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In order to solve the problem that time domain or frequency domain filtering is not effective in denoising for nonlinear frequency modulation signal, a novel adaptive time-frequency (TF) filtering method based on generalized S-trans-form is proposed. Firstly, the TF distribution spectrum of the signal is generated by applying generalized S-transform. Then, based on the TF distribution characteristics of the effective signal component, the TF pass region of the signal is identified, outside of which, the TF distribution of the noise is removed. In the next step, an adaptive TF filter is constructed using the TF concentration of the effective signal component, to suppress the noise within the effective signal component to obtain filtered TF distribution of the nonlinear modulation signal, which is then converted to time domain using inverse generalized S transform, to generate the filtered signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides satisfactory performance in noise suppression and improves the signal-to-noise ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To isolate and purify patchouli alcohol (PA), a tricyclic sesquiterpene constituent of Pogostemon cablin, and investigate its immunomodulatory potential in Kunming mice. Methods: PA was prepared from an ethanol aqueous extract of P. cablin by silica gel column chromatography, and further purified by crystallization using n-hexane. Purity was assessed by analytical gas chromatography (GC) and confirmation of chemical structure performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). The effect of PA from Pogostemon cablin on immunological function was studied by macrophage phagocytosis, immune organ index, serum immunoglobulin level and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice that were administered orally doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg. Results: The purity of PA was 99.3%. The oral administration of PA (40, or 80 mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the phagocytic index (p < 0.05), compared with prednisone acetate (PR) group. Administration of PA (80 mg/kg) boosted the production of circulating serum IgM (0.081 ± 0.010) and IgG (1.296 ± 0.120), while IgM and IgG in PR group was 0.069 ± 0.011 (p < 0.01) and 1.180 ± 0.070 (p < 0.01) respectively. However, PA (20 mg/kg) treatment elicited significant decrease in DTH induced by 2, 4-dinitro-chlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice (1.03 ± 0.40, p < 0.05), in comparison to DNCB-induced group (1.67 ± 0.84 mg). Conclusion: These results suggest that PA has significant immunomodulatory properties which probably act by activating mononuclear phagocytic system, augmenting humoral immune response while suppressing cellular immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using GIS/ RS technology, and from the aspects of landscape structure, river- and road densities, wetness index, geomorphology, and cultivated land productivity, a spatial analysis was made on the potentiality of wetland restoration in Northeast China, with the regions of priority and secondary priority restoration wetlands determined. Then, by using the coordinated development index of crop production and wetland as well as the landscape indices, the wetland restoration effect was verified. In Northeast China, the wetland area of priority restoration was 1. 78×106 hm2, among which, farmland and grassland were the main types for restoration, accounting for 96. 7% of the total, and mainly located in the Sanjiang Plain in the northeastern part and the Songnen Plain in the central part of Northeast China. The wetland area of secondary priority restoration was 1. 03×106 hm2. After the restoration of the wetlands, the wetland area in Northeast China would be increased by 37. 4%, compared with the present wetland area, and the value of the coordinated development index of crop production and wetland would increase from 0. 539 before restoration to 0.733 after restoration. The landscape pattern would be more benefit to the performance of the ecological functions of the wetlands. This study revealed that the restoration scheme of the wetlands in Northeast China based on spatial analysis was practicable, which could provide data support for the implement of wetland restoration and the improvement of ecological environment in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this thesis, the wool fabrics were dyed with the natural dye of cochineal carmine pigment which was extracted by the method of protease and water from dried body of cochineal. The extraction of cochineal carmine pigment from cochineal with protease had the features of low temperature, short time and high effect. The influence of the concentration of the cochineal carmine, dyeing temperature, dyeing time and pH value was discussed by one-factor analysis. The optimum extraction process was as follow; extracted with protease 1% and pH value 4 for 60 min at 50 °, and then increased temperature to 90 °C for 60 min. The optimum dyeing condition was as follow; cochineal carmine concentration was 60%, dyeing temperature was 90 °, dyeing time was 50 min, pH value was 4 and the liquid ratio was 4 and the liquid ratio was 1:40 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the data of 382 typical soil profiles from the second soil survey at national and county levels, and in combining with 1:500000 digital soil maps, a spatial database of soil profiles was established. Based on this, the one meter depth soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage in Songnen Plain maize belt of China was estimated, with the spatial characteristics of the soil organic carbon and nitrogen densities as well as the relationships between the soil organic carbon and nitrogen densities and the soil types and land use types analyzed. The soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage in the maize belt was (163.12 ± 26.48) Tg and (9.53 ± 1.75) Tg, respectively, mainly concentrated in meadow soil, chernozem, and black soil. The soil organic carbon and nitrogen densities were 5.51-25.25 and 0.37-0.80 kg · m-2, respectively, and the C/N ratio was about 7.90 -12.67. The eastern and northern parts of the belt had much higher carbon and nitrogen densities than the other parts of the belt, and upland soils had the highest organic carbon density [(19.07 ± 2.44) kg · m-2], forest soils had the highest nitrogen density [(0.82 ± 0.25) kg · m-2], while lowland soils had the lower organic carbon and nitrogen densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastids of nongreen tissues import carbon as a source of biosynthetic pathways and energy, and glucose 6-phosphate is the preferred hexose phosphate taken up by nongreen plastids. A cDNA clone encoding glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator ( GPT) was isolated