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CuCrSnS4 und CuCrSnSe4 bilden eine luckenlose Mischkristallreihe. Die aus Gitterkonstanten und Chalkogenparametern bestimmten Atomabstande zeigen, das, Cu(I) auftritt. Aus den Mosbauer-Spektren folgt, das uberwiegend kovalenter Bindungscharakter und Sn(IV) vorliegen. Die Substanzen sind p-Halbleiter. Widerstand, Thermokraft und Aktivierungsenergie nehmen mit wachsendem Se-Gehalt ab. Die elektrischen Eigenschaften werden mit denen des Systems ZnCr2(S1−xSex)4 verglichen. IR-Spektren wurden im Bereich 50 cm−1 bis 600 cm−1 gemessen. Spinels with Substituted Nonmetal Sublattices. VI. X-Ray Investigation, Electronic Properties, Mossbauer and I.R. Spectra of the Spinel System CuCrSn(S1−xSex)4 Polycrystalline samples of the spinel system CuCrSn(S1−xSex)4 have been prepared in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. The lattice constants linearly increase with x while chalcogen parameters remain constant. The calculated distances copper-chalcogen are in agreement with Cu(I). From the Mossbauer spectra we conclude that the bonding is mostly covalent and that Sn is in the oxidation state +4. The substances are p type semiconductors. Resistivities, Seebeck coefficients, and activation energies decrease with increasing x. The electrical properties are compared to those of the system ZnCr2(S1−xSex)4. I.R. spectra have been measured from 50 cm−1 to 600 cm−1.

A factor group analysis of the sulvanite structure predicts the vibrational modes A 1 + E + 2 F 1 + 4 F 2 . The nine independent Cartesian symmetry coordinates have been calculated. Forms of vibrations could be derived and attributed to the i.r.- and Raman-bands of the sulvanites CU 3 MX 4 (M = V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se, Te).

In order to investigate the influence of mixed anions on 57Fe-Mossbauer spectra of thiospinels with tetrahedral Fe(II) polycristalline samples of the spinel system Fe0.25Zn0.75Cr2(S1−xSex)4 have been prepared in the range 0 ≦ x ≦ 1. The lattice constants increase linearly with x while the chalcogen parameters remain constant. The substances are p type semiconductors. I.R. spectra have been measured between 200 cm−1 and 600 cm−1. Room temperature Mossbauer spectra consist of several overlapping doublets of almost identical isomer shifts but different quadrupole splittings. The Fe(II)T-doublets are attributed to the five different coordination polyhedras S4, S3Se, S2Se2, SSe3 and Se4.

Artificial myocardial ischaemia caused by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was treated in minipigs by the application of oxygen into the pericardial cavity. The results show that in this way acute myocardial ischaemia may be reduced. The application of oxygen into the pericardial cavity brought about, within 15 min, an improvement in the haemodynamic parameters. Several electrolytes, which were estimated from the blood of the sinus venosus, returned to normal.

Um den Einflus eines gemischten Anionengitters auf die 57Fe-Mosbauer-Spektren von Thiospinellen mit tetraedrischem FeII zu untersuchen, wurden von dem spinell-system Cd0,9Fe0,1Cr2(SxSe1−x)4 im Bereich 0,22 ≤ x ≤ 1 polykristalline Proben hergestellt. Die Raumtemperatur-Mosbauer-Spektren der Spinellmischkristalle bestehen aus mehreren uberlappenden Dubletts nahezu gleicher Isomerieverschiebung aber verschiedener Quadrupolaufspaltung. Die FeII-Dubletts konnen den Koordinationspolyedern S4, S3Se, S2Se2, SSe3 und Se4 zugeordnet werden. Mossbauer Studies of Thiospinels. VII. The System Cd0.9Fe0.1Cr2(SxSe1−x)4 In order to investigate the influence of mixed anions on 57Fe-Mossbauer spectra of thiospinels with tetrahedral FeII polycrystalline samples of the spinel system Cd0.9Fe0.1Cr2(SxSe1−x)4 have been prepared in the range 0.22 ≤ x ≤ 1. Room temperature Mossbauer spectra consist of several overlapping doublets of almost identical isomer shifts but different quadrupole splittings. The FeII-doublets are attributed to the five different coordination polyhedras S4, S3Se, S2Se2, SSe3, and Se4.

