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2nd International Conference on Green Energy Technology (ICGET) -- JUL 18-20, 2017 -- SAPIENZA Univ Rome, Rome, ITALY, WOS: 000439410300022, Shear walled (SW) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are considered to be a type of high seismic safety building. Although this structural system has an important seismic advantage, it also has some disadvantages, especially in acoustic and thermal comfort. In this study, experimental studies have been conducted on RC members produced with plastic material having circular sections to determine structural performance. RC members have been produced with and without 6 cm diameter balls to analyze the structural behaviour under loading and to investigate the thermal performance and sound absorption behaviour of the members. In the study, structural parameters have been determined for RC members such as slabs and SWs produced with and without balls to discover the feasibility of the research and discuss the findings comparatively. The results obtained from the experimental studies show that PB used in RC with suitable positions do not significantly decrease strength but improve the thermal and acoustic features. It has been also seen that using plastic balls reduce the total concrete materials.

In this paper, the occurrence of secoiridoid aglycones via degradation of phenolic glucosides which have strong effects on commercial, nutritional, and sensory properties of olive oil is studied. The experiment consists in the sonication treatment of Chemlali and Memecik cvs. olive paste three times for 4, 8, and 10 min. This kind of approach has never been used in determining the partition and degradation of phenolics during extraction. Concerning phenolic content present in Chemlali olive oil extracted from whole olives, no significant differences are found after 10 min of treatment using ultrasound apparatus, whereas a rise of more than 60% is detected if olive paste without stones is used. On the other hand, the total phenolic content of Memecik cv. increases positively with the increasing time of treatment. Throughout this report, it is noted that enzymatic activities are affected by ultrasound treatment. Practical Applications: The results of this study will be useful in modification of present processes or development of new processes with the aim of protecting and improving the phenolic composition of olive oil. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this kind of systematic approach has never been used in determining the partition and degradation of phenolics during extraction. It is believed that describing the effects of high‐power ultrasound applications on olive paste before malaxation will exhibit possible benefits for the future of olive processing technology. The optimization of olive oil extraction parameters with proper adjustments in such a way that the quality of the product is highly increased is an important issue. The effect of ultrasound technology parameters is investigated from the point of phenolic compounds by searching their relation to enzymes in Chemlali and Memecik cvs. olive paste. In addition, the effects of stone removal during extraction are also studied in terms of enzymes in Chemlali and Memecik cvs. olive paste and phenols in olive oil.

The extra virgin olive oils of “Sariulak” olive variety were produced from olives cultivated in three different locations (Antalya, Karaman, Mersin) in the south region of Turkey and were analyzed to select varieties and conditions that produce oil with favorable quality regarding oxidative stability, taste and nutritional properties. Peroxide value, free acidity, chlorophyll and carotene content, color values, and fatty acid compositions were measured and the contents of secoiridoid aglycones and lignans were determined with a qualitative and quantitative analysis performed by GC-MS to characterize the different subclasses. In particular the following sub-classes of phenols were identified and calibrated: simple phenols such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA and p-HPEA), their respective acetates (3,4-DHPEA-AC and p-HPEA-AC), secoiridoid derivatives such as the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to 3,4-DHPEA or p-HPEA (3,4-DHPEA-EDA, p-HPEA-EDA, where EDA is elenolic acid dialdehyde) and isomers of oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones (3,4-DHPEA-EA and p-HPEA-EA, where EA is elenolic acid aldehyde), lignans such as (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol, and (+)-1-pinoresinol and hydroxy-pinoresinol. Significant differences were observed in most of the parameters between the olive oils produced from different locations.

Anthracyclines have led to an increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Late cardiac complications in cancer survivors may develop from subclinical myocardial damage. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) also has potential as a clinically useful technique for the assessment of myocardial function. Biochemical markers may be used to detect cardiac damage growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and are emerging as a biomarker of cardiac dysfunction. The aim of this study is to assess the value of the plasma levels of GDF-15 and TDI in detecting late myocardial dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) who were treated with anthracyclines.Thirty-eight CCS who had completed chemotherapy treatment with anthracyclines were included in this study. Control group consisted of 32 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. All children underwent a detailed echocardiography, which contained an M-mode, pulse Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging. However, GDF-15 and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) were measured.Although, systolic function of the left ventricular was similar in all groups, there were significant differences between parameters of diastolic function of the heart. The mitral valve E wave, E/A ratio, left ventricular E'm wave, and E'm/A'm ratio were different in the patients than in the controls (p = 0.049, p = 0.037, p0.0001, p = 0.001, respectively). The tricuspid valve E/A ratio, right ventricular E't wave, and E't/A't ratio in the patients were also different from those of the controls (p = 0.031, p0.0001, p0.0001, respectively). Mean plasma GDF-15 was significantly higher in patients than healthy controls (p = 0.027). There were no significant differences in cTnI between both groups.Growth-differentiation factor-15 level may be used as a biomarker of anthracycline-induced cardiovascular disease severity in the CCS.

