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Selective herbicides are used to control undesirable vegetation or weeds in fields without harming crops. Herbicide use for weed management can directly impact the densities of insect pests in agricultural communities as a result of insect mortality during and immediately after application. In insects, the glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzyme is involved in both the detoxification process and the defense of cellular membranes against oxidative damage. In this study, two TmGSTs (TmGST‐iso1 and TmGST‐iso2) were identified and characterized to elucidate the GST family in Tenebrio molitor. Among the developmental stages of T. molitor, eggs had the highest expression levels of TmGST‐iso1. TmGST‐iso2 expression was highest in the pre‐pupal stage. TmGST‐iso1 expression was high in the guts of early and late larvae, whereas TmGST‐iso2 expression was not observed in early larvae. Adults, both male and female, had the highest levels of TmGST‐iso1 mRNA expression in the gut and reproductive organs, and the highest levels of TmGST‐iso2 expression in the reproductive organs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the impact of treatment with butachlor on the mRNA expression of TmGST‐iso1 and TmGST‐iso2 in larvae. TmGST‐iso1 expression increased in the butachlor‐treated group after 3 and 24 h, whereas TmGST‐iso2 expression peaked at 24 h after treatment. This study provides vital information about the detoxifying activities of T. molitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries banned asbestos due to its toxicity, but considering its colossal use, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, disposing of waste containing asbestos is the current problem. Today, many asbestos disposal technologies are known, but they usually involve colossal investment and operating expenses, and the end- and by-products of these methods negatively impact the environment. This paper identifies a unique modern direction in detoxifying asbestos minerals, which involves using microorganisms and plants and their metabolites. The work comprehensively focuses on the interactions between asbestos and plants, bacteria and fungi, including lichens and, for the first time, yeast. Biological treatment is a prospect for in situ land reclamation and under industrial conditions, which can be a viable alternative to landfilling and an environmentally friendly substitute or supplement to thermal, mechanical, and chemical methods, often characterized by high cost intensity. Plant and microbial metabolism products are part of the green chemistry trend, a central strategic pillar of global industrial and environmental development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upcycling Cr-containing sulfate waste into catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation reaction benefits both pollution mitigation and economic sustainability. In this study, FeCrO3/Fe2O3 catalysts were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method using Cr-containing sodium sulfate (Cr-SS) as a Cr source for efficient conversion and stable treatment of Cr. The removal rate of Cr in Cr-SS can reach 99.9% at the optimized hydrothermal conditions. When the synthesized catalysts were activated and used for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction, a 50% increase in CO2 conversion was achieved compared with the catalyst prepared by impregnation with a comparable amount of Cr. According to the extraction and risk assessment code (RAC) of the Reference Office of the European Community Bureau (BCR), the synthesized FeCrO3/Fe2O3 is risk-free. This work not only realizes the detoxification of the Cr-SS but transfers Cr into stable FeCrO3 for application in a catalytic field, which provides a strategy for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of Cr-containing hazardous waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins that cause human and animal health concerns. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the primary hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotoxicity in humans and animals. Because of the important role of dairy products in human life, especially children, AFM1 is such a major concern to humans because of its frequent occurrence in dairy products at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to human and animal health. Reduced its bioavailability becomes a high priority in order to protect human and animal health. This study aimed to investigate, in vivo, the ability of lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus rhamnosus GAF01, LR) and clay mineral (bentonite, BT) mixture to mitigate/reduce AFM1-induced immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in exposed Balb/c mice. The in vivo study was conducted using male Balb/c mice that treated, orally, by AFM1 alone or in combination with LR and/or BT, daily for 10 days as follows: group 1 control received 200 µl of PBS, group 2 treated with LR alone (2.108 CFU/mL), group 3 treated with BT alone (1 g/kg bw), group 4 treated with AFM1 alone (100 μg/kg), group 5 co-treated with LR + AFM1, group 6 co-treated with BT + AFM1, group 7 co-treated with BT + LR + AFM1. Forty-eight h after the end of the treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the blood, spleen, thymus, liver and kidney were collected. The blood was used for biochemical and immunological study. Spleen and thymus samples were used to thymocytes and splenocytes assessments. Liver and kidney samples were the target for evaluation of oxidative stress enzymes status and for histological assays. The results showed that AFM1 caused toxicities in male Blab/c mice at different levels. Treatment with AFM1 resulted in severe stress of liver and kidney organs indicated by a significant change in the biochemical and immunological parameters, histopathology as well as a disorder in the profile of oxidative stress enzymes levels. Also, it was demonstrated that AFM1 caused toxicities in thymus and spleen organs. The co-treatment with LR and/or BT significantly improved the hepatic and renal tissues, regulated antioxidant enzyme activities, spleen and thymus viability and biochemical and immunological parameters. LR and BT alone showed to be safe during the treatment. In summary, the LR and/or BT was able to reduce the biochemical, histopathological and immunological damages induced by AFM1 and indeed it could be exploited as one of the biological strategies for food and feedstuffs detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria are harmful algae that are monitored worldwide to prevent the effects of the toxins that they can produce. Most research efforts have focused on direct or indirect effects on human populations, with a view to gain easy accurate detection and quantification methods, mainly in planktic communities, but with increasing interest shown in benthos. However, cyanobacteria have played a fundamental role from the very beginning in both the development of our planet's biodiversity and the construction of new habitats. These organisms have colonized almost every possible planktic or benthic environment on earth, including the most extreme ones, and display a vast number of adaptations. All this explains why they are the most important or the only phototrophs in some habitats. The negative effects of cyanotoxins on macroinvertebrates have been demonstrated, but usually under conditions that are far from natural, and on forms of exposure, toxin concentration, or composition. The cohabitation of cyanobacteria with most invertebrate groups is long-standing and has probably contributed to the development of detoxification means, which would explain the survival of some species inside cyanobacteria colonies. This review focuses on benthic cyanobacteria, their capacity to