The spinels of the system Li x Mn 1− x V 2 O 4 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) have been prepared at 700–750°C from LiV 2 O 4 and MnV 2 O 4 . The lattice constants decrease linearly with increasing x . In the region x >0.75, the d -electrons of V should be delocalized as the VV distances are lower than the critical VV separation of 2.94 A. Experimentally, the samples with x >0.6 show no IR absorption bands and the Seebeck coefficient is near zero. The Seebeck coefficient can be described with a model of intermediate polarons and can be expressed by the equation Θ = 198 log [1 + (1 − x) 5 x ] .

We describe a plasmid cloning vehicle, pTR262, which allows a strong positive selection (resistance to tetracycline) for transformants bearing plasmids which have DNA insertions. pTR262 is derived from plasmid pBR322 and contains the cI gene and adjacent regulator region oRpR or the bacteriophage lambda. The expression of the tetracycline resistance (tet-r) gene(s) in pTR262 requires transcription from pR and is repressed by the cI gene product, lambda repressor. Insertion of a DNA fragment into the HindIII or Bc/I sites in pTR262 inactivates the cI gene and allows expression of the tet-r gene(s) in the host bacterium. A 100-fold increase in the number of tetracycline-resistant transformants is obtained when HindIII- or Bc/I-generated fragments are added to a ligation mixture containing HindIII- or Bc/I-digested pTR 262 DNA.

Die Sulvanitmischkristallreihen Cu3MxM′1-xX4 (M, M′ = V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se) wurden im Bereich 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 durch Festkorperreaktion zwischen 600°C und 900°C hergestellt und rontgenographisch und schwingungsspektroskopisch untersucht. Die Gitterkonstanten andern sich linear mit der Zusammensetzung. Sowohl die IR-aktiven antisymmetrischen als auch die ramanaktiven symmetrischen M–X-Valenzschwingungen lassen sich unabhangig voneinander schwingenden MX4-und M′X4-Tetraedern zuordnen. X-ray and Vibrational Spectroscopical Investigation of the Mixed Crystal Series Cu3MxM′1-xX4 (M, M′ = V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se) with Sulvanite Structure Solid solutions Cu3MxM′1-xX4 (M, M′ = V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se) with Sulvanite structure have been prepared in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 by solid state reaction between 600°C and 900°C. The lattice constants decrease linearly with x. The UR active antisymmetrical as well as the Raman active symmetrical M–X stretching vibrations may be attached to independently vibrating MX4 and M′X4 tetrahedrons.

The spinel system Fe x Zn 1−x Cr 2 S 4 with 0 ≦ x ≦ 1 has been prepared in polycristalline form. All samples are p type semiconductors. I.R. spectra have been measured between 200 cm −1 and 600 cm −1 . Room temperature 57 Fe-Mossbauer spectra show the typical behaviour of tetrahedral site Fe(II) surrounded by different octahedral site neighbours. In comparison with Mossbauer spectra of the spinel system Fe 1+x Cr 2−x S 4 the distribution, 0.01

Direct, quantitative, thin-layer chromatographic methods for the determination of dihydroergot alkaloids are described, in particular the determination of dihydroergotamine with dihydroergokryptine as internal standard. The internal standard was added to plasma, which was extracted twice in dichloromethane; the organic phase was removed under nitrogen, the residue resolved in ethanol and applied on a silica gel G-60 plate. Dihydroergotamine and the internal standard can be measured directly by fluorescence, with excitation at 264 nm and with use of a Zeiss remission filter FL 39. The percentage recovery from this method is 49.17 ± 6.71% (plasma). These methods enable the determination of 10 pmol dihydroergotamine per ml of plasma (ca. 6.8 ng/ml) with a coefficient of variation of 10.3%. They have proved useful in biochemical and pharmaceutical applications.

