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Dual energy CT (DECT) is an emerging imaging modality that combines data collected with different x-ray energy spectra. The resulting volumetric reconstructions can be utilised for material differentiation and metal artefact reduction in radiological assessments. The literature was reviewed to identify articles discussing the use of post mortem CT (PMCT) in odontology, DECT for metal artefact reduction in dental imaging, and current uses of DECT in forensic imaging. Articles written in English and published between 2004 and 2016 were selected for thematic analysis. A total of 54 articles were analysed. PMCT has been used routinely and validated for identification and age estimation due to its numerous reformatting capabilities and registration techniques. DECT-specific techniques including mono-energetic reconstructions, coupled with extended CT scale visualisation and the use of metal artefact reduction (MAR) software have been shown to overcome the limitations of metal artefact susceptibility in PMCT and enhance material differentiation in forensic odontology. Further benefits of DECT in forensic applications include improved soft-tissue visualisation, virtual bony subtraction and foreign body characterization. The literature supports the use of DECT in extending the benefits of PMCT for dental identification. Further systematic research is required to explore the use of DECT for material differentiation in forensic odontology.

Importance The need to rely on proper, simple, and accurate methods for age estimation in adults is still a world-wide issue. It has been well documented that teeth are more resistant than bones to the taphonomic processes, and that the use of methods for age estimation based on dental imaging assessment are not only less invasive than those based on osseous analysis, but also have shown similar or superior accuracy in adults. Objectives To summarise the results of some of the recently most recently cited methods for dental age estimation in adults, based on odontometric dental imaging analysis, to establish which is more accurate, accessible, and simple. Evidence review A literature search from several databases was conducted from January 1995 to July 2016 with previously defined inclusion criteria. Conclusion Based on the findings of this review, it could be possible to suggest pulp/tooth area ratio calculation from first, upper canines and other single rooted teeth (lower premolars, upper central incisors), and a specific statistical analysis that considers the non-linear production of secondary dentine with age, as a reliable, easy, faster, and predictable method for dental age estimation in adults. The second recommended method is the pulp/tooth width–length ratio calculation. The use of specific population formulae is recommended, but to include data of individuals from different groups of population in the same analysis is not discouraged. A minimum sample size of at least 120 participants is recommended to obtain more reliable results. Methods based on volume calculation are time consuming and still need improvement.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) have an array of presentations. Diagnostic challenges are common and clinicians' ability to correctly identify specific injuries dictates the optimal course of treatment(s). The aim of this review was to outline and assess all dental imaging techniques and their applications to traumatic dental injuries. A particular interest is given to the advancement of 3D imaging techniques and their role in diagnosis and treatment planning. The benefits of achieving a more accurate diagnosis are paramount to perfecting clinical judgments and outcomes.

Forensic odontology has long been an essential discipline in the post-mortem identification of human remains, the determination of the age of live subjects and in wider aspects of forensic investigation. It continues to be a rapidly developing field. Much of forensic dental identification is based upon the comparison of one set of records with another. Aside from the documented dental records, casts and photographs, radiographs and scans are one of the main sources of evidence. Previous scans and radiographs can be compared with contemporaneous images taken of the subject. In the identification of the deceased, these examinations will be performed on the cadaver. This paper reviews the current contribution of post-mortem dental radiography to forensic dental investigation, discussing its applications, equipment and techniques used and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It discusses possible future developments within the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges that face forensic dental imaging practitioners.

Cephalometric analysis is an important method in orthodontics for the diagnosis and treatment of patients. It is performed manually in clinical practice, therefore automation of this time consuming task would be of great assistance. In order to provide dentists with such tools, a robust and accurate identification of the necessary landmarks is required. However, poor image quality of lateral cephalograms like low contrast or noise make this task difficult. In this paper, an approach for automatic landmark localization is presented and used to find 19 landmarks in lateral cephalometric images. An initial predicting of the individual landmark locations is done by using a 2-D coupled shape model to utilize the spatial relation between landmarks and other anatomical structures. These predictions are refined with a Hough Forest to determine the final landmark location. The approach achieves competitive performance with a successful detection rate of 70.24% on 250 images for the clinically relevant 2mm accuracy range.