produce several types of toxins, and their relationships with benthic macroinvertebrates beyond toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants are the best source for a variety of drugs. In traditional practices, the detoxification method is practiced to reduce toxicity of herbs, because low toxicity is one of the characteristics of phytomedicine which have a positive impact on pharmaceutical drugs. Aim: In the present study scientific validation attempt has been made to reduce toxicity by performing traditional practices called Sodhana/detoxification. In our study anti-microbial, phytochemical, heavy metal content and stability were evaluated for the detoxified seeds. Seeds of Nigella sativa were subjected to various detoxification methods like roasting, lime and calcium chloride treatment then ground to powder and extracted with 90% ethanol. Materials and Methods: The anti-microbial study was performed against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and tested for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium crysoginum and Malassezia furfur. Metals present in the extract are analyzed by using plasma-optical emission spectrometry and Mass spectrum analysis was done for compound analysis. Results: Our experimental results reveal that Lime treated ethanol extract shows strong inhibitory activity against all the tested microbes than the unprocessed N. sativa extract except E.coli. Data reveals that the treatment of seeds has no impact on their major phytochemical; however, changes in metal concentration were recorded. The frequency of reduction by descending order was Lime=CaCl2= roasted. Moreover, the Stability of the extract followed by 12-month storage at room temperature showed significant anti-microbial activity like fresh extract. UPLC-MS/MS spectrum reveals that lime treated contained high levels of fatty acids. Conclusion: The present study concludes that, after detoxification, the heavy metal content was found to be decreased. Lime treatment is identified as a better method that successfully reduces the toxic elements and possesses high levels of fatty acids and phytochemicals with potent anti-microbial activity and revealed significant improvement in its anti-microbial potency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently five types of phorbol esters are reported in the root of Balliospermum montanum Muell. Here we observed the presence of 12-myristate 13-acetate (C36 H56O8) in the root, an additional phorbol ester which restricted its use in food or medicine due to its carcinogenic property. No specific method is reported that can remove or disintegrate the phorbol esters in Balliospermum montanum Muell. root. Aim: Identification of 12 myristate13 acetate phorbol ester (C36 H56O8) in B. montanum Muell. root and its purification and degradation by traditional method recommended by Acharya Charak. Materials and Methods: The traditional 'putpak' (similar to traditional oven method) method was employed to detoxify the raw sample of B. montanum root. Ethanolic extract of root of B. montanum. unprocessed and processed samples were analysed on the Camag HPTLC system. Results: The HPTLC analysis gave a band at Rf 0.49 corresponding to the standard 12 myristate 13acetate (C36H56O8). Further the band corresponding to the identified phorbol ester (biomarker standard, 12 myristate 13acetate, Sigma Aldrich, USA) was scraped out, the phorbol ester was separated by vortexing with methanol. The resulting sample was then subjected to LC-MS analysis using Impact HD system employing Electrospary Ionization (ESI) in positive ion mode to identify the isolated phorbol ester. Conclusion: The LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of this phorbol ester. The present 'putpak (similar to traditional oven method)' method of detoxification was able to reduce the identified new phorbol ester by 75% when compared to the raw/unprocessed sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Removal of heavy metals from water and soil is a pressing challenge in environmental engineering, and biosorption by microorganisms is considered as one of the most cost-effective methods. In this study, the metal-binding proteins MerR and ChrB derived from Cupriavidus metallidurans were separately expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 to construct adsorption strains. To improve the adsorption performance, surface display and codon optimization were carried out. Results: In this study, we constructed 24 adsorption engineering strains for Hg2+ and Cr6+, utilizing different strategies. Among these engineering strains, the M'-002 and B-008 had the strongest heavy metal ion absorption ability. The M'-002 used the flexible linker and INPN to display the merRopt at the surface of the E. coli BL21, whose maximal adsorption capacity reached 658.40 μmol/g cell dry weight under concentrations of 300 μM Hg2+. And the B-008 overexpressed the chrB in the intracellular, its maximal capacity was 46.84 μmol/g cell dry weight under concentrations 500 μM Cr6+. While in the case of mixed ions solution (including Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+ and Hg2+), the total amount of ions adsorbed by M'-002 and B-008 showed an increase of up to 1.14- and 4.09-folds, compared to the capacities in the single ion solution. Conclusion: The construction and optimization of heavy metal adsorption strains were carried out in this work. A comparison of the adsorption behavior between single bacteria and mixed bacteria systems was investigated in both a single ion and a mixed ion environment. The Hg2+ absorption capacity is reached the highest reported to date with the engineered strain M'-002, which displayed the merRopt at the surface of chassis cell, indicating the strain's potential for its application in practical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical pollution in marine ecosystems is a factor of stress interacting in multiple and complex ways with other major causes of deterioration, such as warming seas due to climate change. Here we surveyed epibenthic communities from a shipwreck in the Levantine Basin for temporal and spatial changes in the community in relation to chronic oil pollution, comparing results collected from an area of the wreck characterized by chronic oil leakage with another area not affected by oil. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioaccumulation analyses were integrated with characterization of the efficiency of xenobiotics biotransformation processes and antioxidant network of the scleractinian coral Madracis pharensis, chosen as bioindicator species. Results highlighted the two areas hosting different epibenthic communities over a period of 11 years. Significant changes in the percentage cover of M. pharensis could be the result of recent mass mortality associated to Marine Heat Waves. Biological investigation conducted in M. pharensis tissues revealed an increased content of PAHs in specimens collected from the oil-impacted area, coupled with an increased capability of oxyradicals scavenging capacity and a lower functionality of phase II biotransformation mechanisms associated to glutathione S-transferase. Overall, the results suggest that M. pharensis has the capability to develop cellular and physiological adaptations to chemical-mediated stress, with yet unknown possible energy trade-offs to sustain stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterosorption, a method of removing toxins from the body, shows promise in enhancing the immune system's response to cancer and improving cancer prognosis. By detoxifying the body and normalizing gut microbiota, enterosorbents can potentially control tumor growth and improve cancer treatment outcomes. However, more research is needed to investigate the hypothesis that pathogenic microflora may be a leading cause of death in cancer patients. Additionally, the article explores the relationship between the microbiome and tumor development, suggesting that understanding the tumor microbiome could lead to new approaches in cancer treatment. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] • The reference genome of Hyalomma anatolicum was assembled and gene structures were annotated. • Multi-gene families involved in detoxification, regulating tick growth, development, and reproduction were identified. • This high quality reference genome provides an opportunity to develop novel strategies to manage tick vectors. • Conserved mechanisms involved in blood feeding, detoxification, and environmental sensing were determined across tick species. Hyalomma anatolicum is an obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasite and contributes to the transmission of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. Progress in exploring the adaptive strategy of this ectoparasite and developing tools to fight it has been hindered by the lack of a complete genome. Herein, we assembled the genome using diverse sources of data from multiple sequencing platforms and annotated the 1.96 Gb genome of Hy. anatolicum. Comparative genome analyses and the predicted protein encoding genes reveal unique facets of this genome, including gene family expansion associated with blood feeding and digestion, multi-gene families involved in detoxification, a great number of neuropeptides and corresponding receptors regulating tick growth, development, and reproduction, and glutathione S-transferase genes playing roles in insecticide resistance and detoxification of multiple xenobiotic factors. This high quality reference genome provides fundamental data for obtaining insights into a variety of aspects of tick biology and developing novel strategies to fight notorious tick vectors of human and animal pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ synthesis using the electrochemical method was used to successfully prepare EDTA-modified MIL-100(Fe) (MIL = Matériaux de l'Institut Lavoisier) for 2 h at room temperature and pressure. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface area analysis (SAA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The porous nature of the material and its high stability under intestinal and stomach conditions position it as a promising candidate agent for lead detoxification. Kinetic and isotherm investigations revealed that the adsorption of Pb2+ ions in MIL-100(Fe)-EDTA followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.0109 g/mg·min and a Langmuir isotherm model with an adsorption energy of 31.29 kJ/mol. The synthesized MIL-100(Fe)-EDTA demonstrated a threefold improvement in performance compared to MIL-100(Fe) in the Pb2+ adsorption study. The optimum adsorption condition was achieved for a solution at pH 3, an initial concentration of 5 ppm, and a contact time of 12 h, yielding a maximum adsorption efficiency and capacity of 86.65% and 3.68 mg/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is the most serious heavy metal pollutant in the agricultural soil of China and can transfer and accumulate through the food chain and affect the growth, development and physiological processes of phytophagous insect. Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) is one of the most important pests of mulberry, and there are few studies on the adverse effects of heavy metals on insects, especially mulberry pests. To understand the toxicology of Cd exposure on G. pyloalis, we investigated the effects of three different concentrations of Cd (0, 3.89 and 51.69 mg/kg, labeled as control check (CK), low dose (LD) and high dose (HD)) on the development and detoxification mechanism of G. pyloalis and explored the molecular mechanism of Cd on G. pyloalis larvae using RNA-seq technology. Transcriptome analysis showed that compared with the CK, a total of 63 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in LD exposure, including 24 upregulated and 39 downregulated candidates. In CK versus HD groups, 395 upregulated DEGs and 436 downregulated DEGs were identified and the expression patterns of 12 genes related to detoxification and metabolism were verified using qPCR. These DEGs were relevant to multiple specific peroxisome and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathways. Gene annotation and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that a high concentration of Cd significantly stimulated the expression of metabolic detoxification enzyme genes. The results revealed that Cd exposure changed the pupal weight, adult emergence rate and the activities of AKP, ACP and GST in G. pyloalis and induced notable adverse effects at the molecular level on detoxification and metabolism such as concentration and time differences. In addition, we silenced CYP12A2 by RNA interference. Bioassays showed that after silencing CYP12A2, the survival rate of G. pyloalis under Cd exposure was lower than that of the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofilament light chain (NFL), as a measure of neuroaxonal injury, has recently gained attention in alcohol dependence (AD). Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the major enzyme which metabolizes the alcohol breakdown product acetaldehyde. An ALDH2 single nucleotide polymorphism (rs671) is associated with less ALDH2 enzyme activity and increased neurotoxicity. We examined the blood NFL levels in 147 patients with AD and 114 healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and genotyped rs671. We also followed NFL level, alcohol craving and psychological symptoms in patients with AD after 1 and 2 weeks of detoxification. We found the baseline NFL level was significantly higher in patients with AD than in controls (mean ± SD: 264.2 ± 261.8 vs. 72.1 ± 35.6 pg/mL, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that NFL concentration could discriminate patients with AD from controls (area under the curve: 0.85; p < 0.001). The NFL levels were significantly reduced following 1 and 2 weeks of detoxification, with the extent of reduction correlated with the improvement of craving, depression, and anxiety (p < 0.001). Carriers with the rs671 GA genotype, which is associated with less ALDH2 activity, had higher NLF levels either at baseline or after detoxification compared with GG carriers. In conclusion, plasma NFL level was increased in patients with AD and reduced after early abstinence. Reduction in NFL level corroborated well with the improvement of clinical symptoms. The ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism may play a role in modulating the extent of neuroaxonal injury and its recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most toxic of the ochratoxins is ochratoxin A (OTA), which is primarily produced by species of Aspergillus and Penicillium that can be found in maize, wheat, coffee, red wine, and various grains. OTA induces immunotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity in both animals and humans. Thus, there is a need to identify mycotoxin detoxification agents that can effectively decontaminate OTA. Seeds of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), chan (Hyptis suaveolens L.), and chia (Salvia hispanica L.) are functional foods capable of eliminating harmful substances. Despite this potential, the impact of these seeds on OTA detoxification remains unclear. This study reveals that milled basil, chan, and chia seeds adsorb significant levels of OTA, with chia demonstrating the highest adsorption capacity, followed by chan and basil seeds showing the least efficiency. Furthermore, milled basil, chan, and chia seeds effectively reduced OTA residues in artificial gastric and intestinal fluids, where they achieved up to 93% OTA adsorption in the former. In addition, these milled seeds were able to remove OTAs from canned, drip, and instant coffee. This study is the first to report the OTA elimination potential of basil, chan, and chia seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The soybean aphid Aphis glycines is a globally present agricultural pest that is increasingly developing resistance to pesticides, causing huge economic losses. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) are major detoxifying enzymes that metabolize plant toxins and insecticides. In this study, we evaluated the relative expression levels of the CYP6 families in response to imidacloprid treatment using qRT-PCR. The gene CYP6CY7 was significantly increased after treatment induction. Using a transdermal delivery system for nanocarriers to carry siRNAs and detergents that attach to the nota of aphids, this gene was successfully altered, thus significantly decreasing the gene's P450 activity by up to 21.96%. A further bioassay showed that the mortality of A. glycines due to imidacloprid treatment increased by 14.71%. Overall, our findings indicate that CYP6CY7 might detoxify imidacloprid in A. glycines, providing a theoretical basis for the further study of the mechanisms of action of CYP6s and potential new methods for improving insecticidal efficacy. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a group of important detoxification enzymes found in insects related to their resistance to insecticides. To elucidate the CYP6 family genes of P450, which are potentially related to imidacloprid resistance in Aphis glycines, the CYP6 cDNA sequences of A. glycines were studied. The transcriptome of A. glycines was constructed, and the CYP6 cDNA sequences of A. glycines were screened. Their relative expression levels in response to imidacloprid induction were examined through qRT-PCR, and the CYP6s with higher expression levels were used to study the detoxification of imidacloprid through RNA interference and a bioassay. Twelve CYP6s were obtained from the A. glycines transcriptome. These samples were named by the International P450 Nomenclature Committee and registered in GenBank. After 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of induction with LC50 concentrations of imidacloprid, the relative expression levels of these CYP6s increased; the expression level of CYP6CY7 experienced the highest increase, being more than 3-fold higher than that of those of the non-imidacloprid-induced CYP6s. After RNA interference for CYP6CY7, the relative expression level of CYP6CY7 significantly decreased after 3, 6 and 12 h, while the corresponding P450 enzyme activity decreased after 12 and 24 h. The mortality of A. glycines due to imidacloprid treatment increased by 14.71% at 24 h. CYP6CY7 might detoxify imidacloprid in A. glycines. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further study of the mechanism of action of CYP6s and potential new methods for improving insecticidal efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonation, primarily facilitated by sulfotransferases, plays a crucial role in the detoxification pathways of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, promoting metabolism and elimination. Traditionally, this bioconversion has been attributed to a family of human cytosolic sulfotransferases (hSULTs) known for their high sequence similarity and dependence on 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as a sulfo donor. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of PAPS-dependent sulfotransferases within gut commensals, indicating that the gut microbiome may harbor a diverse array of sulfotransferase enzymes and contribute to detoxification processes via sulfation. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sulfotransferases in members of the human gut microbiome. Interestingly, we stumbled upon PAPS-independent sulfotransferases, known as aryl-sulfate sulfotransferases (ASSTs). Our bioinformatics analyses revealed that members of the gut microbial genus Sutterella harbor multiple asst genes, possibly encoding multiple ASST enzymes within its members. Fluctuations in the microbes of the genus Sutterella have been associated with various health conditions. For this reason, we characterized 17 different ASSTs from Sutterella wadsworthensis 3_1_45B. Our findings reveal that SwASSTs share similarities with E. coli ASST but also exhibit significant structural variations and sequence diversity. These differences might drive potential functional diversification and likely reflect an evolutionary divergence from their PAPS-dependent counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of a country directly depends upon industries. But this economic development should not be at the cost of our natural environment. A substantial amount of water is spent during paper production, creating water scarcity and generating wastewater. Therefore, the Pollution Control Board classifies this industry into red category. Water is used in different papermaking stages such as debarking, pulping or bleaching, washing, and finishing. The wastewater thus generated contains lignin and xenobiotic compounds such as resin acids, chlorinated lignin, phenols, furans, dioxins, chlorophenols, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), extractable organic halogens (EOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Nowadays, several microorganisms are used in the detoxification of these hazardous effluents. Researchers have found that microbial degradation is the most promising treatment method to remove high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. Microorganisms also remove AOX toxicity, chlorinated compounds, suspended solids, color, lignin, derivatives, etc. from the pulp and paper mill effluents. But in the current scenario, mill effluents are known to deteriorate the environment and therefore it is highly desirable to deploy advanced technologies for effluent treatment. This review summarizes the eco-friendly advanced treatment technologies for effluents generated from pulp and paper mills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies have shown that different types of probiotics as healthy gut microbes, in addition to having beneficial effects on the host's health, have an excellent ability to eliminate and neutralize chemical toxins and unwanted substances in foods, and ultimately, they can increase food safety. The purpose of the present review was to comprehensively discuss the role of probiotics in improving food safety in terms of adsorption/detoxification of heavy metals, pesticides, anti-parasitic drug residues, antibiotic residues, oxidants, and synthetic/unauthorized food additives (e.g. nitrite and nitrate, acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acetamide, and oxalate) in the food products. Some recent examples in terms of the role of probiotics in neutralizing chemical agents in the body after consuming contaminated food have also been mentioned. This review shows that probiotics have the potential to inactivate and detoxify various biological and synthetic chemical compounds in foods and the host body after consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a diamide insecticide with high efficacy against many pest insects, including the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Agrotis ipsilon is a serious pest causing significant yield losses in crops. Glutathione‐S‐transferases (GSTs) belong to a family of metabolic enzymes that can detoxify a wide range of pesticides. However, little is known about the functions of GSTs in CAP tolerance in A. ipsilon. RESULTS: A cDNA sequence (designated AiGSTu1) encoding an unclassified GST was identified from A. ipsilon. AiGSTu1 is highly expressed during the 3rd‐instar larval and the pupal stages. Most of the mRNA transcripts were found in larval Malpighian tubules. Exposure to CAP strongly enhanced AiGSTu1 expression, GST activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde levels in larvae. H2O2 treatment upregulated the transcription level of AiGSTu1, suggesting that CAP‐induced oxidative stress may activate AiGSTu1 expression. The activity of recombinant AiGSTu1 was inhibited by CAP in a dose‐dependent manner. Metabolism assay results demonstrated that AiGSTu1 is capable of depleting CAP. Overexpression of AiGSTu1 enhanced the tolerance of Escherichia coli cells to H2O2 and the oxidative stress inducer, cumene hydroperoxide. Silencing of AiGSTu1 by RNA interference increased the susceptibility of A. ipsilon larvae to CAP. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential role of AiGSTu1 in CAP detoxification and will improve our understanding of CAP tolerance in A. ipsilon. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxic metalloid arsenic is prevalent in the environment and poses a threat to nearly all organisms. However, the mechanism by which phytohormones modulate arsenic resistance is not well-understood. Therefore, we analyzed multiple phytohormones based on the results of transcriptome sequencing, content changes, and related mutant growth under arsenic stress. We found that ethylene was the key phytohormone in Arabidopsis thaliana response to arsenic. Further investigation showed the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1–1 generated less malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and O2•- under arsenic stress compared to wild-type, while the ethylene-insensitive mutant ein2–5 displayed opposite patterns. Compared to wild-type, eto1–1 accumulated a smaller amount of arsenic and a larger amount of non-protein thiols. Additionally, the immediate ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), enhanced resistance to arsenic in wide-type, but not in mutants with impaired detoxification capability (i.e., cad1–3, pad2–1, abcc1abcc2), which confirmed that ethylene regulated arsenic detoxification by enhancing arsenic chelation. ACC also upregulated the expression of gene(s) involved in arsenic detoxification, among which ABCC2 was directly transcriptionally activated by the ethylene master transcription factor ethylene-insensitive 3 (EIN3). Overall, our study shows that ethylene is the key phytohormone to enhance arsenic resistance by reducing arsenic accumulation and promoting arsenic detoxification at both physiological and molecular levels.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) can regulate various processes in plant development and defense against environmental stress. In this study, the contribution of BRs in the degradation of isoproturon (IPU) in rice has been established. IPU has a significant effect on rice growth, chlorophyll content, and membrane permeability. When treated with 1.0 μmol/L 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), a BR analogue, the associated symptoms of rice poisoning were alleviated as the IPU levels in the rice and growth media were decreased. In the presence of EBR, the activities of several IPU-related detoxification enzymes were enhanced to cope with the stress due to IPU. An RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been performed to determine the variation of transcriptomes and metabolic mechanisms in rice treated with EBR, IPU, or IPU+EBR. Some of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were Phase I-III reaction components of plants, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glycosyltransferases (GTs), and the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter). The expression of some signal transduction genes was significantly up-regulated. The relative content of low-toxicity IPU metabolites increased due to the presence of EBR as determined by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS. The IPU metabolic pathways include enzyme-catalyzed demethylation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis, glycosylation, and amino acid conjugation processes. The results suggest that EBR plays a key role in the degradation and detoxification of IPU. This study has provided evidence that BRs regulate the metabolism and detoxification of IPU in rice, and offers a new approach to ensuring cleaner crops by eliminating pesticide residues in the environment.

Background: Abrus precatorius L. is a noxious vein native to south east asia and popularly called as Gunja in Ayurveda. The seeds of this plant are considered as a potent raw drug used in various herbal formulations such as Gunjadi tailam, Gunjagarbha rasa etc. and used to treat various ailments such as dermal disorders, cysts, snake poisoning and may other conditions. Before utilizing for the herbal formulations, the seeds are classically processed due to the presence of well reported toxic protalbumin named Abrin with the human fatal dose of 0.1–1 µg/kg. Methods: In this work three varieties of Abrus precatorius L. seeds (Red, White and Black) were collected from the southern part of India and subjected for the detoxification process in order to analyze the efficiency of technique on different varieties of seeds. For processing the seeds, the classically fermented supernatant of rice gruel named kanjika was prepared and the pH was analyzed. Before and after processing, the seeds were analyzed for phytoconstituents with histochemistry technique and the hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared and qualitatively estimated for phytochemicals. The detoxification efficiency was analysed using HPTLC method by qualitative and quantitative estimation of Abrin levels by comparing with standard marker. Following that, cytotoxicity study was conducted against Vero (Healthy kidney) cell lines to ensure reduced toxicity in in-vitro conditions. Results: The process of Shodhana has changed the phytochemical levels in the processed seeds in comparison with unprocessed seeds in all three varieties. In connection to that, the extracts prepared with processed seeds have expressed lesser cytotoxicity and can be used as a drug with lesser side effects in whatever indications applicable. Conclusion: It is concluded that Shodhana with kanjika is efficient in processing all three varieties of Abrus precatorius seeds and is more effective in processing white seeds than the red and black varieties.

The persistent expansion in world energy and synthetic compounds requires the improvement of renewable alternatives in contrast to non-sustainable energy wellsprings. Lignocellulose is an encouraging feedstock to be utilized in biorefineries for its conversion into value-added products, including biomaterials, biofuels and several bio-based synthetic compounds. Aside from all categories, biofuel, particularly bioethanol is the most substantial fuel derived from lignocellulosic biomass and can be obtained through microbial fermentation. Generally, extreme settings are required for lignocellulosic pretreatment which results in the formation of inhibitors during biomassdegradation. Occasionally, lignin polymers also act as inhibitors and are left untreated during the pretreatment, engendering inefficient hydrolysis. The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass by laccases can be viewed as a fundamental trend for improving bioethanol production. However, one of the main obstacles for developing commercially viable biofuel industries is the cost of enzymes, which can be resolved by utilizing laccases derived from microbial sources. Microbial laccases have been considered an exceptionally integral asset for delignification and detoxification of pretreated LCB, which amplify the resultant fermentation and saccharification processes. This review provides a summary of microbial laccases and their role in valorizing LCB to bioethanol, compelling enthralling applications in bio-refining industries all across the globe.