Die Mischkristallreihen Cu3Nb(SxSe1−x)4, Cu3Nb(SexTe1−x)4, Cu3Ta(SxSe1−x)4 und Cu3Ta(SexTe1−x)4 wurden luckenlos dargestellt. Die Gitterkonstanten liegen in allen Systemen auf der Vegardschen Geraden. Von den Substanzen wurden IR- und Raman-Spektren gemessen. In den Spektren der Substanzen mit gemischtem Anionengitter treten zusatzliche Banden auf, da auser den Polyedern MX4 und MY4 die Gruppen MX3Y, MX2Y2 und MXY3 (M = Nb, Ta; X,Y = S, Se, Te) vorhanden sind, die unabhangig voneinander schwingen. Durch Vergleich des Intensitatsverlaufs der Banden und der statistischen Haufigkeit der Gruppen in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung wurden die zusatzlich austretenden Valenzschwingungen zugeordnet. X-Ray and Vibrational Studies of Sulvanite Mixed Cystals Cu3Nb(SxSe1−x)4, Cu3Nb(SexTe1−x)4, Cu3Ta(SxSe1−x)4 and Cu3Ta(SexTe1−x)4 Solid solutions Cu3Nb(SxSe1−x)4, Cu3Nb(SexTe1−x)4, Cu3Ta(SxSe1−x)4 and Cu3Ta(SexTe1−x)4 with sulvanite structure have been prepared in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. The lattice constants in all systems obey the Vegard rule. Infrared and Raman spectra have been measured. The spectra of the compounds with mixed anion sublattices show additional peaks, compared to those of the end members, because besides the polyhedra MX4 and MY4 also groups MX3Y, MX2Y2, and MXY3 are present, and all groups are able to oscillate independently. By comparison of the peak intensities and the statistical frequency of the groups according to the composition, the additional valence vibrations could be attributed to the groups.

Voyager radio navigation made use of a differenced rage data type for both Saturn encounters because of the low declination singularity of Doppler data. Nearly simultaneous two-way range from two-station baselines was explicitly differenced to produce this data type. Concurrently, a differential VLBI data type (DDOR), utilizing doubly differenced quasar-spacecraft delays, with potentially higher precision was demonstrated. Performance of these data types is investigated on the Jupiter-to-Saturn leg of Voyager 2. The statistics of performance are presented in terms of actual data noise comparisons and sample orbit estimates. Use of DDOR as a primary data type for navigation to Uranus is discussed.

The effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary hemodynamics were studied in anesthetized dogs during acute alveolar hypoxia. In Series A, 7 dogs received pentoxifylline orally (18 mg/kg/day) for 11 wk and 7 untreated dogs served as control animals. During anesthesia and controlled ventilation, acute alveolar hypoxia was induced (10 to 13% inspired O2) and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic and blood rheologic measurements were compared with normoxia. In control dogs, cardiac index did not change during hypoxia, but pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) increased 79%, erythrocyte filterability decreased significantly (p less than 0.05), and relative viscosity of blood corrected for hematocrit did not change. In the pentoxifylline-treated dogs, cardiac index increased 28% and PVRI increased only 20%; in contrast to the control dogs, relative viscosity of blood was decreased by 18% and no significant changes in filterability were observed. The increase in PVRI in relation to the drop in arterial O2 saturation was significantly larger (p less than 0.05) in the control dogs. Pentoxifylline also increased P50 by 2.8 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). In Series B, hemodynamic measurements were made during variations in blood flow (induced by restricting venous return) in 3 treated (26 mg/kg/day for 3 wk) and 3 control dogs. In these experiments, pulmonary artery pressure was significantly lower at comparable flows during both normoxia and hypoxia. In both studies, the hemodynamic effects of the drug on the systemic circulation were less than on the pulmonary circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aus Cu3AsS4 (Enargit) und Cu3VS4 (Sulvanit) wurde durch Festkorperreaktion die Verbindung Cu12As3VS16 hergestellt. Das Guinier-Diagramm last sich kubisch indizieren (a = 10,528 A), optisch ist die Verbindung schwach anisotrop. Cu12As3VS16 hat einen elektrischen Widerstand von 107 Ωcm und einen positiven Seebeckkoeffizienten von 390 μV/K. Das IR-Spektrum ist angegeben. Mischkristalle und weitere Verbindungen wurden im System Enargit-Sulvanit nicht beobachtet. Cu12As3VS16, a New Compound in the Sulvanite-Enargite System The compound Cu12As3VS16 is formed by solid state reaction between Cu3AsS4 (enargite) and Cu3VS4 (sulvanite). The X-ray powder diagram shows a cubic pattern (a = 10.528 A) but the compound exhibits a slight optical anisotropy. The specific resistivity of Cu12As3VS16 is 107 Ωcm, the Seebeck coefficient +390 μV/K. The i.r. spectrum has been measured. Mixed crystals and other compounds in the system enargite-sulvanite have not been observed.