ResumenJustificativa y objetivos: Iniciar la anestesia epidural con anestésicos locales de larga duración consume una cantidad significativa de tiempo, siendo un problema en los centros de anestesia obstétrica que tienen mucho movimiento. Barajamos la hipótesis de que una combinación de articaína y ropivacaína proporcionaría un inicio más rápido e incluso una rápida recuperación de las características del bloqueo sensitivo motor.Métodos: Sesenta parturientes a término que tenían cita para la cesárea electiva se ubicaron aleatoriamente en tres grupos para recibir 20mL de articaína al 2% (Grupo A), 10mL de articaína al 2% + 10mL de ropivacaína al 0,75% (Grupo AR) o 20mL de ropivacaína al 0,75% (Grupo R) vía catéter epidural. Se registraron el tiempo de inicio del bloqueo sensorial hasta T10-T6 y el nivel máximo de bloqueo; el tiempo para la regresión de los segmentos del nivel máximo de bloqueo sensorial y el tiempo de inicio y duración del bloqueo motor. La necesidad de analgésicos adicionales en el intra y en el postoperatorio, también se registró.Resultados: Los datos demográficos fueron parecidos. Los tiempos de inicio del bloqueo sensorial hasta los niveles T10 y T6 fueron significativamente menores en los grupos A y AR, en comparación con el Grupo R (p < 0,05). Los tiempos de inicio del bloqueo motor fueron similares en todos los grupos, pero un bloqueo motor más profundo se observó en el Grupo R (p < 0,05). El tiempo para la regresión de los segmentos y la duración del bloqueo motor fueron significativamente menores en los grupos A y AR, en comparación con el Grupo R (p < 0,05). La necesidad de analgésico adicional en el período intraoperatorio fue mayor en el Grupo A que en los otros dos grupos (p < 0,05). Conclusión: La combinación de ropivacaína al 2% y de articaína al 0,75% para la anestesia epidural en cesárea debe ser el método de preferencia en vez de la administración epidural de ropivacaína sola al 0,75%.

WOS: 000319781500007, PubMed: 23438803, Background and objectives: Initiation of epidural anesthesia with long-lasting local anesthetics consumes a significant amount of time, which could be problematic in busy obstetric anesthesia suites. We have hypothesized that a combination of articaine and ropivacaine provides faster onset and even an early recovery of sensory-motor block characteristics. Methods: Sixty term parturients scheduled to have elective cesarean section were randomly allocated into three groups to receive either 20 mL 2% articaine (Group A), 10 mL 2% articaine + 10 mL 0.75% ropivacaine (Group AR) or 20 mL 0.75% ropivacaine (Group R) via lumbar epidural catheter. The onset time of sensory block to T-10, T-6 and maximum sensory block level, time to two segments regression from maximum sensory block level, onset time and duration of motor block were all recorded. Intraoperative and postoperative additional analgesic requirements were also recorded. Results: Demographic data were similar. The onset times of sensorial block to T-10 and T-6 were significantly shorter in Groups A and AR in comparison with Group R (p < 0.05). The onset times of motor block were similar in all groups, but a more intense motor block was observed in Group R (p < 0.05). Two segments regression time and motor block durations were significantly shorter in Groups A and AR in comparison with Group R (p < 0.05). Intraoperative supplementary analgesic requirements were higher in Group A than in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A combination of 2% articaine and 0.75% ropivacaine for epidural anesthesia in a cesarean section should be preferred over epidural 0.75% ropivacaine alone. (C) 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000378646700028, PubMed: 27513415, Background/aim: Persistent upper airway obstruction may lead to increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). The aim of this study was to evaluate N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations and PAP values in children with allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: Sixty-six patients with allergic rhinitis and 22 healthy children were prospectively enrolled in this study. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were measured at first admission and after treatment. Simultaneously, echocardiography was done to assess pulmonary arterial hypertension, and rhinitis symptom scores were recorded. Results: The median age of the study group was 9.0 (5.0. 17.0) years; 26 were female. PAP was found to be normal in all the patients. There was a negative correlation between age and NT-proBNP levels (r = -0.452, P < 0.01). Nasal blockage levels affected NT-proBNP levels mildly (P = 0.067). No significant difference between before and after nasal steroid treatment was observed in NT-proBNP levels. Conclusion: These results suggest that NT-proBNP level and PAP may not be affected in children with allergic rhinitis, and primarily this influence may be associated with the severity of nasal obstruction.

Kısa etkili inhale beta 2 mimetik bir ilaç olan salbutamol, bronkospazm ve solunum sıkıntısı durumlarında çok sık kullanılmaktadır ama ülkemizde intihar amaçlı alımı nadir görülen bir durumdur. Salbutamole bağlı komplikasyonlar iyi bilinmektedir ve terapotik dozlarda da ortaya çıkabilir. İlaca bağlı toksikasyon geliştiğinde hiperaktivite, tremor, konvülzyon, hiperglisemi, hipokalemi, hipomagnezemi, laktik asidoz, hipotansiyon, hipertansiyon, konjestif kalp yetmezliği, miyokard iskemisi, atriyal ve ventriküler ektopik atımlar, atriyal aritmiler, QT uzaması ve ventriküler taşikardi gibi aritmiler ile ani kardiyak ölüm ortaya çıkabilir. Bu makalede, intihar amaçlı olarak salbutamolün tablet formundan 200 mgr kullanan 15 yaşındaki bir hasta sunuldu ve literatür bilgileri eşliğinde çocuklarda salbutamol zehirlenmesine yaklaşım tartışıldı., Salbutamol, a drug with short-acting inhaled beta 2 mimetic effect, is very frequently used in cases of bronchospasm and respiratory distress; however, its intake for suicide purposes is rare in Turkey. Salbutamol-induced complications are well established and may be seen at therapeutic doses. When drug-related intoxication develops, hyperactivity, tremor, convulsion, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, lactic acidosis, hypotension, hypertension, congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, atrial and ventricular ectopic heart beats, atrial arrhythmias, QT prolongation and arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death may occur. This paper presents a 15-year-old patient who used 200 mg salbutamol in tablet form for suicide purposes and discusses the approach to salbutamol intoxication with a review of the literature information

Goltz sendromu (Fokal dermal hipoplazi), mezoektodermal dokuyu tutan ve çok nadir görülen bir hastalıktır. Deri lezyonları ile birlikte iskelet sistemi, dental ve oküler anomaliler, hastaların az bir kısmında da kalp ve böbrek anomalileri görülebilmektedir. Makalede, Goltz sendromu tanısı alan, biküspit aort kapağı ve buna bağlı aort kapak darlığı ve yetmezliği olan beş yaşındaki kız hasta olgu olarak sunuldu ve seyrek görülen bu hastalık, son literatür bilgileri eşliğinde tartışıldı., Goltz Syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) is a rare disease that is characterized by mesoectodermal tissue abnormalities. In addition to cutaneous lesions, there may be skeletal, dental, and ocular defects as well as cardiac and renal abnormalities in a minority of patients. In this article, a 5-year-old girl with aortic stenosis and regurgitation related to bicuspid aortic valve and diagnosed with Goltz Syndrome is presented. This rare syndrome has been discussed with the help of the recent literature

