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The review describes the etiology, pathogenetic mechanisms of osteoporosis in children with Itsenko — Cushing syndrome. The new methods for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in children were also analyzed.

Flos Lamii albi has a high biological activity and is widely used in herbal medicine. The aim of the study was to characterize the secretory structures present in Lamium album subsp. album corolla and the location of phenolic compounds. Additionally, we carried out qualitative phytochemical analyses of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the structure of the floral organs. The main classes of phenolic compounds and their localization were determined histochemically. Phytochemical analyses were performed with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Six types of glandular trichomes were found which contained flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. The phytochemical studies demonstrated the presence of caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gentisic, and vanillic phenolic acids as well as rutoside, isoquercetin, and quercetin flavonoids. The corolla in L. album subsp. album has antioxidant properties due to the presence of various polyphenols, as shown by the histo- and phytochemical analyses. The distribution and morphology of trichomes and the content of phenolic compounds in the corolla have taxonomic, pharmacognostic, and practical importance, facilitating the identification of the raw material.

The formation of a proper body posture is highly affected by body build and proportions. Correct silhouette is usually observed in children with solid constitution. The objective of the study was to evaluate the somatic development of rural children with structural scoliosis as compared to their peers with correct body postures. Investigations into the biological development of rural children and youth were carried out in the years 1998—1999, in primary and secondary schools of the Southern Podlasie region. The study involved 1045 girls and 1025 boys, aged 7—19 years, including 35 subjects with structural scoliosis. Body posture was evaluated based on orthopedic examination, including the Adams’ test. The somatic development of children with structural scoliosis was charac- terized on the basis of the following measurements: body height and mass, arm and shank circumference, elbow and knee width, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The results of measurements were plotted on centile scales, elaborated for rural children of the Southern Podlasie. The results of the study indicate that, in most cases, body sizes of girls and boys with structural scoliosis reached values either meeting or lower than those recommended for rural children. The occurrence of extremely low values of body mass, BMI, musculature and skeleton stoutness measurements as well as extremely high values of body height in the analyzed children with scoliosis seems highly alarming. Keywords: body posture of rural girls and boys, structural scolioses, somatic traits.

Research background and hypothesis. Considering the socio-economic transformations affecting the life style of rural families of Estern Poland, it seemed worthwhile determining changes in the frequency of occurrence of overweight and underweight among girls and boys from this region, as the negative effects of improvements in life conditions include an increase in overweight and obesity, which in some countries takes the form of epidemics. Research aim was determine changes over time in the frequency of occurrence of underweight and overweight (including obesity) among children and adolescents in Eastern Poland considering social variation. Research methods. Information was obtained applying a questionnaire survey concerning the educational level of parents and the number of children in the family. The standards recommended by the International Obesity Task Force were used for the evaluation of underweight and overweight including obesity, based on the BMI index. Research results. During the period of time between 1998 and 2007, an increase was observed in the frequency of occurrence of overweight and obesity, accompanied by a decrease in underweight among boys. In girls, an opposite trend was noted – an increase in the number of underweight girls and a decrease in the frequency of occurrence of overweight and obesity. In addition, social differences were noted concerning BMI values: girls and boys with overweight and obesity most often came from families with lower levels of parental education and a larger number of children in the family. Conclusions and perspectives. The education of parents and the number of children, in spite of observed social and economic positive changes in Poland, still have an infl uence on the frequency of occurrence of overweight and obesity in children and the youth of the rural areas. Keywords: body mass index, time changes, social conditions.

This paper discusses the first-order optimality conditions for optimal control problems with two different types of control systems, considered on a fixed time interval: systems of ordinary differential equations and systems of Volterra-type integral equations

The paper estimates the impact of crisis on human capital. The elements of modern system crisis in Ukraine – socio-economic, political, military crisis are characterized. The directions of their negative impact on human capital are found. The system of crisis depth indicators and method of crisis depth integral index calculation is offered. Ukrainian system crisis of 2014-2015 is found as the deepest one in the country’s history of XXI century; it has dealt a devastating blow to reproduction capabilities of human capital. The impact assessment of crisis on integral index of human capital preservation is carried out in the system of statistical analysis STATISTICA 10. The results of evaluation prove that crisis mostly impacts on employment, social security and health care financing. The evidence reviles highly topicality of finding opportunities to reduce crisis negative impact on human capital preservation. The most important directions are: strengthening of social responsibility level of Ukrainian society, development of mutual aid culture, strengthening of the cohesion level and overcoming tendencies of individualization.