Die Mischkristallreihe Cu3V(SxSe1−x)4 mit Sulvanitstruktur konnte im Bereich 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 phasenrein hergestellt werden. Die Gitterkonstanten nehmen mit dem Selengehalt linear zu. Die Mischkristallreihe Cu3V(SexTe1−x)4existiert bei Zusammensetzungen mit 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,2 und 0,5 ≤ x ≤ 1,0. Neben der Sulvanitphase bilden sich Cu1,44Te und CuTe. IR-Spektren wurden im Bereich 50–500 cm−1 gemessen. Unter der Annahme isoliert schwingender VS4−, VS3Se-, VS2Se2−, VSSe3− und VSe4−Gruppen konnten durch Vergleich ihrer statistischen Haufigkeiten mit den Bandenintensitaten ein Teil der IR-banden den Valenzschwingungen dieser Gruppen zugeordnet werden. X-Ray and I.R. Studies of Solid Solutions Cu3V(SxSe1−x)4 and Cu3V(SexTe1−x)4 of Sulvanite Structure Solid solutions Cu3V(SxSe1−x)4 with Sulvanite structure have been prepared in the range 0 ≤ x ≤1. The lattice constants decrease linearly with x. Solid solutions Cu3V(SexTe1−x)4 exist in the ranges 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. Besides the Sulvanite mixed crystals, Cu1.44Te and CuTe are formed. I.r. spectra have been measured from 50 to 500 cm−1. Presuming independently vibrating groups VS4, VS3Se, VS2Se2, VSSe3, and VSe4, part of the i.r. peaks could be interpreted as valence vibrations of these groups by comparing the peak intensities with the statistical occurence of these groups.

Im. System FeCr2(S1-xSex)4 tritt bei Zusammensetzungen 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,33 die Spinellstruktur, im BeReich 0,6 ≤ x ≤ 1,0 die monokline Cr3S4-Struktur auf. Fur beide BeReiche und das Zweiphasengebiet wurden die Gitterparameter bestimmt. IR-Spektren wurden von 200 cm−1 bis 600 cm−1 gemessen. Die Raumtemperatur-Mosbauer-Spektren der Spinellmischkristalle bestehen aus mehreren uberlappenden Dubletts nahezu gleicher Isomerieverschiebung aber verschiedener Quadrupolaufspaltung. Die Fe-Dubletts konnen den Koordinationspolyedern S4, S3Se und S2Se2 zugeordnet werden. Alle Spinelle sind p-Halbleiter. Spinels with Substituted Nonmetal Sublattices. VIII. X-Ray Investigation, Electric Properties, Mossbauer and I.R. Spectra of the System FeCr2(S1−xSex)4 In the system FeCr2(S1−xSex)4 the spinel structure exists in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.33, the monoclinic Cr3S4-structure in the range 0.6 ≤ x ≤ 1. Lattice parameters have been determined and I.R. spectra have been measured between 200 cm−1 and 600 cm−1. Room temperature Mossbauer spectra consist of several overlapping doublets of almost identical isomer shifts but different quadrupole splittings. The Fe doublets are attributed to the coordination polyhedrons S4, S3Se and S2Se2. The spinels are p type semiconductors.

Six manic patients were treated with high doses of d-propranolol or d- and dl-propranolol in a double-blind, placebo controlled study. The following variables were measured: propranolol dosage, propranolol serum concentration, pulse frequency, blood pressure, and psychotic behavior. In all cases an improvement was noticed. High dosages were necessary to obtain sufficient effect. The antimanic property of d-propranolol was approximately 50% smaller than the antimanic property of dl-propranolol. We conclude that at least some part of the antimanic action of beta-blockers is independent from the beta-blocking property.

In commercial zeolites the longitudinal proton spin relaxation time T 1 of adsorbed molecules is predominantly caused by paramagnetic impurities (0.07 wt% of iron in the starting NaY zeolite). Only 1 wt% of platinum, introduced as [Pt(NH 3 )4] 2+ , enhances T 1 of water up to one order of magnitude, depending on the thermal pretreatment of the exchanged zeolite. In connection with the behaviour of the transverse relaxation time T 2 and with the mass spectrum of the gases escaping during thermal pretreatment, it is concluded from the strong effect on T 1 that the Pt 2+ ions are reduced by the ammonia to atomic platinum and that the Pt atoms migrate preferentially to Fe 3+ ions. Thus, Fe 3+ ions, controlling T 1 , are covered and up to 90% of paramagnetic sites for water are occupied by Pt atoms, whereas in the case of a statistical distribution of the Pt atoms, the probability for a paramagnetic site to be occupied by platinum amounts to 0.1% to 1%. Presumably, the iron species covered are Fe 3+ ions in cationic sites of the zeolite, as in this case besides dispersion energy (E dis ≈ kcal mol ) polarization energy of the pair Pt-Fe 3+ comes into play, surmounting E dis by two orders of magnitude.