Intravenous lipid emulsion eliminates the toxicity-related symptoms of several drugs. We hypothesized that intravenous lipid emulsion prolongs the survival time in digoxin-intoxicated rats.Electrocardiograms of 14 anesthesized Wistar rats were monitored. All of the rats received digoxin infusion at a rate of 12 mL/h (0.25 mg/mL). Five minutes after the start of digoxin infusion, animals were treated either with 12.4 mL/kg intravenous lipid emulsion (group L) or saline (group C). The primary outcome variable was time elapsed until asystole development. Cumulative dose of digoxin required to induce asystole was also recorded.Mean time until asystole development in groups C and L were 21.28 ± 8.61 and 32.00 ± 5.41 minutes, respectively (P.05). The mean lethal doses of digoxin in the groups C and L were 3.97 ± 1.54 and 6.09 ± 0.96 mg/kg, respectively (P.05).Intravenous lipid emulsion prolonged the time until asystole development and increased cumulative lethal dose in rats intoxicated with digoxin.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate general anesthesia or propofol-based sedation methods at gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) procedures. The anesthetic method administered to cases undergoing upper gastrointestinal ESD between 2013 and 2015 was retrospectively investigated. Procedure time, lesion size, dissection speed, anesthesia time, adverse effects such as gag reflex, nausea, vomiting, cough, number of desaturation episodes (SpO2

Operative decision in American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status (ASA-PS) V patient is difficult as this group of patients expected to have high mortality rate. Another risk scoring system in this ASA-PS V subset of patients can aid to ease this decision. Data of ASA-PS V classified patients between 2011 and 2013 years in a single hospital were analyzed in this study. Predicted mortality of these patients was determined with acute physiology and chronic health evaluations (APACHE) II, simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), Porthsmouth physiological and operative severity score for enumeration of mortality and morbidity (P-POSSUM), Surgical apgar score (SAS), and Goldman cardiac risk index (GCRI) scores. Observed and predicted mortality rates according to the risk indexes in these patients were compared at survivor and nonsurvivor group of patients. Risk stratification was made with receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Data of 89 patients were included in the analyses. Predicted mortality rates generated by APACHE II and SAPS II scoring systems were significantly different between survivor and nonsurvivor group of patients. Risk stratification with ROC analysis revealed that area under curve was 0.784 and 0.681 for SAPS II and APACHE II scoring systems, respectively. Highest sensitivity (77.3) is reached with SAPS II score. APACHE II and SAPS II are better predictive tools of mortality in ASA-PS V classified subset of patients. Discrimination power of SAPS II score is the best among the compared risk stratification scores. SAPS II can be suggested as an additional risk scoring system for ASA-PS V patients.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) levels and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in the early detection of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy during the treatment of childhood cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty patients (13 males and 7 females) newly diagnosed with childhood cancer whose treatment protocol included anthracycline were included in the study. Echocardiography, including M-mode, pulse Doppler, and TDI, was performed after the first anthracycline treatment at cumulative doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/m and at least 6 months after the last treatment. GDF-15 and troponin-I were also measured at these time points. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 14 years (range, 3 to 18 y). The median cumulative anthracycline dose was 220 mg/m (range, 60 to 400 mg/m). Conventional pulse wave and pulse wave tissue Doppler methods revealed significant differences in the right ventricular myocardial performance indices of the patients who received cumulative anthracycline doses of 300 mg/m compared with their indices at least 6 months after the last treatment. The serum GDF-15 levels after the cumulative anthracycline dose of 200 mg/m were also higher than the patients' pretreatment levels. CONCLUSIONS Doppler/TDI and GDF-15 levels may be used in the early determination of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy during the treatment of childhood cancers.

WOS: 000376566800024, Coronary arteriovenous fistula is an incidental finding in 0.1% to 0.2% of coronary angiograms. A 15-year-old famale patient presented with a three years history of chest pain on exertion. Echocardiography was performed previously and a small muscular ventricular septal defect was detected. The electrocardiogram was normal sinus rhythm together with normal axis. On echocardiography, left ventricular function was normal and there was continuous flow into the right ventricle. Therefore, coronary angiography was performed for considering the coronary artery fistula. Coronary artery fistula was observed between the first septal perforating branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery with right ventricle. The patient's clinical follow-up was decided since a significant shunt could not be identified.

Monovarietal virgin olive oil from five different Turkish varieties (Egriburun, Karamani, Halhali, Saurani and Hasebi) from Hatay province which were harvested on three different occasions have been analyzed to evaluate minor components (phenolic compounds, tocopherols and pigments), fatty acid profiles and antioxidant activity in order to determine the effects of both the nature of the variety and the time of harvest. The high total phenolics, secoiridoid aglycones, α-tocopherol and antioxidant activity of Saurani variety makes the oil of this variety superior to other varieties analyzed in this study. After evaluating the correlation matrix of the data set, the variables such as secoiridoids (3,4-DHPEA-EDA; 3,4-DHPEA-EA; p-HPEA-EDA and p-HPEA-EA), some of the phenolic compounds (hydroxytyrosol, vanillic acid and luteolin) and oxidation parameters (beta carotene bleaching activity, peroxide value and free fatty acids) were finally decided as the three factors which led to explore the underlying pattern of relationships by using principal component analysis.

