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Calocolobopterus magnicornis (Bordat), n. comb. Aphodius (Calocolobopterus) magnicornis Bordat, 1992c: 101. Calocolobopterus magnicornis: G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 110. Specimens examined (6): Laikipia Plateau, Mpala Research Centre, N00 o 17’ -E36 o.899', 23-25. V. 1998, 1650 m, S.E. Miller & T.M. Kuklenski (4); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2003, #1, leg. R. Gordon, ultra violet light (2). (MRC) (NMK) (USNM). Geographical distribution: Eastern Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. Dung preference: Not known, all specimens were taken at light., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Bordat, P. 1992 c. Resultats de la mission scientifique hongroise \" Teleki \" en Afrique. Annales Historico- Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 84: 93 - 109.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

GENUS Labarrus Mulsant and Rey Aphodius (Labarrus) Mulsant and Rey, 1870: 516. Labarrus: Adám, 1994: 14; G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 165. Distribution: Subcosmopolitan., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Mulsant, E., and C. Rey. 1870. In: E. Mulsant. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Tribu des Lamellicornes. Annales de la Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Industries de Lyon 2 [(1869]): 241 - 650.","Adam, L. 1994. A check-list of the Hungarian Scarabaeoidea with description of ten new taxa. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 55: 5 - 17.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

GENUS Macroretrus P��ringuey Macroretrus P��ringuey, 1908: 632; G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 179. Distribution: Afrotropical Region., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Peringuey, L. 1908. Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Transactions of the South Africa Philosophical Society 13: 1 - 752.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

Aganocrossus vestitus (Boheman), n. comb. Aphodius vestitus Boheman, 1857: 359. Aphodius (Aganocrossus) vestitus: Bordat, 1992b: 362. Specimens examined (17): Laikipia, Impala Ranch, N00 o 30’ - E36 o 51’, 1-13. V.2002, #6, leg. R. Gordon, Impala dung (1); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 15-29.II.2001, 1-13.V.2003, #1, leg. R. Gordon, ultra violet light (16). (MRC) (NMK) (USNM). Geographical distribution: Eastern and southern Africa. Dung preference: Apparently a generalist, taken from dung of several mammals including waterbuck, hippo, etc., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. 1857. Insecta Caffrariae annis 1838 - 1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta descripsit. Coleoptera. Fritze and Norstedt; Stockholm. 2: 1 - 395.","Bordat, P. 1992 b. Revision des Aphodius, sous-genre Aganocrossus de la region afrotropicale. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 28: 339 - 364."]}

Trichaphodioides pulchellus (Müller) n. comb. Aphodius (Trichaphodius) pulchellus Müller, 1941: 344. Specimens examined (72): Laikipia, Impala Ranch, N00 o 30’ - E36 o 51’, 1-13. V.2002, #6, leg. R. Gordon, Impala dung (1); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-31.III.2001, leg. Kadir Abdi, Burchell’s Zebra dung (3); Kenya, Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13.V.2003, #1, leg. R. Gordon (1); idem, leg. R. Gordon, ultra violet light (25); idem, leg. R. Gordon, cattle dung (9); idem, leg. R. Gordon, Hippopotamus dung (3); idem, leg. R. Gordon, Impala dung (10); idem, leg. R. Gordon, African Buffalo dung (1); idem, leg. R. Gordon, Zebra dung (1); idem, leg. R. Gordon, pitfall trap cow dung (2); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2002, #7, leg. R. Gordon, African Elephant dung (17); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2002, #8, leg. R. Gordon, African Elephant dung (2); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-31.VIII.2001, leg. Kadir Abdi, Zebra dung (1). (MRC) (NMK (USNM). Geographical distribution: Eastern Africa. Dung preference: A generalist, found in almost all mammal dung examined, and also attracted to light.