ispartof: SEMINARS IN MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY vol:24 issue:05 pages:477-478 ispartof: location:United States status: published

In this study, we used rat animal model to compare the efficiency of indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted dental near-infrared fluorescence imaging with X-ray imaging, and we optimized the imaging window for both unerupted and erupted molars. The results show that the morphology of the dental structures was observed clearly from ICG-assisted dental images (especially through the endoscope). A better image contrast was easily acquired at the short imaging windows (

Development of accurate and sensitive dental imaging technologies is a top priority in the pursuit of high-quality dental care. However, while early dental caries detection and routine monitoring of treatment progress are crucial for effective long-term results, current radiographic technologies fall short of this objective due to low sensitivity for small lesions and use of ionizing radiation which is unsuitable for frequent monitoring. Here we demonstrate the first application of enhanced Truncated Correlation-Photothermal Coherence Tomography (eTC-PCT) to dental imaging. eTC-PCT is non-invasive and non-ionizing, operates well below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limit, and features 3D subsurface imaging capability with operator controlled axial resolution. We explore the potential of this method for dental applications and demonstrate its capability for depth-resolved tomographic 3D reconstructions of the details and subsurface extent of a variety of dental defects. To this end, in this proof-of-concept study, dental eTC-PCT imaging results, and its sensitivity to dental caries, are discussed in comparison with visual examination, x-rays and micro-CT imaging.

Purpose To investigate the applicability of a 2D‐UTE half‐pulse sequence for dental overview imaging and the detection of signal from mineralized dental tissue and caries lesions with ultra‐short T2∗ as an efficient alternative to 3D sequences. Methods A modified 2D‐UTE sequence using 240‐µs half‐pulses for excitation and a reduction of the coil tune delay from the manufacturer preset value allowed for the acquisition of in vivo dental images with a TE of 35 µs at 1.5T. The common occurrence of out‐of‐slice signal for half‐pulse sequences was avoided by applying a quadratic‐phase saturation pulse before each half‐RF excitation. A conventional 2D‐UTE sequence with a TE of 750 µs, using slice selection rephasing, was used for comparison. Results Quadratic phase saturation pulses adequately improve the slice profile of half‐pulse excitations for dental imaging with a surface coil. In vivo images and SNR measurements show a distinct increase in signal in ultrashort T2∗ tissues for the proposed 2D‐UTE half‐pulse sequence compared with a 2D‐UTE sequence using conventional slice selection, leading to an improved detection of caries lesions. Conclusion The proposed pulse sequence enables the acquisition of in vivo images of a comprehensive overview of bone structures and teeth of a single side of the upper and lower jaw and signal detection from mineralized dental tissues in clinically acceptable scan times., publishedVersion

Tissue engineering employs several equipment and technologies to achieve its goals. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is one of those techniques that can assist in planning, monitoring, and follow-up of the results in morphological and functional aspects without damaging the tissue-engineered constructs. Each imaging system has its own capabilities and features. Thus, to extract the maximum information required, the best imaging modality must be chosen according to the diagnostic purpose. One of preponderant specifications of “imaging” in evaluation of engineered tissues, besides nondestructive nature, is the possibility of longitudinal assessments. This chapter reviews the 3D imaging systems that may have applications in dentistry and oral tissue engineering including computed tomography (CT), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), micro-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The physics and the applications of each method in dentistry and tissue engineering, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of them, are discussed. Instead of setting rigid guidelines for specific applications, the authors aim to familiarize the readers with the mechanism of function of each system, so they can select the systems that best suit their intended applications.

Currently, many patients are interested in esthetic dentistry treatments for various reasons: from the search for personal satisfaction, up to needs labor type. The esthetic dentistry reference in our society is determined by several factors, including one that produces more dissatisfaction is abnormal tooth color or that does not meet the patient's expectations. For this reason it has been designed and implemented an algorithm in MATLAB that captures, digitizes, pre-processing and analyze dental imaging by allowing to evaluate the degree of bleaching caused by the use of mouthwash. The samples analyzed were human teeth extracted, which were subjected to different concentrations of mouthwash of several brands or manufacturers that offer teeth whitening when using these products, different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were also used because this is the component prin- cipal in whitening products.