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) impact disadvantaged populations in resource-scarce settings. Availability of synthesized evidence is paramount to end this disparity. The aim of the study was to determine whether NTD systematic reviews or protocols in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) reflect disease burden. Methods: Two authors independently searched the CDSR for reviews/protocols regarding the NTDs diseases. Each review or protocol was classified to a single NTD category. Any discrepancy was solved by consensus with third author. NTD systematic review or protocol from CDSR were matched with disability-adjusted life year (DALY) metrics from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Spearman′s rank correlation coefficient and associated P values were used to assess for correlation between the number of systematic reviews and protocols and the %2010 DALY associated with each NTD. Results: Overall, there was poor correlation between CDSR representation and DALYs. Yellow fever, echinococcus, onchocerciasis, and schistosomiasis representation was well-aligned with DALY. Leprosy, trachoma, dengue, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease representation was greater, while cysticercosis, human African trypanosomiasis, ascariasis, lymphatic filariasis, and hookworm representation was lower than DALY. Three of the 18 NTDs had reviews/protocols of diagnostic test accuracy. Conclusions: Our results indicate the need for increased prioritization of systematic reviews on NTDs, particularly diagnostic test accuracy reviews.

Śmierć, mimo że obecna i widoczna w życiu, uznawana jest za społeczne tabu. Dorośli często chronią dzieci przed tym tematem. Z jednej strony myślą, że dzięki takiemu postępowaniu unikną trudnych tematów, z drugiej nie wiedzą, jak rozpocząć rozmowę. Oprócz wytłumaczenia, czym jest śmierć, boją się też odczuć i emocji temu towarzyszących – rozpaczy, smutku, żalu, tęsknoty, żałoby. Ich obawy, a może i niewiedza, spychają ten temat na margines życia rodzinnego. A przecież śmierć występuje nie tylko w świecie ludzi, ale też zwierząt i roślin. Trzeba o niej mówić i zaspokajać naturalną dziecięcą ciekawość. Do takiej rozmowy należy się przygotować. Pierwszym krokiem jest wybranie właściwej literatury dziecięcej. Dobór powinien być podyktowany wiekiem dziecka i sytuacją, jaką chcemy przedstawić. Do wyboru mamy książki dotyczące śmierci jednego z rodziców, śmierci dziadka, śmierci kogoś z dalszego otoczenia (śmierć rodziców kolegi z przedszkola), śmierci zwierząt i roślin. Historie zawarte w książkach powinny przedstawiać śmierć w sposób łagodny ale zgodny z rzeczywistością. Kolejnym krokiem jest stworzenie odpowiedniej atmosfery i dobranie właściwych słów. A zatem, na sposób zrozumienia śmierci przez dzieci w wieku od 3 do 10 lat mają wpływ osoby z ich najbliższego otoczenia. Wspólne rozmowy, poparte odpowiednią literaturą, pomogą najmłodszym oswoić się ze zjawiskiem śmierci i właściwie przejść przez etapy żałoby. Artykuł, po koniecznym rozbudowanym wprowadzeniu na temat zjawiska śmierci, jej miejsca w obecnym świecie i rozumienia jej przez dzieci, wskazuje i omawia właściwą literaturę dziecięcą. Zaprezentowane pozycje książkowe poruszające zagadnienie śmierci, są tylko wskazówką i wyznaczają tor dalszych poszukiwań wartościowych książek dla dzieci.