In our studies of nif gene regulation, we have observed that certain hybrid nif plasmids drastically inhibit the expression of the chromosomal nif genes of Klebsiella pneumonia. Wild-type (Nif+) K. pneumoniae strains that acquire certain hybrid nif plasmids also acquire the Nif- phenotype; these strains lose 90 to 99% of all detectable nitrogen fixation activity and grow poorly (or not at all) on solid media with N2 as the sole nitrogen source. We describe experiments which defined this inhibition of the Nif+ phenotype by hybrid nif plasmids and identify and characterize four nif DNA regions associated with this inhibition. We show that plasmids carrying these nif regions could recombine with, but not complement, nif chromosomal mutations. Our results suggest that inhibition of the Nif+ phenotype will provide a useful bioassay for some of the factors that mediate nif gene expression.

We describe a method for the rapid determination of the physical location of mutations caused by insertion of transposable elements. We used this method to construct a detailed physical map of the nitrogen fixation ( nif ) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae and to correlate it with the genetic map. Total cellular DNA was isolated from individual strains, each carrying an insertion in 1 of 15 different nif genes. The DNA was digested with a restriction endonuclease, fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, denatured, and blotted onto nitrocellulose filter paper. The DNA on the filters was hybridized with 32 P-labeled DNA fragments derived from amplifiable plasmids carrying cloned nif DNA fragments from K. pneumoniae . Altered hybridization patterns caused by insertions into nif genes allowed us to map nif mutations with respect to the previously mapped cleavage sites for various restriction endonucleases. We have used the same method to map the end points of nif deletions. Using this procedure, we assigned physical locations on the K. pneumoniae chromosome to 86 nif insertion mutations and 13 nif deletion end points. This mapping procedure provides a convenient alternative to deletion mapping as a definitive method for mapping insertion mutations within a gene or for ordering genes within a gene cluster. This procedure will be especially useful for mapping mutations conferring phenotypes that are difficult to monitor and for mapping mutations in bacterial species in which techniques for conducting deletion mapping have not been devised.

Pulmonary thromboembolism is one of the most frequent causes of death in our days. Notwithstanding the great efforts made in clinical and experimental medicine there has been no success as yet in filling the existing gaps in the understanding of pathophysiology of this disease. The blood electrically activated in vitro by direct current reacts like an endogenic thrombogenic substance. On the condition that such a substance is injected into the inferior vena cava, the clot is introduced into the pulmonary circulation and gives rise to pulmonary thromboembolism of a varying degree, each depending on the electrically activated blood injected. In the animal experiment it has thus become feasible, under standardized and reproducible conditions, to produce severe thromboembolism or chronic microembolism with subsequent hypertrophy of the right ventricle. The object of this contribution is a demonstration of a new, easy, and effective method for the induction of pulmonary embolism, which can be treated by thrombolysis.

The interpretation of (i) the interelement relationships of (Ta + Nb) and W or (Fe + Mn), (ii) Mossbauer spectrometric results on the oxidation state of Fe, and (iii) electron probe microanalysis of cassiterites reveal that coupled substitutions of the type 2 ( Ta , Nb ) 5+ + ( Fe , Mn ) 2+ = 3 Sn 4+ W 6+ + 2 Fe 3+ = 3 Sn 4+ Fe 3+ + OH − = Sn 4+ + O 2− are dominant at least at the temperatures of formation of cassiterite. Additional replacements such as ( Ta , Nb ) 4+ = Sn 4+ cannot be ruled out. Aspects of the structural control on trace element distribution, and maintenance of electroneutrality of the crystal lattice are discussed.

Es wurden die Sauerstoffparameter u der Spinelle CdV2O4 (a = 8,695 A; u = 0,394), FeV2O4 (a = 8,543 A; u = 0,386) und ZnV2O4 (a = 8,409 A, u = 0,385) bestimmt. Zwischen a und u der V(III)-Spinelle MeV2O4 (Me = Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang. Bei Ersatz von kleineren durch grosere Tetraederkationen vergrosern sich a und u gleichzeitig so, das die Oktaederlucke unverandert gros bleibt (VO = 2,024 A), die Tetraederlucke wachst. Aus den Ionenabstanden werden Ionenradien berechnet und mit Literaturwerten verglichen. The oxygen parameters u of the spinels CdV2O4 (a = 8.695 A; u = 0.394), FeV2O4 (a = 8.453 A; u = 0.386) and ZnV2O4 (a = 8.409 A; u = 0.385) have been determined. Alinear relation between a and u of the V(III) spinels MV2O4 (M = Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) has been found. If tetrahedrally coordinated cations with small radii are replaced by cations with larger radii, a and u increase simultaneously in such a way, that the hole at the tetrahedral site increases while that at the octahedral site remains constant (VO = 2.024 A). From ionic distances ionic radii have been derived. They are compared with values from the literature.