Mesontoplatys bolzi (Petrovitz) n. comb. Aphodius (Mesontoplatys) bolzi Petrovitz, 1967: 211. Specimens examined (4): Kenya, Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2003, #1, leg. R. Gordon, Impala dung (4). (MRC) (NMK) (USNM). Geographical distribution: Tanzania, these specimens may be the first Kenya records. Dung preference: All four specimens were found in impala dung., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Petrovitz. R. 1967. Neue afrikanische Aphodius-Arten. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, Bonn (1 / 2): 207 - 212."]}

Key to Laikipia species of Labarrus 1. Male head with median tubercle small, indistinct, head flat in both sexes; elytral intervals densely, rather coarsely punctured............................................................... L meruensis (Petrovitz) — Male head with median tubercle large, distinct, head convex in both sexes; elytral intervals not noticeably punctate, or with punctures indistinct................................................................... 2 2(1). Hind tibia with superior apical spur widened at middle, distinctly longer than first tarsal segment; middle tibia with male inferior apical spur feebly broadened and obliquely truncate apically in both sexes................................................................................................. L. lividus (Olivier) — Hind tibia with superior apical spur evenly acuminate from base to apex, widest at base, approximately as long as first tarsal segment or slightly longer; middle tibia with inferior apical spur evenly widened, acuminate apically in both sexes.................................................................................................................................................... L. pseudolividus (Balthasar), Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811

GENUS Calocolobopterus Dellacasa Aphodius (Calocolobopterus) G. Dellacasa, 1986: 216. Calocolobopterus G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 110. Distribution: Afrotropical Region., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Dellacasa, G. 1986. A world-wide revision of Aphodius sharing a large scutellum. Frustula Entomologica (N. S.) 7 / 8: 173 - 282.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

Key to Laikipia species of Trichaphodioides 1. Elytra completely pubescent, pubescence on disc distinctly visible........ T. cinerascens (Klug) — Elytra with apical and lateral pubescence, disc not pubescent, or if so pubescence not distinctly visible........................................................................................................................................ 2 2(1). Ventral surface yellow, if dark then legs pale yellow; elytra pale brownish yellow, with contrasting transverse dark mark on apical declivity of each elytron...................... T. schaumi (Harold) — Ventral surface brown or dark brown, legs brown or yellowish brown; elytra brown, with or without obscure transverse mark on apical declivity of each elytron...................................... 3 3(2). Dorsal color predominantly reddish brown; elytral intervals alutaceous, shiny; body comparatively short, wide..................................................................................... T. calcaratus (Boheman) — Dorsal color predominantly dark brown; elytral intervals alutaceous, dull; body comparatively elongate, narrow................................................................................. T. pulchellus (Müller), Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811

Macroretrus confusus (Harold) Macroretrus confusus Harold, 1862: 154; Bordat et al., 2000: 110. Specimens examined (46): Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2003, #1, leg. R. Gordon, Hippopotamus dung (31); idem, leg. R. Gordon, Impala dung (3); idem, leg. R. Gordon, Zebra dung (2); idem, leg. R. Gordon, ultra violet light (6); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2003, #7, leg. R. Gordon, African Elephant dung (2); idem, leg. R. Gordon, Zebra dung (2); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2003, #8, leg. R. Gordon, Giraffe dung (1). (USNM) (NMK) (USNM). Geographical distribution: Senegal, Ethiopia and Kenya. Dung preference: Probably a generalist dung feeder, specimens were taken from dung of elephant, hippo, giraffe, and zebra., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Harold, E. 1862. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Drittes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 138 - 171.","Bordat, P., G. Dellacasa, and M. Dellacasa. 2000. Revision du genre Macroretrus Peringuey, 1908 et description d'une nouvelle espece. Macroretroides lumareti n. g., n. sp. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N. S.) 17 (2): 107 - 122."]}

Labarrus pseudolividus (Balthasar) Aphodius (Nialus) pseudolividus Balthasar, 1941: 148. Aphodius (Labarrus) pseudolividus: Bordat, 1990a: 36. Labarrus pseudolividus: M. Dellacasa et al., 2002: 170. Specimens examined (12): Laikipia Plateau, Mpala Research Centre, N00 o 17' - E36 o 53', 15-17.I.1999, 17-20.IX.1999, 30-31.V. 2001, 1650 m, leg. S. E. Miller & T. M. Kuklenski, S.E. Miller & V. Shitakule, leg. S.E. Miller, T. M. Kuklenski & R. R. Snelling (12). (MRC) (NMK) (USNM). Geographical distribution: Subcosmopolitan. Dung preference: This is another known dung generalist, also attracted to light., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Balthasar, V. 1941. Gli Scarabeidi coprofagi e Trogini dell' Africa Orientale Italiana del Museo di Milano. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano 80: 103 - 154.","Bordat, P. 1990 a. Faune de Madagascar. Insectes Coleopteres Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae et Eupariinae. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris. 74: 17 - 129.","Dellacasa, M., R. D. Gordon, and G. Dellacasa. 2002. Aphodiinae described or recorded by Bates in Biologia Centrali-Americana. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (N. S.) 86: 155 - 223."]}

Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni, Dellacasa, Marco (2008): Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya. Insecta Mundi 2008 (28): 1-15, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Adam, L. 1994. A check-list of the Hungarian Scarabaeoidea with description of ten new taxa. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 55: 5-17.","Balthasar, V. 1935. Neue Aphodius -Arten aus dem tropischen Afrika. Casopis Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Entomologicke 32: 67-74.","Balthasar, V. 1941. Gli Scarabeidi coprofagi e Trogini dell' Africa Orientale Italiana del Museo di Milano. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano 80: 103- 154.","Balthasar, V. 1965. Revision der Gattung Lorditomaeus Per. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine, Bruxelles, 72 (1-2): 173-213.","Boheman, C. H. 1857. Insecta Caffrariae annis 1838-1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta descripsit. Coleoptera. Fritze and Norstedt; Stockholm. 2: 1-395.","Bordat, P. 1989. Revision des Aphodius sous-genre Trichaphodius du groupe humilis Roth de la region afrotropicale. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 25: 295-314.","Bordat, P. 1990a. Faune de Madagascar. Insectes Coleopteres Aphodiidae: Aphodiinae et Eupariinae. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris. 74: 17-129.","Bordat, P. 1990b. Quatre nouvelles especes d'Aphodius de la region afrotropicale. Annales Historico- Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 82: 137-144.","Bordat, P. 1992a. Cinq nouovelles especes d'Aphodiidae de la region afrotropicale. Nouvelles Revue d'Entomologie (N.S.) 9 (2): 131-140.","Bordat, P. 1992b. Revision des Aphodius, sous-genre Aganocrossus de la region afrotropicale. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 28: 339-364.","Bordat, P. 1992c. Resultats de la mission scientifique hongroise \"Teleki\" en Afrique. Annales Historico- Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 84: 93-109.","Bordat, P. 1994. Trois nouvelles especes d' Aphodius (Trichaphodioides) des savanes africaines au Nord de l'Equateur. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N.S.) 16 (1): 17-22.","Bordat, P. 2005. Nouvelles especes d'Aphodiinae de la region afrotropicale (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N. S.) 22 (1): 35-61","Bordat, P., G. Dellacasa, and M. Dellacasa. 2000. Revision du genre Macroretrus Peringuey, 1908 et description d'une nouvelle espece. Macroretroides lumareti n. g., n. sp. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N.S.) 17 (2): 107-122.","Cambefort, Y., and P. Bordat. 2003. Coleopteres Scarabaeidae s. str., Aphodiidae et Ceratocanthidae du mont Nimba et des regions limitrophes. In: M. Lamotte and R. Roy (eds). Le peuplement animal du mont Nimba (Guinee, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 190: 551-580.","Dellacasa, G. 1986. A world-wide revision of Aphodius sharing a large scutellum. Frustula Entomologica (N.S.) 7/8: 173-282.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1-482.","Dellacasa, M., R. D. Gordon, and G. Dellacasa. 2002. Aphodiinae described or recorded by Bates in Biologia Centrali-Americana. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (N. S.) 86: 155-223.","Endrodi, S. 1960. XLII. Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae. Die Aphodiinae von Ost-Afrika. Mission Zoologique de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique Orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). Resultats Scientifiques. II Partie. Annales du Musee royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren 88: 67-249.","Endrodi, S. 1964. Die Aphodiinae des Congo-Gebietes in Rahmen der Fauna von Zentral-Afrika. Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren 123: 1-415.","Harold, E. 1859. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Erstes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 3: 193-224.","Harold, E. 1861. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lemelllicornien (Viertes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 92-115.","Harold, E. 1862. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Drittes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 6: 138-171.","Klug, J. C. F. 1855. Diagnosen der neuen Coleopteren aus Mossambique. Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften 20: 643-660.","Keesing, F. 2000. Cryptic consumers and the ecology of an African Savanna. Bioscience 50: 205-215.","Landin, B. O. 1974. Taxonomic studies on African Aphodiini. II. The genus Colobopterus Mulsant with description of two new species. Entomologica Scandinavica 5: 233-239.","Miller, S. E., and J. D. Lazell. 2001. A herpetological reconnaissance of Mpala Research Centre, Laikipia, Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History 90: 103-107.","Motschulsky, V. 1863. Essai d'un catalogue des insectes de l'ile Ceylan. II Suite. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 36: 421-532.","Muller, G. 1941. Nuovi Coleotteri dell'Africa Orientale. Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste 14 (23): 319-352.","Mulsant, E. 1842. Histoire naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Lamellicornes. Lyon; Paris. 623 p.","Mulsant, E., and C. Rey. 1870. In: E. Mulsant. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Tribu des Lamellicornes. Annales de la Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Industries de Lyon 2 [(1869]): 241-650.","Olivier, A. G. 1789. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee.... Coleopteres. De l'Imprimerie de Lanneau; Paris. 1: 1-497.","Paulian, R. 1942. Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935). Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge; Bruxelles. 35: 1-143.","Peringuey, L. 1901. Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa (Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae). Transactions of the South Africa Philosophical Society 12: 1-563.","Peringuey, L. 1908. Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Transactions of the South Africa Philosophical Society 13: 1-752.","Petrovitz, R. 1961. Neue und verkannte Aphodiinae aus allen Erdteilen. II Teil. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey, Tutzing b.M. 12: 344-356.","Petrovitz. R. 1967. Neue afrikanische Aphodius-Arten. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, Bonn (1/2): 207- 212.","Reiche, L. 1847. In: A. Feret and J. G. Galinier: Voyage en Abyssinie dans les provinces du Tigre, du Samen et de l' Amhara. (1839-1843). Tom. I-III. (1847-1848). Entomologie. Paulin; Paris. 3: 259-532.","Reitter, E. 1892. Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Lucaniden und coprophagen Lamellicornen des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins Brunn 30: 140-262.","Reitter, E. 1895. Einige neue Coleopteren aus Korea und China. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 14: 208-210.","Roth, J. R. 1851. Diagnosen neuer Coleoptera aus Abyssinien. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 17: 121-133.","Schmidt, A. 1911. Neue Aphodiinen und eine synonymische Bemerkung. Societas Entomologica. Organ fur den Internationalen Entomologenverein 26: 47-48.","Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Abteilung A 79: 117-178.","Schmidt, A. 1916. Namenanderungen und Beschreibung neuer Aphodiinen (Col.). Archiv fur Naturgeschchichte Abteilung A 82: 95-116.","Schmidt, A. 1920. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattungen Canthon Hffsg., Sybax Boh., Aphodius ll., Simogonius Har., Ataenius Har. Archiv fur Naturgeschischte Abteilung A 86: 114-117.","Young, T. P., B. D. Okello, D. Kinua, and T. M. Palmer. 1998 - KLEE: A long-term multi-species herbivore exclusion experiment in Laikipia, Kenya. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 14: 94-102."]}

