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BACKGROUND: The almond of the baru tree (Dipteryx alata Vog.), a native species of the Brazilian Savanna, is used in the gastronomy of the central western region of the country. There is relatively little information about the chemical composition and nutritional value of the baru almond, which was the motivation for this research. RESULTS: The baru almonds had high lipid (397–437 g kg−1) and protein (238–281 g kg−1) contents. There were differences in the amino acid score (AAS = 83–103%) and limiting amount of sulfur amino acids, depending on the origin of the almond. The protein value of the baru almond was higher than that of the peanut according to the relative net protein ratio (RNPRBaru = 74%, RNPRPeanut = 66%) and the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). The baru almond also had high iron (mean 48.1 mg kg−1), zinc (mean 46.6 mg kg−1) and dietary fibre (mean 115.8 g kg−1) contents in relation to Dietary Reference Intakes. CONCLUSION: The baru almond has a high nutrient density and high content of quality protein. Furthermore, the lipid and protein contents and amino acid profile of the baru almond are representative of edible seeds and similar to those of true nuts. This almond can be used as a complementary source of protein and as an excellent option for a healthy diet. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Espécies arbóreas tropicais estão quase sempre sob alta irradiância na Amazônia. O elevado fluxo energético pode ser decisivo para o sucesso ou fracasso no estabelecimento inicial das plantas no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as respostas de plantas jovens de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl) e cumaru (Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd) expostas a dois ambientes de luz (sombra e sol). O experimento foi conduzido em Manaus-AM, Brasil (3º8'S, 59º52'W). As análises dos transientes da fluorescência da clorofila a e os parâmetros relacionados foram obtidos em folhas intactas e saudáveis no período entre 10:00 e 12:00h. A curva OJIP indicou que ambas as espécies expostas à alta irradiância apresentaram fotoinibição após 45 dias de experimento. Plantas de andiroba e cumaru expostas ao sol exibiram menores valores de TRo/ABS (7,17 e 20,4%, respectivamente), ETo/TRo (14,5 e 27,2%, respectivamente) e ETo/ABS (20,6 e 42,2%, respectivamente) e maiores valores de DIo/ABS (26,9 e 43,0%, respectivamente), comparadas com plantas exposta à sombra. Quanto ao fluxo fenomenológico, para a maioria dos parâmetros, menores valores foram observados para ambas as espécies expostas ao sol. Plantas de andiroba e cumaru expostas ao sol exibiram valores menores de PI ABS (63,3 e 78,7%, respectivamente) comparadas com plantas expostas à sombra no final do experimento. Apesar de ambas as espécies terem sofrido com o estresse por alta irradiância, plantas de andiroba apresentaram melhores desempenhos do que plantas de cumaru, sendo, portanto, melhor indicadas para uso em plantio de produção ou de recuperação de áreas degradadas. Tropical tree species are almost always under high irradiance in the Amazonian. The high energy flux can be decisive for the success or not in the initial establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the answers of young plants of andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl) and cumaru (Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd) exposed to two light environments (shade and sunlight). The experiment was carried in Manaus-AM, Brazil (3º8'S, 59º52'W). Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were obtained in intact and healthy leaves between 10:00 to 12:00 am. The curve OJIP indicated that the species high irradiance exposed presented photoinhibition after 45 days of experiment. Andiroba and cumaru plants exposed to sunlight exhibited low values of TRo/ABS (7.17 and 20.4%, respectively), ETo/TRo (14.5 and 27.2%, respectively) and ETo/ABS (20.6 and 42.2%, respectively) and high values of DIo/ABS (26.9 and 43.0%, respectively), compared with plants exposed to the shadow with 45 days of experiment. As for phenomenological flux, most of the parameters, low values were observed for both exposed species in the sunlight. Andiroba and cumaru plants exposed in the sunlight exhibited low values of PIABS (63.3 and 78.7%, respectively) compared with exposed plants to the shadow at the end of the experiment. Although the species have suffered with the stress for high irradiance andiroba specie presented better performance than cumaru being indicated for use in production planting or degraded area restoration.

A utilização de técnicas não-destrutivas (NDT) pode incrementar o nível de informação tecnológica sobre espécies de madeira conhecidas, bem como daquelas ainda não estudadas. A principal vantagem das técnicas NDT é que são rápidas e várias medidas podem ser feitas, melhorando assim o nível de confiança dos resultados. Nesse contexto, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade de utilização da técnica de ondas de tensão na estimativa de propriedades de flexão de seis espécies de madeiras amazônicas. As espécies foram escolhidas com base na sua densidade: Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana, Bowdichia virgilioides, Dipteryx odorata and Tabebuia sp. Foram obtidas vinte amostras por espécie nas dimensões segundo ASTM D143-94 para a determinação das propriedades de flexão, totalizando assim 120 amostras. Antes do ensaio destrutivo em flexão estática, as amostras foram avaliadas não-destrutivamente por meio da técnica de ondas de tensão para a determinação do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico e a velocidade de propagação das ondas tensão. De acordo com os resultados, os modelos de regressão foram altamente significativos para a predição das propriedades de flexão do conjunto de espécies. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que o método é adequado para predizer as propriedades de flexão onde há variação, por exemplo, entre espécies. No entanto, quando a variabilidade é baixa, como dentro da espécie, os modelos apresentaram baixa previsibilidade. The utilization of non-destructive testing (NDT) can augment the technological information about well-known wood species, as well as those which have not yet been investigated. The main advantage is that NDT methods are fast, and many measures can be undertaken to improve the confidence level of the evaluation. In this context, the paper aims to study the feasibility of the stress wave method to estimate flexural properties of six Brazilian tropical woods. The species were chosen according to density: Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana, Bowdichia virgilioides, Dipteryx odorata and Tabebuia sp. Twenty samples from each species were cut and tested according to ASTM D143-94 (2000) to determine flexural properties, totaling 120 samples. Before mechanical testing, the samples were non-destructively tested by using the stress wave method, and their dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) and wave velocity (w v) were determined. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was run to select the best variables for estimating the flexural properties. According to the results, the models generated had higher values of R². Thus, it can be concluded that the stress wave method is suitable for predicting flexural properties where there is wood variability, for instance among species. On the other hand, when the variability is low, for instance within wood species, the models generated had low predictability.

Competition for nest sites by sympatric species can lead to resource partitioning among species. We examined the partitioning of cavity resources by Red-and-green Macaws (Ara chloropterus), Blue-and-yellow Macaws (A. ararauna), and Scarlet Macaws (A. macad) in the lowland forest of southeast Peru. Red-and-green Macaws nested primarily in cavities in emergent Dipteryx trees, and Blue-and-yellow Macaws nested predominantly in palm snags. Scarlet Macaws had the broadest nesting niche, and their use of cavities overlapped that of the other two species. These differences in cavity use may be related to differences in size, with Red-and-green Macaws the largest of the three species (90 cm long, 1050-1320 g), followed by Scarlet Macaws (85 cm long, 1060-1123 g) and Blue-and-yellow Macaws (70 cm long, 1086 g). We did not observe interspecific conflicts between Blue-and-yellow Macaws and the other two species. However, Scarlet and Red-and-green macaws frequently compete for cavities, perhaps contributing to the use of a wider range of cavity resources by the smaller, less competitive Scarlet Macaws. For the three macaw species combined, 40 of 84 nests (48%) were successful, fledging either one or two young (mean = 1.4 ? 0.43). The overall reproductive output (including failed nests) was 0.60 ? 0.68 fledglings per nesting pair, with no difference between macaw species (P > 0.18). A lack of alternative nest substrates for large macaws may drive resource partitioning by sympatric species, with specialization on either emergent trees or palm snags, whereas less competitive species like Scarlet Macaws need to be flexible and use a variety of nest sites. RESUMEN. Uso de cavidades y ?xito reproductivo de las guacamayas en la selva tropical h?meda del sureste de Per? La competencia por sitios de anidaci?n entre especies simpatricas favorece la repartici?n de recursos. Evaluamos la repartici?n del recurso de cavidades entre la guacamaya roja (Ara chloropterus), guacamaya azul y amarilla (A. araraund), y guacamaya escarlata (A. macao) en la selva tropical h?meda del sureste de Per?. La guacamaya roja anid? principalmente en cavidades en ?rboles emergentes de Dipteryx, y la guacamaya azul y amarilla anid? en palmeras muertas. La guacamaya escarlata present? el nicho de anidaci?n m?s amplio, s?brelapando su uso de cavidades con las otras dos especies. Estas diferencias en uso de cavidades podr?an estar relacionadas con diferencias en tama?o corporal, la guacamaya roja es la especie mas grande (90 cm largo, 1050-1320 g), seguido por la guacamaya escarlata (85 cm largo, 1060-1123 g) y la guacamaya azul y amarillo (70 cm largo, 1086 g). No observamos conflictos interespecificos de la guacamaya azul y amarilla con las otras dos especies. Sin embargo, las guacamayas roja y escarlata competieron frecuentemente por las cavidades, que contribuir?a al rango mas amplio de cavidades usadas por la mas peque?a, menor competitivo, guacamaya escarlata. Para las tres especies, 40 de 84 nidos (48%) fueron exitosos, con uno o dos volantones (promedio = 1.4 ? 0.43). La productividad reproductiva (incluyendo nidos fracasados) fue de 0.60 ? 0.68 volantones por pareja, que no vari? entre las especies (P > 0.18). Una falta de sustratos alternos para anidaci?n por las guacamayas podr?a impulsar la repartici?n de recursos entre las especies simpatricas, con especializaci?n sobre ?rboles emergentes o palmeras muertas, mientras la menor competidora guacamaya escarlata necesita ser flexible, utilizando una variedad de sitios de anidaci?n.

