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Introduction Before dealing with the subject of matrimonial causes according to the Dharmaśāstra a few comments on the title of this paper may not be out of place. These comments will be mainly of a methodological nature. A first comment is that the Dharmaśāstra does not have a Matrimonial Causes Act, as is the case in England since 1857. In other words, in the whole of ancient Hindu law one would look in vain for a treatise, or even for a separate chapter, dealing exhaustively with what we call matrimonial causes. The result is that the data which I shall present to you as a more or less coherent whole are really drawn from various unrelated chapters of Dharmaśāstra literature. This first comment leads me on to my second preliminary remark. The fact that no Sanskrit text deals with matrimonial causes as such should not make you think that the data upon which I shall have to work are few in number. In reality they are numerous, far too numerous to be dealt with at all completely in a short paper. Moreover, they are not only numerous; as is the case with most other topics of ancient Hindu law, here, too, the various sources often seem to contradict or even to be repugnant to each other.

We might be tempted, two hundred years after these words were written, to consider the decision of the Committee of Circuit as the sole possible and normal course of action. In reality, "the decision was far-sighted policy-not a matter of course,"2 and it was adopted against considerable opposition.3 There is no doubt that some of the early British magistrates, who were eager to implement the decision of the Committee, were motivated by highly humanitarian principles. William Jones wrote in a letter to Cornwallis

BackgroundThe early history of the Lepidoptera is poorly known, a feature attributable to an inadequate preservational potential and an exceptionally low occurrence of moth fossils in relevant mid-Mesozoic deposits. In this study, we examine a particularly rich assemblage of morphologically basal moths that contribute significantly toward the understanding of early lepidopteran biodiversity.Methodology/principal findingsOur documentation of early fossil moths involved light- and scanning electron microscopic examination of specimens, supported by various illumination and specimen contrast techniques. A total of 20 moths were collected from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Northeastern China. Our principal results were the recognition and description of seven new genera and seven new species assigned to the Eolepidopterigidae; one new genus with four new species assigned to the Mesokristenseniidae; three new genera with three new species assigned to the Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov.; and one specimen unassigned to family. Lepidopteran assignment of these taxa is supported by apomorphies of extant lineages, including the M1 vein, after separation from the M2 vein, subtending an angle greater than 60 degrees that is sharply angulate at the junction with the r-m crossvein (variable in Trichoptera); presence of a foretibial epiphysis; the forewing M vein often bearing three branches; and the presence of piliform scales along wing veins.Conclusions/significanceThe diversity of these late Middle Jurassic lepidopterans supports a conclusion that the Lepidoptera-Trichoptera divergence occurred by the Early Jurassic.

Background Higher-level relationships within the Lepidoptera, and particularly within the species-rich subclade Ditrysia, are generally not well understood, although recent studies have yielded progress. We present the most comprehensive molecular analysis of lepidopteran phylogeny to date, focusing on relationships among superfamilies. Methodology / Principal Findings 483 taxa spanning 115 of 124 families were sampled for 19 protein-coding nuclear genes, from which maximum likelihood tree estimates and bootstrap percentages were obtained using GARLI. Assessment of heuristic search effectiveness showed that better trees and higher bootstrap percentages probably remain to be discovered even after 1000 or more search replicates, but further search proved impractical even with grid computing. Other analyses explored the effects of sampling nonsynonymous change only versus partitioned and unpartitioned total nucleotide change; deletion of rogue taxa; and compositional heterogeneity. Relationships among the non-ditrysian lineages previously inferred from morphology were largely confirmed, plus some new ones, with strong support. Robust support was also found for divergences among non-apoditrysian lineages of Ditrysia, but only rarely so within Apoditrysia. Paraphyly for Tineoidea is strongly supported by analysis of nonsynonymous-only signal; conflicting, strong support for tineoid monophyly when synonymous signal was added back is shown to result from compositional heterogeneity. Conclusions / Significance Support for among-superfamily relationships outside the Apoditrysia is now generally strong. Comparable support is mostly lacking within Apoditrysia, but dramatically increased bootstrap percentages for some nodes after rogue taxon removal, and concordance with other evidence, strongly suggest that our picture of apoditrysian phylogeny is approximately correct. This study highlights the challenge of finding optimal topologies when analyzing hundreds of taxa. It also shows that some nodes get strong support only when analysis is restricted to nonsynonymous change, while total change is necessary for strong support of others. Thus, multiple types of analyses will be necessary to fully resolve lepidopteran phylogeny.