Calocolobopterus principalis (Harold), n. comb. Aphodius principalis Harold, 1861: 94. Aphodius (Calocolobopterus) principalis: G. Dellacasa, 1986: 220. Specimens examined (11): Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2003, #1, leg. R. Gordon, African Buffalo dung (2); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-13. V.2002, #7, leg. R. Gordon, African Elephant dung (1); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-31. V.2001, leg. Kadir Abdi, African Elephant dung (6); idem, leg. Kadir Abdi, ultra violet light (1); Laikipia, MRC, 1800 m, N00 o 17’ - E36 o 53’, 1-31.VIII.2001, leg. Kadir Abdi, Waterbuck dung (1). (MRC) (NMK) (USNM). Geographical distribution: Afrotropical region. Dung preference: Probably a generalist, found in dung of buffalo, elephant, and waterbuck, also taken at light.

GENUS Aganocrossus (Reitter) Aphodius (Aganocrossus) Reitter, 1895: 208. Aganocrossus: G. Dellacasa et al. 2001: 71. Distribution: Afrotropical, Australian, Oriental and Palearctic regions., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Reitter, E. 1895. Einige neue Coleopteren aus Korea und China. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 14: 208 - 210.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

GENUS Koshantschikovius Schmidt Aphodius (Koshantschikovius) Schmidt 1913: 89. Koshantschikovius: Paulian, 1942: 78; G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 163. Distribution: African and Oriental Regions., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Abteilung A 79: 117 - 178.","Paulian, R. 1942. Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge; Bruxelles. 35: 1 - 143.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