Objective There is ongoing controversy with regard to the stability of calcified carotid artery plaques (CCAPs) seen in the bifurcation area on panoramic images (PIs). Therefore, we sought to evaluate the possibility of these plaques shedding emboli by observing their relationship with ipsilateral retinal emboli. Study Design The study group included 50 neurologically and visually asymptomatic males with diabetes, with PIs that incidentally demonstrated CCAPs (CCAP+) and contemporaneous digital retinal images that had been obtained for evaluation of diabetic retinopathy. The control group consisted of 50 males with diabetes who were matched for age and body mass index and had undergone both imaging studies and whose PIs were devoid of carotid plaques (CCAP−). The presence of retinal emboli was determined by two ophthalmologists blinded to the patients' medical histories, and the prevalence rates for the two groups were calculated. Results The presence of asymptomatic retinal arteriolar emboli was found in the eye ipsilateral to the radiographically observed carotid atheroma in 10 of 50 (20%) of the patients in the CCAP+ group, compared with 2 of 50 (4%) in the CCAP− group, and this difference was statistically significant (Fisher's exact P Conclusions Some male patients with diabetes mellitus type II having calcified carotid artery atheromas in the bifurcation area, as visualized on PIs, may have significant sequelae as evidenced by retinal artery emboli.

Background: Haller's cells are anatomical variations in the development of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Numerous pathologies and symptoms are associated with this entity. So the present study was planned to evaluate the prevalence and the characteristics of Haller's cells on panoramic radiographs. Aim: The aim was to determine the prevalence and evaluate the characteristics of Haller's cells on panoramic radiographs. Settings and Design: Sample was selected from the Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, and the study was carried out for 1 year. The panoramic radiographs were evaluated for the presence of Haller cells. Materials and Methods: The study included 860 patients of both genders with an age range of 18–60 years. A panoramic radiograph was made and evaluated for the presence of Haller's cells and also side, shape, number of cells, and number of loculae (unilocular or multilocular) were evaluated. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test was done Results: Haller's cells were noted in 190 patients, with a prevalence of 22.09%. Out of these, 66.84% were unilateral and 33.15% were bilateral. The majority of the cells were round and irregular in shape. The unilocular type of Haller's cells occurring unilaterally was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that panoramic radiographs can depict and provide a clear delineation of Haller's cells. The description of the Haller cells is useful in the identification of entities and helps in differential diagnosis for patients having intractable orofacial pain. Further studies will be planned to look for such entities in cases of intractable orofacial pain which will help to alter the treatment planning accordingly.