The Cu- and Cr-thiospinels are divided in three groups on account of the cation-anion-distances. I. MeCr2S4 (Me = Cd, Co, Fe, Hg, Mn, Zn). II. CuMe2S4 (Me = Cr; Ti; V; Zr; Cr, Hf; Cr, Sn; Cr, Ti; Cr, Zr). III. CuMe2S4 (Me = Co, Rh). According to the model of Lotgering and van Stapele, these groups correspond to the valence distribution +2+3+3 +1+3+4 +1+3+3−2−1 I. Me(CrCr)S 4 II. Cu(MeMe)S 4 III. Cu(MeMe)S 3 S

The specific activity of the intracellular inorganic phosphate (P) of the adrenal gland relative to that of the inorganic P of the plasma is significantly decreased in hypophysectomized rats at time intervals as long as 16 hr. after the injection of inorganic P labelled with P32. The specific activity of the intracellular inorganic P was determined (1) by measuring the specific activity of the easily-hydrolyzable acid-soluble P, which rapidly comes into isotope equilibrium with the intracellular inorganic P, (2) by calculation, from the specific activity of the inorganic P of the whole adrenal, assuming values for the specific activity and the concentration of the inorganic P of the extracellular fluid and the volume of the extracellular fluid compartment, and (3) by measuring the specific activities of the inorganic P of both the adrenal gland and the plasma at a series of time intervals after the injection of the P32. It is concluded that the decrease in the relative specific activity of the intracellular inorganic P of the adrenal is the result of a slowing in the passage of inorganic P32 across the cell membrane, i.e. from the extracellular to the intracellular fluid.

In confirmation of the work of others, the concentration of inorganic phosphate (P) in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats was found to be less than that in the plasma of control animals. Hypophysectomy caused no significant change in the concentration of inorganic P in the adrenal gland or liver. A single intraperitoneal injection of each of two preparations of ACTH failed to cause any significant change in the concentrations of inorganic P in plasma, adrenal, or liver.The specific activity of the inorganic P in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats after an intraperitoneal injection of inorganic P labelled with P32 was greater than that in the control animals. Hypophysectomy caused a decrease in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenal gland relative to that of the inorganic P of the plasma. Each of the two preparations of ACTH, given to the hypophysectomized animals as a single intraperitoneal injection 20 hr. before killing, restored the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenals to normal values. When the ACTH was administered six hours before killing, one of the preparations (ACTH A) caused an increase in the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenals, but a second preparation (ACTH C) was without significant effect.The increase in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma comes on slowly (quite small two days after hypophysectomy), whereas the decrease in the relative specific activity of the inorganic P of the adrenal gland comes on rapidly (maximal two days after hypophysectomy). For this reason, at longer time intervals after hypophysectomy (greater than six days) the absolute activity of the acid-soluble P of the adrenal, i.e. the activity not referred to that of the inorganic P of the plasma, was greater in hypophysectomized animals, and not less, as reported by other workers. The activity of this fraction is less in hypophysectomized animals only if the observations are made at short time intervals after removal of the pituitary. Evidence is presented for the view that the increase in the specific activity of the inorganic P of the plasma is the result of changes brought about by a deficiency of growth hormone, whereas the decrease in the relative specific activity of the adrenal is due to a deficiency of ACTH.

The effects of adrenalectomy and of cortisone treatment on the uptake of Zn65and the concentration of zinc were observed in whole blood, adrenals, testis, and dorsolateral and ventral prostates of the rat. Cortisone was administered to both normal and adrenalectomized animals either as a single dose or as a daily dose over a period of 14 days. Zinc concentration was decreased in adrenalectomized animals in the blood and dorsolateral prostate. The incorporation of Zn65was decreased after adrenalectomy in the testis and dorsolateral prostate. Daily treatment with cortisone resulted in recovery to normal of the zinc concentrations and uptake of Zn65.The adrenal gland was found to contain a relatively large amount of zinc and this concentration was doubled with the chronic administration of cortisone. A single dose of cortisone had no effect on the concentration of zinc but caused an increase in the uptake of Zn65in the adrenal.