One previously named and two new species of the tineid genus Erechthias Meyrick are described and illustrated from the small, remote, mid-Atlantic Ascension Island. With these additions the Lepidoptera fauna of Ascension now totals 38 known species. Little is known regarding the biology of the two new species of Erechthias, and none of the species has been reared from larvae from Ascension. Erechthias minuscula (Walsingham) is a widespread, largely pantropical species first described from the West Indies. Larvae of E. minuscula are known to be scavengers on a wide variety of dead plant material. Erechthias ascensionae, new species, is one of two species of Erechthias now known to be endemic to the island. The other endemic species, Erechthias grayi, new species, is further remarkable inwing reduction occurring in both sexes. It is one of the few species of Lepidoptera known where this extreme of brachyptery involving both sexes has evolved. The larvae of E. grayi are believed to be lichenivorous, and larval cases suspected to represent this species are illustrated.

North American Lyonetia speculella Clemens is reported to be a junior synonym of L. prunifoliella (Hubner) of Europe, thus establishing a holarctic distribution for the species. Larvae are blotch leafminers of apple, Malus domestica (Borkh.), as well as Betula, Ceanothus, Chaenomeles, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia, Mespilus, Prunus , and Sorbus . The morphology of each life stage of L. prunifoliella is described and illustrated. L. prunifoliella have 6–8 generations on apple in Jefferson County, West Virginia. Time from egg to adult was 20 d at 22–26°C in the laboratory and was ≈34 d under field conditions in August and September. Adult males and females lived for 7.8 ± 4.8 d (range, 3–20 d) and 8.3 ± 4.5 d (range, 4–20 d), respectively, at 21–32°C in the laboratory. Eight females laid 67.5 ± 15.8 eggs (range, 15–170).

Beamer and Levinsohn (1995) have recently proposed a formula for empirical work in international macroeconomics summarized by the injunction to "Estimate, Don't Test!" This is based on a perception that much of the empirical work has failed to be influential as it tests propositions we know ex ante to be false. We argue that the empirical work has been more influential than they suggest. We use the example of recent work on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model of trade to show how a cumulation of tests may be influential, even as no one test on its own would be.

This article is an overview of the Small Bodies Node (SBN) of the Planetary Data System to inform the community about the services and data available. Datasets currently available through SBN are summarized as well as those planned to be ingested in the future. Procedures for accessing data from the SBN (FTP or WWW) and SOARD are described, as are other activities of the SBN.

The systematics and external morphology of the southern African family Prototheoridae are reviewed. A single genus, Prototheora, is recognized, with the former genus Metatheora synonymized. Eleven species are recognized, including five new species: angolae, biserrata, drackensbergae, geniculata, and merga. In addition, two possibly new species represented only by female specimens are described but not named. A key to the species of Prototheora is provided, as well as a preliminary analysis of their relationships. The family is considered to be one of the most basal lineages in the Hepialoidea and can be partially destinguished from related families by several plesiomorphic characters including the retention of three segmented maxillary palpi (plesiomorphic within Hepialoidea), simple antenna, generalized leg structure with a complete set of tibial spurs (0-2-4), and a single row of abdominal spines on A3-7 of the pupa. Possible synapomorphies involve the lateral sclerotization of the suspensorium and the extreme development of a conjugal process from sternum IX of the female which may lock into a conjugal pouch usually formed by the male trulleum and juxta. The family occurs predominantly within two highly divergent, South African floristic zones, the Capensis, or Fynbos dominated Cape Flora, and the southern Afromontane zone, characterized by mostly temperate, evergreen forests. Most species occur within the Capensis, and all but three (P. angolae from central Angola and P. drackensbergae and parachlora from Natal) are restricted to Cape Province, mostly in or south of the Cape Folded Belt mountain ranges. Their life history remains unknown.

The large volume of intra-industry trade is often cited as a critical element favoring trade theories based on increasing returns and imperfect competition over those with constant returns and perfect competition. The former provide an elegant account of intra-industry trade, while the latter, it is often argued, cannot. This paper provides an account of intra-industry trade based squarely on comparative advantage. The key is to introduce elements of Ricardian trade theory within the Heckscher-Ohlin framework. This is appropriate, as essential characteristics of intra-industry trade imply that technical differences matter. Increasing returns, in short, are not necessary for intra-industry trade.