Heartwood extracts from Amazonian trees cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx odorata), jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril), and guarita (Astronium lecointei) exhibit antioxidant activities comparable with that of α-tocopherol, a well-known antioxidant. This article reports the characterization of the antioxidant compounds in the extracts of the three heartwoods. Silica gel column chromatography of the cumaru-ferro EtOAc extract yielded (−)-(3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavan and (+)-(3R)-8,2′,3′-trihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan. Silica gel column chromatography followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography of the jatoba EtOAc extract yielded (−)-fisetinidol and (+)-trans-taxifolin. Chemical structures were assigned using electron-ionization mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy including nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), as well as optical rotation and circular dichroism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that the isolated compounds were predominant in the EtOAc extracts. In the guarita EtOAc extract, catechin and gallic acid were identified by comparing their retention times and mass fragmentation patterns with those of authentic samples. Antioxidant activity determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay demonstrated that all these compounds had activities comparable with that of α-tocopherol.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0044-59672008000400006.pdf: 432700 bytes, checksum: a15be53aff6456ab2df8a7fbc2642e4f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0044-59672008000400006.pdf: 432700 bytes, checksum: a15be53aff6456ab2df8a7fbc2642e4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0044-59672008000400006.pdf: 432700 bytes, checksum: a15be53aff6456ab2df8a7fbc2642e4f (MD5) S0044-59672008000400006.pdf.txt: 33630 bytes, checksum: 9e6e34e2d6532de8903f20bb9699742d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:18:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0044-59672008000400006.pdf: 432700 bytes, checksum: a15be53aff6456ab2df8a7fbc2642e4f (MD5) S0044-59672008000400006.pdf.txt: 33630 bytes, checksum: 9e6e34e2d6532de8903f20bb9699742d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:18:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0044-59672008000400006.pdf: 432700 bytes, checksum: a15be53aff6456ab2df8a7fbc2642e4f (MD5) S0044-59672008000400006.pdf.txt: 33630 bytes, checksum: 9e6e34e2d6532de8903f20bb9699742d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Estudos fenológicos de longa duração em florestas tropicais são raros. Foi realizado o acompanhamento fenológico de Dipteryx odorata, no período de 1974 à 2000, em duas áreas de floresta amazônica: a Reserva Florestal Ducke (RFD) e Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical (EEST). O objetivo foi observar os padrões fenológicos nas duas áreas, verificar a regularidade da floração e frutificação num período de 27 anos e a influência dos fatores climáticos nestes eventos. Foram marcados cinco indivíduos na RFD e cinco na EEST e observados quanto à produção de flores, frutos imaturos e maduros. A floração e a produção de frutos imaturos apresentaram padrão irregular nas duas áreas observadas, variando quanto a época de ocorrência e a duração entre anos e estações, mas apresentaram freqüência de ocorrência similar nos 27 anos observados. Para a fenofase frutos maduros este padrão foi diferente, com intervalos de até três anos sem ocorrência de frutos maduros, na RFD e de sete anos na EEST. Conclui-se que a freqüência de ocorrência das fenofases de floração e frutos imaturos foi anual e a de frutos maduros supra-anual, todas com padrão irregular e duração de intermediária a prolongada. Ocorreu variação de um a três anos entre episódios de floração e frutos imaturos e de um a sete anos entre episódios de frutos maduros, não ficando evidente, nesta análise, a influência dos fatores climáticos nos padrões observados. Sugere-se o uso racional dos produtos derivados de Dipteryx odorata, o cumaru, especialmente quanto à exploração de seus frutos e o desenvolvimento de mais estudos de longa duração, fundamentais para entender os padrões fenológicos reprodutivos e de oferta de recursos em florestas tropicais. Long term phenological studies in tropical forests are scarce. A phenological study of Dipteryx odorata was carried out from 1974 to 2000 in two areas of Amazon Forest: Reserva Florestal Ducke (RFD) and Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical (EEST). The objective was to compare the phenological patterns between the two areas, to verify the regularity of flowering and fruiting over a period of 27 years, and to verify the influence of climatic factors in these events. Five trees were marked in the RFD and five in the EEST; and were observed monthly for the presence of flowers, unripe and ripe fruits. The flowering and unripe fruiting presented an irregular pattern in both areas, and also varied with regard to duration and period of occurrence between years and seasons. Nevertheless, they presented similar frequency of occurrence during the 27 years of observation. on the other hand, the production of ripe fruits presented a different pattern, with three year intervals without ripe fruits in the RFD, and seven year intervals in the EEST. We concluded that the frequency of flowering and unripe fruiting was annual, and the frequency of occurrence of ripe fruiting was supra-annual, with an irregular pattern, and a duration from intermediate to extended. We also observed the occurrence of one to three year intervals between flowering and unripe fruiting episodes, and one to seven year intervals between episodes with ripe fruiting. The influence of climatic factors in the patterns observed was not clear. We suggest the rational use of natural products extracted from Dipteryx odorata, the cumaru, especially the fruits, and the development of more long term studies, fundamental for understanding the reproductive phenological patterns as well as the resource offering patterns in tropical forests. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia CPST Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica

The heartwood and sapwood characteristics of 11 Amazonian trees were investigated. Whereas 7 of the specimens had densities greater than 0.7 g/cm3, the heartwood density of ipe amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia), macaranduba (Manilkara huberi), cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx odorata), and guarita (Astronium lecointei) exceeded 1.0 g/cm3. Jatoba contained small amounts of Klason lignin and α-cellulose, and large amounts of holocellulose and alkali extract, suggesting that it has a high polysaccharide content that can be dissolved in an alkaline medium. The difference in the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratios of the samples before and after alkali extraction suggests that alkali extracts contain syringyl-type polyphenols. In all of the samples, the heart-wood methanol extracts were larger in volume than the sapwood methanol extracts, and the sapwood alkali extracts were larger in volume than the heartwood alkali extracts. The antioxidant activities of the methanol and alkali extracts were assayed by measuring the levels of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, respectively. The heart-wood methanol extract of jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) exhibited the highest level of activity (EC50 = 44 mg/l), which exceeded that of α-tocopherol (EC50 = 48 mg/l), and the heartwood alkali extracts of jatoba and ipe amarelo had high SOD-like activity comparable with red wine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T03:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 Molecular Identification of Four Different.PDF: 1077082 bytes, checksum: f6590fcfbf1bfa8d892b75a77f30e5d5 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 2f32edb9c19a57e928372a33fd08dba5 (MD5) license_text: 24372 bytes, checksum: 94b0a37ff5ec51de8c55507bff4a7ff9 (MD5) license_rdf: 24623 bytes, checksum: 378d22d8fe50e084ee2f354be78cbe62 (MD5) license.txt: 1887 bytes, checksum: 445d1980f282ec865917de35a4c622f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07 The endophytic bruchid pest Callosobruchus maculatus causes severe damage to storage cowpea seeds, leading to economical losses. For this reason the use of α-amylase inhibitors to interfere with the pest digestion process has been an interesting alternative to control bruchids. With this aim, α-amylase inhibitors from baru seeds (Dipteryx alata) were isolated by affinity chromatographic procedures, causing enhanced inhibition of C. maculatus and Anthonomus grandis α-amylases. To attempt further purification, this fraction was applied onto a reversed-phase HPLC column, generating four peaks with remarkable inhibition toward C. maculatus α-amylases. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-ToF analysis identified major proteins of approximately 5.0, 11.0, 20.0 and 55 kDa that showed α-amylase inhibition. Results of in vivo bioassays using artificial seeds containing 1.0% (w/w) of baru crude extract revealed 40% cowpea weevil larvae mortality. These results provide evidence that several α-amylase inhibitors classes, with biotechnological potential, can be isolated from a single plant species. Sim Publicado

Os processos de predação pós-dispersão e dispersão secundária de sementes são importantes por influenciarem na estrutura de comunidades vegetais. Ambientes de borda e interior possuem comunidades de predadores dissimilares, o que implica em pressões distintas sobre as sementes. O “Baru” Dipteryx alata Vogel tem seus endocarpos depositados em pilhas por morcegos sob seus abrigos de alimentação onde são secundariamente dispersos ou predados por roedores. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de borda sobre a remoção de endocarpos de D. alata por agentes secundários em três fragmentos de cerrado nas estações seca e chuvosa. Para tanto, simulamos a deposição de endocarpos de “Baru” em pilhas dispostas em trilhas na borda e interior de três fragmentos de cerrado em períodos climáticos contrastantes do ano, e analisamos as proporções de dispersão e predação por roedores. As diferenças entre a detecção das pilhas de endocarpos foram avaliadas através de tabela de contingência. As variáveis dos destinos das sementes em cada habitat e estação foram comparadas através de análise de variância com dois fatores (two way ANOVA). As distâncias de dispersão foram analisadas através do teste de Kuskal-Wallis. A detecção das pilhas diferiu significativamente entre os habitats de borda e interior e entre as estações seca e chuvosa, sendo maiores no interior bem como na estação chuvosa. As proporções dos destinos dos endocarpos nos três remanescentes diferiram significativamente entre os habitats de borda e interior, sendo altas nos interiores e baixas nas bordas. A proporção de endocarpos dispersos foi maior na estação seca enquanto que na estação chuvosa a proporção de endocarpos predados foi maior. As distâncias de dispersão foram significativamente maiores nos hábitats de interior, bem como na estação chuvosa. Nossos resultados mostram que os efeitos de borda quanto a sazonalidade estão influenciando nos processos de predação pós-dispersão e dispersão secundária nos remanescentes de cerrado estudados. Dessa forma, a dispersão de endocarpos de D. alata nos hábitats de borda fica restrita apenas a dispersão primária por morcegos. ABSTRACT - The post-dispersal predation processes and secondary seed dispersal are important because they influence in the structure of plant communities. Edge and interior environments have dissimilar predators communities, which implies different pressures on the seeds. Dipteryx alata has its endocarps deposited in piles by bats under his power shelters where they are secondarily dispersed or predated by rodents. This study aimed to evaluate the edge effect on the removal of D. alata endocarps by secondary agents in three cerrado fragments in contrasting seasonal stations. Therefore, we simulated the deposition of endocarps of D. alata in piles arranged in tracks on the edge and inside of three cerrado fragments in contrasting climatic periods of the year, and we analyze the proportions of dispersal and predation by rodents. The differences between the detection of endocarps cells were assessed using contingency table. The variables of the destinations of seeds in each habitat and season were compared using analysis of variance with two factors (two-way ANOVA). The dispersal distances were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The detection of piles differ significantly between forest edges and within and between the dry and rainy seasons, being higher inside as well as in the rainy season. The proportions of the destinations of the three remaining endocarps differ significantly between the forest edges and interior, with high and low on the inner edges. The proportion of dispersed endocarps was higher in the dry season while in the rainy season the proportion of preyed endocarps was higher. The dispersal distances were significantly higher in indoor habitats, as well as in the rainy season. Our results show that the effects of edge as seasonality are influencing the post-dispersal predation processes and secondary dispersion in the studied cerrado fragments. Thus, the dispersion of D. alata endocarps in edge habitat is restricted to primary dispersal by bats.

