fails to bring about system change and even aids in perpetuating our crises, we claim that responding in time (lower t) is itself a political act in raising the possibility for more convivial and life-affirming futures.

In this chapter, we empirically investigate the impact of future population decline on the Japanese regional economy, using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model. In this model, we combine forecasts of potential economic growth with a scenario of labor force reduction due to population decline. We project the labor force up to 2040. We find that unless economic productivity in Japan’s “depopulating society” improves, economic growth will be virtually zero initially and turn to negative by 2030. However, economic growth could reach 0.7–0.8% if policies are implemented to increase productivity, but such economic growth will be mainly driven by the growth in urban areas and it will increase the disparities in growth among regions. Consequently, the simulation results indicate that incorporating the impact of industrial clusters on regional areas yields growth that is on a par with that of urban areas. The construction of wide-ranging industrial clusters will be effective in preventing the exacerbation of inter-regional economic welfare disparities.

Health inequality can affect economic productivity, labor force participation, or the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Health disparities based on socioeconomic ranking are widely documented, but there is also growing evidence of disparities based on geographic locality. This paper investigates a potential contributing factor to socioeconomic and geographic-based health inequality: access to secondary health care. We exploit bus line introductions to Arab towns in Israel, which substantially increased secondary health care access among a mostly disadvantaged population, and find that older adult reporting of chronic health conditions increased in the short term. However, this effect fades away in the long run. We argue that greater chronic condition rates in the short term reflect higher diagnosis rates resulting from increased access to health care professionals rather than health deterioration. This effect weakens in the long run when the benefits of greater access to health care offset the higher diagnosis rates.

The paper presents an alternative method of sustainable intensification (SI) measurement. It is based on efficiency analysis using DEA method, Malmquist TFP index and Euclidean and angular distance measurements. The proposed measure makes it possible to determine the dynamics of the process of sustainable intensification, taking into account the base level of economic and eco-efficiency. Applied solution partially eliminates the problem of weighing the various dimensions of sustainable development. The method was used to measure SI in the European Union countries in 2005-2013. Obtained results confirm the presence of this process in most countries and on average in the whole EU. It was particularly fast among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and among the Scandinavian countries. Changes that were not in line with the SI concept, occurred in the Benelux countries and in the British Isles, where environmental productivity improved, diminishing economic productivity. / Synopsis. W artykule zaprezentowano alternatywną koncepcje pomiaru zrownowazonej intensyfikacji (SI), opartą o pomiar efektywności z wykorzystaniem metody DEA, indeksu TFP Malmquista oraz miar odleglości euklidesowej i kątowej. Proponowany miernik pozwala określic dynamike procesu zrownowazonej intensyfikacji, z uwzglednieniem pierwotnego poziomu efektywności nakladow ekonomicznych i ekoefektywności. Zastosowane rozwiązanie pozwala cześciowo zniwelowac problem wazenia poszczegolnych wymiarow zrownowazonego rozwoju. Metode zastosowano do pomiaru SI w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005-2013. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają wystepowanie tego procesu w wiekszości krajow oraz przecietnie w calej UE. Szczegolnie szybko postepowal on wśrod krajow Europy środkowo-wschodniej oraz wśrod krajow skandynawskich. Zmiany niezgodne z koncepcją zrownowazonej intensyfikacji postepowaly natomiast w krajach Beneluksu oraz na Wyspach Brytyjskich, gdzie nastepowala poprawa produktywności środowiskowej, kosztem produktywności nakladow ekonomicznych.

There is inequality between the economic growth of provinces in Java and outside of Java. The total area of Java is only 6,77% from total area of Indonesia but the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) based on constant price in 2014, Java contributed 57,8% of the GDP total Indonesia. One cause that made this disparity is the development of infrastructure in outside Java is still weak. The development of infrastructure is a basic element for increasing total output production that later will increase the economic growth. However, there are so many problems that occur in developing the infrastructure in outside of Java. This study aimed to analyze the condition of infrastructure provinces outside Java in 2010-2014. The data used is the secondary data for 27 provinces outside of Java 2010-2014 from BPS. The analytical method used is panel data regression with fixed effect model and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) Model. Based on the results, the infrastructure that affects economic productivity significantly and positively is road infrastructure, health, and budget. Infrastructure that affects economic productivity significantly and negatively is the educational infrastructure. Water and electricity infrastructure did not significantly affect economic productivity.Keywords: Infrastructure, Economic productivity, Panel Data Regression, Fixed Effect Model