GENUS Pharaphodius Reitter Aphodius (Pharaphodius) Reitter, 1892: 172. Pharaphodius: Paulian, 1942: 31; G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 241. Distribution: Afrotropical, Oriental, and Palearctic Regions, also the Mexican Transition Zone., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Reitter, E. 1892. Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Lucaniden und coprophagen Lamellicornen des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins Brunn 30: 140 - 262.","Paulian, R. 1942. Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge; Bruxelles. 35: 1 - 143.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

GENUS Mesontoplatys Motschulsky Mesontoplatys Motschulsky, 1863: 462; G. Dellacasa et al., 2001: 190. Distribution: Afrotropical and Oriental Regions., Published as part of Gordon, Robert D., Bordat, Patrice, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Dellacasa, Marco, 2008, Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) of the Mpala Research Centre and environs, Laikipia District, Kenya, pp. 1-15 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (28) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532811, {"references":["Motschulsky, V. 1863. Essai d'un catalogue des insectes de l'ile Ceylan. II Suite. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 36: 421 - 532.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1 - 482."]}

Nialus jhavanicus (Balthasar, 1971), new combination (Figs. 61���65) Aphodius (Nialus) jhavanicus: Balthasar 1971 b: 18 Aphodius (Nialus) cobharensis: Stebnicka 1985: 363, Stebnicka 1986: 38 (as a synonym of jhavanicus) Type locality: Jhawani, Rapti-Tal. Nepal (for Nialus jhavanicus). Type depository: Zoologisches Staatssammlung, M��nich (for Nialus jhavanicus). Redescription: Length 4.0���4.5 mm; body elongate, convex, subparallel-sided, shiny, glabrous. Color black or piceous; clypeal margin and legs reddish-brown, legs with tarsi paler; antennal club testaceous. Head anteriorly at middle moderately convex, with irregularly spaced punctures, punctation fine and sparse on disc, larger and deeper distally. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, rounded and widely arcuate laterally; clypeal border fine and weakly upturned, with sparse and short setae; genae rounded, with short setae, faintly protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture slightly cariniform with median tubercle; front with fine but rather evenly spaced punctures. Pronotum convex, subquadrate, with dual punctures; fine punctures regularly scattered throughout, large punctures, three to four times larger than small, sparse on disc, closer on sides; lateral margins weakly arcuate, with thin border; hind angles broadly rounded; base faintly bisinuate, not bordered. Scutellum flat, with irregularly spaced and coarse punctures on basal half. Elytra moderately convex, faintly widened just behind the middle; striae fine, with superficial punctures, subcrenulate; interstriae flat with fine, sparse punctures. Hind tibiae apically fimbriate with short and equal spinules; with superior apical spur one third shorter than first tarsomere; first tarsomere somewhat shorter than following three combined. Male frontal suture with tubercle stronger; punctation of head and pronotum sparser than in female. Distribution: Nepal, India Material examined: NEPAL: Rapti Tal, Jhawani, 200 m; V. 1967, Dierl-Forster-Schacht leg. (holotype male and 67 paratypes, ZSM); Arun Valley, Sultibari, 500 m, 1 / 14.VI. 1988, Lebish & Prost leg., 1 ex. (DCG); Narayani Zone, Chitawan Distr., Chitawan Nat. P., Sahuraha-Thati-Bagh Mara, 200 / 500 m, 17 / 21.V. 1996, P. Cechovsky leg., 1 ex. (DCG); INDIA: Bhalukpog, South Arunachal Pradesh, 11 / 14.V. 1999, E. Kucera leg., 1 ex. (DCG). Systematic remarks: Based on the characters outlined in the description, this species should be placed in the genus Nialus. Previously, Stebnicka (1985) hypothesized that this species might be closely related to Liothorax kraatzi., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Balthasar, V. (1971 b) Neue Aphodiidae-Arten aus Nepal. Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya, 4, 17 - 22.","Stebnicka, Z. (1985) Descriptions of the new species of Aphodiini from Himalayas with notes on other taxa. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 92 (2), 359 - 366.","Stebnicka, Z. (1986) Revision of the Aphodiinae of the Nepal-Himalayas. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 397, 1 - 51."]}