We record the first Nepticulidae species found to feed on Baccharis L. (Asteraceae). Despite the high species richness of Baccharis in the Western Hemisphere, no nepticulid has ever been recorded feeding on Baccharis. In this paper we describe six new Stigmella Schrank species feeding on Baccharis: S. emarginatae Diskus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. bipartita Diskus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. tripartita Diskus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. latifoliae Remeikis, Diskus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. baccharicola Diskus & Stonis, sp. nov., and S. confertae Diskus & Stonis, sp. nov. The remaining two taxa are left unnamed. All taxa are illustrated with photographs of adults, their genitalia, and their leaf-mines. Additionally, leaf-mines on Baccharis salicifolia are documented.

DURING its reconnaissance of the asteroid 243 Ida, the Galileo spacecraft returned images of a second object, 1993(243)1 Dactyl1— the first confirmed satellite of an asteroid. Sufficient data were obtained on the motion of Dactyl to determine its orbit as a function of Ida's mass. Here we apply statistical and dynamical arguments to constrain the range of possible orbits, and hence the mass of Ida. Combined with the volume of Ida2, this yields a bulk density of 2.6 ± 0.5 g cm−3. Allowing for the uncertainty in the porosity of Ida, this density range is consistent with a bulk chon-dritic composition, and argues against some (but not all) classes of meteoritic igneous rock types that have been suggested as compositionally representative of S-type asteroids like Ida.

We have been informed that the name Antillopsyche Nunez & Davis 2016, type species Antillopsyche sessilis Nunez & Davis, 2016, which we recently proposed for a new genus of bagworm moths (Nunez & Davis 2016), is preoccupied by Antillopsyche Banks, 1941. This senior name was published for a genus of Trichoptera in the family Polycentropodidae (Banks 1941). We therefore propose the new name Antillonatus Nunez & Davis to replace the junior homonym Antillopsyche Nunez & Davis. The new generic name is derived from Antillae, the Latin word for Antilles, the archipelago where this taxon occurs, and the Latin natus (be born/begotten/arisen) in reference to the West Indian origin of the type species, which is the only known member of the genus.

Leading empiricists and theorists of cities have recently argued that the generation and exchange of ideas must play a more central role in the analysis of cities. This paper develops the first system of cities model with costly idea exchange as the agglomeration force. Our model replicates a broad set of established facts about the cross section of cities. It provides the first spatial equilibrium theory of why skill premia are higher in larger cities, how variation in these premia emerges from symmetric fundamentals, and why skilled workers have higher migration rates than unskilled workers when both are fully mobile.

Only two species, Xystrologa grenadella (Walsingham) and X. nigrovitta (Walsingham), of the predominantly Neotropical genus Xystrologa are known to occur in the West Indies. Xystrologa antipathetica (Forbes), originally described from Puerto Rico but also reported from the United States (Florida), is considered a junior synonym of X. grenadella. The adults of both species and the larva and pupa of X. grenadella are described and illustrated. The larval habits of the genus are reported for the first time as a general detritovore, feeding on woody refuse, the bark of Ficus trees (in Florida, USA), fungi, and the roots of orchids, and pineapple (in Puerto Rico). The injury that larvae of X. grenadella can inflict upon cultivated orchids in Florida is summarized. The introduction of X. grenadella is reported for the first time in the Old World, as a pest of greenhouse plants in Germany.