Sodium kemithal, 325 mgm. per kgm., injected intraperitoneally into rats caused a marked depression in the response of normal and denervated striated muscle. The action is believed to be directly on the muscle. Trimethadione produced a sudden marked depression at an intraperitoneal dosage level of 3500 mgm. per kgm. of both normal and denervated muscles. This action would appear to be due to a direct muscular effect. Sodium; diphenylhydantoinate pro duced no significant effect on the gastrocnemius muscle at a dose of 250 mgm. per kgm. by intraperitoneal injection.

In the brain-metabolism of experimental chronic epileptic cats (modificated Kopeloffmethod of intracerebrale alumina-gel injection) some alterations were observed in the lesioned cortical hemisphere. An increase of tissue-respiration in vitro (gray-matter of the cerebral cortex), increase of the activities of alkaline (E.C. 3.1.3.1) and acid phosphomonoesterases (E.C. 3.1.3.2) and a decrease of K-Na-stimulated, Ouabain-inhibited adenosintriphosphatase (E.C. 3.6.1.3) were determined. Postconvulsive (one to six hours after seizures) these changes were found to be more extensive than one or more days after discharge. They couldn’t be found in brain tissues of cats only with mechanical lesions without injection of aluminagel2 which didn’t have convulsions. Because the good reproducibility the communicated method for experimental chronic epilepsy is proposed for pharmacological investigations.

The serotonin, noradrenaline, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels in the brain, liver, lung, and kidney of rats treated with phenelzine (β-phenylethylhydrazine) were compared with the levels in the same tissues in untreated rats. The administration of the drug was found to markedly reduce the MAO activity in all tissues in 3 hours. Recovery to a supranormal level occurred in the liver in 72 hours. Kidney MAO activity returned to normal in 36 hours, while brain and lung MAO had not recovered in 72 hours. The serotonin level in the brain, liver, and kidney increased as the enzyme level decreased. No change occurred in the serotonin concentration in the lung. The noradrenaline level in the brain was not altered by the drug, whereas a decrease was noted in the lung and both kidney and liver showed an increase at 3 and 36 hours. It is postulated that the central action of MAO-inhibiting agents is mediated through serotonin. The increase in liver noradrenaline suggests that MAO must play some role in the metabolism of the amine. Since the concentration of serotonin in the lung was not changed when the enzyme was inhibited, it is conceivable that lung tissue may serve as a storage site for serotonin.

GEMZELL and Samuels (1950) investigated the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labeled with P32 into the inorganic phosphate fraction of a number of organs of normal and hypophysectomized rats. They found that hypophysectomy caused a decrease in the specific activity of the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal gland relative to that of the inorganic phosphate of the plasma. A normal rate of incorporation of P32 into the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal was largely restored by a single injection of ACTH. Reiss and Halkerston (1950) made similar observations for the total acid-soluble phosphorus fraction of the adrenal gland. These findings were, in the main, confirmed by Riedel, Logan, DeLuca and Rossiter (1954). Evidence was presented by Riedel and Rossiter (1954) for the suggestion of Gemzell and Samuels (1950) that in the adrenal gland of hypophysectomized rats there is a defect in the passage of inorganic P32 from the extracellular to the intracellular portion of the gland.

The effects of hypophysectomy and ACTH administration on the uptake of Zn65and the concentration of zinc were observed in whole blood, testis, adrenals, and dorsolateral and ventral prostates of the male rat. ACTH was administered to both intact and hypophysectomized animals either as a single dose or as a daily dose over a period of 14 days.Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in the relative specific activity in all tissues studied. The administration of ACTH, as a single dose, had no significant effect, but, as a daily dose over a period of 14 days, caused significant changes in both intact and hypophysectomized animals.The probability of a relation between the adrenal gland and the sex glands is discussed. Further a relation between adrenal activity and zinc metabolism is discussed.