The potential use of a waste biosorbent material obtained from Cucumis melo ( C. melo ) for the removal of Pb 2+ ions from aqueous solutions was investigated by considering equilibrium and kinetic aspects. The biosorption showed a pH dependent profile. An increase in biosorbent dosage up to 1.8 g L −1 caused an increase in the biosorption yield of the biosorbent. The relatively fast biosorption at all studied temperatures follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Biosorption isotherm modeling shows the equilibrium data fitted to the Langmuir model with a maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 3.64 × 10 −4 mol g −1 . The thermodynamic parameters indicated the biosorption of Pb 2+ on the biomass was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Experiments conducted with multi-metal system demonstrated that the presence of co-ions slightly reduced the Pb 2+ biosorption capacity of the biomass. The possible Pb 2+ ion-biomaterial interactions were evaluated by the zeta potential, FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis. Results of this work showed the suggested biosorbent could be an effective and eco-friendly alternative for the removal of Pb 2+ ions from contaminated solutions.

Hemitruncus arteriosus (HA) is an uncommon congenital cardiac malformation in which one pulmonary artery branch originates from the ascending aorta. A 2-month-old male was referred to our hospital for failure to thrive, cyanosis, and tachypnea. A chest radiograph demonstrated moderate cardiomegaly and peribronchial thickening. Echocardiography demonstrated right atrial and ventricular enlargement and increased gradient (25 mm Hg) in the right pulmonary artery. Cardiac magnetic resonance angiography was performed and clearly revealed typical imaging findings of a right HA which had complex cardiac and vascular anatomy. This case report presents cardiac magnetic resonance angiography findings of HA.

SummaryIn this paper, the effects of heat treatment on some physicochemical characteristics (brix, pH, colour, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF)) and sensory properties (consistency, odour, colour, flavour) of pine and blossom honey samples were determined. Heating temperature and time were found to have important effects, especially on HMF content of the samples. Heat treatment had not been significantly effective not only on the pH and brix values of honey samples but also on the sensory characteristics of the pine honeys but effective on the blossom honey. Unheated honey samples had higher L* values than those of the heated samples, indicating their lighter colour. Both types of honey samples showed lower a* values when the temperature was increased. Heat treatment time did not significantly affect b* values of pine honey samples. Heat treated blossom honey samples showed lower b* values than the unheated samples.

SummaryIn this study, honeys samples of different origin: pine (Pinus pinea); tufted vetch (Vicia cacca); locust (Robinia pseudoacacia); garden vetch (Vicia sativa); cedar (Cedrus spp.); yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis); cotton (Gosspium hirsutum); trefoil (Trifolium spp.); cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) obtained from different locations in Turkey were investigated. Mineral contents of honeys were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Whilst the Sodium contents of the honeys varied between 168.11 ppm and 729.94 ppm, and phosphorus concentrations varied from 462.38 ppm to 845.65 ppm, magnesium was found at the highest concentrations in our samples.

Chemical compositions of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave extraction systems from sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), winter savory (Satureja thymbra L.) and mint (Mentha spicata L.) were determined with gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Carvacrol (38.72 and 34.03%), thymol (17.15 and 14.36%) and p-cymene (12.26 and 18.32%) were determined in high concentrations in the savory oil extracted by both microwave and hydrodistillation extraction systems. The most important ones for rosemary were 1,8-cineole, camphene and borneol. The main components of essential oil of sage obtained by both methods were 52.96 and 51.25% 1,8-cineole, 3.11 and 4.41% alfa-pinene. The major components in essential oil of mint were determined as 80.63 and 68.46% carvone, in decreasing order. The dominant components of essential oil of basil obtained by both microwave distillation or clevenger distillation method were; 30.44 and 34.90% linalool, 25.48 and 31.40% methyl chavicol, and 19.31 and 13.19% (E)-methyl cinnamate. The major components of Satureja hortensis were identified as p-cymene (10.95 and 19.93%), γ-terpinene (8.33 and 20.53%) and carvacrol (59.35 and 38.83%). PRACTIBLE APPLICATION The herbs and/or their essential oils are used commonly in the food, drug and perfumery industries. Their oils are used as flavorings and fragrances in the food industry, and for medicinal purposes in several regions.

Antioxidant effects of essential oils from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were determined on hazelnut and poppy oils. These essential oils were added to the oils at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at 0.02% level served as standard besides the control groups for comparison. The samples were stored 50 °C in darkness for 14 days. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined by measuring peroxide values (meq O2/kg oil) at regular intervals. On the basis of peroxide value assay, the essential oils showed stronger antioxidant effect when compared to control groups. BHA was more effective than the essential oils, whilst it exhibited no antioxidative effect on the first few days of storage. Amongst the investigated essential oils, the cinnamon oil was the most effective on retarding lipid oxidation of crude oils, which was followed by clove and rosemary oils.

The sun, oven (50 and 70 °C) and microwave oven (210 and 700 W) drying behaviors of red bell-pepper slices were investigated. Effects of these drying methods in terms of colour indices and antioxidant activity of pepper slices were also studied. “Midilli and Kucuk” model exhibited high coefficient of determination (R2) values for all the drying methods used in the assay, ranging between 0.994–0.999, while “Page” and “Modified Page” models fit better for oven drying at 70 °C. The calculated effective diffusivity (Deff) values (m2/s) of pepper slices for the drying processes ranged between 0.31 and 87.39 × 10−9. Sun dried and followed by microwave oven (700 W) dried samples revealed the highest L*, a* and b* colour values than the other dried samples. Microwave oven dried (210 W) and oven dried (50 °C) samples exhibited the lowest TEAC and DPPH radical scavenging activities among the dried samples.