O feijão-comum apresenta grande importância econômica e social para a população brasileira. Dentre as tecnologias contributivas para alta produtividade das culturas estão os promotores de crescimento. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito dessas substâncias, aplicadas via semente ou via semente e folha, sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de feijoeiro de ciclo superprecoce, cultivar FC-104, quanto aos indicadores de qualidade fisiológica (trocas gasosas e teor de nutrientes em folhas e grãos) e agronômica (produtividade e componentes de produção). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com 13 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos promotores de crescimento: (I) Complexo de micronutrientes, (II) Leonardita; (III) Micronutrientes + ácidos fúlvicos, (IV) Micronutrientes + aminoácidos; (V) Micronutrientes + Ascophyllum; (VI) Micronutrientes + Eklonya; (VII) N + Zn; (VIII) N + K + aminoácidos; (IX) Reguladores de crescimento; (X) Trichoderma asperellum, (XI) T. asperellum + Bacillus methylotrophicus e (XII) Turfa. O tratamento das sementes com água foi considerado controle (XIII). Nos tratamentos IV e XI, plantas de feijoeiro apresentaram valores de condutância estomática (gs) e número de vagens por planta (NVP), significativamente, superiores. No tratamento V, plantas de feijoeiro se destacaram pelo alto valor de fósforo (P) foliar. Os referidos parâmetros (gs, NVP e P) foram superiores, comparativamente, ao tratamento controle. No entanto, não houve aumento significativo no rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro tratado com promotores de crescimento. Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-28T23:41:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF2018ca2.pdf: 556474 bytes, checksum: 70d4a1800d4b68c7fe9be7f69178f187 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-28

The structure of commercial sable samples from the Cis-Ural region was studied taking into account hunting method (shooting or trapping). The proportion of adult animals was found to be significantly lower in samples taken during the first half of the hunting season, compared to the second half, indicating predominant harvesting of young animals. To estimate the degree of hunting selectivity (I), the ratios of demographic groups among shot and trapped animals were calculated. The results confirmed the fact of selective hunting for underyearlings both by shooting (I = 1.49–1.60 for the Cis-Ural region and I = 2.46–3.37 for the Western Sayan Mountains) and by trapping (I = 2.80–4.37), especially during the first half of winter. Samples taken during the second half of the season were characterized by prevalence of adult animals making up the reproductive core of the population (I = 1.43–2.07). It is considered that the process of reproduction in Cis-Ural sable populations in the 1960s to 1980s was stimulated by intensive commercial hunting. To maintain reproduction of sable populations at a safe level, it is necessary to reduce the period of hunting in the first quarter of the year. It is proposed to use the phenomenon of hunting selectivity for managing sable populations, regulating their exploitation, and improving the economic productivity of habitats. Commercial hunting in terms of its impact on the population can act as a factor of conscious or unconscious artificial selection.

Infrastructure systems form the backbone of every society, providing essential services that include energy, water, waste management, transport and telecommunications. Infrastructure can also create harmful social and environmental impacts, increase vulnerability to natural disasters and leave an unsustainable burden of debt. Investment in infrastructure is at an all-time high globally, thus an ever-increasing number of decisions are being made now that will lock-in patterns of development for future generations. Although for the most part these investments are motivated by the desire to increase economic productivity and employment, we find that infrastructure either directly or indirectly influences the attainment of all of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including 72% of the targets. We categorize the positive and negative effects of infrastructure and the interdependencies between infrastructure sectors. To ensure that the right infrastructure is built, policymakers need to establish long-term visions for sustainable national infrastructure systems, informed by the SDGs, and develop adaptable plans that can demonstrably deliver their vision. Investing in infrastructure systems will lock-in patterns of development for future generations. This study finds that infrastructure either directly or indirectly influences the attainment of all of the Sustainable Development Goals, including 72% of the targets.