from a cDNA library of immature seeds of rice and named as OsGPT. The cDNA has one uninterrupted open reading frame encoding a 42 kDa polypeptide possessing transit peptide consisting of 70 amino acid residues. The OsGPT gene maps on chromosome 8 of rice and is linked to the quantitative trait locus for 1000-grain weight. The expression of OsGPT is mainly restricted to heterotrophic tissues. These results suggest that glucose 6-phosphate imported via GPT can be used for starch biosynthesis in rice nongreen plastids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and gas discoveries of Ordovician in Sichuan Basin are mainly concentrated in the compact limestone of Nanjinguan Formation at the bottom of Ordovician and Baota Formation at the top of Ordovician, which is characterized by fractured hydrocarbon. It is difficult to obtain samples and to study the reservoir-forming condition furtherly. Recently, oil seepage has been obtained from Ordovician rock samples, which provides important evidences for the further study of Ordovician reservoir-forming conditions. Through the analysis of liquid oil seepage found in bioclastic limestone of Ordovician Baota Formation in Maobahe section of northern Sichuan Basin, saturated hydrocarbon chromatography, characteristic analysis of inclusions and carbon isotope analysis have been comprehensively applied. By comparing the Ordovician reservoir-forming conditions of Well Heshen-1 in northern Sichuan, paleo-uplift in central Sichuan and Well Dongshen-1 in southeastern Sichuan, it is clear that the hydrocarbon of Baota Formation in northern and southeastern Sichuan originated from the overlying source rocks of Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation, which have the mode of generating in the underlying formation and storing in the overlying strata. Ordovician hydrocarbon, situated in paleo-uplift in central Sichuan mainly, receives hydrocarbon from the underlying Cambrian source rocks, forming a mode of generating in the overlying formation and storing in the underlying strata. These conclusions would provide a reference for Ordovician hydrocarbon exploration prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Significance Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent brain diseases. Approximately one third of patients consistently experience drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), a condition where seizures persist despite the use of antiseizure medications. Exploration of new therapies for DRE is urgently needed. In this single‐center, randomized, sham‐controlled, crossover clinical trial (NCT05042726), we aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of transcranial magnetic continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) targeting the cerebellum to treat DRE.Patients with DRE for ≥2 years and a seizure frequency of ≥2 seizures per month were enrolled and randomized 1:1 to receive active stimulation followed by sham stimulation or vice versa. The bilateral cerebellum was targeted by navigated cTBS focusing on the cerebellar dentate nucleus, once daily on workdays for 2 weeks. The primary outcomes were the percentage of seizure reduction and 50% responder rate in the per‐protocol population within 2 months after treatment.Forty‐four patients were enrolled and randomized; 18 patients in the active stimulation‐first group and 20 in the sham stimulation‐first group were included in the final analysis. Active cTBS significantly reduced seizures compared to sham stimulation (difference in percentage of seizure reduction between treatments = 25%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5%–46%, p = .018). The 50% responder rate after active stimulation was significantly higher than that after sham stimulation (difference in 50% responder rate between treatments = 24%, 95% CI = 11%–40%, p = .029). Adverse events occasionally occurred during active stimulation (moderate headache in 5% of patients, tinnitus in 3% of patients, dizziness in 3% of patients) but resolved spontaneously within days after treatment completion.This trial suggested that cTBS targeting the cerebellum was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of DRE. Further studies are warranted to confirm its effectiveness and mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the effects of total intravenous anesthesia on the circadian rhythms in the patients undergoing cardiac transcatheter closure. Methods Thirty patients undergoing cardiac transcatheter closure under elective intravenous anesthesia were included in this study.Paired t -tests were performed to compare the mRNA levels of the genes encoding circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(CLOCK),brain and muscle ARNT-1 like protein-1(BMAL1),cryptochrome 1(CRY1),and period circadian clock 2(PER2),the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire(MCTQ)score,and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)score before and after anesthesia.Multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed to screen the factors influencing sleep chronotype and PSQI total score one week after surgery. Results The postoperative mRNA level of CLOCK was higher [1.38±1.23 vs .1.90±1.47; MD (95% CI ):0.52(0.20-0.84), t =3.327, P =0.002] and the postoperative mRNA levels of CRY1 [1.56±1.50 vs .1.13±0.98; MD (95% CI ):-0.43(-0.81--0.05), t =-2.319, P =0.028] and PER2 [0.82±0.63 vs .0.50±0.31; MD (95% CI ):-0.33(-0.53--0.12), t =-3.202, P =0.003] were lower than the preoperative levels.One week after surgery,the patients presented advanced sleep chronotype [3:03±0:59 vs .2:42±0:37; MD (95% CI ):-21(-40--1), t =-2.172, P =0.038],shortened sleep latency [(67±64)min vs .(37±21)min; MD (95% CI ):-30.33(-55.28--5.39), t =-2.487, P =0.019],lengthened sleep duration [(436±83)min vs .(499±83)min; MD (95% CI ):62.80(26.93-98.67), t =3.581, P =0.001],increased sleep efficiency [(87.59±10.35)% vs .(92.98±4.27)%; MD (95% CI ):5.39(1.21-9.58), t =2.636, P =0.013],decreased sleep quality score [1.13±0.78 vs .0.80±0.71; MD (95% CI ):-0.33(-0.62--0.05), t =-2.408, P =0.023],and declined PSQI total score [6.60±3.17 vs .4.03±2.58; MD (95% CI ):-2.57(-3.87--1.27), t =-4.039, P <0.001].Body mass index(BMI)( B =-227.460, SE =95.475, t =-2.382, P =0.025),anesthesia duration( B =-47.079, SE =18.506, t =-2.544, P =0.017),and mRNA level of PER2( B =2815.804, SE =1080.183, t =2.607, P =0.015)collectively influenced the sleep chronotype,and the amount of anesthesia medicine( B =0.067, SE =0.028, t =2.385, P =0.024)independently influenced the PSQI one week after surgery. Conclusion Total intravenous anesthesia can improve sleep habits by advancing sleep chronotype.BMI,anesthesia duration,and mRNA level of PER2 collectively influence sleep chronotype one week after surgery.The amount of anesthesia medicine independently influences the PSQI total score one week after surgery.