Pollen and nectar produced by flowers of species from the genus Salix are an important source of food for various insect groups in early spring. Most willows are entomophilous species; however, substantial amounts of airborne Salix pollen can be noted. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of pollen of this taxon in the air of Lublin (central-east Poland) in 2001–2016 and to identify the period of its greatest availability to insects. In 2015, we compared the course of the Salix pollen season in Lublin (51°14'37" N; 22°32'25" E) and in the Roztoczański National Park (50°34'57" N; 23°04'24" E), Poland. We found that the date of the pollen season onset fluctuated greatly between March 16 and April 17. The greatest availability of Salix pollen to insects was noted from the end of the first 10-day-period of April to the first 10-day-period of May. The mean annual sum of airborne Salix pollen grains was 833. In Lublin, Salix pollen accounted for ca. 1.25% of the total airborne pollen content of different plant taxa. The investigations have demonstrated a 2-year cycle of Salix pollen abundance. The comparison of the pollen seasons in Lublin and in the Roztoczański National Park indicates that considerably greater amounts of pollen occur in the urban area than in the air of the Roztoczański National Park.

In the aftermath of the First World War there were a lot of migrations. One of them was the evacuation of civilian population into the depths of Russia. The aim of the publication is a demographic and statistical analysis of households of the western counties of the Grodno Governorate evacuated to the Tomsk Governorate in the summer of 1915. The source basis is the list of the evacuated people printed in Tomsk in 1916. The text presents the changes in the demographic structure of the analysed households and the demographic and ethnic consequences of the First World War for the community of the Grodno Governorate.

In this article the structure-mechanical properties research results of «Kartalin» ointment are being cited. This ointment shows the evident treatment-preventive activity with occupational and combinational dermatosis. It has been ascertained that the «Kartalin» ointment, being under consideration, appears to be structural liquid with expressive non-Newtonian flow character that is having high viscosity (100—200 Pa/s) and high yield point (20—40 Pa) with the temperature of usage 30—40 °C, which provides long skin protection. The flow properties of the composition are sufficiently time stable, which enables good preparation quality maintenance during long-term storing.

Resumen A partir de la creación del Virreinato del Río de la Plata la Ciudad de Buenos Aires creció como centro comercial y administrativo, por lo que comenzó a atraer población inmigrante proveniente de distintas regiones. Luego de la caída del Virreinato, la Ciudad se va a caracterizar por la inestabilidad política y una situación de guerra permanente que se verá reflejada en su estructura demográfica y socioeconómica. En este complicado contexto los inmigrantes resultarán un elemento de vital importancia para la Ciudad, contribuyendo a su economía y reemplazando a la población que ha sido absorbida por las guerras. Abstract From the beginning of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata the City of Buenos Aires grew as a commercial and administrative center so it began to attract immigrants from different regions. After the fall of the Viceroyalty the City of Buenos Aires will be characterized by political instability and a permanent condition of war that will be reflected in demographic its and socioeconomic structure. In this complicated context immigrants became an element of vital contribution to the urban economy. They replaced the population who had been absorbed by the wars

Similarly to fungal spores and pollen grains, pteridophytic spores can cause allergies in humans. Pteridophyta spore concentrations in the air of Lublin, under the conditions of central-eastern Poland, were first studied over the period 2013–2014. The volumetric method was used in this study. The research showed that that spores of ferns belonging to the following genera: Asplenium, Athyrium, Blechnum, Botrychium, Cystopteris, Dryopteris, Matteuccia, Osmunda, Polypodium and Pteridium, occur in aeroplankton. Spores were recorded in low concentrations and they occurred in a dispersed pattern during the season. They were found to be absent on some days. Among the above-mentioned genera, Dryopteris and Athyrium showed the highest content of spores in aerosol. In both years of the study (2013 and 2014), similar annual spore counts were recorded, respectively 69 and 63. The most spores were identified in August.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2013v35n68p129Realiza um resgate histórico da importância econômica do babaçu para a região do Maranhão, as razões do seu declínio e atualidade dos conflitos decorrentes da sua extração e beneficiamento. Investiga a formação das quebradeiras de coco como grupo social e o movimento hoje encampado pela subsistência do seu modo de vida e reprodução social. Analisa a continuidade da importância econômica do babaçu e a necessidade de leis de proteção à atividade de extração do mesmo, bem como leis que aproveitem a vocação local para a atividade econômica incluindo trabalhadores(as) rurais. Perquire a competência para a edição destas leis e aspectos que devem ser regulados.