Abstract Bioethanol has been identified as a renewable product with high potential for application as biofuel. On the other hand, high volumes of agri‐food residues are generated daily. Such residues have potential as raw materials for industrial bioethanol production. There is a significant advance in the synthesis of biofuels from fruit and vegetable residues; however, most of the studies are focused on the conversion of a single type of raw material, limiting the application of the synthesis routes. This work presents a conversion methodology to produce bioethanol from carrot and broccoli residues and from their mixture; the samples of vegetable wastes has been collected in the municipality of Guanajuato, Mexico. Using the 1H NMR technique, the characteristic signals of bioethanol are identified. On the other hand, using the UV–VIS spectrophotometry technique, a maximum of 25.63 mg of total sugar content has been determined for the mixture. Likewise, a maximum bioethanol concentration of 60.6 g/L is obtained. From a refractometry and HPLC study, a conversion to bioethanol of 34.8% is determined for the mixture of residues. This work analyses the potential of broccoli and carrot residues for bioethanol production, either as isolated or as mixed wastes.

The increase discharge of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, derived from engineered material waste, exerts a detrimental impact on both the marine ecosystem and public health. The cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles on marine organisms should be imperatively understood to tackle the urgent concern for the well-being of marine life. Various concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles have proven to reach fatal levels in aquatic organisms, requiring a deeper exploration of cytotoxicity. Notably, certain benthic foraminifers, such as Ammonia veneta, have been identified as capable of incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles into vesicles. However, these organisms exhibit a detoxification mechanism through exocytosis, as indicated by previous transcriptomic inferences. This presents the advantage of assessing the tolerance of foraminifers to TiO2 nanoparticles as pollutants and investigating the long-term effects of cytotoxicity. In this study, we scrutinized the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles within cells and the growth rates of individuals in seawater media containing 1, 5, 10, and 50 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles, comparing the results with a control group over a 5-week period, utilizing A. veneta stain. Transmission electron microscopy observations consistently revealed high concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles in vesicles, and their expulsion from cells was evident even with exposure to 5 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles. Under the control and 1 ppm TiO2 conditions, foraminifers increased their cell volume by adding a calcification chamber to their tests every 1 or 2 days. However, the 5-week culturing experiments demonstrated that foraminifers gradually ceased growing under 5 ppm TiO2 nanoparticle exposure and exhibited no growth at > 10 ppm concentrations, despite an ample food supply. Consequently, these findings with A. veneta suggest that the foraminiferal detoxification system could be disrupted by concentrations exceeding 5 ppm of TiO2 nanoparticles. The toxic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on meiofauna, such as benthic foraminifers, have been poorly understood, though these organisms play an important role in the marine ecosystem. Environmental accumulation of TiO2 nanoparticles on the coast has already exceeded twenty times more than foraminiferal detoxification level. Future studies focusing on toxic mechanism of TiO2 nanoparticles are crucial to prevent the breakdown of the marine ecosystem through accelerating discharge of TiO2 nanoparticles into the ocean.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins distributed in food and feed, which causes severe liver injury in humans and animals. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has received much attention in mycotoxin degradation due to the advantages of easy operation, high efficiency, and low temperature. So far, the majority of studies have focused on the degradation efficiency and mechanism of CAP on DON, while there is still little information available on the hepatotoxicity of DON after CAP treatment. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the effect of CAP on DON-induced hepatotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that 120-s CAP treatment achieved 97 % degradation of DON. The vitro hepatotoxicity of DON in L02 cells was significantly reduced with CAP treatment time. Meanwhile, CAP markedly alleviated DON-induced liver injury in mice including the balloon-like degeneration of liver tissues and elevation of AST and ALP level. The underlying mechanism for CAP detoxification of DON-induced hepatotoxicity was further elucidated. The results showed that DON caused severe oxidative stress in cells by suppressing the antioxidant signaling pathway of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1, consequently leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis, accompanied by cellular senescence and inflammation. CAP blocked DON inhibition on the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1 signaling pathway through the efficient degradation of DON, accordingly alleviating the oxidative stress and liver injury induced by DON. Therefore, CAP is an effective method to eliminate DON hepatotoxicity, which can be applied in the detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed to ensure human and animal health.

The chironomid Glyptotendipes tokunagai was chosen to study cadmium's ecotoxicity, owing to its prevalence in benthic sediments. Over 10 days, we exposed chironomids to three different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and examined their gene expression at maximal bioaccumulation levels. The results clearly showed 10275 significantly expressed genes with an average length of 795 bp. Ion homeostasis and Ca2+ ion transport were severely disrupted by Cadmium exposure, impairing the neurological system. Gene regulation indicated increased ROS due to cellular component process disruption, causing DNA damage, oxidative stress, and autophagy-mediated programmed cell death. Cadmium bioaccumulation hindered cuticle formation and growth, requiring more energy from the organism to resist the stress. An enriched detoxification route in response to the metabolic feedback mechanism was an aftereffect of energy deficiency related to their effective survival rate. The study has identified gene expression risk markers for signal transduction disruption, cellular development impairment, ATP synthesis-coupled energy deficit, and detoxification. These risk indicators must be closely monitored to ensure environmental safety.

The recent trend of global warming poses a significant threat to ecosystems worldwide. This global climate change has also impacted the pollution levels in aquatic ecosystems, subsequently affecting human health. To address these issues, an experiment was conducted to investigate the mitigating effects of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress (As+NH3+T). Fe-NPs were biologically synthesized using fish waste and incorporated into feed formulations at 10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1 diet. A total of 12 treatments were designed in triplicate following a completely randomized design involving 540 fish. Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet notably reduced the cortisol levels in fish exposed to multiple stressors. The gene expressions of HSP 70, DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP), and DNA damage were upregulated by stressors (As+NH3+T) and downregulated by Fe-NPs. Apoptotic genes (Cas 3a and 3b) and detoxifying genes (CYP 450), metallothionein (MT), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish subjected to As+NH3+T stress. Immune-related genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), immunoglobulin (Ig), and interleukin (IL) were upregulated by Fe-NPs, indicating enhanced immunity in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Conversely, Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression was notably downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Immunological attributes such as nitro blue tetrazolium chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish, regardless of stressors. The antioxidant genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx) were also strengthened by Fe-NPs in fish. Genes associated with growth performance, such as growth hormone regulator (GHR1 and GHRβ), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1X and IGF 2X), were upregulated, enhancing fish growth under stress, while SMT and MYST were downregulated by Fe-NPs in the diet. Various growth performance indicators were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet. Notably, Fe-NPs also enhanced arsenic detoxification and reduced the cumulative mortality after a bacterial infection. In conclusion, this study highlights that dietary Fe-NPs can effectively mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress by modulating gene expression in fish.