A total of 64 haplotypes were obtained from the complete Cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) of 77 Sorex isodon collected from three populations (Daxing'anling, Xiaoxing'anling, and Changbai Mountains) in Northeast China. The haplotype diversity was 0.9920 and the nucleotide diversity was 0.0105, indicating high genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of Changbai Mountains population was significantly higher than that of Daxing'anling and Xiaoxing'anling populations. The F-statistics, the number of migrants per generation and the genetic distance results showed that the genetic distances among the populations and among the sampling sites were generally consistent with geographical distance. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the differentiation among populations, among sampling sites, and within sampling site accounted for 33.4%, 10.2% and 56.4% of total variation, respectively. The analysis of population history showed that S. isodon in Northeast China experienced no population expansion. The reported complete sequence of Cyt b gene of S. isodon (GenBank) of Europe and other parts of Asia was downloaded to examine the genetic structure of S. isodon. The phylogenetic tree was divided into two large branches. One branch consisted mainly of Daxing'anling and Xiaoxing'anling samples. The other branch was departed into two sub-branches. Median-joining network analysis showed that there were three lineages: one lineage mainly consisted of haplotypes from Daxing'anling and Xiaoxing'anling, and also four haplotypes of Changbai Mountains, while the other lineage included a few haplotypes of three populations in Northeast China, and those from Baikal Lake, Russia and Finland. The last lineage was entirely composed of haplotypes from Changbai Mountains. The results of genetic diversity, phylogenetic tree and median-joining network all suggested that the Changbai Mountains was the refuge for S. isodon during last glacial.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in snails for sale from Fuzhou and Xiamen of Fujian Province., Methods: During 2009-2012, two markets and five restaurants from each city were selected as surveillance sites. A. cantonensis infection rate in Pomacea canaliculata, Bellamya aeruginosa and Cipangopaludina cathayensis was examined two times per month. More than 50 P. canaliculata or C. cathayensis, and about 500 g B. aeruginosa were collected in each site. A. cantonensis larvae infection was determined by lung-microscopy in P. canaliculata, and by tissue homogenate method in C. cathayensis and B. aeruginosa, respectively., Results: In markets, a total of 5,744 P. canaliculata were collected, and the infection rate of A. cantonensis larvae was 13.8% (753/5 744) with the lowest prevalence in 2009 (8.4%, 28/334) and the highest one in 2011 (16.7%, 361/2,160). The overall infection rate of A. cantonensis showed an increasing trend over the past years (P < 0.05). In restaurants, 879 P. canaliculata snails were examined in Xiamen City, and the infection rate was 12.8% (877/6 879). No significant difference was found among years (P > 0.05). A. cantonensis larvae were found from P. canaliculata for sale in different seasons with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). 19,843 B. aeruginosa snails were collected in markets from the two cities, and the infection rate was 0.2% (31/19 843). The infection rate was highest in 2011 (0.3%, 16/5,953) and lowest in 2010 (0.04%, 2/4,706). All the 361 C. cathayensis snails were negative., Conclusion: A. cantonensis larvae are found in P. canaliculata and B. aeruginosa from markets and restaurants of Fuzhou and Xiamen in different seasons during the years.