The present study investigated the size and structure of the nectaries in flowers of marrow – Cucurbita pepo convar. giromontiina cv. ‘Weiser Busch’. The diameter and thickness of nectariferous layer were compared in female and male flowers of this taxon. The micromorphology as well as the anatomical and ultrastructural characters of the nectary from the female flower were observed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The density and size of stomata of the nectary epidermis from both types of flowers were examined using light microscopy. The nectaries in female flowers were found to have a larger size than in male flowers. The stomata occurring in the nectary epidermis of both types of flowers have a similar size and density. We observed that nectar was released onto the surface of the nectary not only via the stomata, but also through the walls of the epidermal cells. In TEM examination, large nuclei, different-shaped plastids, ER tubules, dictyosomes, and ribosomes were observed in the nectariferous tissue cells. A large number of mitochondria accompanying the plastids were found in the parenchyma cells of the nectary. The degradation of the nectary parenchyma cells in the flowers living for about 6 hours was asynchronous.

Blooming biology and pollen production of the following species: Pulsatilla zimmermannii Soó, P. halleri (All.) Willd., and P. vulgaris Mill. grown in UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland (51°16'N, 22°30'E) was studied. The species attract insect visitors with large (size 6–8 cm in diameter), colourful, campanulate, actinomorphic flowers. The androecium is multistaminate (min–max: 142–282 anthers per flower), spirally arranged. Minute droplets of nectar were noted at the base of androecium and on stami-nodes. The anthers dehisced subsequently and pollen of a single flower was available to insects for 5–11 (7) days. On average, P. zimmermannii was found to produce the highest amount of pollen (9.16 g per 1 m2), which was 2 times more pollen than P. vulgaris (4.22 g per 1 m2), while P. halleri produced 7.63 g per 1 m2. Pollen grains of the Pulsatilla species are medium in size (P axis ranged 29.8–38.4 μm, and E axis ranged 32.3–39.6 μm) and are oblate-spheroid in shape (P/E index ranged between 0.90 and 0.95). If planted together, the species will provide pollen from first days of April until end of the month, i.e. during the period when seasonal activity of Apoidea insects begins. Pulsatilla species might contribute to lists of garden plants that attract insect visitors with abundant pollen reward and minute nectar.

Artykuł jest próbą sprowokowania czytelnika do innego niż zwykle spojrzenia na sytuację pierwszoklasisty. A mianowicie, spojrzenia na szkołę z perspektywy indywidualnej autonomiczności dziecka. Prawo polskie nakłada na rodziców obowiązek edukacji szkolnej ich dzieci i daje im pewną wolność wyboru. Obowiązkiem szkolnym od 2016 roku objęte są dzieci w wieku siedmiu lat. Natomiast, jeśli rodzice wyrażą potrzebę, mogą posłać do klasy pierwszej dziecko sześcioletnie. W tym drugim przypadku bardzo istotna jest trafna diagnoza dojrzałości i gotowości szkolnej, której werdykt będzie decydować o przyszłej edukacji dziecka. Nie można podejmować zbyt pochopnych decyzji będących wynikiem nacisku społecznego lub przeświadczenia, że jakoś to będzie. Opinia nauczyciela wychowania przedszkolnego, odpowiedzialne podejście rodziców i kondycja dziecka – to powinno pomóc sformułować pełną diagnozę. Wiedza na temat aktualnego stanu rozwoju dziecka, jego możliwości, kompetencji, a także potrzeb pozwoli nauczycielowi zindywidualizować proces kształcenia. Już od 1 września każdy uczeń klasy pierwszej powinien być traktowany podmiotowo, jako niepowtarzalna i wyjątkowa jednostka zdobywająca własne doświadczenie przez swobodną aktywność. Należy pamiętać, że u dziecka w tym wieku priorytetem jest zabawa i eksploracja najbliższego otoczenia. Chcąc mądrze kierować procesem edukacyjno-wychowawczym, trzeba uszanować prawa rozwojowe dziecka, dostosowywać się do aktualnej rzeczywistości i pamiętać o współpracy z rodzicami. W dobie szybko zmieniających się realiów, program nauczania musi być elastyczny, szkoła winna stwarzać odpowiednie warunki do zabawy i nauki, a pedagodzy powinni poszukiwać nowych, często alternatywnych metod pracy z dziećmi.