Adli dis hekimligi gelismeye cok acik olan bir dis hekimligi dalidir. Disler ve dissel ozelliklerin essiz olmasi ve her turlu sartta uzun sure bozulmadan kalabilmesi adli dis hekimliginin onemini arttirmaktadir. Bu alanin en onemli calismalarindan biri, kimliklendirmedir. Dislerden ve cene kemiginden edinilen bilgilerle kisinin irki, cinsiyeti, yasi tespit edilebilir. Kimlik tespitinde dis kayitlarinin onceden tutulmus ve saklanmis olmasinin buyuk onemi vardir. Ayrica, agiz ve dislerin incelenmesiyle isirik izi analizi, dudak-damak izi analizi ve travma hasarlarinin tespiti gibi konular da cozumlenebilmektedir. Isirik izleri parmak izleri gibi benzersizdir ve kimliklendirmede basariyla kullanilmaktadir. Kimliklendirme olu veya canli kisinin muayenesi ile yapilabildigi gibi insan vucuduna ait bir parcanin, bir dokunun, iz ve belirtilerin incelenmesiyle de yapilabilir. Disler dis etkenlere karsi dayaniklidirlar ve cene kemigi icinde korunmaktadirlar. Bu nedenle dentin ve pulpada korunan hucrelerden uzun yillar sonra bile DNA elde edilmektedir. Ozellikle kimligi belli olmayan kisilerde dissel ozellikler, yapilmis olan tedavi ve protezler kisinin kimliginin belirlenmesinde onemli rol oynar. Taninmayacak sekilde yanmis, parcalanmis veya olum sonrasi degisikliklere maruz kalmis cesetlerin kimlik tespitinde disler birinci derecede oneme sahiptir. Kisinin irkini, cinsiyetini ve yasini belirlemek icin cesitli metotlar gelistirilmistir. Yas belirlemede genclerde radyolojik teknikler, daha ileri yaslarda ise morfolojik, histolojik ve kimyasal teknikler kullanilmaktadir. Bu teknikler her yil ilerlemekte ve yenileri eklenmektedir. Dis hekimligi fakultelerinde adli dis hekimligi dersi verilmedigi icin bu formasyon eksiktir. Ancak her dis hekiminin meslegiyle ilgili konulari bilme ve gelismeleri takip etme sorumlulugu vardir. Bu makale adli dis hekimliginde kullanilan ve bilinen metotlar uzerinde gelistirilen yenilikler ve en son fikirler uzerine bir degerlendirme saglamaktadir. Anahtar kelimeler: Adli dis hekimligi, Dental kimliklendirme, Dental goruntuleme, Isirik izleri LATEST APPROACHES IN FORENSIC DENTISTRY Abstract: Forensic odontology is a dentistry branch which is highly open to development. The fact that teeth and dental features are unique and that these properties can be retained for long periods without deterioration under any circumstances, enhances the importance of forensic dentistry studies. One of the most important works of this field is, identification. The race, sex and age of a person can be determined by the information obtained from the teeth and jaw bone. Pre-recorded and stored dental records have a great importance in identification. In addition, by the examination of the mouth and teeth, some issues such as bite mark analysis, lip-palate analysis and trauma damage detection, can be solved. Bite marks are unique as fingerprints and are used successfully in identification. Identification can be done by examination of a dead or living person, as well as by examining a part of a human body, a tissue and some traces. The teeth are resistant to external factors and are protected in the jaw bone. For this reason, DNA is still obtained after many years from the protected dentine and pulp cells. Especially in the identification of unknown persons, the dental properties, the treatments and protheses play a very important role in determining the identity of that person. The teeth are of primary importance in the identification of unrecognized bodies that have been burned, fragmented or exposed to post-mortem changes. Various methods have been developed to determine the race, sex and age of the individual. In the determination of age, radiological techniques are used in young people and morphological, histological and chemical techniques are used in older ages. These techniques are progressing every year and new ones are added. Forensic dentistry lectures is not given in dentistry faculties and so this formation is incomplete. However, each dentist has the responsibility to know the issues related to the profession and to follow the developments. This article provides an assessment of the latest ideas which have been developed on known methods used in forensic dentistry. Key words: Forensic dentistry, Dental identification, Dental imaging, Bite marks

Prevention is the most effective way to reduce dental caries. In order to provide a simple way to achieve oral healthcare direction in daily life, dual Channel, portable dental Imaging system that combine white light with autofluorescence techniques was established, and then, a group of volunteers were recruited, 7200 tooth pictures of different dental caries stage and dental plaque were taken and collected. In this work, a customized Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been designed to classify dental image with early stage caries and dental plaque. Eighty percentage ([Formula: see text]) of the pictures taken were used to supervised training of the CNNs based on the experienced dentists’ advice and the rest 20% ([Formula: see text]) were used to a test dataset to test the trained CNNs. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated to evaluate performance of the CNNs. The accuracy for the early stage caries and dental plaque were 95.3% and 95.9%, respectively. These results shown that the designed image system combined the customized CNNs that could automatically and efficiently find early caries and dental plaque on occlusal, lingual and buccal surfaces. Therefore, this will provide a novel approach to dental caries prevention for everyone in daily life.