Acritical element for the understanding of asteroid collisional evolution is the scaling law needed to link laboratory impact experiments to the fragmentation of asteroidal bodies, ranging in size from meters to several hundreds of km. Early workers generally assumed a simple energy scaling, augmented by gravitational self-compression. Recent work on scaling theories has produced algorithms for computing the specific energy, Q ∗ , required to fragment bodies of various sizes, based on two approaches: the strain-rate scaling theory of Housen and Holsapple (Icarus, 84, 226, 1990), based on dimensional analysis, and the 2-D hydrocode ealculations of Ryan and Melosh (1994). The strain-rate scaling predicts a deerease of about an Order of magnitude when going from laboratory sized bodies, 10 cm, to bodies a few tens of km in size, whereas for larger sizes Q ∗ , grows due to gravitational self- compression. The hydrocode results show an even stronger dependence on size, with a Q ∗ decrease of 2–3 orders of magnitude between 10 cm and 25 km, depending on the properties of the material. One possible way to discriminate among these different scaling laws is to examine which of them (if any) can predict the observed size distribution of asteroids from arbitrary starting populations and simultaneously satisfy other constraints on asteroid collisional history, such as the preservation of Vesta's basaltic crust. We have now explored this problem using the asteroid collisional evolution model of Davis et al. (AsteroidsII, pp. 805–826, University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, 1989), modified to take the different scaling algorithms as an input option. These model calculations show that a comparatively large value of Q ∗ is neede to match the observed size distribution and to preserve Vesta's crust. Simple energy scaling with gravitational self-compression in agreement with the laboratory experiments of Housen et al. (Iearus94, 180, 1991) does the best of reproducing the observed asteroid belf. Strain-rate scaling could also match the observations; however, extension of our knowledge of the main-belt population down to sizes of ∼ 1 km would test this agreement. The hydrocode scaling results generally predict weak asteroids and do not reproduce the size distribution, nor do they allow Vesta's crust to be preserved except in a highly improbable fashion. The hydrocode scaling of Q ∗ however, provides only a shattering threshold; work to derive the corresponding scaling law for the energy partitioning coefficient, needed to model the dispersal/reaccumulation of fragments, is under way.

In this chapter we present an overview of NASA's Planetary Data System project with emphasis on the Small Bodies Node (SBN) and describe a separate relational database project, the Steward Observatory Asteroid Relational Database (SOARD). We summarize the datasets that are currently available through SBN and SOARD as well as those planned to be ingested in the future. Procedures for accessing data from the SBN and SOARD via Internet are included.

The indigenous North American micropterigid genus Epimartyria Walsingham,1898 is revised. Three species are recognized, including E. auricrinella Walsingham, 1898 which occurs widely over much of the northeastern United States and Canada, a new species, E. bimaculella Davis and Landry from northwestern United States and Canada, and E. pardella (Walsingham, 1880) from northern California to northern Oregon. The larva of E. auricrinella is described in detail, supplemented with illustrations of the external structure of the larval integument. The larval plastron is described and illustrated for Epimartyria, and this is compared with the plastrons of Neomicropteryx Issiki, 1931 and Micropterix Hübner, 1825. COI barcode sequences show that the three species are genetically distinct, congruent with morphological differences. Marked haplotype divergence within some E. auricrinella populations appears to be unrelated to morphology, geography or phenology.

The Hindu law of adoption provides an exemplary case of the interaction of religion and law in traditional Indic discourse. Through an analysis the unusual case of matrilineal adoption in a late medieval legal text from the Kerala region, I argue that Hindu law rules from classic texts are neither dismissed outright nor accepted at face value. Instead, the motivations, procedures, and the notions of justice and religious efficacy of the Hindu law texts called Dharmasastra are translated into localized social, political, religious, and economic ways of life.

Recent surveys in southern Florida, USA, Brazil and Argentina, for biological control agents to assist in the control of the invasive Brazilian peppertree, have discovered several previously unknown species of plant mining Lepidoptera of the family Gracillariidae. Morphological descriptions with summaries of their biology for the following four new species and one new genus are presented: Caloptilia schinusifolia Davis and Wheeler, from Brazil and possibly Argentina; Eucosmophora schinusivora Davis and Wheeler, from Argentina and Brazil; Leurocephala schinusae Davis and McKay, new genus and species, from Argentina and Brazil; and Marmara habecki Davis, new species, from Florida, USA. The larvae of all four species exhibit a hypermetamorphic development consisting of early instar sapfeeding and later instar tissue feeding stages typical for members of Gracillariidae. Larvae of M. habecki were also observed to possess an additional nonfeeding, transitional instar prior to die final instar as is typical for the genus (Wagner et al. 2000). Larvae of the new genus Leurocephala were discovered to undergo an intermediate, nearly apodal tissue feeding stage between the sapfeeding and final tissue feeding instars. Unique specimens representing an additional three species of Gracillariidae also have been reared from this tree in Argentina or Brazil, but these could not be identified because of inadequate material. COI barcodes were obtained for Marmara habecki, M. smilacisella, and an undescribed Marmara from Brazil. Each species was separated by a minimum barcode divergence of > 4.5% (Fig. 111). Fil: Davis, Donald R.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: McKay, Fernando. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Overseas Biological Control Laboratories. South American Biological Control Laboratory; Argentina Fil: Oleiro, Marina Ines. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Overseas Biological Control Laboratories. South American Biological Control Laboratory; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Diniz Vitorino, Marcelo. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Wheeler, Gregory. No especifica