Background. Renal-hepatic dysfunction, which often occurs in liver dysfunction, requires the use of effective and safe nephroprotective agents. Human placenta hydrolysates (HPH) are hepatoprotectors, but little is known about HPH nephroprotective properties and the molecular mechanisms of their implementation.Objective: identification of potential molecular mechanisms of Laennec® HPH neuroprotective action based on bioinformatic analysis of collected mass spectrometric data.Material and methods. Methods of proteomic analysis of peptide preparations were used. The analysis of Laennec® HPH peptide composition included four stages: drug purification, chromatographic separation of peptides, determination of the multidimensional mass spectrum of peptide fraction and de novo sequencing of the isolated peptides.Results. The study of Laennec® HPH peptide composition allowed to identify 48 peptides that can exhibit nephroprotective effects. It was shown that HPH contains biologically active fragments of nephroprotective adrenomedullins, inhibitor peptides of a number of kinases (FYN, SHH, WNK1/4, SGK1, IRAK4, ROCK1/2) and fibrogenic receptors (PDGFR, TGFB1I1).Conclusion. By inhibiting the listed target proteins, HPH peptides provide nephroprotection through reducing inflammation, anti-stress effects and preventing fibrotic changes in kidney tissue

Abstract Background This study aimed to isolate the rumen-derived bacteria with the ability to degrade free gossypol (FG), and to evaluate the probiotic potential in vitro for ensuring safe utilization. Methods The strains were anaerobically isolated from fresh rumen fluid of sheep with long-term fed cottonseed meal (CSM) with the screening agar medium containing gossypol as the sole carbon source. Afterwards, the isolated strain incubated with CSM was subjected to the determination of the FG degradation and in vitro evaluation of probiotic characteristics. Results The target strain labeled Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 [Accession number: OQ652016.1] was obtained, and its growth on MRS Liquid medium exhibited degradation efficiency of FG up to 69.5% which was significantly greater than its growth on Man-Rogosa-Sharpe medium with glucose free for 24 h (p

Abstract Background Due to the sharp rise in animal feed costs, funding alternatives to substitute high-cost raw materials used in animal feed is a persistent need. This study investigated the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment as straightforward non-toxic technology to enhance the in vitro rumen digestibility of exhausted olive pomace (EOP), an abundant agricultural waste, to be suitable as animal feedstock. It examined the efficiency to eliminate the toxic phenolic content and minimize lipid oxidation of EOP. Results The pretreatment was first optimized using a central composite experimental design. Under the optimized conditions (1.6% H2O2, 5% NaOH), the measured phenolic content was 1.51 ± 0.03 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) for treated olive pomace (TOP) versus 4.91 ± 0.06 mg/100 g for the untreated one. The pretreatment showed that approximately 25% of the lignin was removed. Crude proteins, neutral detergent fibers, and acid detergent fibers yields of TOP were, respectively, 3.320 ± 0.05, 75.24 ± 0.23, and 54.05 ± 0.35 g/100 g of DW, significantly more important than those of untreated EOP. The enzymatic hydrolysis with a cellulase-based cocktail (Celluclast15 FPU/gDW), recorded a 48% of reducing sugar yield for TOP against 33% for EOP. When the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was assayed, the potential gas production of TOP (41.371 ml/g DM) was significantly higher than EOP (25.771 ml/g DM). The metabolizable energy of TOP (9.28 kcal/kg DM) was higher than that of EOP (7.78 kcal/kg DM). Conclusions The present study revealed that alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) could be an efficient treatment for the detoxification and enhancement of in vitro rumen digestibility of olive pomace. This straightforward approach demonstrated that treated olive pomace waste may be well valorized as suitable animal feedstock. Graphical Abstract

Oil Palm Frond (OPF) juice has been the focus of Malaysian bioenergy producers through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. However, due to the high concentration of phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate, usually gallicacid and ferulic acids, the fermentation medium turns acidic which hinders the growth of most microorganisms. A suitable method of phenolic compound removal with a minimal effect on the sugar stability of OPF juice has been employed using Amberlite XAD-4 resin. During the detoxification process, the effects of temperature and pH on the removal of phenolic compounds and sugar stability were also assessed. The Amberlite XAD-4 resin managed to adsorb about 32% of phenolic compound from the OPF hydrolysate at an optimum temperature of 50 °C and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of 6. In addition, it maintained as much as 93.7 % of the sugar in the OPF juice. The effect of detoxifying OPF hydrolysate was further tested for biobutanol production in batch culture using strain Clostridium acetobutylicum SR1, L2, and A1. Strain L2 gave the highest improvement in biobutanol and total solvent production by 22.7% and 14.41%, respectively, in medium with detoxified OPF juice. Meanwhile, compared to non-detoxified OPF juice, the acid production of strain L2 significantly decreased by 2.99-fold when using detoxified OPF juice, despite a 1.2-fold increase in sugar consumption. Conclusively, using Amberlite XAD-4 resin to detoxify OPF hydrolysate at pH 6 and 50 °C removed the phenolic compound while increasing the strain L2 capability to improve biobutanol and total solvent production.