The process of storing liquor in wooden barrels is a practice that aims to improve the sensory characteristics, such as color, aroma and flavor, of the beverage. The quality of the liquor stored in these barrels depends on wood characteristics such as density, permeability, chemical composition, anatomy, besides the wood heat treatment used to fabricate the barrels. Brazil has a great diversity of forests, mainly in the north, in the Amazon. This region is home to thousands of tree species, but is limited to the use of only a few native species to store liquors. The objective of this study was to determine some of the physical and chemical characteristics for four Amazon wood species. The results obtained in this study will be compared with others from woods that are traditionally used for liquor storage. The species studied were angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke) cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) and louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) CK Allen). The trees were collected from Precious Woods Amazon Company forest management area, in Silves, Amazonas. Analyzes such as: concentration of extractives, lignin amount, percentage of minerals (ash) and tannin content, density, elemental analysis (CHNS-O) and thermal analysis were done. It was observed that the chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose) and elemental analysis (percentage of C, H, N and O) of the woods have significant differences. The jatobá wood presented higher tannin content, and in the thermal analysis, was that which had the lowest mass loss. © 2015, Federal University of Lavras. All rights Reserved.

Heat treatment improves some wood properties namely: equilibrium moisture, dimensional stability and durability and mechanical properties. In this study, the heat treatment was applied to woods of three natural species from Brazil: Aspidosperma populifolium (peroba mica), Dipteryx odorata (cumaru) and Mimosa scabrella (bracatinga). The woods were heated in an oven under vacuum and under nitrogen, at 180, 200, and 220°C for one hour. The untreated and heat-treated woods were characterized in relation to equilibrium moisture content, basic density, shrinkage, Janka hardness, and bending MOR and MOE according to NBR 7190 standards. All the thermal rectified woods showed a reduction in the hygroscopic equilibrium content, especially when the heating was under vacuum from 13-15% in the untreated woods to 1-3% for vacuum treatment at 220 °C. The dimensional stability was improved to only a small extent e.g. volumetric shrinkage tended to decrease with increasing temperature. The mechanical properties were affected differently for the three wood species. Heat-treated cumarushowed increased Janka hardness, MOR and MOE; and peroba mica increased MOR and MOE but not Janka hardness; while bracatinga was less influenced by the heat treatment info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Suelos El shihuahuaco (Dipteryx spp.), es un árbol de gran demanda a nivel nacional e internacional, debido a que posee buenas propiedades físico-mecánicas para su aprovechamiento en deking, parquet y otro tipo de pisos de alta cotización en el mercado. Actualmente, el aprovechamiento y el poco manejo de la especie provoca que está no se regenere, reduciendo su disponibilidad. Para contrarrestar los problemas de establecimiento en el área reforestada de Campo Verde Huánuco, se consumen fertilizantes sintéticos, pero aún no se obtienen buenos resultados, constantemente se realizan recalces. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de biofertilizantes sobre la actividad microbiana del suelo y su influencia en el vigor de los plantones de Shihuahuaco. Se prepararon dos biofertilizantes utilizando suelo extraído bajo la copa de árboles de shihuahuaco como inóculo y empleando un medio compuesto de melaza, afrecho y agua. El suelo fue colectado de zonas inundables y no inundables en la EEAVH del INIA. Se incluyó también un biofertilizante elaborado a partir de bacterias lácticas y un tratamiento testigo. En el bioensayo, se utilizaron 108 plantones de un año de edad, clasificados en tres categorías de vigor. Los biofertilizantes fueron aplicados al suelo de tres parcelas bajo la copa de los plantones. Se empleó un DBCA, con arreglo factorial de 3 niveles de vigor por 4 tratamientos y con 3 repeticiones. Se evaluaron la altura y diámetro en las plantas y la población microbiana en el suelo. Los biofertilizantes preparados mostraron presencia de Azospirillum sp, y actividad giberélica y auxínica. El biofertilizante a partir de bacterias lácticas incrementó significativamente la población de hongos, bacterias, actinomicetos, biomasa microbiana y respiración del suelo, así como el diámetro y alturas de los plantones. Los biofertilizantes preparados no afectaron los parámetros mencionados. Shihuahuaco (Dipteryx spp.) is a tree of great demand nationally and internationally, because it has good physical-mechanical properties for use in deking, parquet and other floors of high quotation on the market. Currently, the use and little management of the species cause not regeneration, reducing its availability. Synthetic fertilizers are consumed to counter the problems of establishment in the Campo Verde Huanuco reforested area, but not with good results, constantly making underpinning. This research aims to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on soil microbial activity and its influence on the sturdy of the Shihuahuaco seedlings. Both biofertilizers (Shi 1, Shi 2) were made of soil extracted under the canopy of Shihuahuaco trees as inoculum and using a medium composed of molasses, bran and water. The soil was collected from flooded and non-flooded areas in EEAVH INIA. A biofertilizer made from lactic acid bacteria and a control treatment was also included. 108 seedlings a year old classified into three categories of sturdy were used in the bioassay. Biofertilizers were applied to the soil of three plots under the canopy of the seedlings. DBCA factorial arrangement was used with 3 levels of sturdy for 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The height and diameter in plants and microbial population in the soil were evaluated. Shi 1and Shi 2 showed presence of Azospirillum sp., gibberellic and auxin activity. The biofertilizer from lactic acid bacteria significantly increased the population of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, soil respiration, height and diameter of the seedlings. Tesis

A predação pós-dispersão e a dispersão secundária de sementes são processos ecológicos de elevada importância nos trópicos por influenciarem a estrutura das comunidades vegetais. Essas interações são efetuadas por uma elevada diversidade de organismos e acredita-se que sejam determinadas pela densidade de sementes disponíveis. Simulamos experimentalmente a deposição de endocarpos de Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae), em pilhas de cinco, 15 e 30 endocarpos, em trilhas no interior de três remanescentes de cerrado denso em períodos climáticos contrastantes do ano. Pilhas como essas sofrem ação secundária de roedores de médio e grande porte, que podem tanto consumir quanto estocar as sementes dessa espécie para consumo posterior. Analisamos as proporções de remoção, predação, e dispersão feitas por roedores, bem como, as distâncias em que endocarpos dispersos foram encontrados. A densidade experimental de endocarpos não influenciou as proporções de remoção, predação ou dispersão. No entanto, as diferenças na oferta de recursos oriundas do fator sazonal tiveram significativa participação na tomada de decisão dos roedores. A proporção de endocarpos dispersos foi maior na estação seca enquanto que na estação chuvosa a proporção de endocarpos predados foi maior. A distância de dispersão foi significativamente maior para endocarpos removidos a partir de pilhas com densidade 30 na estação chuvosa, mas não diferiu entre as densidades na estação seca. Conclui-se que os roedores de grande porte são eficientes dispersores de grandes sementes no cerrado, e sugere-se que a estocagem de alimento pode estar mais ligada à proteção dos recursos contra competidores do que com a formação de estoques para provimento de recursos a longo prazo. O estudo também mostra a importância das flutuações sazonais na oferta de recursos como fator determinante do comportamento de dispersão de roedores no cerrado. ABSTRACT - Pre-dispersal seed predation and secondary seed dispersal are both high important ecological process in tropics due to its influence on plant community structure. These interactions are made by a high invertebrate and vertebrate diversity, and it is believed that the available seed density can determinate it. We experimentally simulated the deposition pattern of Dipteryx alata endocarps, in piles with five, 15 and 30 endocarps, in trails within three Brazilian cerrado remnants in contrasting seasonal stations. These piles suffer secondary removal by medium to large sized rodents, which can both, consume or scatterhoarding these seeds to future consumption. We analyzed the proportion of removed, predated and dispersed seeds by rodents, as well as the distances within we recover those dispersed. The experimental seed density did not influence seed removal, predation or dispersal proportions, but the differences on the overall resources availability due to seasonal variations had significant participation in the rodent decision making. The seed dispersal proportion was higher in dry season while in the wet season seed predation was higher than that. The dispersal distance was significantly higher to those seeds removed for piles with 30 endocarps in the wet season, but did not differ between the densities in dry season. The outcomes show the importance of large rodents as efficient large-seeds dispersers in Brazilian cerrado, also suggest that the food scatterhoarding behavior can be related to resource protection against competitors rather than to long-term resource storage, and reinforce the importance of seasonal fluctuations on resource availability as determinant factor of the rodent dispersal behavior in Brazilian cerrado.