Organic acids (oxalic, citric, galacturonic, tartaric, malic, lactic and succinic) contents of Gemlik variety olive fruits from five different cultivation areas of South Anatolia (Turkey), harvested in six collection dates (September, October and November of crop years 2006 and 2007), were determined by HPLC/DAD. Citric acid was the major compound (∼45%), followed by succinic (19%) and galacturonic acids (∼16%). The olive fruits of Antalya location showed the lowest and Karaman, Alanya and Hatay locations had the highest levels of total organic acids, especially on the early and late harvest. Significant interactions between “location”, “harvest date” and “crop year” were found, regarding the concentrations of citric, lactic, oxalic, tartaric and malic acid (3-way and 2-way interactions), which means that the effect of one factor (e.g. “location”) on an acid's concentration is not constant across the levels of the other factor. For succinic and galacturonic acids's concentrations, all interactions between the considered factors were statistically significant, except the 2-way interaction between “harvest date” and “crop year” which was no significant, meaning that the effect of factor “harvest date” on the succinic and/or on the galacturonic acid's concentrations does not vary significantly from one level of factor “crop year” to other. Significant mean differences were found in the concentrations of individual organic acids according to harvest time, which indicated generally a decline as harvest date moved on or no significant changes in some cases. Our results showed that rainfall and altitude of the location seemed to have more marked effects than temperature, on the levels of some organic acids such as malic, oxalic and succinic acids. The grouping of locations formed in Principal Component Analysis were quite different according to crop years, as for the first crop year (2006) “oxalic, citric, tartaric and succinic” and “lactic, malic, galacturonic” acids were the two groups of variables mainly responsible for discrimination, while for the following crop year (2007) “galacturonic, tartaric, oxalic, lactic”; “succinic, citric” and “malic” acids were the three groups responsible for the formation of clusters.

In this study, crude ash, protein, oil, mineral and total phenolic contents, and antioxidant properties of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Kutz. and Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. seaweeds were determined. The samples were collected from Acigol Lake in Karapinar town of Konya in Turkey. The crude ash, crude oil and protein content of E. intestinalis and Cladophora glomerata were 1.92% and 2.44%, 1.63% and 2.48%, 15.02% and 14.13%, respectively. The phenolic content of aqueous solutions was lower than methanolic solutions. The free radical scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was also higher in methanolic solutions. Phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. glomerata were higher than E. intestinalis. Both algae were rich in minerals but, while using these algae as a food or feed, attention must be paid on their heavy metal content. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Several species of seaweed are used as human food to provide nutritional value and a characteristic taste. Edible seaweeds are rich in a wide variety of minerals but they are also rich in other components, such as dietary fiber and resistant protein, which may pass through the intestine without being absorbed and can retain dietary mineral components. Methanol extracts of algae were reported to have high antioxidative activity.

Some physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acids and mineral contents of pumpkin, sweet pumpkin, melon, watermelon, paprika, tomato and cucumber seeds were determined. All seeds contained at the high levels of lipid (15.6–51.8 %) and protein (19.8–39.9 %). Among the cultivars studied, tomato seed contained the highest potassium (10542.1 mg/Kg). K, Mg, Na and P contents of samples were found high amounts than those of other elements. While acidity values of seed oils changed between 3.15–4.24 %, peroxide values ranged between 4.72 meq/Kg to 12.5 meq/Kg. Viscosity values ranged between 25.75 mPa (tomato seed oil) to 51.2 mPa (pumpkin seed oil). While L* values of oils changed between 64.38 to 36.81, a* value ranged between 20.21 to –2.22. Linoleic and oleic acids were established as major fatty acids. While linoleic acid contents of samples ranged between 54.4 % (sweet pumpkin) to 71.6 %(paprika seed oil), oleic acid contents changed between 9.05 (paprika seed oil) to 22.9 % (sweet pumpkin and to...

The proximate properties, the fatty acid and mineral contents of different almond kernel varieties were determined. The crude protein contents of kernels ranged between 12.7% (guara) and 16.3% (cristomorto). The oil yields from these kernels were established between 48.8% (cristomorto) and 55.7% (ferragnes). The acidity value of oils were found between 1.389 and 3.559%. In addition, peroxide values were established between 7.586 (nonpareil) and 15.590 mequiv./kg (cristomorto). The major fatty acids of almond kernel oils were oleic (72.5–79.9%), linoleic (13.5–19.8%) and palmitic acids (5.9–6.7%). The predominant mineral in most kernel was potassium (13.1–15.1 mg/100 g). The mineral contents of the kernels were established as 7.94–9.38 mg/100 g potassium, 2.9–4.0 mg/100 g magnesium and 1.84–2.94 mg/100 g calcium. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the kernels of almond varieties are being potential sources of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applications.

Peppermint leaves ( Mentha x piperita L.) were dried by using sun, oven (50 °C) and microwave oven (700 W) drying methods. Page, Modified page, Midilli and Kucuk models adequately described the oven, sun and microwave oven drying behaviours of peppermint leaves. The drying process was explicated through the diffusional model in order to obtain effective diffusivity values, which were determined as 3.10 × 10 −12 , 2.68 × 10 −12 and 4.09 × 10 −10 for the sun, oven and microwave oven drying process, respectively. Fresh and dried herbs had high amounts of K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Al minerals. Microwave oven drying method leaded to the lowest increase in Ag, Al, B, Na, Mn, Mg and Zn values than the other drying methods. Microwave oven drying shortened the drying time, revealed the highest phenolic content and optimum colour values.