The first case of imported schistosomiasis haematobia in Fujian Province was detected and the patient was cured following treatment with praziquantel.

By using GIS/RS technology, and from the aspects of landscape structure, river- and road densities, wetness index, geomorphology, and cultivated land productivity, a spatial analysis was made on the potentiality of wetland restoration in Northeast China, with the regions of priority and secondary priority restoration wetlands determined. Then, by using the coordinated development index of crop production and wetland as well as the landscape indices, the wetland restoration effect was verified. In Northeast China, the wetland area of priority restoration was 1.78 x 10(6) hm2, among which, farmland and grassland were the main types for restoration, accounting for 96.7% of the total, and mainly located in the Sanjiang Plain in the northeastern part and the Songnen Plain in the central part of Northeast China. The wetland area of secondary priority restoration was 1.03 x 10(6) hm2. After the restoration of the wetlands, the wetland area in Northeast China would be increased by 37.4%, compared with the present wetland area, and the value of the coordinated development index of crop production and wetland would increase from 0.539 before restoration to 0.733 after restoration. The landscape pattern would be more benefit to the performance of the ecological functions of the wetlands. This study revealed that the restoration scheme of the wetlands in Northeast China based on spatial analysis was practicable, which could provide data support for the implement of wetland restoration and the improvement of ecological environment in Northeast China.

Objective: To analyze the prevalent trend of soil-transmitted nematode infection in Fujian Province during the past 5 year surveillance and evaluate the control effect., Methods: From 2006 to 2010, fecal samples of the inhabitants of 3 years old and above were collected every November and examined for intestinal helminth eggs by the modified Kato s thick smear technique at the 2 surveillance sites: Punan village of Zhangzhou and Gushan village of Shaowu. Cellophane tapes were used to detect pinworm eggs for children aged 3-12. Soil samples were also collected from vegetable field, lavatory, courtyard and kitchen of 20 randomly selected families (in 2 villages) each with stool egg-positive findings and examined for ascaris eggs by a modified saturated sodium nitrate floatation method., Results: The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infection at the surveillance sites decreased from 45.3% (946/2087) in 2006 to 15.1% (226/1494) in 2010, with a reduction of 66.6%. Among the infected subjects, hookworm infection occupied 75%-85%, while ascaris or trichuris infections each accounted for less than 10%. In terms of infection intensity, 65.2%-85.5% of the hookworm infection was light, and majority of the infected subjects were farmers. The pinworm prevalence in children were still high although it had dropped down from 46.1% (140/304) in 2006 to 29.8% (36/121) in 2010, declined by 35.4%. In the 5 years, totally 400 soil samples from 100 families were examined and 21 samples were found ascaris egg positive with viable eggs in only one sample., Conclusion: The 5 year surveillance reveals a decreasing trend of the soil-transmitted nematode prevalence but shows a relatively high hookworm infection rate in the population and pinworm infection in children.