O beneficiamento de toras de madeira produz uma grande quantidade de resíduos, em torno de 60%, os quais em geral são aproveitados na geração de energia com a produção de cinzas e fuligem, ou dispostos em locais inadequados, gerando um problema ambiental sério. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo principal produzir e avaliar física e mecanicamente painéis produzidos com resíduos do beneficiamento de madeira de Dipteryx odorata (Cumaru), espécie tropical cuja caracterização química e física também foi realizada. Para a produção dos painéis fez-se uso de um planejamento fatorial (2²+1) no qual foram analisadas as quantidades de resíduo e resina. Para a análise físico-mecânica, foram produzidos 24 painéis em diferentes condições de quantidade de resíduo (1000; 1300; 1500 g) e teor de resina (10; 12,5 e 15%). Os painéis foram cortados para obtenção dos corpos-de-prova para determinação de densidade, razão de compactação, inchamento e absorção (2 e 24 h); módulo de ruptura e de elasticidade em flexão estática, adesão interna e arrancamento de parafuso. Os painéis a 1500 g (10 e 15%) foram os que apresentaram os melhores resultados mecânicos, superiores ao mínimo especificado pela norma NBR 14810-3 (2006), evidenciando seu potencial na produção desses painéis. Logs processing produce large quantity of waste, ca. 60% related to original solid volume. This material is usually employed in power generation with the production of ash and soot, or improperly deposed, causing environmental problems. In this context, the present study aims to produce and evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of particleboards produced with waste from the processing of Dipteryx odorata, a tropical wood species whose chemical and physical characterization was also performed. The production of particleboards was based on a factorial design (2² +1), in which the quantities of waste and resin were analyzed. For the physical and mechanical analysis, twenty-four panels were produced, using different amount of residues (1000, 1300, 1500 g) and resin content (10, 12.5 and 15%). Specimens were obtained from the panels in order to determine their: density; compaction ratio, thickness swelling and water absorption (2 and 24 h); modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in static bending; internal adhesion; and screw pullout. Panels with 1500g (10 and 15% of resin) were those with the best mechanical results, higher than the minimum specified by the NBR 14810-3 (2006), confirming their potential in producing particleboards.

Parrots that inhabit tropical lowland forests are difficult to study, are poorly known, and little information is available on their nesting habits, making analysis of community-wide nesting patterns difficult. I present nesting records for 15 species of psittacids that co-occur in southeastern Peru. The psittacid breeding season in this area lasted from June to April, with smaller species nesting earlier than larger species. Why smaller species bred earlier is uncertain, though it may be related to interspecific competition for nest sites or variations in food availability. This study identified two keystone plant resources used by nesting parrots: Dipteryx micrantha (Fabaceae) and Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae). Local threats to these plant species are discussed.

The dependence of tree seedling survival and growth on light availability was evaluated over 15 mo in three second-growth, wet forest stands (15–18 y old) in north-eastern Costa Rica. Seedlings of four canopy tree species (Dipteryx panamensis, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Virola koschnyi and Vochysia guatemalensis) were planted into four canopy treatments in three replicated stands and in a pasture site, spanning a nearly complete gradient of light availability. Survival and growth of all species increased in response to increasing light availability, but species differed in survival in shaded microsites (6–20% light transmittance) and in growth increments per light increase. Hyeronima showed the highest mortality at low light levels and the highest relative height growth increase per light increase. In contrast, Virola showed high survival at low and moderate light, but showed the lowest leaf area and above-ground biomass per light increase among all species. Dipteryx and Vochysia maintained relatively high rates of survival and growth across the entire light gradient. Hyeronima and Virola showed trade-offs between growth and survival responses to light, unlike Dipteryx and Vochysia. Differences among species in seedling survival at low light may be determined by a variety of physiological and morphological traits that may or may not be mechanistically linked to growth responses.

Photosynthetic properties of the Amazonian forest tree species, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla, and Aniba rosaeodora, were studied in a nursery and in an open field to assess their potential success for planting purposes. These species were compared with nursery grown Ochroma lagopus Sw. and Dipteryx odorata. In the nursery, light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (Amax) and maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax) were highest in O. lagopus, a fast growing and light demanding plant, and lowest in D. odorata, a slowgrowing and shade tolerant species. Amax and gsmax were relatively high in C. odorata, which is medium to fast growing and has intermediate light requirements. Low Amax of A. rosaeodora suggests that this species may be classified as a slow growing species. In the open field, Amax and gsmax were highest in C. odorata, followed by S. macrophylla, and lowest in A. rosaeodora. Water use efficiency of A. rosaeodora was lower than that of C. odorata and S. macrophylla. Stomatal closure of C. odorata and S. macrophylla under high leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (VPDL) enabled these species to avoid excessive water loss, but A. rosaeodora appeared not to avoid excessive water loss. These inferior photosynthetic properties of A. rosaeodora may explain it’s high mortality and slow growth in the open and, thus, this species is not suitable for open planting. Both Amax and gsmax of the open planted seedlings were higher than those of the nursery seedlings, while specific leaf area (SLA, leaf area per unit leaf dry weight) was smaller in the open planted seedlings than in the nursery seedlings, suggesting that the leaves of the nursery seedlings were shade-adapted while the open planted seedlings developed sun-adapted leaves. In order to enhance acclimation to exposed conditions, we recommend hardening the seedlings by exposing them to full sunlight before planting them in the open.

We studied the effect of seed density on seed predation by following the fate of bat-dispersed Dipteryx micrantha (Leguminosae) seeds deposited under bat feeding roosts. The study was conducted in Cocha Cashu biological station, Amazonian Peru, during the fruiting period of Dipteryx. Predation of Dipteryx seeds in the area is mainly by large to medium-sized rodents. Seed deposits beneath bat feeding roosts were monitored for a 13-week period in an 18-ha study area. A total of 210 seed deposits were found, and on average, seed predators encountered 22% of them during any one week. About one-third of the seed deposits escaped predation, and those deposits that had relatively few seeds were more likely to go unnoticed by rodents than were deposits with many seeds. The mean seed destruction rate was 8% per week; deposits with many seeds tended to lose a smaller proportion of their seeds to seed predators than did deposits with few seeds. Regression tests for the weekly data showed that, at the beginning of the observation period, seed predation was not density-dependent. Later, when the total seed crop beneath roosts was high, the number of seeds predated per deposit was positively density-dependent, while the proportion of seeds predated was negatively density-dependent, indicating predator satiation. Seed deposits that had been visited by seed predators once had a higher probability of being revisited the week after, especially if they contained many seeds when first encountered. This indicates that the foraging behavior of rodents may be affected by their remembering the location of seed-rich patches.

A new cassane diterpene, dipteryxic acid (1), and a new isoflavonolignan, 5-methoxyxanthocercin A (2), as well as four known active compounds, isoliquiritigenin (3), 6,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyaurone (4), sulfuretin (5), and (+/-)-balanophonin (6), and five known inactive compounds, butin, eriodictyol, 7-hydroxychromone, 7,3'-dihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, and (-)-lariciresinol, were isolated from an ethyl acetate-soluble extract of the seeds of Dipteryx odorata, using a bioassay based on the induction of quinone reductase (QR) in cultured Hepa 1c1c7 mouse hepatoma cells to monitor chromatographic fractionation. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to confirm the relative stereochemistry of compound 1. Selected compounds (3-5) were evaluated in a mouse mammary organ culture assay, with isoliquiritigenin (3) found to exhibit 76% inhibition at a dose of 10 microg/mL.

Forest plantations may minimize the effects of deforestation in the Amazon. However, there are differences among species in terms of their influences on soil recovery. The effects of monospecific plantations of Acacia mangium, Dipteryx odorata, Jacaranda copaia, Parkia decussata,and Swietenia macrophylla, and areas of pasture and native forest on the chemical soil attributes of the Brazilian Amazon were evaluated. One bulked soil sample was collected per plot (0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.30 m; three plots of 128 m2) in each area. No significant differences in most of the soil attributes were observed among the forest plantations. However, soil K+ and P were higher in the Swietenia macrophylla plantations, while higher values of Ca2+, sum of bases, and pH occurred in Jacaranda copaia plantations. In the native forest, the pH, and P content were lower, whereas the soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), N content, H+Al content, and Al3+ content were higher than in the plantations. The lowest values of SOM, SOC, CEC, K+, Mg2+, N, H+Al, and Al3+ occurred in the pasture. None of the forest species led to the return of the original soil chemical attributes of the native forest. However, S. macrophylla and J. copaia plantations presented the highest positive edaphic influences. RESUMO. Plantios florestais podem mimizar o efeito do desmatamento na Amazônia. Contudo, há diferenças entre as espécies com relação à influência no solo. Os efeitos de plantações monoespecíficas de Acacia mangium, Dipteryx odorata, Jacaranda copaia, Parkia decussata e Swietenia macrophylla, e áreas de pastagem e mata nativa, sobre os atributos químicos do solo, foram avaliados na Amazônia brasileira. Uma amostra composta de solo por parcela foi coletada (0-5, 5-10 e 10-30 cm; três parcelas de 128 m2) em cada área. Não houve diferenças significativas para a maioria dos atributos avaliados, na comparação entre os plantios. Contudo maiores valores de K+ e P foram observados sob Swietenia macrophylla, enquanto maiores valores de Ca2+, soma de bases e pH ocorreram sob Jacaranda copaia. Em relação aos plantios, na mata nativa foram menores o pH e P disponível, enquanto conteúdo de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), carbono orgânico do solo (COS), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), N, H+Al e Al3+ foram maiores. Sob pastagem, ocorreram menores valores de MOS, COS, CTC, K+, Mg2+, N, H+Al e Al3+. Não ocorreu o retorno das condições originais dos atributos químicos do solo observados na mata nativa, sob nenhuma espécie florestal. No entanto, os plantios de S. macrophylla e J. copaia promoveram as maiores influências positivas no solo.