BACKGROUND:Aculus olearius Castagnoli is a recently recorded species that damages olive fruits in the Mediterranean basin of Turkey. Thus, the effects of Eriophyid mites (Aculus olearius Castagnoli and Aceria oleae (Nalepa) (Acarina: Eriophyidae) on the olive fruits from Ayvalik variety in southern Turkey were studied for the first time in terms of some physical parameters and chemical constituents including some individual phenolics. RESULTS: The Eriophyid damaged fruits had higher L* values (lighter colour) and tyrosol level (37.53 mg kg−1) than the undamaged fruits (28.51 mg kg−1) in August. In contrast, Eriophyid damaged fruits were darker in colour and had lower levels (25.77 mg kg−1) of tyrosol than those of undamaged fruits (79.14 mg kg−1) in October. Eriophyid damaged samples had higher values of vanillic acid than the undamaged samples. An increase in the average concentrations of hydroxytyrosol and p-coumaric acid was observed in the fruits harvested in August, whilst the oleuropein content decreased. CONCLUSION: The harvest in October can be recommended regarding the higher dimensional values, total oil, dry matter and oleuropein contents. But the interaction between harvest time and Eriophyid damage was found effective in terms of tyrosol content and skin colour; as tyrosol values were lower in the fruits harvested in October and the fruits were darker. The resistance of undamaged fruits against Eriophyid damage can be linked to high tyrosol content of these fruits. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Sun, oven (50 and 70 °C) and microwave oven (210 and 700 W) drying of onion slices were carried out to monitor the drying kinetics and quality degradation of the product. Page, “Modified Page” and “Midilli and Kucuk” models exhibited high coefficient of determination (R2) values, ranging between 0.994 and 0.999. The calculated effective diffusivity (Deff) values (m2/s) of onion slices for the sun, oven 50 °C and oven 70 °C, microwave 210 W and microwave 700 W drying process were 8.339 × 10−10, 7.468 × 10−10, 1.554 × 10−9, 4.009 × 10−8 and 4.869 × 10−8, respectively. Fresh and dried onion slices had high amounts of K (696.82–16357.55 mg/kg), Ca (69.64–340.03 mg/kg), Na (37.72–1895.43 mg/kg), Mg (3.31–964.77 mg/kg) and P (46.47–3384.07 mg/kg) minerals. The highest mineral values were determined in oven dried samples. Sun (L∗ 58.00 ± 4.83, a∗ 0.27 ± 0.10, b∗ 14.36 ± 2.40) and microwave oven drying (210 W) (L∗ 54.78 ± 7.54, a∗ −0.71 ± 0.09, b∗ 13.17 ± 1.05) revealed better colour values in the dried products. The phenolic contents of microwave oven dried samples (1664.39 ± 134.12 and 1623.59 ± 140.02 for 210 W and 700 W, respectively) were higher than those of the other dried onion slices.

The essential oil for the present investigation was obtained from the air-dried leave +flowers of Salvia cryptantha as described in the experimental. Composition ofwater-distilled essential oils of S. cryptantha growing wild in Turkey were analysed by GC and GC-MS. At least 16 compounds were isolated and identified, corresponding to 98.5 % of the oil. The major compounds were camphor (25.6 %), 1,8-cineole (20.3 %), β-pinene (12.8 %), n-hexane (10.6 %), heptane (8.9 %), borneol (5.1 %) and α-pinene (4.1 %). The oils consisted of monoterpenic hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes.

Some physical and chemical properties, mineral content and fatty acid compositions of kernel and oils of several walnut types (Buyuk Oba, Kaman2, Kaman5) were determined. The oil yields from these kernels changed between 61.4% to 72.8%. The crude fibre contents of ker nels ranged between 3.77% and 3.80%. In add ition, crude protein contents of kernels ranged between 7.05% and 8.10%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 3.18 meq/ Kg and 3.53 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged be tween 0.35% and 0.56%. The main fatty acids of walnut kernel oils were oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. Linoleic acid contents of ker nel oils varied between 49.7% and 55.5%. On the other hand, oleic acid contents ranged between 20.5% and 26.4%. As a result, the present study showed the walnut kernels of the researched species of walnut kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applica tions.

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), caraway (Cuminum cyminum L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extracts were added at two concentrations (0.2 and 0.5%) to yayik butter. The butter samples were stored at two different temperatures, 4°C and 25°C. Product acceptability was monitored following the Weibull Hazard sensory method where the end of shelf life was the time at which 50% of panellists found the product unacceptable. Ginger, thyme and cinnamon extracts increased the shelf life of yayik butter and were comparable to the synthetic preservatives sorbic acid and BHA. The shelf life of the samples stored in the refrigerator was approximately twice as long as the samples stored at room temperature.

Seven different cultivars (Taze vaharman, Gökjek, Arap hatli, Türkmen vaharmani, Torli payendeke, Yazki bişek, Gizil gülabi) of honeydew melons (Cucumis melo L.) from Turkmenistan were processed to a dried traditional product known as 'kavun kaki' in order to evaluate the most suitable cultivar for drying process. The chemical composition (dry matter, crude oil, crude protein, crude fibre, energy, ash, water-soluble solids, total sugar, invert sugar, titratable acidity, pH and mineral contents) of the products was determined. The microbiological load (total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria and yeasts-moulds) of the samples were also evaluated. There were no significant differences between the odour, taste and texture scores of all the cultivars according to acceptance sensory analysis. The Türkmen Vaharmani and Torli payendeke samples had the highest colour scores.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVCS) or chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a variable spectrum of clinical findings. Classical EVC syndrome comprises a tetrad of clinical manifestations of chondrodystrophy, polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cardiac defects. The patient presented with short stature, polydactyly, triangular face and dental dismorphism was found appropriately as radiographic with ectodermal dysplasia. In addition to the presence of single atrium, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency and pulmonary hypertension wererevealed by echocardiography. Her history involved a sister who was dead in 3-month-ages

Considerable life and property losses have occurred because of the devastation due to the earthquakes happened in Turkey during the last 10 years. Especially, the damages that occurred on the public buildings were more serious and irrevocable when compared with the damages that took place on private buildings. In Turkey, primary school buildings constitute a large portion of the public buildings. Unfortunately, these buildings faced with heavy damages during the last earthquakes. The strengthening of existing primary school buildings in accordance with new contract specifications, thereby reducing losses of life and property to a minimum in case of an earthquake, has become one of the important issues on the agenda of the Turkish government. However, the strengthening of the primary school buildings by using the available methods is so difficult, because the strengthening works take a long time, the user of these buildings are obliged to evacuate the buildings and also there occurs extra costs caused by the additional repairs and renovations within the buildings when these methods are used. In this study, a new strengthening type of reinforced concrete buildings namely “external reinforced concrete shear wall” application method is discussed. For this purpose, three typical projects, which have been built commonly, are mentioned. The structural deficiencies observed in these buildings are given. In the experimental stage of this study, an experimental programme is formed in order to evaluate the performance of the external shear wall application. In the experimental schedule, four reinforced concrete test specimens are produced by using the design and detailing data of the considered school buildings. According to these tests, the strengthening and system improvement performed through adding external reinforced concrete shear wall to the reinforced concrete buildings will add improved behaviour, strength and rigidity to the system with its low cost besides the ease of construction and application. Since these buildings are detached and located in a multi-purpose garden, constructed as typical projects and have special architectural layout, developing this method for the existing primary school buildings will be able to be implemented in most of the primary school buildings without any problems.