Orrin D Ware School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USACorrespondence: Orrin D Ware, School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, Email oware@unc.eduPurpose: The Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) is a publicly available national dataset provided annually by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. TEDS contains sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of treatment episodes in substance use treatment facilities that receive public funds. Yet little is known about what proportion of facilities across states/jurisdictions and services/settings receive public funds to assist with interpreting TEDS.Methods: This study uses the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate percentages of facilities that receive public funds at national and state/jurisdiction levels across all services/settings.Results: In the full sample, 51.4% (n = 8262) of facilities received public funds, and in the sample of states/jurisdictions included in TEDS 2020 data, 52.3% (n = 7659) of facilities received public funds. Across services/settings, the proportion of facilities receiving public funds ranges from 27.1% in rehab/residential, hospital (non-detox) settings to 58.0% in rehab/residential, short-term (30 days or fewer) services/settings. Variability was also identified within states and services/settings from 0.0% to 100.0% of facilities that receive public funds.Conclusion: This study estimates the proportions of substance use facilities that receive public funds to guide interpretations of TEDS. This study’s findings, combined with TEDS, may assist advocates, clinicians, policymakers, researchers, service providers, service recipients, and other key stakeholders in reaching a shared goal: improving the well-being of individuals living with substance use disorders.Keywords: detoxification, outpatient, national survey of substance abuse treatment services, residential, substance use disorder, treatment episode dataset

Some potentially probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast that inhabit the digestive tract of humans are known to detoxify xenobiotics, including acrylamide (AA). The objective of the subsequent research was to evaluate the AA-detoxification capability of LAB and yeast isolated from various sources. Namely, the effect of AA was tested on the growth of LAB and yeast strains, as well in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Subsequently, the AA-binding ability of LAB and yeast was investigated in various environments, including the pH, incubation temperature, cell density, and with inanimate cells. The ability of selected LAB and yeast to reduce the genotoxicity of AA was tested on Caco-2 and Hep-G2 cell lines. The results showed that all tested strains exhibited strong resistance to AA at concentrations of 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL. Also, AA was detected in the intracellular and membrane extracts of tested strains. The most effective binding strain was Pediococcus acidilactici 16 at pH = 5, cell density = 109 CFU/mL, and incubation temperature = 37 °C (87.6% of AA removed). Additionally, all tested strains reduced the genotoxicity of AA, with the greatest reduction observed at the highest concentration of 50 µg/mL. The phenomena of detoxification by potentially probiotic strains could reduce the toxic and harmful effects of AA exposure to humans every day.

Spent carbon cathode (SCC) is one of the major hazardous solid wastes generated during the overhaul of electrolysis cells in the aluminum production process. SCC is not only rich in carbon resources but also contains soluble fluoride and cyanide, which gives it both recycling value and significant leaching toxicity. In this study, we explore the properties, emissions, and disposal strategies for SCC. Pyrometallurgy involves processes such as vacuum distillation, molten salt roasting, and high-temperature roasting. Hydrometallurgy describes various methods used to separate valuable components from leachate and prepare products. Collaborative disposal plays a positive role in treating SCC alongside other solid wastes. High-value utilization provides an approach to make full use of high-purity carbon-based materials. Finally, we analyze and summarize future prospects for the disposal of SCC. This study aims to contribute to the large-scale treatment and resource utilization of SCC while promoting circular economy principles and green development initiatives.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) poses a significant environmental challenge and health concern in olive-producing countries, including Jordan. Surfactant micelles are frequently employed as solubilizing agents to enhance the water solubility of chemical compounds. This study aims to leverage the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles in a multi-step process to detoxify OMW for agricultural and industrial uses and reduce its impact. The OMW was treated in multiple steps: screening, coagulation with different chemicals, and distillation with different surfactants. The treatment steps were monitored using LC–MS, GC–MS, ICP–MS, chemical oxygen demand contents, and total phenolic compounds. The detoxification of OMW was evaluated using standard germination assays, MTT assays using tissue culture, and toxicity assays using fluorescence bacteria. Following the treatment, the seed growth rate improved significantly from 0% to 100%. The GC–MS revealed a substantial decrease in pollutants. The concentration of polyphenols was reduced to 2.5%, while the COD level decreased to 35%. The toxicity in bacteria was significantly reduced in a time-dependent manner, and the toxicity in human cells decreased by 95%. Additionally, between 50% and 95% of metals in OMW were removed. The multi-step SDS-based approach successfully detoxified the OMW and enhanced water quality, which would pave the road for its direct application in industry and agriculture.

Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains harboring vinyl chloride (VC) reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes are keystone bacteria for VC detoxification in groundwater aquifers, and bioremediation monitoring regimens focus on D. mccartyi biomarkers. We isolated a novel anaerobic bacterium, Candidatus Dehalogenimonas etheniformans strain GP, capable of respiratory dechlorination of VC to ethene. This bacterium couples formate and hydrogen (H2) oxidation to the reduction of trichloro-ethene (TCE), all dichloroethene (DCE) isomers, and VC with acetate as the carbon source. Cultures that received formate and H2 consumed the two electron donors concomitantly at similar rates. A 16S rRNA gene-targeted quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay measured growth yields of (1.2 ± 0.2) × 108 and (1.9 ± 0.2) × 108 cells per μmol of VC dechlorinated in cultures with H2 or formate as electron donor, respectively. About 1.5-fold higher cell numbers were measured with qPCR targeting cerA, a single-copy gene encoding a putative VC RDase. A VC dechlorination rate of 215 ± 40 μmol L-1 day-1 was measured at 30°C, with about 25% of this activity occurring at 15°C. Increasing NaCl concentrations progressively impacted VC dechlorination rates, and dechlorination ceased at 15 g NaCl L-1. During growth with TCE, all DCE isomers were intermediates. Tetrachloroethene was not dechlorinated and inhibited dechlorination of other chlorinated ethenes. Carbon monoxide formed and accumulated as a metabolic by-product in dechlorinating cultures and impacted reductive dechlorination activity. The isolation of a new Dehalogenimonas species able to effectively dechlorinate toxic chlorinated ethenes to benign ethene expands our understanding of the reductive dechlorination process, with implications for bioremediation and environmental monitoring. IMPORTANCE Chlorinated ethenes are risk drivers at many contaminated sites, and current bioremediation efforts focus on organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains to achieve detoxification. We isolated and characterized the first non-Dehalococcoides bacterium, Candidatus Dehalogenimonas etheniformans strain GP, capable of metabolic reductive dechlorination of TCE, all DCE isomers, and VC to environmentally benign ethene. In addition to hydrogen, the new isolate utilizes formate as electron donor for reductive dechlorination, providing opportunities for more effective electron donor delivery to the contaminated subsurface. The discovery that a broader microbial diversity can achieve detoxification of toxic chlorinated ethenes in anoxic aquifers illustrates the potential of naturally occurring microbes for biotechnological applications.