The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) system has been widely used to analyze early carious lesions with fluorescent ligands in dental imaging. This system can be used to examine the physiological condition of cellular colonization in the tooth structure. However, the undesirable noise in CLSM images hinders accurate activity assessment of early carious lesions. To address this limitation, a total variation (TV)-based noise reduction algorithm with good edge preservation was developed, and its applicability to medical tooth specimen images obtained with CLSM was verified. To evaluate the imaging performance, the proposed algorithm was compared with conventional filtering methods in terms of the normalized noise power spectrum, contrast-to-noise ratio, and coefficient of variation. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm achieved better noise performance and fine-detail preservation, in comparison with the conventional methods.

Fluoride dental decay is the second most common disease around the world. Detection methods for early disease are very crude. Precise oral diagnosis and treatment are very strongly connected to the quality of dental imaging techniques which advances the diagnostic procedure. To study the external appearance of the teeth arches, 2D images are used. CBCT images were used to locate the bone at dental implant sites. Fiberoptic transillumination, fluorescence imaging detects caries. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of dental applications, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used. Electron caries monitor (ECM), fiberoptic transillumination (FOTI), digital fiberoptic transillumination (DIFOTI), quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) are also some of the detection methods used. Hence, in this chapter, the methodologies are analyzed and compared for easy use of the dentist.

OBJECTIVES:: The main objective of this study was to perform a retrospective reject analysis (or audit) of 79 cone-beam CTs (CBCTs) taken in under-aged patients at the Ghent University hospital over a 2-year timespan. METHODS:: Observer agreement between two oral radiologists and two senior year Master students in Paediatric Dentistry was performed for quality, diagnostic and therapeutic value. The senior year Master Students followed appropriate modules of an online course. Descriptive and comparative statistics were performed. RESULTS: : For the oral radiologists, all intra rater reliabilities were moderate to good (Gwet's AC1 = 0.41-0.75). For the senior students in Paediatric dentistry, these varied highly from fair to very good (Gwet's AC1 = 0.28-0.95). There was a high level of disagreement between oral radiologists and students (Gwet's AC1 = 0.16-0.45) and in-between students concerning observed quality (Gwet's AC1 = 0.29). A total of 16 CBCTs (20%) was rejected, 24 images (30%) were acceptable and 39 images (50%) had an excellent quality. 50 CBCTs were perceived to have a diagnostic advantage. 13 of the images would have no influence on the therapy, according to the oral radiologists. A significant correlation was found between unacceptable quality, absence of perceived diagnostic advantage (p = 0.004, RR = 2.4) and influence on therapy (p < 0.0005, RR = 1.8). A small field of view (FOV) was positively correlated to an excellent quality of the image (p = 0.011, RR = 2.8). CONCLUSIONS:: Image quality did not reach the proposed boundary of 10% according to the European Guidelines on Radiation Protection in Dental Radiology. This is the first published audit on an overall database of under-age children for CBCT.

Aim: To evaluate the reliability of the automatic cephalometric analysis in relation to the semi-automatic method. Methods: Fifty lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected and two dental surgeons performed the Steiner and Tweed analyses independently using the semi-automatic method on the Radiocef Studio 2® software suite (Radiomemory, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), and the automatic method on the Kodak Dental Imaging Software (Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, USA). After thirty days, 30% of the sample was re-evaluated to assess intra-observer agreement. Ten angular and linear measurements of both analyses were selected, averaged for both observers and compared using Student's t-test with a significance level of 5% (α=0.05). Intra and inter-observer agreement were assessed through Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: Intra-observer reproducibility was excellent for all measurements and inter-observer reproducibility was excellent for most of them. Significant differences (p

The aim of this study is to investigate the estimation of density from the Hounsfield unit of cone beam computed tomography data in dental imaging, especially for dental implant application. A jaw phantom with various known densities of anatomical parts (e.g. soft tissue, cortical bone, trabecular bone, tooth enamel, tooth dentin, sinus cavity, spinal cord and spinal disc) has been used to test the accuracy of the Hounsfield unit of cone beam computed tomography in estimating the mechanical density (true density). The Hounsfield unit of cone beam computed tomography data was evaluated via the MIMICS software using both two-dimensional and three-dimensional methods, and the results showed correlation with the true density of the object. In addition, the results revealed that the Hounsfield unit of cone beam computed tomography and bone density had a logarithmic relation, rather than a linear one. To this end, the correlation coefficient of logarithmic correlation (R2 = 0.95) is higher than the linear one (R2 = 0.77).