Rosemary leaves ( Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae) were dried by using sun, oven (50 °C) and microwave oven (700 W, 2450 MHz) drying methods. Microwave oven drying shortened the drying time more than 99% when compared to the sun and oven drying methods. K, Ca, Na, Mg and P were the most abundant elements in the rosemary samples. The mineral content of oven dried rosemary leaves was higher than that of the sun and microwave dried samples. The logarithmic and Midilli and Kucuk models were shown to give a good fit to the sun and oven drying. The Page, Modified Page and Midilli and Kucuk models have shown a better fit to the experimental microwave oven drying data of rosemary leaves. Microwave oven drying revealed optimum colour values. Oven drying resulted in a considerable decrease in the colour quality of the rosemary leaves.

Lactic acid, citric acid, yogurt and starter culture (Lactobacillus plantarum) inoculation were tested singly in brines for the fermentation of raw caper buds (Capparis ovata Desf. var. canescens). The buds were divided into two different sizes, small and big, according to their diameters before fermentation, and the effects of bud size on the fermentation were also investigated. Ten percent salt containing brine was evaluated as the control brine. Small buds could be recommended for their higher acidity levels and hardness scores. Citric and lactic acid addition revealed very low pH values (2.14–2.60) and high acidity levels (1.2–1.7%). Starter culture inoculation or yogurt addition to the brine resulted in lower acidity values, similar to the control brine. Lactic and citric acid addition not only accelerated the acidification rate, but also decreased the growth in the brine during fermentation. The differences between flavor and color scores of samples were not statistically significant from the bud size point of view, while these differences were significant for hardness scores (P

Sage (Salvia fruticosa L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), Hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), mountain tea (Sideritis spp), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata), nettle (Urtica dioica L.), thyme (Thymbra spicata), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), rosehip (Rosa canina L.), mentha (Mentha piperita L.), balm (Melissa officinalis L.), tea (Camelia sinensis L.) (Black and green), sena leaf (Casia angustifolia), camomile (Matricaria chamomilla), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum casia) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) were used as plant material in this study. Decoction was applied to R. canina, A. dracunculus and C. casia, and infusion was applied to other plant materials. Ten, 15 and 20 min were used as a time parameter for both infusion and decection. Inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AEs) has been used for the determination of the elements in all infusions, decoctions and plant material. The Fe (1295.65 ppm) and Mg (3178.74 ppm) of M. officinalis, P (12698.05 ppm) and Pb (3.85 ppm) of green tea, Ca (19685.70 ppm) of C. orientalis, K (29167.53 ppm), Cu (12.18 ppm) and Na (2563.86 ppm) of C. casia, Zn (26.00 ppm) of M. chamomille and Se (23.53 ppm) contents of C. sativum were higher than the other plant materials. Ca (28.621 mg/100 ml) was the highest in concentration in the infusion of C. angustifolia for 10, 15 and 20 min. Ca could not be found in black and green teas. K (231.390 mg/100 ml) and P (24.857 mg/100 ml) contents were the highest in A. dracunculus tea. Mg (16.230 mg/100 ml) content of O. basilicum was determined as the highest. In general, the minerals that difuse to the tea at higher concentrations at the 10th minute were Ag, B, Cu, Co, Fe, ln and Zn, at the 15th minute were Ag, B, Cu, Co, K, ln and Zn and at the 20th minute were Ag, B, Cu, Co, ln, Fe and K. As a result, 10 min was the optimum time for getting the minerals into the tea, and it is apparent that plants and teas are good sources of the minerals.

In this study, the antioxidant activity of 50% aqueous methanol extracts of Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers, Crataegus bornmuelleri Zaberi, Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M.Bieb. var. orientalis, Crataegus szovitsii Pojark, Crataegus curvisepala Lindm., Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna, Crataegus monogyna Jacq.subsp. azarella (Gris.) Franco, Crataegus micophylla C.Koch, Rosa foetida Herrm., Rosa hemisphaerica J.Herrm., Rosa pulverulenta M.Bieb., Rosa canina L., Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees, Rubus canescens DC. var. canescens, Rubus sanctus Screber, Rubus caesius L., Sorbus umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch var. umbellata, Prunus avium L. (Moench.) and Prunus cerasus L. Mespilus germenica was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal-chelating activities. The extracts of R. hemisphaerica J.Herrm., P. cerasus L. and R. canina L. showed more stronger free radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities, and the extracts of R. foetida Herrm. (62.54%) and P. cerasus L. showed stronger metal-chelating activity. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the R. hemisphaerica J.Herrm., P. cerasus L. and R. canina are potential sources of natural antioxidant. These antioxidant properties depend on the concentration of the sample.

Inhibitory effects of methanol-water (90:10; v/v) extract from sage (Salvia officinalis L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and thyme (Thymbra spicata L.) were tested in vitro on clinical isolates of eleven species of yeasts (C. krusei, C. clus, Rhodotorula rubra, C. albicans 10039, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata 70164, C. parasilosis, C. insane, C. rhodotonla, C. holmii and C. glabrata 13b). Preliminary experiment was carried out in vitro using the disc diffusion method to investigate antimycotic activity of the sage, laurel and thyme extracts. Thyme methanol extract showed very high antimycotic activity against all tested yeasts. Effect of laurel extract was as good as thyme extract for C. tropicalis at 40 ppm level. Generally, sage had no effect on the tested yeasts. Methanol extracts of thyme and laurel may be useful tools to control the yeasts growth.