Felix Stein and Devi Sridhar warn of the dangers of subsuming health to economic productivity

This chapter focuses on how seeing, thinking, and acting at the scale of the district changed relations of rule between the HBC as indigenous people. The chapter focuses on how the district report was used by the company to make indigenous people into “industrious” economic subjects. The chapter interrogates how the company attempted to use the provision of credit and census to tie indigenous populations to specific districts. Attention is paid to how HBC officials determined the overall economic productivity of the district through annual comparisons and, at the same time, used districts to record and track the annual hunting returns of individual hunters. Through these techniques of rule, the company drew a line between industrious and indolent indigenous hunters. For the company, this form of knowledge could be used to close districts, tear down posts, or find ways to “motivate” populations of indigenous hunters to be more productive.

Research background: There has been an extensive process of foreign and joint ownership enterprises establishment in the Russian economy since 2006. Domestic manufacturing industry has been experiencing certain pressure on behalf of foreign direct investment bringing new technologies and higher labor requirements. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to investigate differences in employment strategies and labor indicators in the case of enterprises in foreign and joint ownership (FJO) and domestic enterprises in Russian ownership (RO). We analyze the manufacturing industry in Russia and its regions under conditions of stable and crisis periods. Methods: The study enhances the analysis of Rosstat’s statistical data for 2005–2016 and applies ANOVA method to compare the employment results for companies with different ownership patterns. The research is carried out both at the national level of the Russian Federation and at the regional level according to the regions. Findings & Value added: The study identifies significant decline in employment and in-crease in productivity for the period of 2005–2016. In contrast to the crisis of 2008–2009, in 2014–2016 there has been no sharp drop in employment. However, there is a substantial decline in real salaries which is comparable to the crisis of 2008-2009. According to ANOVA, statistically significant differences in labor indicators between FJO and RO companies are manifested. RO companies dominate in employment and payroll funds, while FJO enter-prises have better productivity results with a higher average salary. FJO companies demonstrated faster growth in employment and payroll fund in relatively stable conditions (2012–2013). However, they reacted with a significant reduction in employment for a new crisis (2014–2016), although the creation of new FJO enterprises continued in separate regions of Russia. The results can be used in social policy to regulate the employment and earnings of industrial workers in the current economic conditions.

This essay argues that Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) emerged as a response to the early twentieth-century demand for docile, efficient, and thus productive speech. As the capacity of speech became more central to the industrial and democratic operations of modern society, an apparatus was needed to bring speech under the fold of biopower. Beyond simple economic productivity, the importance of SLP lies in opening the speaking subject up to management and normalization—creating, in short, biopolitical subjects of communication. We argue that SLP accordingly emerged not as a discreet institution, but as a set of practices which can be clustered under three headings: calculating deviance, disciplining the tongue, and speaking the truth of pathologized subjects.

In this article we will examine the history of Brazilian cattle breeding in the early twentieth century, focusing on the transitional period of intensification of production, when the racial standardization of cattle began to be considered key to industrializing breeding practices. To this end, we consider the initiatives of a group of farmers from the far east of Minas Gerais (Mineiro Triangle), who travelled to Northern India between 1913 and 1917 to acquire bulls and cows of the zebu breed. Retracing the routes of their voyages to India thanks to the diaries and letters between these farmers in Brazil and India, we attempt to understand the role that Indian bovine cattle played in Brazil. The first farmers to make this trip moved in the sphere of the influential elites of the oligarchic Republic that was established in Brazil in 1889. This article argues that these farmers were driven by diverse factors, which could not be reduced to the single issue of an increase in economic productivity. In truth, there were political interests mainly related to the strengthening of personal prestige and the construction of a class character as “innovative cattle farmers” in a context of intra-oligarchic disputes over exerting influence in the Republican state. Neste artigo iremos analisar parte da História da Pecuária Brasileira do começo do século XX, focando no período de transição para a intensificação produtiva quando a padronização do rebanho bovino começou a ser considerada a chave do processo de industrialização da produção. Para tanto, vamos investigar a iniciativa de um grupo de fazendeiros do extremo oeste de Minas Gerais (Triângulo Mineiro) que pessoalmente foram ao norte da Índia entre 1913 e 1971 para adquirir reprodutores das raças zebu, registrando suas trajetórias de viagem em diários e cartas trocadas entre os fazendeiros no Brasil e na Índia. Nesse sentido, tentaremos entender o papel que o zebu desempenhou no Brasil. Esses primeiros fazendeiros que foram à Índia orbitavam muito próximo às elites influentes na República Oligárquica, instaurada no Brasil em 1889. O argumento que se pretende tecer neste artigo é que os fazendeiros que trouxeram o zebu da Índia eram movidos por diversos interesses que não podem ser reduzidos ao aumento da produtividade econômica. Na verdade, havia intereses políticos precipuamente relacionados ao fortalecimento do prestígio pessoal e da construção de um atribuo de classe enquanto «vanguarda pecuarista» em um contexto de disputas intraoligárquicas para manter certa influência no Estado republicano

To what extent do public infrastructure projects respond to political pressures or developmental imperatives? Do these projects reflect a technical strategy aimed at upgrading economic productivity...

