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21st Century Nanoscience - A Handbook: Nanophotonics, Nanoelectronics, and Nanoplasmonics (Volume 6) will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This sixth volume in a ten-volume set covers nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanoplasmonics.Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics, by the same editor, published in the fall of 2010, was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanoscience extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

The physics of strongly correlated fermions and bosons in a disordered envi­ ronment and confined geometries is at the focus of intense experimental and theoretical research efforts. Advances in material technology and in low temper­ ature techniques during the last few years led to the discoveries of new physical of atomic gases and a possible metal­ phenomena including Bose condensation insulator transition in two-dimensional high mobility electron structures. Situ­ ations were the electronic system is so dominated by interactions that the old concepts of a Fermi liquid do not necessarily make a good starting point are now routinely achieved. This is particularly true in the theory of low dimensional systems such as carbon nanotubes, or in two dimensional electron gases in high mobility devices where the electrons can form a variety of new structures. In many of these sys­ tems disorder is an unavoidable complication and lead to a host of rich physical phenomena. This has pushed the forefront of fundamental research in condensed matter towards the edge where the interplay between many-body correlations and quantum interference enhanced by disorder has become the key to the understand­ ing of novel phenomena.

Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) offer wonderful examples of the radical macroscopic effects inherent in quantum physics: phase changes between different forms of matter driven by quantum rather than thermal fluctuations, typically at very low temperatures. QPTs provide new insight into outstanding problems such as high-temperature superconductivit

In his groundbreaking paper “Absence of diffusion in certain random lattices (1958)”, Philip W Anderson originated, described and developed the physical principles underlying the phenomenon of the localization of quantum objects due to disorder. Anderson's 1977 Nobel Prize citation featured that paper, which was fundamental for many subsequent developments in condensed matter physics and technical applications. After more than a half century, the subject continues to be of fundamental importance. In particular, in the last 25 years, the phenomenon of localization has proved to be crucial for the understanding of the quantum Hall effect, mesoscopic fluctuations in small conductors, some aspects of quantum chaotic behavior, and the localization and collective modes of electromagnetic and matter waves.This unique and invaluable volume celebrates the five decades of the impact of Anderson localization on modern physics. In addition to the historical perspective on its origin, the volume provides a comprehensive description of the experimental and theoretical aspects of Anderson localization, together with its application in various areas, which include disordered metals and the metal-insulator transition, mesoscopic physics, classical systems and light, strongly-correlated systems, and mathematical models.The volume is edited by E Abrahams, who has been a contributor in the field of localization. A distinguished group of experts, each of whom has left his mark on the developments of this fascinating theory, contribute their personal insights in this volume. They are: A Amir (Weizmann Institute of Science), P W Anderson (Princeton University), G Bergmann (University of Southern California), M Büttiker (University of Geneva), K Byczuk (University of Warsaw & University of Augsburg), J Cardy (University of Oxford), S Chakravarty (University of California, Los Angeles), V Dobrosavljević (Florida State University), R C Dynes (University of California, San Diego), K B Efetov (Ruhr University Bochum), F Evers (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A M Finkel'stein (Weizmann Institute of Science & Texas A&M University), A Genack (Queens College, CUNY), N Giordano (Purdue University), I V Gornyi (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), W Hofstetter (Goethe University Frankfurt), Y Imry (Weizmann Institute of Science), B Kramer (Jacobs University Bremen), S V Kravchenko (Northeastern University), A MacKinnon (Imperial College London), A D Mirlin (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M Moskalets (NTU “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”), T Ohtsuki (Sophia University), P M Ostrovsky (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A M M Pruisken (University of Amsterdam), T V Ramakrishnan (Indian Institute of Science), M P Sarachik (City College, CUNY), K Slevin (Osaka University), T Spencer (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton), D J Thouless (University of Washington), D Vollhardt (University of Augsburg), J Wang (Queens College, CUNY), F J Wegner (Ruprecht-Karls-University) and P Wölfle (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology).

This unique volume presents the scientific achievements of outstanding scientists from different countries working in diverse areas of Condensed Matter Physics. Drawn from the 32nd International Workshop on Condensed Matter Theories held in Loughborough in August 2008, these 46 papers, while centered on the concepts and techniques of theoretical condensed matter physics, also address broad issues of common concern for all physicists. It is particularly relevant to theorists who apply advanced many-particle methods in other areas of physics.The primary topics covered in the paper contributions include: statistical mechanics, nonlinear dynamics, quantum Fermi and Bose liquids, boson condensates, strongly correlated electron systems, superconductivity and phase transitions. Among the specific questions addressed and discussed are modern theories of graphene, Quantum Hall Effect, models of social dynamics, which are based on the example of Obama-McCain election, extraordinary magnetoresistance, supercooled atomic gases, transitions between various magnetic states in different systems made from magnetic nanoparticles, order-disorder-order phase transitions in spin frustrated systems, embolic stroke and semifluxon dynamics in extended Josephson junctions. The book provides the latest updated information on modern Condensed Matter Theories and the methods used. The many recent developments in the field such as the discovery of graphene or of new phenomena in supercooled gases or of an extraordinary magnetoresistance augur well for this timely publication. The main value of the book lies in the diversity of topics being covered comprehensively, which puts the book in a primary position in the modern market.