Many plant species respond to the climate change reported in the recent decades, which is confirmed by the results of phenological and aerobiological investigations. This paper presents characteristics of the pollen seasons of Acer spp. revealed by aerobiological analyses performed with the volumetric method in Lublin, Poland in 2001–2015. Additionally, phenological observations of flowering of four Acer species, i.e., A. negundo, A. platanoides, A. campestre, and A. pseudoplatanus, were carried out in 2011–2012. The results indicate a slight upward trend in the annual totals of Acer pollen grains. Over the last 10 years, the annual totals of Acer pollen grains have increased in comparison to the previous 5-year period. Acceleration of the onset of pollen seasons and the dates of peak days was noted. The comparison of the pollen seasons and flowering phenology of four Acer species indicates that A. negundo and A. platanoides produce the highest concentrations of pollen grains, whereas the pollen of A. campestre and A. pseudoplatanus accounts for a significantly lower proportion of the pollen content in the air of Lublin.

Artykuł koncentruje się na miejscu i znaczeniu aktywności ucznia edukacji wczesnoszkolnej oraz na wykorzystaniu metod aktywizujących w procesie dydaktyczno-wychowawczym. Przydatność tych metod w praktyce szkolnej jest nie do podważenia. Nie od dziś wiadomo, że w pierwszych latach zorganizowanej nauki największe efekty przynosi poznawanie przez działanie. Wykorzystując je w trakcie zajęć, przyczyniamy się między innymi do samodzielnego rozwijania myślenia dzieci, zgłaszania postulatów, podejmowania decyzji, planowania pracy, poszukiwania innych, niestandardowych rozwiązań. Dajemy im szansę na pogłębianie wiedzy dzięki propozycjom i różnym źródłom pozyskiwania informacji. W trakcie pracy, na zajęciach w klasie czy w terenie, uczniowie solidaryzują się, współpracują ze sobą nawzajem, wykazują się przy tym własnymi pomysłami i poszanowaniem propozycji innych. Nie boją się samodzielności, mozolnej i trudnej pracy oraz odpowiedzialności. Taki sposób działania, opierający się na twórczej aktywności, decyduje o maksymalizowaniu szans rozwojowych dziecka. W sytuacji tego typu przenosimy akcent z programu nauczania na osobę ucznia. Nauczyciel ma wspomagać uczącego się przez stwarzanie okazji do doświadczeń, wyrażania aktywności, samodzielnego przemyślenia problemu i ułożenia planu działania. Musi również pamiętać o tym, że wybór metody aktywizującej powinien się przyczynić do poszerzenia wiadomości, umiejętności i nawyków oraz wszechstronnie rozwijać osobowość dziecka. Aktywność i aktywizacja uczniów powinna być zatem w centrum zainteresowania nauczyciela. Jego świadomość, wiedza i zaangażowanie przyczyniają się do postrzegania ucznia jako wyjątkowego podmiotu, odgrywającego czynną rolę w realizacji zadań dydaktyczno-wychowawczych. Uczeń w swoich osobistych działaniach, wykorzystując doświadczenia zdobyte na zajęciach, w których stosowane są metody aktywizujące, oglądowe i słowne, staje się pełnowartościową, twórczą jednostką umiejącą podejmować wszelkie wyzwania, a następnie radzić sobie z nimi w codziennym życiu.