Background Researchers conducting molecular phylogenetic studies are frequently faced with the decision of what to do when weak branch support is obtained for key nodes of importance. As one solution, the researcher may choose to sequence additional orthologous genes of appropriate evolutionary rate for the taxa in the study. However, generating large, complete data matrices can become increasingly difficult as the number of characters increases. A few empirical studies have shown that augmenting genes even for a subset of taxa can improve branch support. However, because each study differs in the number of characters and taxa, there is still a need for additional studies that examine whether incomplete sampling designs are likely to aid at increasing deep node resolution. We target Gracillariidae, a Cretaceous-age (~100 Ma) group of leaf-mining moths to test whether the strategy of adding genes for a subset of taxa can improve branch support for deep nodes. We initially sequenced ten genes (8,418 bp) for 57 taxa that represent the major lineages of Gracillariidae plus outgroups. After finding that many deep divergences remained weakly supported, we sequenced eleven additional genes (6,375 bp) for a 27-taxon subset. We then compared results from different data sets to assess whether one sampling design can be favored over another. The concatenated data set comprising all genes and all taxa and three other data sets of different taxon and gene sub-sampling design were analyzed with maximum likelihood. Each data set was subject to five different models and partitioning schemes of non-synonymous and synonymous changes. Statistical significance of non-monophyly was examined with the Approximately Unbiased (AU) test. Results Partial augmentation of genes led to high support for deep divergences, especially when non-synonymous changes were analyzed alone. Increasing the number of taxa without an increase in number of characters led to lower bootstrap support; increasing the number of characters without increasing the number of taxa generally increased bootstrap support. More than three-quarters of nodes were supported with bootstrap values greater than 80% when all taxa and genes were combined. Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae + Leucanthiza, and Acrocercops and Parectopa groups were strongly supported in nearly every analysis. Gracillaria group was well supported in some analyses, but less so in others. We find strong evidence for the exclusion of Douglasiidae from Gracillarioidea sensu Davis and Robinson (1998). Our results strongly support the monophyly of a G.B.R.Y. clade, a group comprised of Gracillariidae + Bucculatricidae + Roeslerstammiidae + Yponomeutidae, when analyzed with non-synonymous changes only, but this group was frequently split when synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were analyzed together. Conclusions 1) Partially or fully augmenting a data set with more characters increased bootstrap support for particular deep nodes, and this increase was dramatic when non-synonymous changes were analyzed alone. Thus, the addition of sites that have low levels of saturation and compositional heterogeneity can greatly improve results. 2) Gracillarioidea, as defined by Davis and Robinson (1998), clearly do not include Douglasiidae, and changes to current classification will be required. 3) Gracillariidae were monophyletic in all analyses conducted, and nearly all species can be placed into one of six strongly supported clades though relationships among these remain unclear. 4) The difficulty in determining the phylogenetic placement of Bucculatricidae is probably attributable to compositional heterogeneity at the third codon position. From our tests for compositional heterogeneity and strong bootstrap values obtained when synonymous changes are excluded, we tentatively conclude that Bucculatricidae is closely related to Gracillariidae + Roeslerstammiidae + Yponomeutidae.

The new genus Macrosaccus Davis & De Prins is proposed for three species formerly assigned to the genus Phyllonorycter: M. robiniella (Clemens), M. morrisella (Fitch), and M. uhlerella (Fitch); two new, closely related species: M. neomexicanus Davis and M. gliricidius Davis, are also proposed. Descriptions of the adults, pupae, larvae, life histories, and distributions are supplemented with photographs, line drawings, and scanning electron micrographs. Larvae of all species are serpentine/blotch leaf miners on various genera of the plant family Fabaceae. The genus is endemic to the New World, with the invasive species M. robiniella now widely established in Europe.