Contaminants in the snow can be used to reflect regional and global environmental pollution caused by human activities. However, so far, the research on space-time monitoring of snow contamination concentration for a wide range or areas difficult for human to reach is very scarce. In the present paper, based on the simulated atmospheric deposition experiments, the spectroscopy technique method was applied to analyze the effect of different contamination concentration on the snow reflectance spectra. Then an evaluation of snow contamination concentration (SCC) retrieval methods was conducted using characteristic index method (SDI), principal component analysis (PCA), BP neural network and RBF neural network method, and the estimate effects of four methods were compared. The results showed that the neural network model combined with hyperspectral remote sensing data could estimate the SCC well.

The estimation of crop chlorophyll content could provide technical support for precision agriculture. Canopy spectral reflectance was simulated for different chlorophyll levels using radiative transfer models. Then with multiperiod measured hyperspectral data and corresponding chlorophyll content, after extracting six wavelet energy coefficients from the responded bands, an evaluation of soybean chlorophyll content retrieval methods was conducted using multiple linear regression, BP neural network, RBF neural network and PLS method. The estimate effects of the three methods were compared afterwards. The result showed that the three methods based on wavelet analysis have an ideal effect on the chlorophyll content estimation. R2 of validated model of multiple linear regression, BP neural network, RBF neural network and PLS method were 0. 634, 0. 715, 0. 873 and 0.776, respectively. PLS based on Gaussian kernel function and RBF NN methods were better with higher precision, which could estimate chlorophyll content stably.

Spectral characteristics and the magnitudes of light absorption by suspended particulate matter were determined by spectrophotometry in this optically complex Lake Chagan waters for the purpose of surveying the natural variability of the absorption coefficients to parameterize the bio-optical models for converting satellite or in-situ water reflectance signatures into water quality information. Experiments were carried out on seasonal frozen Lake Chagan, one representative inland case-2 water body in Northeast of China. Particulate absorption properties analyzed using the field data on July 15th and October 12th 2009 were measured using the quantitative filter technique to produce absorption spectra containing several fractions that could be attributed to two main optical active constituents (OACs) phytoplankton pigments and non-algal particulates (mineral sediments, and organic detritus). Results suggested that the suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration was higher while phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a concentration) was lower in July and that in October. The spectral shape of total suspended particulate matter resembled that of non-algal particulates which contributed greater than phytoplankton in total particulate absorption during both periods. An obvious absorption peak occurring at around 440 nm exhibited an increase in phytoplankton contribution in October. Non-algal particulate absorption at 440 nm (a(NAP) (440)) had better correlation with total suspended particulate matter concentration than that with chlorophyll-a over the two periods. Light absorption by phytoplankton pigments in the Chagan lake region was generally lower than that of non-algal components. Chl. a dominating phytoplankton pigment composition functioned exponentially with its absorption coefficients at 440 and 675 nm specifically, the average values of which in July were 0.146 8 m2 x mg(-1) and 0.050 3 respectively while in October they were 0.153 3 and 0.013 2 m2 x mg(-1) varying regionally and seasonally due to the changes in specific composition, light and nutrient conditions.