The structure, micromorphology and distribution of trichomes on Dracocephalum moldavicum L. shots were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were distinguished 3 types of non-glandular trichomes, 3 types of glandular trichomes and papillae of the osmophore in the epidermis of the corolla. The highest density of non-glandular and glandular trichomes was found on the abaxial surface of the calyx, on bracts and in the upper part of the stem. Structural variations in the head and stalk of long glandular trichomes were demonstrated. The dimensions of particular types of trichomes are given in the present paper. Differences in the structure of the trichomes of this species are presented, compared to literature data. The micromorphology of particular trichome types is documented in numerous photographs showing the rich ornamentation of the cuticle of non-glandular trichomes.

In 1998-2000 studies on length and abundance of flowering and on nectar productivity of zucchini and marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) were carried out in Lublin area. Flowers visitors were also monitored. Flowering of plants lasted from the end of June till the end of September. The mean number of flowers per plant of zucchini reached: 31 (male flowers) and 26 (female flowers), and for marrow 226 and 22, respectively. Flowers lived, on average, for 5 hours. Female flowers of marrow secreted the highest amount of nectar - 1.354 g per 10 flowers, on average. Sugar content in nectar was 21.84%-27.31%. The mean total amount of sugars secreted by 10 flowers of Cucurbita pepo L. was 21.5-304.3 mg. Pollinators were mainly bumblebees and honey bees.

In the years 2007-2008, the flowering biology of Malus sargentii, an ornamental apple tree native to Japan, was studied in the conditions of Lublin (Poland). The daily rate of flower opening, flowering duration and flower visitation by insects were determined. The amount of nectar produced per flower and sugar content in the nectar were investigated. The size of nectaries and the micromorphology of their surface were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the greatest amount of flowers opened between 11.00 and 13.00. During this time, the largest number of insects was observed in the flowers. Bees (90%) were predominant among the insects, with a much smaller number of bumblebees (6%) and butterflies (4%). The flower life span was 5 days. Over this period, the flower produced, on the average, 0.71 mg of nectar with an average sugar content of 32%. The nectaries of Malus sargentii are orange-yellow coloured and they represent the hypanthial type. Due to the protrusion of the nectariferous tissue, they are classified as automorphic nectaries. The surface of the epidermal cells of the nectary was distinguished by distinct cuticle folds. A small number of stomata were located only in the basal part of the nectary. At the beginning of flowering, all stomata were closed, but secretion traces were observed near well-developed outer cuticular ledges.

The study was conducted on experimental plots in the conditions of Lublin. In the years 1998-2000 flowering, nectar secretion and insect visitation of male and female flowers of two winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) cultivars: 'Ambar' and 'Amazonka', were studied. The plants flowered from July to October. The flower life span was within the range of 7-10 hours. Female flowers of cv. Ambar were marked by the most abundant nectar secretion (129 mg). The nectar sugar content can be estimated as average (25%-35%). Winter squash nectar contained 84% of sucrose as well as 8-9% of fructose and 7%-8% of glucose. Flowers of the studied taxa were frequently foraged by the honey bee (66%-98% of total insects) and bumblebees (1%-30%).

Nectar production and the morphology of the nectary and pollen grains of Kolwitzia amabilis Graebn. were studied during the period 2008–2009 and in 2011. The blooming of beauty bush flowers started in the third decade of May and ended in the middle of June; flowering lasted 22–23 days. The flower life span was 4–5 days. Nectar production began at the bud break stage. The tube of the corolla in beauty bush flowers forms a spur inside which the nectary is located. The secretory surface of the nectary consists of two layers of glandular epidermal outgrowths: unicellular trichomes, with their length ranging 54.6 μm – 70.2 μm, and papillae with a length of 13.0 μm – 20.6 μm. The mean weight of nectar per 10 flowers, determined for the three years of the study, was 8.6 mg, with a sugar concentration of 50.8%. The weight of nectar sugar was on average 4.4 mg. In terms of the size, beauty bush pollen grains are classified as medium-sized. These are tricolporate grains.