Dental epidemiological research permits accurate tracking of the prevalence and distribution of oral disease across population groups, enabling planning and evaluation of public health interventions and healthcare service provision. This first section of this paper aimed to review traditional assessment methods in dental epidemiology and to consider the methodological and logistical benefits provided by digital imaging, both generally and specifically in relation to an established dual-camera system. The remainder of this paper describes the results of a semi-structured examination of an image archive from previous research utilising a dual-camera system, exploring whether the diagnostic yield of the images might be increased. Common oral conditions are presented alongside suggestions of the diagnostically useful data displayed in example images. Possible scoring mechanisms are discussed with consideration of the limitations that might be encountered for each condition. The retrospective examination suggests further data is obtainable from images acquired using the dual-camera system, however, consideration should be given to how best to validate this clinically. Additionally, other imaging modalities are discussed whilst taking into account the potential limitations of the dual-camera system.

As dental imaging accounts for approximately 40 % of all X-ray examinations in Germany, profound knowledge of this topic is essential not only for the dentist but also for the clinical radiologist. This review focuses on basic imaging findings regarding the teeth. Therefore, tooth structure, currently available imaging techniques and common findings in conserving dentistry including endodontology, periodontology, implantology and dental trauma are presented. Literature research on the current state of dental radiology was performed using Pubmed. Currently, the most frequent imaging techniques are the orthopantomogram (OPG) and single-tooth radiograph, as well as computer tomography (CT) and cone beam CT mainly for implantology (planning or postoperative control) or trauma indications. Especially early diagnosis and correct classification of a dental trauma, such as dental pulp involvement, prevents from treatment delays or worsening of therapy options and prognosis. Furthermore, teeth are commonly a hidden focus of infection.Since radiologists are frequently confronted with dental imaging, either concerning a particular question such as a trauma patient or regarding incidental findings throughout head and neck imaging, further training in this field is more than worthwhile to facilitate an early and sufficient dental treatment. · This review focuses on dental imaging techniques and the most important pathologies.. · Dental pathologies may not only be locally but also systemically relevant.. · Reporting of dental findings is important for best patient care..· Masthoff M, Gerwing M, Masthoff M et al. Dental Imaging - A basic guide for the radiologist. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 192 - 198. Da die dentale Bildgebung etwa 40 % aller Röntgenuntersuchungen in Deutschland ausmacht, sind fundierte Kenntnisse für den klinischen Radiologen auf diesem Gebiet essenziell. Der Fokus dieser Übersichtsarbeit liegt auf der Bildgebung des Zahnes. Hierfür werden Zahnaufbau, derzeit verfügbare Bildgebungstechniken und häufige Befunde der konservierenden Zahnheilkunde einschließlich der Endodontologie, Parodontologie und der Implantologie sowie nach dentalem Trauma vorgestellt. Es erfolgte eine Literaturrecherche zur dentalen Radiologie mittels Pubmed. Bildgebungstechniken erster Wahl sind weiterhin das Orthopantomogramm (OPG) sowie die Einzelzahnaufnahme. Ergänzend werden die Computertomografie (CT) und die digitale Volumentomografie (DVT), vorrangig für die Implantologie (Behandlungsplanung und Verlaufskontrolle) oder verunfallte Patienten, eingesetzt. Insbesondere beim dentalen Trauma vermeidet eine exakte Diagnostik und korrekte Klassifikation, beispielsweise bezüglich einer Beteiligung der Zahnpulpa, Therapieverzögerungen oder deren Prognoseverschlechterung. Zudem können Zähne einen häufigen Infekt-Fokus darstellen.Da Radiologen häufig mit der dentalen Bildgebung konfrontiert werden, sei es als dezidierte Fragestellung bei einem Trauma-Patienten oder bei Zufallsbefunden im Rahmen der Kopf-/ Halsbildgebung, ist eine „Blickschulung“ für häufige Befunde lohnenswert, um frühzeitig eine suffiziente zahnärztliche Behandlung zu bahnen. · Dieser Review behandelt die dentalen Bildgebungstechniken sowie die wichtigsten Zahnpathologien.. · Zahnpathologien können nicht nur lokal, sondern auch systemisch relevant sein.. · Dentale Befunde sollten für eine bestmögliche Patientenversorgung Teil der Befundung sein..· Masthoff M, Gerwing M, Masthoff M et al. Dental Imaging - A basic guide for the radiologist. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 192 – 198.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can precisely capture the anatomy of the vocal tract. However, the crowns of teeth are not visible in standard MRI scans. In this study, a marker-based teeth alignment method is presented and evaluated. Ten patients undergoing orthognathic surgery were enrolled. Supraglottal airways were imaged preoperatively using structural MRI. MRI visible markers were developed, and they were attached to maxillary teeth and corresponding locations on the dental casts. Repeated measurements of intermarker distances in MRI and in a replica model was compared using linear regression analysis. Dental cast MRI and corresponding caliper measurements did not differ significantly. In contrast, the marker locations in vivo differed somewhat from the dental cast measurements likely due to marker placement inaccuracies. The markers were clearly visible in MRI and allowed for dental models to be aligned to head and neck MRI scans.