Abstract. Cognitive capitalism theory argues that the positive effects of cognitive ability on economic productivity should increase nonlinearly, with increases in ability amplifying increases in productivity. The theory was tested using country-level indicators of cognitive ability and productivity. Cognitive ability was based on international student assessments (e.g., Program for International Student Assessment, PISA), and productivity was based on economic inputs (e.g., scientific achievements and competitiveness) and outputs (e.g., gross domestic product). As predicted, the effects of cognitive ability on all productivity measures increased nonlinearly at higher levels of ability, suggesting that higher ability levels disproportionately boost a nation’s productivity. The findings are discussed in light of standard theories of cognitive ability (e.g., Spearman’s law of diminishing returns and differentiation theories), and suggest that interventions that boost cognitive ability can have large, amplifying effects on economic productivity.

What role does computational power play in economic productivity and innovation? How will machine learning and AI change this? Building off previous work quantifying historical computational power levels, we explore the relationship of metrics for computing power with US GDP and US internet sector GDP from 1960 to today. We develop forecast scenarios incorporating machine learning development using internet data production volumes and forecasted growth of computational power. The goal of the research is not to build a full model of productivity that incorporates computational power, but to begin to get a sense of potential role and impacts of artificial intelligence on the economy. The research has three main findings. First, we find a modest, but statistically significant relationship between computational power and economic productivity, linked to approximately 0.3-0.7% of GDP per capita and to approximately 2-3% of internet sector GDP per capita. Second, and as expected, the relationship is stronger for internet sector GDP per capita, which is linked more closely to AI. Third, and as expected, when we narrow our window of analysis to more recent windows of analysis in our regressions and in robustness tests, we see a strengthening of the relationship between computational power and GDP per capita.

Este artículo de investigación da cuenta de un estudio teórico y normativo que señala el ambiente como un tema trascendental en el marco del conflicto armado y del postconflicto en Colombia. Describiendo la alta relevancia ambiental que tienen las zonas más cercanas al conflicto armado como también las problemáticas ambientales consecuencia del mismo para exponer los retos y desafíos propuestos para la preservación y protección del ambiente durante el postconflicto. Sugiriendo así, los procesos investigativos como desafío y propuesta para el estudio y la búsqueda de modelos de sostenibilidad y productividad económica para el desarrollo durante el postconflicto en razón de la importancia que representa éste en el conglomerado social más cercano al conflicto. Palabras clave: Conflicto armado, Desafíos ambientales, Paradoja ambiental, Relevancia ambiental, Desarrollo sostenible.

Walters developed the concept of domopolitics to refer to the ways in which the securitisation of migration contributes to the construction of the UK as a ‘national home’. Domopolitical policies and discourses produce the UK as the ‘national home’ of ‘neoliberal citizens’; they thus serve as tools of neoliberal governmentality, disciplining both citizens and migrants into displaying qualities associated with neoliberal citizenship, especially economic productivity. However, the concept of ‘home’ has a particular genealogy within liberal discourses of citizenship. As Pateman contends, the political ‘public’ sphere of liberal citizenship is constructed in opposition to an apolitical ‘private’ sphere. The public sphere has been coded as the domain of men, while women have been relegated to the private ‘home’. Consequently, women have been deemed responsible for the reproduction of both the private, and the ‘national’ home, a construction which has persisted under neoliberalism. While often superficially gender-neutral, domopolitics actually relies upon, and reinforces, these gendered understandings of neoliberal citizenship. Domopolitical policies and discourses construct migrant women’s reproductive practices as a legitimate and necessary site of state intervention, disciplining migrant women to ensure they ‘correctly’ reproduce the neoliberal ‘national home.’