This volume is a collection of papers from the fourth meeting of the International Symposium on Mesoscopic Superconductivity and Spintronics held at NTT Atsugi, Japan. Research in these fields has advanced a great deal since the previous meeting, largely because these fields have drawn much attention from the viewpoint of new quantum phenomena and quantum information technology. Mesoscopic superconductivity has been developed in new fields, such as a ferromagnet/superconductor junction, the proximity effect in unconventional superconductors, macroscopic quantum tunneling in high-Tc superconductors, quantum modulation of superconducting junctions and superconducting quantum bits. The book also covers transport and spins in nano-scale semiconductor structures such as quantum dots and wires, quantum interference and coherence and order in exotic materials, and some papers on quantum algorithm. This book adequately provides an overview of recent progress in mesoscopic superconductivity.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Magnetisierung von tunnelgekoppelten niedrigdimensionalen Elektronensystemen mittels mikromechanischer Cantilever-Magnetometrie experimentell untersucht. Die Magnetisierung ist eine thermodynamische Zustandsgröße, welche bei tiefen Temperaturen den thermodynamischen Grundzustand der Elektronen widerspiegelt. Die Elektronensysteme wurden in modulationsdotierten AlGaAs/GaAs Heterostrukturen realisiert. Bei diesen handelt es sich um zwei, durch eine wenige Nanometer dicke Barriere voneinander getrennte, zweidimensionale Elektronensysteme (2DES). Die Magnetisierung der tunnelgekoppelten Systeme lässt sich in zwei Regime unterteilen. Bei niedrigen Magnetfeldern kann eine charakteristische Schwebung, bei den beobachteten Oszillationen in den Magnetisierungsmessdaten, beobachtet werden. Dieses ist konsistent mit dem Bestreben der tunnelgekoppelten 2DES ein symmetrisches sowie ein antisymmetrisches Subband zu besetzten. Der Vergleich der experimentellen Daten in diesem Feldbereich mit Rechnungen in einem Einteilchenmodell, welches auf einer modellierten Zustandsdichte beruht, ergibt eine gute Übereinstimmung. Insbesondere können die Magnetisierungsmessdaten ohne eine Variation der energetischen Aufspaltung ∆SAS zwischen dem symmetrischen und antisymmetrischen Subband berechnet werden. Dieses ändert sich beim Vergleich zwischen Magnetisierungsmessdaten bei hohem Magnetfeld, oder einem Magnetfeld in der Ebene des tunnelgekoppelten 2DES, mit Rechnungen im Einteilchenmodell. Als Erklärung dieser Abweichung wird die magnetfeldabhängige Umbesetzung zwischen den tunnelgekoppelten 2DES genutzt. In winkelabhängigen Magnetisierungsmessungen kann eine Oszillation der Amplituden, der Magnetisierung an geradzahligen Füllfaktoren beobachtet werden. Bis zu einem Magnetfeld in der Ebene, bei dem ein magnetischer Zusammenbruch geschieht, kann dieses qualitativ durch eine Abnahme der energetischen Aufspaltung erklärt werden. Bei höheren Magnetfeldern in der Ebene treten verstärkt die Eigenschaften des wechselwirkenden Gesamtsystems zutage. Magnetisierungsmessungen bei hohen Magnetfeldern >20 T ermöglichen die Untersuchung von möglichen Phasenübergängen bei einem Füllfaktor v=2. In this work the magnetization of low-dimensional electron systems has been experimentally investigated using a micromechanical cantilever magnetometer technique. The magnetization is a thermodynamic quantity wich reflects the thermodynamic ground state of the system at low temperatures. The electron systems were realized in modulation-doped AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures wich are grown with molecular beam epitaxy. The two-dimensional electron systems (2DES) are separated by a barrier of a few nanometers. The magnetization of the tunnel coupled systems suggest that there exist two regimes. At low fields a characteristic beating pattern in the magnetic oscillation is observed. This is consistent with the formation of a symmetric and antisymmetric subband. The comparison between the magnetization measurements in this field regime and an one-particle-model based on a model density-of-states shows a good agreement. In particular the magnetization measurements can be calculated with a constant energetic separation between the symmetric and the antisymmetric subband. At higher magnetic fields or an magnetic field in-plane with the tunnel-coupled 2DES the energetic separation has a dependency of the magnetic field. The magnetic field induced charge transfer between the tunnel-coupled 2DES can explain this dependency. In magnetization measurements under tilted magnetic fields an oscillation of the amplitude of the magnetization at integer filling factors can be observed if the tilt angle is varied. At low magnetic fields, where no magnetic breakdown occurs this oscillation can be explained by a decrease of the energetic separation. At higher in-plane magnetic fields the magnetization exhibits features that are attributed to the interacting total system. Magn

This comprehensive volume covers the latest research on high magnetic fields in semiconductor physics presented at the 16th International Conference (SemiMag 16), held in Tallahassee, Florida, August 2-8, 2004.The book features papers from more than 130 participants including the work of the foremost experts in the fields.Much of the most cutting-edge research is covered by the contributions as well as a special focused session on the recently discovered microwave-induced zero resistance effect.