For nearly two hundred years, Caesalpinia echinata wood has been the standard for modern bows. However, the threat of extinction and the enforcement of trade bans have required bow makers to seek alternative woods. The hypothesis tested was that woods with physical, mechanical and acoustic properties similar to those of C. echinata would have high potential as alternative woods for bows. Accordingly, were investigated Handroanthus spp., Mezilaurus itauba, Hymenaea spp., Dipteryx spp., Diplotropis spp. and Astronium lecointei. Handroanthus and Diplotropis have the greatest number of similarities with C. echinata, but only Handroanthus spp. showed significant results in actual bow manufacture, suggesting the importance of such key properties as specific gravity, speed of sound propagation and modulus of elasticity. In practice, Handroanthus and Dipteryx produced bows of quality similar to that of C. echinata. Por quase 200 anos, a madeira de Caesalpinia echinata tem sido referência para arcos modernos. No entanto, a ameaça de extinção e a proibição comercial têm motivado os arqueteiros a buscar madeiras alternativas. A hipótese testada foi a de que madeiras com propriedades físicas, mecânicas e acústicas semelhantes às de C. echinata, teriam grande potencial como madeiras alternativas para os arcos. Assim, foram investigadas Handroanthus spp., Mezilaurus itauba, Hymenaea spp., Dipteryx spp., Diplotropis spp. e Astronium lecointei. Os resultados mostraram que Handroanthus e Diplotropis apresentam o maior número de semelhanças com C. echinata, mas apenas Handroanthus teve resultados significativos na fabricação dos arcos, sugerindo a importância das seguintes propriedades chave: densidade aparente, velocidade de propagação do som e módulo de elasticidade. Na prática, Handroanthus e Dipteryx forneceram arcos com qualidade semelhante ao de C. echinata.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-03T13:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-01Bitstream added on 2014-12-03T13:23:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000337113000022.pdf: 777492 bytes, checksum: 4a0d3e39a47c66366e3daa864fc5a969 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) PROBIC/Uniso Snakebite is a neglected disease and serious health problem in Brazil, with most bites being caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops. Although serum therapy is the primary treatment for systemic envenomation, it is generally ineffective in neutralizing the local effects of these venoms. In this work, we examined the ability of 7,8,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (TM), an isoflavone from Dipteryx alata, to neutralize the neurotoxicity (in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations) and myotoxicity (assessed by light microscopy) of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in vitro. The toxicity of TM was assessed using the Salmonella microsome assay (Ames test). Incubation with TM alone (200 mu g/mL) did not alter the muscle twitch tension whereas incubation with venom (40 mu g/mL) caused irreversible paralysis. Preincubation of TM (200 mu g/mL) with venom attenuated the venom-induced neuromuscular blockade by 84% +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM; n = 4). The neuromuscular blockade caused by bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), the major myotoxic PLA(2) of this venom, was also attenuated by TM. Histological analysis of diaphragm muscle incubated with TM showed that most fibers were preserved (only 9.2% +/- 1.7% were damaged; n = 4) compared to venom alone (50.3% +/- 5.4% of fibers damaged; n = 3), and preincubation of TM with venom significantly attenuated the venom-induced damage (only 17% +/- 3.4% of fibers damaged; n = 3; p < 0.05 compared to venom alone). TM showed no mutagenicity in the Ames test using Salmonella strains TA98 and TA97a with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. These findings indicate that TM is a potentially useful compound for antagonizing the neuromuscular effects (neurotoxicity and myotoxicity) of B. jararacussu venom. Univ Sorocaba UNISO, Postgrad Program Pharmaceut Sci, BR-18023000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Univ Sorocaba UNISO, Postgrad Program Technol & Environm Proc, BR-18023000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Serpentarium Vale do Paraiba Univ CEN UNIVAP, BR-12244000 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Clin Toxicol & Bromatol Anal, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Fed Univ Pampa UNIPAMPA, LANETOX, BR-97300000 Sao Gabriel, RS, Brazil Univ Metodista Piracicaba, BR-13423170 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil UFT, Postgrad Course Environm Sci, BR-77001090 Palmas, TO, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, BR-14801902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil State Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Dept Pharmacol, Fac Med Sci, BR-13083887 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Salamanca, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, CIETUS, IBSAL, Salamanca 37007, Spain Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, BR-14801902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 04/09705-8 FAPESP: 07/53883-6 FAPESP: 08/50669-6 FAPESP: 08/52643-4 FAPESP: 08/11005-5 USAL:18KAC9/463AC01

This work analyses and describes fruit, seed and embryo morphology of 12 Dipterygeae species. The fruit is quite distinct among genera, being a legume in Taralea, a drupoid legume in Dipteryx and a cryptosamara in Pterodon. It was observed that the three genera present distinct morphological characteristics in the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. These structures are strongly associated with the dispersal syndromes presented by the genera. Embryonic descriptions are provided for the first time in this manuscript for the three genera presented here and the main diagnostic characteristics are: (1) a gradual extent of development of the hypocotyl-radicle axis from Taralea (undeveloped) to Dipteryx (the most developed); (2) the plumules are entire in Taralea and pinnate in Dipteryx and Pterodon; (3) a cleft below the hypocotyl-radicle axis in Taralea, absent in the other genera, because of the strongly cordate base of the cotyledonar leaves; (4) differences in the degree of development of the hypocotyl-radicle axis between D.alata, D.rosea and D.micrantha. Dipterygeae presents a noticeable diversity of fruit, seed and embryo, Taralea being the most distinct of all. The results of this morphological analysis suggest an evolutive path for the diaspores in the clade, based on phylogenetic studies which show Taralea as sister to the clade constituted by Dipteryx and Pterodon. O presente trabalho analisa e descreve a morfologia de frutos, sementes e embriões de 12 espécies de Dipterygeae. O fruto é consideravelmente distinto entre os gêneros, sendo um legume em Taralea, um legume drupoide em Dipteryx e uma criptossâmara em Pterodon. Foi observado que os três gêneros apresentam características morfológicas distintas no epicarpo, mesocarpo e endocarpo. Essas estruturas são fortemente associadas com as síndromes de dispersão apresentadas pelos três diferentes gêneros. Descrições completas dos embriões são apresentadas pela primeira vez neste manuscrito para os três gêneros e as principais características diagnósticas encontradas são: (1) um gradual desenvolvimento do eixo hipocótilo-radícula de Taralea (não desenvolvido) a Dipteryx (bem desenvolvido); (2) as plúmulas são inteiras em Taralea e pinadas em Dipteryx e Pterodon; (3) uma fenda abaixo do eixo hipocótilo-radícula em Taralea, ausente nos outros dois gêneros, devido à base fortemente cordada das folhas cotiledonares; (4) diferenças no grau de desenvolvimento do eixo hipocótilo-radícula entre D. alata, D. rosea e D. micrantha. Dipterygeae apresenta uma notável diversidade de frutos, sementes e embriões, sendo os mais distintos encontrados em Taralea. Os resultados destas análises morfológicas sugerem um caminho evolutivo para os diásporos dentro do clado, com base nos estudos filogenéticos que apontam Taralea como irmã do clado constituído por Dipteryx e Pterodon.

The impact of logging and subsequent recovery after logging is predicted to vary depending on specific life history traits of the logged species. The Eco-gene simulation model was used to evaluate the long-term impacts of selective logging over 300 years on two contrasting Brazilian Amazon tree species, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda copaia. D. odorata (Leguminosae), a slow growing climax tree, occurs at very low densities, whereas J. copaia (Bignoniaceae) is a fast growing pioneer tree that occurs at high densities. Microsatellite multilocus genotypes of the pre-logging populations were used as data inputs for the Eco-gene model and post-logging genetic data was used to verify the output from the simulations. Overall, under current Brazilian forest management regulations, there were neither short nor long-term impacts on J. copaia. By contrast, D. odorata cannot be sustainably logged under current regulations, a sustainable scenario was achieved by increasing the minimum cutting diameter at breast height from 50 to 100 cm over 30-year logging cycles. Genetic parameters were only slightly affected by selective logging, with reductions in the numbers of alleles and single genotypes. In the short term, the loss of alleles seen in J. copaia simulations was the same as in real data, whereas fewer alleles were lost in D. odorata simulations than in the field. The different impacts and periods of recovery for each species support the idea that ecological and genetic information are essential at species, ecological guild or reproductive group levels to help derive sustainable management scenarios for tropical forests.

Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre d'une réflexion sur les modèles de développement territorial favorisant une transition des sociétés humaines vers un développement plus durable. L'usage commercial des Produits Forestiers Non-Ligneux (PFNL) est ici pris comme exemple, au sein d'une région à l'interface entre modèle agro-industriel et d'agriculture familiale. Elle repose sur l'hypothèse que la valorisation des PFNL pourrait contribuer au développement socio-économique local et ainsi inciter les autorités publiques et les populations locales à gérer durablement la forêt. Cette hypothèse est évaluée ici au moyen d'une étude de cas contextualisée, centrée sur l'initiative de développement de la filière de l'amande chiquitanienne (Dipteryx alata) en Bolivie. L'étude se penche sur les impacts actuels et potentiels de cette initiative au sein du territoire chiquitanien et tache de déterminer dans quelle mesure elle pourrait effectivement contribuer à son développement durable. En dépit de la " jeunesse " de cette filière, qui reste dépendante des institutions et des projets d'appui, son émergence a déjà des répercussions intéressantes. Elle contribue modestement à l'amélioration de la nutrition et à la génération de revenus en zone rurale, revenus qui sont du reste accessibles aux individus les plus vulnérables, comme les femmes et les jeunes des communautés indigènes. Plus qu'à la gestion des massifs forestiers, elle incite à la protection de D. alata et à sa plantation, particulièrement dans les pâturages artificiels. La mise en place de systèmes agro-forestiers associant les amandiers à l'élevage marque une évolution intéressante des systèmes de production, allant dans le sens d'une conciliation des différents piliers du développement durable. Cette initiative va dans le sens de la revalorisation de l'agriculture familiale multifonctionnelle, dont le renforcement pourrait représenter pour la Chiquitanie une alternative plus durable que l'expansion du modèle de production agro-industriel déjà dominant dans d'autres zones du département de Santa Cruz. Elle gagnerait à s'inscrire dans un processus de territorialisation, auquel elle peut d'ailleurs contribuer. Les conditions de la mise en place d'un contexte politico-légal favorable au développement territorial intégral et participatif sont ici analysées et mises en perspectives des stratégies et pratiques actuelles.