Previous studies have reported the upregulation of CCN proteins early after acute heart injury. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the expression of the CCN1 and CCN2 proteins and their regulation by angiotensin II in the atrial myocardium of a chronically failing heart. Male adult mice were subjected to ligation of the left coronary artery to produce myocardial infarction (the MI group), and 16 of them were treated for 12 weeks with the AT1 receptor antagonist telmisartan (the MI-Tel group). Sham-operated mice served as controls. The expression of proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry 12 weeks after the operation. In shamoperated mice, stainings for CCN1 and CCN2 proteins were positive within atrial cardiomyocytes. CCN1-positive reaction revealed diffused cytoplasmic localization, while CCN2 was present mainly within the perinuclear cytoplasm. CCN1 was upregulated in the MI group, while CCN2 remained at basal level. Telmisartan prevented the upregulation of CCN1 and decreased CCN2 level. We compared the experimental data with the expression of CCN1 and CCN2 proteins in human right atrial appendages. We found an inverse, but not significant, relation between the level of either protein and the left ventricular ejection fraction. This suggests a similar atrial regulation of CCN1 and CCN2 expression also in humans. We conclude that in the murine atria, CCN1 and CCN2 proteins are expressed constitutively. In chronic heart failure, CCN proteins tend to be upregulated, which may be related to the action of angiotensin II.

In this work, recent advances on the study of reconnection in turbulence are reviewed. Using direct numerical simulations of decaying incompressible two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), it was found that in fully developed turbulence complex processes of reconnection locally occur (Servidio et al., 2009, 2010a). In this complex scenario, reconnection is spontaneous but locally driven by the fields, with the boundary conditions provided by the turbulence. Matching classical turbulence analysis with a generalized Sweet-Parker theory, the statistical features of these multiple-reconnection events have been identified. A discussion on the accuracy of our algorithms is provided, highlighting the necessity of adequate spatial resolution. Applications to the study of solar wind discontinuities are reviewed, comparing simulations to spacecraft observations. New results are shown, studying the time evolution of these local reconnection events. A preliminary study on the comparison between MHD and Hall MHD is reported. Our new approach to the study of reconnection as an element of turbulence has broad applications to space plasmas, shedding a new light on the study of magnetic reconnection in nature.

Keratodermias can be isolated or can be a part of syndromes typical for other dermatological deceases. Investigation of clinical effectiveness of Kartalin liniment in complex therapy of palmar-plantar keratodermias was held with a group of 26 patients with different clinical variants of the deceases. Besides local treatment, the patients got systematic therapy corresponding to the standards of medical treatment for each nogological form.For estimation of clinical effectiveness of the suggested complex of general and local arrangements there was done a calculation of the number of days spent in hospital white curing keratodermias. This showing made up 23 days in the examined group and positive clinical dynamics in the control group has been noticeable sense 33,7 day.

For the purpose of optimization of medicine supply of the population and disease-prevention institutions in conditions of closed administrative-territorial regions (CATR), we have studied one of the optimization trends — the efficiency of retail network of CATR using dynamic lines indices. On the base of the conducted consumers’ segmentation by solvency criterion we have worked out the recommendations on the structure optimization of chemist’s network of CATR in Zelenogorsk.

This study presents historical information about pharmacy beginning, formation, development in one of the most severe and remote from the center regions of Russia. There is retrospective mention of pharmacists and chemists contributed to the basis and up-to-date system of medicine supplying of population in boundless territory former Yakutsk Region — Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

Abstract Poor postural balance is one of the major risk factors for falling in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Postural instability in the clinic is commonly assessed based upon force platform posturography. In this study we focused on the identification of changes in sway characteristics while standing quiet in patients with NPH before and after shunt implantation. Postural sway area and sway radius were analyzed in a group of 9 patients and 46 controls of both genders. Subject's spontaneous sway was recorded while standing quiet on a force platform for 30-60 s, with eyes open and then closed. Both analyzed sway descriptors identified between-group differences and also an effect of shunt implantation in the NPH group. Sway radius and sway area in patients exhibited very high values compared with those in the control group. Importantly, the effect of eyesight in patients was not observed before shunt implantation and reappeared after the surgical treatment. The study documents that static force platform posturography may be a reliable measure of postural control improvement due to shunt surgery.