The inhibitory effect of Thymbra sintenesii Bornm. et Aznav. subsp. isaurica oil on the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizoctonia solani. The essential oil of this plant exerted varying levels of antifungal effects on the growth of all fungi. The level 0.05 % of oil showed inhibitory effect against mycelial growth of fungi. Other concentrations showed weak effect on mycelial growth of moulds. Certain percentages of inhibition of 0.01 % and 0.03 % doses against B. cinerea at the 3rd day of incubation completely disappeared at the other days. After from the 3th days of incubation at 0.0 1% and 0.03 % levels inhibition percentages were determined as 27 to 70 %, 20 to 71 %, 24 to 71 % and 30 to 64 % against A. alternata, B. cinerea, F. oxysporium and R. solani. However, knowledge how to protect the spoilage of food products from some pathogens and saprophytic fungi can probably be gained from the different c...

Leaves of three different cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., Eksikara, Hesapali and Siyah pekmezlik were fermented in 10% brine and 10% brine + 1% citric acid concentration for 5 weeks. Percent dry matter, average weight, protein and dimethyl sulfide content of fresh leaves were determined. During the fermentation time, chemical properties of brine (titratable acidity, pH, salt content) were determined at certain intervals. Fresh leaves of Ek 3 sikara had the highest amount of dry matter (31.69%), followed by Siyah pekmezlik (27.89%) and Hesapali (25.36%). The protein content of fresh leaves decreased approximately 50% as a result of the fermentation. Fermented Hesapali leaves had the highest (2,955 kcal/100 g), while Siyah pekmezlik leaves had the lowest (2,384 kcal/100 g) energy values. Eksikara leaves in 10% brine+1% citric acid had the lowest pH value (2.09), while Siyah pekmezlik had the highest pH value (2.57) on the fifth week of the fermentation. The highest titratable acidity was measured in Hesapali (10% brine + 1% citric acid). Hesapali leaves in both types of brine showed the highest taste scores, while Eksikara leaves were preferred for their more acceptable odor. Siyah pekmezlik leaves are not recommended for brining as the fermented leaves of this cultivar obtained the lowest sensory scores.

WOS: 000382751900015, Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multisystem disease caused by an immunological response to group A streptococcus infection. Its sequel rheumatic heart disease continue to cause a large burden of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Early detection of ARF is paramount to the prevention of rheumatic heart disease. We report a case of ARF with presenting epistaxis. The variety of clinical manifestations, which may be the presenting signs and symptoms of ARF, are not included in the updated-revised Jones criteria. Therefore, a careful examination and awareness of the disease can play an important role in identifying ARF.

Anomalous systemic venous return (AVSR) may sometimes present as pathologic entities itself, or associated with other congenital heart defects. The presence of AVSR may require significant changes in surgical technique during the repair of congenital heart defects. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of anomalous systemic venous return and to determine the congenital heart anomalies accompanying AVSR in children. This study is based on a retrospective review of the medical records of 175 children who consecutively underwent cardiac catheterisation because that congenital heart disease. The most extensively diagnosed cardiac malformation was VSD (26.8%). ASVR was prevalent in 4.5% of patients. The most commonly diagnosed ASVR was persistent left superior vena cava (3.4%) and a second ASVR type was associated interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with azygos vein continuation (1.1%). A systematic study of systemic venous connections should be performed in all those undergoing cardiac catheterisation as a prelude to open heart repair because it may require significant changes in surgical technique during the repair., Anormal sistemik venöz dönüş (AVSR) bazen tek başına patolojik bir durum veya diğer doğumsal kalp hastalıkları ile birlikte görülebilir. AVSR mevcudiyeti doğuştan kalp kusurlarının onarımı sırasında cerrahi teknikte önemli değişiklikler gerektirebilir. Çalışmamızın amacı, doğuştan kalp kusurları olan hastalarda anormal sistemik venöz dönüş sıklığını değerlendirmek ve AVSR’ye eşlik eden konjenital kalp anomalilerini belirlemekti. Bu çalışma doğuştan kalp kusurları nedeniyle kardiyak kateterizasyon uygulanan ardışık 175 çocuğun tıbbi kayıtlarının geriye dönük yorumuna dayanmaktadır. En yaygın kardiyak malformasyon tanısı ventriküler septal defekt idi (26.8%). Anormal sistemik venöz dönüş hastaların % 4.5’inde görüldü. En sık görülen ASVR sol persistan superior vena kava (% 3.4) ve ikinci sıradaki ASVR tipi azygos ven devamlılığı ve kesintili inferior vena kava (% 1.1) idi. AVSR doğuştan kalp kusurlarının onarımı sırasında cerrahi teknikte önemli değişiklikler gerektirebilir bu yüzden açık kalp cerrahisi uygulanması için kardiyak kateterizasyon yapılan tüm hastalara sistemik venöz bağlantı için sistematik bir çalışma yapılmalıdır

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an endoscopic treatment method widely used in premalignant and malignant lesions in countries of the Far East. This method, which is difficult technically and has a high complication risk rate, has rarely been performed in the West, because of the fewer number of upper gastrointestinal lesions. In the present study, we aimed to present our results of gastric ESD procedures in respect to the learning curve.A total of 100 ESD procedures, which were performed in the stomach between April 2012 and September 2014, were recorded prospectively before and after the procedure. Patient data were analyzed retrospectively. ESD procedures were numbered chronologically; the first 30 patients constituted group 1, whereas the rest were classified as the group 2. ESD results were compared between the groups.In a total of 95 patients, 100 gastric ESDs were performed. The overall en-bloc and complete resection rates were 93% and 92%, respectively. In respect of the learning curve, there were significant differences in the sizes of lesions and tissues obtained, procedure duration and dissection rate, snare use and knife preferences between groups (p = 0.002, p0.001, p = 0.003, p0.001, p = 0.009, and p0.001, respectively). No significant difference was detected in the en-bloc and complete resection rates and complications between the groups.According to guideline recommendations and masters for ESD, if ESD training is initiated and continued, successful ESD may be performed in localized lesions in the stomach.