Dental imaging has seen a rapid technological advance over the last several years. Not only has most x-ray based diagnostic technology been digitized, with the possibility of low dose 3D computed tomography imaging, but many novel optical imaging techniques have now also been adopted in a more therapeutic imaging of the dental patient. When combining and manipulating such different digital image data, clinicians can now easily plan and simulate treatments on-screen, use 3D printed models and aids to assist in accurate transfer of the virtual planning or even follow-up their treatments over time. However, it seems that knowledge on digital technology is still lacking in clinical practice, which may contribute to errors or slow adoption. The purpose of this article is to bring an overview of the digitalization of dental imaging techniques and inform dental professionals on the digital tools that are available for the follow-up of patient treatments.

Background Because of the broad range of findings, Klippel-Feil syndrome has also been referred to as Klippel-Feil sequence and Klippel-Feil anomaly. It is classified into 3 types that differ in degree and location of vertebral fusion. Another contemporary classification also includes patterns of inheritance. Case Report A 19-year-old male needed panoramic imaging to evaluate his third molars. However, because of Klippel-Feil disfigurement, his head and neck posture did not fit into various panoramic imaging units. With an altered oblique head positioning in a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanner (NewTom VGi), his jaws were scanned. The CBCT volumetric data were then realigned and reconstructed in CBCT viewing software (InVivoDental 6.0). These reconstructions were appropriate to assess the indicated dental status and to update the assessment of the cervical vertebral development—a limiting condition of Klippel-Feil syndrome. Definitive Interpretation The scan data were able to provide the indicated periapical assessment, particularly of the third molars. Postural compromises were also noted in the anterior alignment of the odontoid process–C1 articulation and their alignment to the clivus of the occipital bone. There was also cervical vertebral aplasia with complete fusion of C2-C7. These findings were contributory to his altered posture. Discussion of Imaging The availability of large volume CBCT scanners, with their larger footprint, scanning circumference, and larger scanning size area, provide an imaging option for patients with mental and physical disabilities. In the past, a single large field of view (FOV) CBCT scan has been purported by CBCT manufacturers to be a one-stop imaging solution for all extraoral imaging. Dosimetry data and FDA selection criteria have since contraindicated the use of large volume FOV scanning to replace standard periapical, panoramic, and cephalometric imaging. This case report supports the alternative use of CBCT to acquire standard extraoral images when standard imaging is not possible.

In this article, current literature on fixed and removable prosthodontics is reviewed along with evidence-based systematic reviews, including advice from those in the dental profession with years of experience, which help restorative dentists manage and treat their cases successfully. Treatment planning for restorative implantology should be looked at in 4 sections: (1) review of past medical history, (2) oral examination and occlusion, (3) dental imaging (ie, cone-beam computed tomography), and (4) fixed versus removable prosthodontics. These 4 concepts of treatment planning, along with proper surgical placements of the implant(s), result in successful cases.