The effects of reduced-impact logging (RIL) on the regeneration of commercial tree species were investigated, as long-term timber yields depend partly on the availability of seedlings in a managed forest. On four occasions during a 20-month period in the TapajNational Forest (Eastern Amazon, Brazil), seven commercial tree species were assessed as follows: the long-lived pioneers Bagassa guianensis and Jacaranda copaia; the partially shade-tolerant Hymenaea courbaril, Dipteryx odorata, and Carapa guianensis; and the totally shade-tolerant Sympho- nia globulifera and Manilkara huberi. In 2439 10 9 10 m plots, all individuals < 20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were assessed over three intervals, before, during, and after the forest being logged. Before logging, the density of seedlings and saplings of the seven spe- cies did not change. Logged trees were spatially aggregated, with 9.2 percent of the plots being heavily impacted by logging. After log- ging, the recruitment rate increased more than the mortality rate, so that post-harvesting densities of seedlings and saplings increased. The increase in density was concentrated in logged plots with more disturbances. It is concluded that post-harvesting heterogeneity of micro-environments created by RIL may be an important component to be taken into account for sustainable forest management and conservation of commercial species.

1024x768 This research aimed to investigate possible differences in values of longitudinal modulus of elasticity for wood species usually employed for structural purposes, as Castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa), Cambará (Erisma uncinatum), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Jatobá (Hymenaea stilbocarpa), Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) and Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron), obtained from compression and tension parallel to grain, and static bending tests. Recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, Annex B, were followed. Statistical analysis results for the cited properties, had equivalent averages for the six wood species analyzed. This confirms that any of the three tests can be used to obtain the longitudinal elastic modulus and which could avoid the necessity of evaluating stiffness values for wood by more than one kind of mechanical test. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

The potential for mycorrhizae to influence the diversity and structuring of plant communities depends on whether their affinities and effects differ across a suite of potential host species. In order to assess this potential for a tropical forest community in Panama, we conducted three reciprocal inoculation experiments using seedlings from six native tree species. Seeds were germinated in sterile soil and then exposed to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in current association with naturally infected roots from adults of either the same or different species growing in intact forest. The tree species represent a range of life histories, including early successional pioneers, a persistent understory species, and emergent species, typical of mature forest. Collectively, these experiments show: (i) the seedlings of small-seeded pioneer species were more dependent on mycorrhizal inocula for initial survival and growth; (ii) although mycorrhizal fungi from all inocula were able to colonize the roots of all host species, the inoculum potential (the infectivity of an inoculum of a given concentration) and root colonization varied depending on the identity of the host seedling and the source of the inoculum; and (iii) different mycorrhizal fungal inocula also produced differences in growth depending on the host species. These differences indicate that host-mycorrhizal fungal interactions in tropical forests are characterized by greater complexity than has previously been demonstrated, and suggest that tropical mycorrhizal fungal communities have the potential to differentially influence seedling recruitment among host species and thereby affect community composition.

Light fluctuations and crown traits were studied for saplings of four tree species in a Costa Rican rain forest. Light fluctuations (1988-1994) were assessed by annual light estimations above saplings, using a visual crown position index. Crown traits in 1994 and growth between 1994 and 1995 were measured. Crown position values varied between 1.5 and 2.5. Of the 70 saplings only four were found at higher light levels (crown position of 3 or 3.5), but for 1-2 y only. Over the 6 y of investigation, 55-75 % of the saplings experienced no or only one light fluctuation, and 25-45 % two or three fluctuations. Crown traits in 1994 were either most strongly correlated with light levels in 1993 (Lecythis) and with light levels in 1991 and 1992 (Dipteryx and Simarouba), or they were not significantly correlated with light levels (Minquartia). It is hypothesised that: (1) the saplings require 1-3 y to establish a crown trait in response to light levels in the forest; and (2) and species that can economically produce a leaf can adjust crown traits more quickly in an environment dominated by low light levels than species that are less economic. Crown trait responses may track environmental changes in three of the four species, in particular in Lecythis. In this latter species, leaf area had no significant effect on growth and survival, whereas light level had a positive effect. Conversely, in the other three species, light levels had no discernible effect on growth and survival (due in part to low variation in crown position in two of these species), whereas leaf area had a positive effect on both.

Rates of litter decomposition and nutrient release from litter provide valuable information on the capacity of different tree species to replenish soil nutrients in degraded tropical areas. Leaf litter decomposition, leaf litterfall, plantation floor leaf litter, and mulch performance were studied for four indigenous timber species, Virola koschnyiWarb, Dipteryxpanamensis(Pittier) Record and Mell, Terminalia amazonia(J.F. Gmel.) Exell., and Albizia gua-chapele(H.B.K.) Little, grown in mixed and monospecific plantations in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Terminalia amazonialitter decomposed the fastest: no litter remained after 6 months. After 12 months, D. panamensis, A. guachapele, and the mixed litter decomposed completely, while 15% of the original weight of V. koschnyilitter remained. Differences in decomposition rates were closely related to leaf nutrient content. Total annual leaf litterfall was highest in T. amazonia(872.9 g/m2), followed by D. panamensis, V. koschnyi, and the m...

The amount of leaf litter fall produced by different tree species in tropical forests varies in space and time. Falling litter may cover seeds and thereby enhance their survival by making their detection by seed predators more difficult. Tests were made to determine whether Astrocaryum murumuru and Dipteryx micrantha seeds survive better in microsites covered by leaf litter. Seed numbers and litter cover on the forest floor were experimentally manipulated. How natural variation in leaf litter cover and thickness affects seed and seedling survival of these two plant species was also examined. Seed survivorship was significantly higher for both plant species in microsites with leaf litter than in those with bare soil. Results from an experiment in which the litter was not disturbed showed that Astrocaryum seed survival was positively correlated with litter thickness (defined as the number of overlying dead leaves). Astrocaryum seedling survival was also significantly affected by leaf litter; more seedlings survived in shallow litter. Leaf litter had no effect on Dipteryx seedling survival. The results of the study suggest that early recruitment of both Astrocaryum and Dipteryx is influenced by the spatial distribution and amount of forest leaf litter.

The role of regeneration strategies in structuring tropical tree communities has been a recent focus of attention of tropical ecologists. Canopy discontinuities created by tree-falls are considered to be critical to many rain forest trees for establishing and completing their life cycles. It was investigated whether it is advantageous for two common large-seeded and shadetolerant Amazonian tree species, the palmAstrocaryum murumuruand the legume,Dipteryx micrantha, to have their seeds dispersed to gaps. The dispersal process was simulated by placing experimental seeds and seedlings in gaps and in the shaded understorey, and then following their performance. Seeds and seedlings from the two species were used. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the survival functions and compare survivorship curves. Survival ofAstrocaryumseeds, and ofDipteryxseeds and seedlings, was higher in two gap zones (crown and bole) than in the shaded understorey (both near and far away from a conspecific adult). A higher proportion of seedlings of both plant species survived within gaps than in the shaded understorey over an 18-wk period. One year after the seedlings had been transplanted into gaps these patterns still held. Naturally occurringAstrocaryumseeds survived better beneath conspecific adult trees located within 30 m of gaps than beneath trees located 100 m from gaps. Variation in gap size was significant forDipteryxseeds, but not forDipteryxseedlings andAstrocaryumseeds and seedlings.Dipteryxseeds survived longer in smaller than in larger gaps. By colonizing tree-fall gaps, these two species improved their chances of completing their life cycles.

Crude extracts of callus and roots of Dipteryx odorata were analyzed by HPLC to detect and quantify isoflavone contents. Based on spectroscopic and X-ray crystallography data the structures of two isoflavones were elucidated as 7-hydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone and 3',7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone. The production of dry biomass of 7-hydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone in cultured callus was 4.12 mg/g, approximately eleven fold higher than the amount accumulated in roots of D. odorata wild-growing plants. The 7-hydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone was effective against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. This is the first report on those bioactive isoflavones accumulated in callus of D. odorata.

Objetivou-se avaliar o emprego de ensaios de dureza Rockwell na caracterização da biodeterioração das madeiras de Simarouba amara (marupá), Cariniana micrantha (jequitibá) e Dipteryx odorata (cumaru), submetidas ao ataque dos fungos apodrecedores Trametes versicolor (podridão branca) e Gloeophyllum trabeum (podridão parda). Para tanto, corpos de prova de cada espécie amazônica foram submetidos a ensaios de apodrecimento acelerado, de acordo com a ASTM D2017 (2005), durante 20 semanas. A caracterização da dureza Rockwell foi realizada semanalmente até a 4ª semana e, posteriormente, a cada duas semanas, até a 20ª semana. Adicionalmente, foram determinadas as perdas de massa, conforme critérios estabelecidos pela ASTM D2017 (2005). Quanto aos resultados, destaca-se que a dureza Rockwell pode ser empregada como ferramenta principal na caracterização da biodeterioração da madeira, sendo sensível na predição dos estágios iniciais. Dentre as madeiras amazônicas, o cumaru apresentou a maior resistência natural aos fungos apodrecedores. Com relação aos fungos, a podridão parda atacou mais intensamente as três madeiras amazônicas.