Objective: To investigate the natural foci of paragonimiasis in Youxi, Yongtai and Pinghe Counties of Fujian Province., Methods: One village each from the three counties was selected according to reported paragonimiasis cases. Freshwater snails collected from fields were examined for cercariae. Freshwater crabs obtained in the fields were examined for metacercariae by washing filtration method or direct compression method. Feces of cats and dogs were collected for the detection of eggs by water precipitation. In order to identify the species of Paragonimus, 4 cats were orally fed with metacercariae. At the same time, the habitat of three survey sites was observed., Results: Three fluke species, namely, P. skrjabini, P. westermani and P. cenocopiosus(Syn. Euparagonimus cenocopiosus) were found. In Banlin Village of Youxi County and Chishui Village of Yongtai County, the seropositive rate by IgG ELISA were 6.8% (21/309) and 6.8% (9/133), respectively. Four species of freshwater snails were found, two species of Tricula and one species of Pseudobythinella were newly identified first intermediate hosts of Paragonimus. Four species of freshwater carbs were found, one species of Nanhaipotamon served as a new second intermediate host of Paragonimus. In Youxi, the infection rate of P. skrjabini cercariae in snails and metacercariae in crabs was 2.1% (27/1 344) and 92.1% (58/63), respectively; the index of crab infection and the positive ratio of Paragonimus eggs in cat feces was 171.91 and 1/7, respectively. In Yongtai, the cercariae infection rate in Pseudobythinella and Tricula snails infected with P. skrjabini was 0.6% (4/690) and 0.1% (2/ 2330), respectively; the infection rate of P. skrjabini metacercariae in crabs was 18.2% (18/99); the index of crab infection was 9.12. In Pinghe, the infection rate of cercariae in Semisulcospira libertina and metacercariae in crabs was 03% (3/1092) and 44.9% (35/78), respectively; the index of crab infection was 616., Conclusion: Paragonimus skrjabini P. westermani and P. cenocopiosus have been found from the three counties of Fujian Province with different infection level in snails and crabs.

Objective: To investigate the proliferation of tissue-engineered cartilage cells stimulated by different intensities of compressive stress., Methods: Human embryonic cartilage cells were seeded into type II collagen sponge scaffold. The cells of the pressure groups were stimulated by different compression rate (0-5%, 0-10%, and 0-20%) at a cyclical frequency of 0.1 Hz. The cells of the control group were cultured without pressure. Gross observation, histological section, MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to observe the morphology, cell number and distribution and detect the cell proliferation and cell cycle., Results: Tissue-engineered cartilage cells in 0-10% group showed the largest size and greatest thickness with normal morphology. Tissue biopsies showed the largest number of cartilage cells with more uniform distribution, close alignment, more matrix secretion. The cartilage cell activity was significantly enhanced and the percentage of S phase cells significantly increased in the pressure group compared with those in the control group, and such changes were especially obvious in 0-10% group in which the S phase cells increased by 59.0% compared with that in the control group., Conclusion: The proliferation of tissue-engineered cartilage cells is regulated by the cyclic stress intensity, and a pressure frequency of 0.1 Hz with compression rate of 0-10% can better promote the cell proliferation.

By using the data of 382 typical soil profiles from the second soil survey at national and county levels, and in combining with 1:500000 digital soil maps, a spatial database of soil profiles was established. Based on this, the one meter depth soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage in Songnen Plain maize belt of China was estimated, with the spatial characteristics of the soil organic carbon and nitrogen densities as well as the relationships between the soil organic carbon and nitrogen densities and the soil types and land use types analyzed. The soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage in the maize belt was (163.12 +/- 26.48) Tg and (9.53 +/- 1.75) Tg, respectively, mainly concentrated in meadow soil, chernozem, and black soil. The soil organic carbon and nitrogen densities were 5.51-25.25 and 0.37-0.80 kg x m(-2), respectively, and the C/N ratio was about 7.90 -12.67. The eastern and northern parts of the belt had much higher carbon and nitrogen densities than the other parts of the belt, and upland soils had the highest organic carbon density [(19.07 +/- 2.44) kg x m(-2)], forest soils had the highest nitrogen density [(0.82 +/- 0.25) kg x m(-2)], while lowland soils had the lower organic carbon and nitrogen densities.

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important biophysical parameter, and is the critical variable in many ecology models, productivity models and carbon circulation study. Based on the field experiment data, an evaluation of soybean LAI retrieval methods was conducted using NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and RVI (ratio vegetation index), principle component analysis (PCA) and neural network (NN) methods, and the estimate effects of three methods were compared. The results showed that the three methods have an ideal effect on the LAI estimation. R2 of validated model of vegetation indices, PCA, NN were 0.753 (NDVI), 0.758 (RVI), 0.883, 0.899. PCA and NN methods were better with higher precision, and PCA method was the best, as its RMSE (0.202) was slower than the two vegetation indices (RMSEs of NDVI and RVI were 0.594 and 0.616) and NN (RMSE was 0.413) method. While the LAI was small, vegetation indices were obvious for removing the noise from soil and atmospheric effect and obtained the good evaluation result. PCA showed better effect for all LAI. LAI affected the estimating result of NN method moderately. As for the NN method, modeled LAI value and measured LAI regression formula slope was the nearest to 1 with R2 of 0.949, which showed a great potential for LAI estimating. As a whole, PCA and NN methods were the prior selection for LAI estimation, which should be attributed to the application of hyperspectral information of many bands.