Spinelle des Mischkristallsystems Mn(NixV2−x)O4 werden dargestellt und ihre kristall-chemischen und thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Mischkristallbildung erfolgt bei 1000°C im Bereich 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,7 und bei 800°C im Bereich 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,65. Die A-Platze sind von Mn, die B-Platze statistisch von Ni und V besetzt. Mn(Nni0,5V1,5)O4 hat einen Sauerstoffparameter u = 0,394 ± 0,002. Der Gutefaktor ist R = 0,053. Im gesamten Mischkristallbereich wird p-Leitung beobachtet. Durch Vergleich mit analogen Systemen wird auf die Ladungsverteilung O4 geschlossen. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen werden zur Klarung der Phasenverhaltnisse herangezogen. Spinels of the system Mn(NixV2−x)O4 were prepared, and their thermoelectric and crystallographic properties are reported. At 1000°C solid solutions were obtained in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7; at 800°C the upper limit was found to be x ≤ 0.65. By evaluation of the cation distribution it is shown that the A-sites are occupied by Mn2+ ions and that Ni and V ions share the B-sites. The oxygen parameter for Mn(Ni0.5V1.5)O4 was found to be u = 0.394 ± 0.002 at an R-value 0.053. All specimens are p-type semiconductors. By comparision with analogous systems the charge distribution is assumed to be O4. Phase relations were surveyed microscopically.

We are living in a flexitarian age, in which reduced meat eating and vegetarianism are normalising, while simultaneously meat eating is still the norm in Dutch society. A resulting individualisation of diets begs the question whether and how omnivores and veg*ns living together maintain commensality. Based on interviews with 119 young people living in shared households – made up of both veg*ns and omnivores – we investigate how these young adults shape and manage their shared meals. Our results show that veg*ns and meat eaters maintain commensality by, first, using a number of practical strategies that result in meals that are suitable to those different diets, and, second, creating a new norm that defines the diet as an individual choice so as to manage potential conflicts around clashing norms. This results in an active upkeep of tolerance in which veg*nism, meat eating and associated ethical-moral considerations are not discussed. The acceptance of (specifically) vegetarianism, the limited social tensions between meat lovers, meat reducers and meat avoiders, and our finding that people find ways to eat – apart – together, hints at optimism for the future.

The room temperature Mössbauer spectrum of the high-temperature polymorph of Li2FeCl4 is in agreement with an inverse spinel structure and a disordered distribution of the cations on the octahedral sites. Mössbauer spectra of the orthorhombic room-temperature modification of Li2FeCl4 correspond to a 1:1 ordering of Li+ -and Fe2+ -ions on the octahedral sites.

22 patients with asthma attacks were examined by microcatheter and the pressure in the pulmonary artery (PAP) was measured. The bronchial obstruction is characterized by decrease of FEV 1.0 (average mean 44% of the vital capacity). The average pressures in the pulmonary artery change from 12 to 32 Torr (1.5 kPa to 4.2 kPa) during asthma attacks. Average of the PAP mean 20 Torr (2.7 kPa). The examination was completed by application of 0.24 g aminophylline via the catheter. Decrease of the PAP of 4.1 Torr (0.5 kPa) led also to a decrease of wheezing. In 9 patients an additional decrease of the PAP was effected by the application of 0.8 mg nitroglycerin.

29 patients with Korsakoff syndrome (KS) were examined by means of brainstem auditory evoked potentials. The interpeak-latencies were delayed cumulative with the most accentuation of IPL I-VI. BAEP are suitable for subdividing of KS. It is suggested that BAEP shall observed in alcoholics for detection of norm-deviations.

The Voyager project used Neptunian satellite ephemerides to support both navigation and acquisition of scientific data. The development of postencounter ephemerides for the satellites Triton, Nereid, and 1989N1 is discussed. Primary results are the final set of model parameters which generate orbits that best fit both the earth-based satellite observations and data acquired by Voyager. The ephemerides are compared with those generated preencounter, and the accuracy of the final ephemerides is assessed. Mean orbital elements are also provided as a geometrical representation for the satellite orbits.

In 30 asthmatics after the application of aminophylline the measurement of the pressure of the pulmonary arteries as well as of the parameters of the respiratory function FEV1.0 and Rt was performed. It is proved a significant decrease of pressure in the lesser circulatory system. The reduction of the bronchial obstruction cannot be proved by means of the respiratory impulse test (FEV1.0), but by the determination of the resistance to respiration (Rt).

Optical observations were necessary during the Voyager II Uranus approach and encounter in order to meet mission navigational requirements. In this paper, the overall optical navigation system and operation at Uranus are outlined. The formulation of the optical observables are presented, as well as their subsequent integration into the overall orbit determination products. Optical data analysis and some resulting orbit determination results from Uranus are shown. Certain scientifically important results were natural outcomes of the optical data analysis, and these are also reviewed. Finally, certain optical navigation related problems are anticipated at the forthcoming Neptune encounter in 1989; these are briefly discussed as are plans to deal with them.