Recebido em 22/5/12; aceito em 24/10/12; publicado na web em 12/3/13 Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. is a tall arboreal species native to Central and Northern South America. This paper describes the chemical characterization and phytotoxic potential of polar and non-polar extracts from D. odorata seeds. Structural determinations were accomplished by chemical derivatization and analyzed by GC/MS. The chemical composition of the non-polar fraction (hexane and dichloromethane) presented fatty acids as major constituent. Medium polar and polar fractions (ethyl acetate and ethanol: water) contained carboxylic acid and high 6,7-Dyhidroxycoumarin-β-D-glucopyranoside content, not previously reported for seeds of D. odorata. Extracts showed a significant level of phytotoxic activity, correlated to the content of coumarin derivatives, predominantly in the polar fraction.

Título en ingles: Cell cultures of Choiba Dipteryx oleifera BenthTítulo corto: Cultivos celulares de ChoibáResumen: Choibá (Dipteryx oleifera Benth) es un árbol de la familia Fabaceae (Papilionoideae), con una distribución geográfica reportada desde Nicaragua hasta Colombia a una altura de hasta 1000 msnm. Crece en bosque húmedo, muy húmedo o premontano húmedo. Esta especie es considerada vulnerable debido a la sobreexplotación de su madera, ya que es un árbol altamente apetecido por esta y por sus frutos. Su almendra almacena una buena cantidad de aceites con potencial para la industria alimentaria, lo que podría resultar en una nueva fuente alimenticia, por lo cual el cultivo in vitro de vegetales con el propósito de producir compuestos de interés, marca un punto de partida para reducir el uso del suelo y lograr componentes bioactivos bajo condiciones controladas. En este trabajo, como una primera etapa experimental, se evaluó el crecimiento celular en suspensiones, a partir de callo inducido en explantes de cotiledón; se ensayaron 6 tratamientos diferentes, la mitad de estos con MS como medio basal y la otra mitad con B5, cada uno de los dos grupos con un control y la combinación hormonal de 2.5 mg/L de 2,4-D y 1 mg/L de BAP o kinetina, suplementado con adenina, biotina, glutamina y ácido pantoténico y 30 g/L de sacarosa, bajo completa oscuridad. Se encontró que dos tratamientos con MS en combinación con 2.5 mg/L de 2,4-D y 1 mg/L de kinetina o BAP fueron los mejores.Palabras clave: Biomasa, choibá, cultivos celulares, Dipteryx oleifera.Abstract: Choibá (Dipteryx olifera) is a tree of the Fabaceae family, with a geographical distribution reported from Nicaragua to Colombia, nearly 1.000 msnm in a tropical rain forest. This species is a highly desired tree for its timber and fruits, the kernel store a lot of important oils for the food industry, resulting in a new possible food source, so we are making in vitro cultivation of vegetables with the purpose of producing compounds of interest and that mark a starting point on the reduction of land use and it achieves bioactive components under controlled conditions. In this work, as a first experimental step was evaluated the tissue cell growth in suspension, using fragments of cotyledon and testing 6 different treatments, the half of those with MS as basal medium and the other half with B5, each of the two groups with one control and hormone combination of 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP or kinetin, supplemented with adenine, biotin, pantothenic acid and glutamine and 30 g l sucrose under complete darkness. It was found that two treatments with MS in combination with 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L kinetin or BAP were the best.Key words: biomass, cell cultures, choibá, Dipteryx oleifera.

Seedlings of five canopy species of tropical trees from Costa Rica and Puerto Rico were grown in full shade (midday range of photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD], 100-140 μmol m -2 s -1 ), partial shade (midday PPFD, 400-600 μmol m -2 s -1 ) and full sun (midday PPFD, 1500-1800 μmol m -2 s -1 ) for 3 months. The species were Ochroma lagopus (Bombacaceae), a pioneer species ; Inga edulis (Fabaceae), found in secondary forest ; and Dipteryx panamensis (Fabaceae), Hampea appendiculata (Malvaceae), and Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae), three species characteristic of primary forest. After the plants were placed in the dark overnight, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics were measured for recently expanded and mature leaves. The ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (F v /F m ) was used to estimate the degree of chronic photoinhibition. Only individuals of one species, Dipteryx panamensis, showed significant depression of F v /F m after long-term exposure to full sun. The depression was highly correlated with quantum yield of O 2 evolution which also declined after exposure to full sun. The decline may have been related to foliar N concentration. Although all plants were supplied with ample nutrients, foliar N did not increase significantly for Dipteryx seedlings in full sun, whereas it did for Ochroma and Inga. Leaf age affected F v /F m only in the cases of Manilkara, where it was slightly lower in recently expanded leaves, and of Dipteryx where it interacted with the effects of light regime. We conclude that chronic photoinhibition is not common in seedlings of canopy trees of tropical rain forests except when availability of mineral nutrients may be limiting.

Fourth year results are presented from a species screening trial established at the La Selva Biological Station in northeastern Costa Rica. Of the 14 tropical hardwood species evaluated on survivorship, growth, form, and volume the most promising were (survival, diameter and height): Vochysia guatemalensis (84%, 12.2 cm, 10.5 m); Vochysia ferruginea (79%, 9.7 cm, 7.8 m); Hyeronima alchorneoides (83%, 8.1 cm, 7.9 m); Dipteryx panamensis (78%, 5.5 cm, 7.2 m); and Calophyllum brasiliense (80%, 6.3 cm, 6.2 m).

Internal retranslocation is an important mechanism for nutrient conservation in plants, which depends on different factors. However, there are little data about this subject, especially on tropical forest species. This study aimed to evaluate the macronutrient retranslocation dynamic and the influence of ecological (P: pioneer x NP: non-pioneer) and phenological (ND: non-deciduous x D: semideciduous / deciduous) characteristics on the macronutrient content of leaves of five tree species on monospecific plantations in the Brazilian Amazon: Acacia mangium Willd., Parkia decussata Ducke, Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd., Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don and Swietenia macrophylla King. Photosynthetically active green leaves and senescent leaves (leaf litter) were collected. Retranslocation was estimated through an equation proposed by Attiwill, Guthrie and Leuning (1978). The pioneer species presented higher foliar contents of N; the non-pioneer species presented higher contents of K, Ca and S; and the results were inconclusive for P and Mg. The deciduous species presented higher foliar contents of K and of P, whereas the foliar contents of N, Ca, Mg and S were virtually identical between the phenological groups. The internal retranslocation of foliar nutrients in pioneer and non-deciduous species was higher than that of non-pioneer and deciduous species.

Many species are expected to suffer strong shifts in their geographic ranges due to climate changes in the next 50 years, with severe consequences for biodiversity patterns and population structure. We used here an ensemble forecast approach for obtaining species' range in which multiple species distribution models and climatic models were combined to model loss of genetic variability in Baru, Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae), an economically important Neotropical tree native to the Cerrado of Brazil. We estimated a series of genetic parameters (number of alleles per locus, expected heterozygosity under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and mutation-drift equilibrium) for this species based on eight microsatellite loci. We then recalculated these parameters assuming that local populations in areas of low future environmental suitability will go extinct. All genetic parameters remained approximately constant up to a 50% threshold of climatic suitability in the future; after this critical threshold there is an abrupt reduction in all parameters, although the magnitude of shift is only about 10% of current values, on average. Thus, despite the shifts in geographic range and climatically suitable areas towards southeastern Brazil, our analyses do not predict a strong loss of genetic diversity in D. alata because of the broad tolerance of this species, which ensures large future ranges, contrasting with other Cerrado species that have been analyzed in a similar manner.