The hyperspectral reflectance characteristics of black soil in Heilongjiang province were analyzed quantitatively, and then the main characteristic controlling points of reflectance were determined and used to build soil reflectance prediction models; the relationship between organic matter content and reflectance and the coefficients of simulating models were studied, Black soil organic matter content spectral prediction models were built, and the feasibility of hyperspectral reflectance simulatiib method was discussed. The results are as follows (1) Organic matter content is the determining factor of black soil reflectance characteristics in the range less than 1000 nm. When the content is low, the covering effect of organic matter on the black soil parent matrix reflectance characteristics is very weak, there are two absorption vales at 500 and 640 rim; when the content reaches a certain content (about 5%), the reflectance characteristics of black soil parent matrix are totally covered by organic matter, and there is only one large absorption vale in the region caused by organic matter. (2) The spectral characteristic controlling points of black soil hyperspectral reflectance in the range of 450-930 om are located at 450, 500, 590, 660 and 930 nrn, and divide the black soil reflectance into four parts. (3) Simulation models (linear, quadratic) rightly describe the characteristics of black soil hyperspectral reflectance, and the linear piecewise model shows a better performance. (4) The organic matter content prediction models with the coefficients of reflectance simulation models as independent variables are more precise than that based on soil reflectance and its derivate, which indicates that the characteristic controlling points for reflectance simulation models are selected reasonably and representatively, and the simulation models partly solve the data redundancy problem of soil hyperspectral reflectance, and improve the precision of black soil organic matter content prediction models with remote sensing methods. Reflectance simulating method can be used for data simplification and compression, data redundancy removal, organic matter and other soil pararneters remote sensing studies.

Quantitative analyses of mixture composed of iron oxides and metal iron were investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis methods for iron oxides reduction by H2 and CO, respectively. The coefficients of quantitative molar intensity ratio of ferrite (alphaFe), austenite (gammaFe), iron carbide (Fe3C), magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (Fe2O3) to wustite (Fe(0.947)O) are 0.56, 0.56, 0.52, 0.87 and 2.57 respectively. The degrees of metallization and reduction of iron oxide were calculated according to these coefficients.

Supported by the integrated model of nutrients for the Miyun Reservoir in part I, effects of different control measures were studied on the water quality of the reservoir. Four scenarios were assumed and analyzed. Results of the base case scenario showed that TN concentration of the Miyun Reservoir had highly exceeded the environmental quality standard for surface water, and TP was relatively better. Furthermore, there were many regions that chlorophyll-a concentration exceeded 10 microg/L in the reservoir, and centralized in the reservoir area of Chaohe River. Scenario 1, 2 and 3 investigated effects of different pollution control measures on the water quality of the reservoir. Results showed that the control of nutrient input loads could improve the water quality greatly, especially control of TP loadings would limit algae growth effectively, and regions that chlorophyll-a concentration exceeded 10 microg/L even disappeared. The results indicated that some control measures, such as changing farming style, part treatment on stockbreeding pollution and reducing point source pollutant loadings were very effective and essential to decrease the eutrophic level of the reservoir.

In recent years, the Miyun Reservoir faces severe problems of water quality and quantity due to continuous drought. In order to simulate and predict the eutrophic status of the Miyun Reservoir and its watershed, an integrated model was developed based on GIS and RS technology, which was composed of non-point source (NPS) simulation model, aquatic ecological-hydrodynamic model, and river water quality model. Ecological-hydrodynamic model was developed through coupling water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) with environmental fluid dynamics Code (EFDC). SWAT was selected as NPS simulation model, which could also perform water quality simulation in the river. Then the integrated model was calibrated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and verified using observed data. Results indicated that observed water quality data laid around the mode curves of simulation distribution, and which also dropped into the confidence interval on 80 percent credibility of water quality simulation distribution. In conclusion, the results show that the integrated model can meet the need of application.