O propósito desta pesquisa foi desenvolver, utilizando-se delineamento de misturas, rapaduras enriquecidas com farelo de arroz extrusado e amêndoas de baru/amendoim torrados, em diferentes proporções, e caracterizá-las em relação às suas propriedades, químicas, físicas (textura e parâmetros de cor) e sensoriais, comparando-as à rapadura padrão, composta apenas de caldo de cana-de-açúcar concentrado. Com a inserção da mistura de farelo de arroz extrusado e amêndoas de baru/amendoim torrados nas rapaduras formuladas, observou-se que quanto maior a quantidade de farelo de arroz extrusado e menor de caldo de cana-de-açúcar concentrado houve tendência ao maior teor de cinzas. Os maiores teores de proteínas, lipídios e fibra alimentar total foram verificados quando as formulações apresentavam maiores quantidades de amêndoa de baru/amendoim torrados e farelo de arroz extrusado e menores de caldo de cana-de-açúcar concentrado. Em relação à luminosidade, as rapaduras formuladas com amêndoa de baru torrada e farelo de arroz extrusado, apresentaram a maior tendência de aumento com maiores teores de farelo de arroz extrusado e amêndoa de baru torrada, nas formuladas com amendoim torrado e farelo de arroz extrusado, esta tendência foi verificada com maiores quantidades de farelo de arroz extrusado e menores de amendoim torrado e caldo de cana-de-açúcar concentrado. Já para textura a força máxima de compressão teve maior tendência ao aumento quando os valores de caldo de cana-de-açúcar concentrado e amêndoa de baru torrada foram intermediários e para a formulação com amendoim, quando menor a quantidade de amendoim torrado e caldo de cana-de-açúcar concentrado e maiores de farelo de arroz extrusado. Como a rapadura padrão é considerada um alimento desbalanceado devido ao seu valor calórico ser atribuído, quase que exclusivamente, aos carboidratos, ao seu baixo teor de proteína e ausência de lipídios, é possível concluir que com a adição da mistura de farelo de arroz extrusado e amêndoa de baru torrada, a rapadura passou a ser um alimento mais completo, contemplando outros nutrientes, sendo os lipídios e proteínas provenientes do farelo de arroz extrusado e da amêndoa de baru torrada, assim como as fibras, que contribuem para o melhor funcionamento do organismo humano. The purpose of this research was to develop, using a mixture design, rapadura enriched with rice bran extruded and baru almonds/peanuts roasted in different proportions, and characterize them in relation to their properties, chemical, physical (texture and parameters of color), microbiological and sensory, comparing them to standard rapadura, composed only of sugar cane juice. With the insertion of the mixture of rice bran extruded and baru almonds/peanuts roasted in formulated rapadura, it was observed that the greater the amount of rice bran extruded under sugar cane juice concentrated tended to the higher ash concentration. The highest levels of proteins, lipids and total dietary fiber were observed when the formulations had higher amounts of baru almonds/ peanuts roasted and rice bran extruded under sugar cane juice concentrated. Regarding the brightness, the rapadura made with baru almond toast and extruded rice bran showed the highest upward trend in higher levels of extruded rice bran and baru almond toast, those made with roasted peanuts and rice bran extruded. This trend was observed in the largest quantities of rice bran and extruded under roasted peanuts and sugar cane juice sugar-concentrated. As for the texture maximum compression force had a greater tendency to increase when the values of sugar cane juice concentrated and baru almond roasted were intermediate and the formulation of peanuts, the smaller the amount of roasted peanuts and sugar cane juice sugar-concentrated and larger extruded rice bran. As the pattern is regarded as a molasses feed unbalanced due to the caloric value to be assigned, almost exclusively to the carbohydrate to the low protein content and the absence of lipids, it can be concluded that with the addition of the mixture of rice bran and extruded baru almonds roasted, the brown sugar has become a more complete food, watching other nutrients, lipids and proteins from rice bran extruded and baru almonds roasted, as well as fibers, which contribute to the better functioning of the organism human.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-28T14:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000302312600001.pdf: 1511402 bytes, checksum: 8f615de9caaeea78401d7f6286c0c2e2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000302312600001.pdf: 1511402 bytes, checksum: 8f615de9caaeea78401d7f6286c0c2e2 (MD5) WOS000302312600001.pdf.txt: 37630 bytes, checksum: 7d61f1c203709120fb7502f1ac910c49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:24:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000302312600001.pdf: 1511402 bytes, checksum: 8f615de9caaeea78401d7f6286c0c2e2 (MD5) WOS000302312600001.pdf.txt: 37630 bytes, checksum: 7d61f1c203709120fb7502f1ac910c49 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000302312600001.pdf: 1511402 bytes, checksum: 8f615de9caaeea78401d7f6286c0c2e2 (MD5) WOS000302312600001.pdf.txt: 37630 bytes, checksum: 7d61f1c203709120fb7502f1ac910c49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) PROBIC/UNISO Background: Dipteryx alata Vogel popularly known as baru is an important commercial leguminous tree species from the Brazilian Cerrado, which possess medicinal properties, besides its fruits consumption by animals and humans. The use of the naturally occurring plants as herbal remedies and foods mainly from leaves, seeds, flowers and roots of plants or extracts require precautions before ensuring these are safe and efficacious. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of D. alata barks extract.Methods: Vegetal drugs of D. alata barks were submitted to quality control assays and further to the safety assays under 1) in vitro parameter by Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity, and 2) in vivo parameter on the pregnancy of rats.Results: The extract was non-mutagenic to any of the assessed strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 even after metabolic activation (+S9). All in vivo parameters (reproductive ability evaluation, physical development of rat offsprings, and neurobehavioral development assays) showed no changes related to control group.Conclusion: D. alata barks extract is neither mutagenic by the Ames test nor toxic in the pregnancy of rats, with no physical-neurobehavioral consequences on the rat offsprings development. UNESP São Paulo State Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci Araraquara, Dept Biol Sci, BR-14801902 São Paulo, Brazil Univ Sorocaba, Sch Pharm, UNISO, BR-18023000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Univ Fed São Paulo, UNIFESP, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, Brazil Fed Univ Tocantins, Postgrad Course Environm Sci, PGCiamb, UFT, BR-77001090 Tocantins, Brazil Fed Univ Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR-97300000 Sao Gabriel, RS, Brazil State Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Piracicaba Dent Sch, BR-13414903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil UNESP São Paulo State Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci Araraquara, Dept Biol Sci, BR-14801902 São Paulo, Brazil FAPESP: 07/53883-6 FAPESP: 07/51414-5

 Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the population genetic analyses of the neotropical tree Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae).  Methods and Results: Microsatellites were developed from a genomic shotgun library. Polymorphism at each microsatellite loci was analyzed based on 94 individuals from three populations. Eight loci amplifi ed successfully and presented one to 10 alleles, and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.097 to 0.862. Four loci also amplifi ed in Pterodon emarginatus and presented similar polymorphism.  Conclusion: The eight microsatellite primer pairs are potentially suitable for population genetic studies and successfully amplifi ed in another Fabaceae species.

En vue de concilier le développement économique et la conservation de la forêt en Bolivie, la Fondation pour la conservation de la forêt sèche chiquitanienne (Fcbc) s'efforce de venir en appui aux filières des produits forestiers non ligneux (Pfnl) telle que celle de l'amande de Chiquitanie, Dipteryx alata (Vogel). Les fruits comestibles de cet arbre natif de l'écorégion de la forêt sèche chiquitanienne sont actuellement récoltés par des communautés indigènes, transformés par une association de producteurs et essentiellement commercialisés dans le département de Santa Cruz. Malgré les obstacles auxquels se heurte la filière, la valorisation de l'amande de Chiquitanie s'avère être un moyen de développement socioéconomique intéressant. Elle représente une opportunité de revenus complémentaires pour les familles des communautés indigènes, qui s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une stratégie de réduction des risques par la diversification des productions et activités économiques. L'émergence de débouchés pour l'amande de Chiquitanie a engendré des comportements spontanés de protection de l'espèce de la part des producteurs, qui se limitent cependant aux espaces individuels que sont le champ, le pâturage ou le patio. Par ailleurs, plus que d'inciter les populations rurales à préserver l'intégrité des massifs forestiers, ce type de développement les invite à établir des plantations. Toutefois, le contexte et les caractéristiques écologiques de cette légumineuse fourragère font qu´elles privilégient davantage sa plantation suivant des systèmes agroforestiers et sylvopastoraux, peu répandus dans l'écorégion. C'est ainsi que cette option permet d'atténuer les effets négatifs du développement agropastoral en promouvant des pratiques plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Plus particulièrement, ce choix technique commence à se propager auprès des éleveurs privés et Dipteryx alata pourrait ainsi devenir un élément clé pour promouvoir le reboisement des pâturages artificiels.

Major changes in seed or seedling survivorship could alter the recruitment dynamics of tropical forest trees. One mechanism that could cause altered survival is modified herbivore pressure, in our context, by mammals. Clear differences in seed and seedling survivorship result when human hunters and/or habitat fragmentation extirpate mammalian herbivores or greatly reduce their abundances (DeSteven and Putz 1984, Sork 1987, Dirzo and Miranda 1991, Leigh et al. 1993). Increases in mammalian herbivore abundances may also influence tree recruitment. In particular, Terborgh (1992) hypothesized that absent carnivores contribute to high abundances of medium-sized mammalian herbivores on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama and that this may in turn alter tree recruitment. We tested the second part of this hypothesis. We compared seed and seedling dynamics for BCI and for Cocha Cashu (CC), Peru, where the apparent population densities of medium-sized mammalian herbivores are much lower. We studied trees in the genus Dipteryx (Leguminosae, Papilionoidae) because their seeds are consumed by terrestrial mammals, closely related species producing almost identical seeds occur in Panama and Peru, and the seed and seedling demography of D. panamensis have been studied in Panama and Costa Rica (DeSteven and Putz 1984, Clark and Clark 1987, DeSteven 1988). To examine the implications of high vs. low numbers of mammalian herbivores, we followed the fates of Dipteryx seeds and seedlings in impermeable and semipermeable mammal exclosures and in open controls at both sites. We also monitored the survival and recruitment of all plants (mostly tree seedlings) growing in the experimental and control plots.

From the hexane extractives from seed kernels of Dipteryx lacunifera, 12 fatty acids have been characterized by GC-MS analysis of the methyl esters mixture obtained after methylation of the saponifiable fraction. trans-β-Farnesene and two new cassane furan diterpenes, 6α-acetoxyvouacapane and 3β,6α-diacetoxyvouacapane, were also isolated from extractives of the fruit shell. Structure determinations of these secondary metabolites have been accomplished mainly by chemical derivatization and spectral analysis.

Photosynthetic induction of in situ saplings of two Costa Rican rainforest tree species wre compared in relation to their light environment, using infrared gas analysis and hemispherical photography. The species studied were Dipteryx panamensis, a climax species found in bright microsites, and Cecropia obtusifolia, a pioneer species. In the morning, when leaves were most responsive, induction time necessary to reach 90% of the lightsaturated rate of photosynthesis was on average 16 min for Dipteryx and 10 min for Cecropia. However, induction times for both species increased in the afternoon resulting in shorter daily average induction times for Dipteryx than for Cecropia. Dipteryx also maintained higher levels of induction for a longer period under low light conditions than did Cecropia. The two species differed in the way they adjusted to light availability. Dipteryx saplings growing in shady sites had faster rates of induction than saplings growing in bright sites, with no difference in light-saturated photosynthetic rate. In contrast, Cecropia saplings growing in bright sites had higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates than saplings growing in shady sites, with no difference in rates of induction. Dipteryx appears to exploit temporal variation in light availability by refining the quickness of the induction response to the light environment, while Cecropia adjusts its scale of exploitation by realizing a higher lightsaturated photosynthetic rate in sites of higher light.