Liothorax plagiatus (Linn��, 1767) (Figs. 42���48) Scarabaeus plagiatus: Linn�� 1767: 559 Psammodius elongatus: Stephens 1830: 209, Dellacasa 1983: 435 (Aphodius plagiatus ab. elongatus) Aphodius longulus: M��n��tri��s 1847: 44, Harold 1871: 264 (as a synonym of A. plagiatus) Aphodius plagiatus: Erichson 1848: 835 Liothorax plagiatus: Motschulsky 1859: 157, ��d��m 1994: 14, Dellacasa et al. 2001 a: 169 Aphodius (Nialus) plagiatus: Mulsant & Rey, 1870: 462, Reitter 1892: 204, Schmidt 1913: 168 Aphodius plagiatus ab. bivittatus: Everts 1903: 27 (unavailable name), Dellacasa 1995: 167 (as a synonym of A. plagiatus) Aphodius (Liothorax) plagatus: Bedel 1911: 75 (incorrect subsequent spelling) Aphodius (Nialus) jakutorum: Balthasar 1938: 213, Balthasar 1964: 422 (as a synonym of A. plagiatus) Aphodius plagiatus ab. parvomaculatus: Schmidt 1938: 43 (unavailable name) Aphodius (Nialus) plagiatus hungaricus: Endr��di 1955: 48 Aphodius (Liothorax) plagiatus: Dellacasa 1983: 282, Dellacasa et al. 2001 a: 8 Type locality: Europa (for Liothorax plagiatus). Type depository: Probably in the Linnean Society collection, London (for Liothorax plagiatus). Redescription: Length 3.0���4.0 mm; body elongate, subcylindrical, convex, glabrous; shiny, sometimes with metallic shine. Color black; clypeal margin and sides of pronotum vaguely brown; elytra with longitudinal elongate red spot; antennal club black; legs piceous with paler tarsi (Fig. 46); some individuals have elytra with small and short longitudinal red stripe (Fig. 47); some individuals have elytra entirely black with metallic tinge (Fig. 48). Head rather large; anteriorly at middle gibbose, with regular and dense punctures on disc, punctation rugose and coarse laterally. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, rounded laterally; genae rounded, protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture almost faint. Pronotum moderately convex, with dual and irregular punctures, large punctures two times larger than small; lateral margins with thin border; hind angles obtusely rounded; base usually with border interrupted medially, rarely basal border of pronotum extremely thin but entire. Scutellum narrow, microreticulate, with sparse punctures. Elytra suboval; striae fine, with superficial punctures, not crenulate; interstriae flat, with sparse and superficial punctures. First tarsomere of hind tarsi weakly widened apically. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur as long as first tarsomere; first tarsomere longer than following three combined. Male head with medial gibbosity more distinct and pronotum on disc with more sparse punctures than in female; metasternal plate concave and finely pubescent. Female metasternal plate flat and glabrous. Distribution: Central and Southern Europe (except Italy); Tunisia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Russia, Siberia, China. Bionomy: This species is phytosaprophagous and probably eterotopic, in southern areas probably stenotopic. Adults can be found from spring to autumn but mainly in late spring. This species is found exclusively in swampy open habitats and larvae often occur near salty coastal swamps., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Linne, C. (1767) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (Ed. XII, reformata). Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 1, 1 - 1327.","Stephens, J. F. (1830) Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous Insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable. Embellished with coloured figures of the rarer and more interesting species. Mandibulata. Baldwin & Cradock, London, 3, 1 - 374.","Dellacasa, G. (1983) Sistematica e nomenclatura degli Aphodiini italiani. Monografie del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali di Torino, 1, 1 - 464.","Menetries, E. (1847) Catalogue des Insectes recueillis par feu M. Lehmann avec les descriptions des nouvelles especes. Iere Partie. Memoires des Sciences naturelles de l'Academie Imperiale de St. - Petersbourg, 6, 17 - 66.","Harold, E. (1871) Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien. (Siebentes Stuck). Berliner entomologische Zeitsschrift, 15, 249 - 287.","Erichson, W. F. (1848) Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. I. Coleoptera. Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, Berlin, 3 / 5, 801 - 968.","Motschulsky, V. (1859) Sur les collections coleopterologiques de Linne et de Fabricius (continuation). XXII. Lamellicornes. Etudes entomologiques, 8, 147 - 162.","Adam, L. (1994) A check-list of the Hungarian Scarabaeoidea with the description of ten new taxa. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 55, 5 - 17.","Dellacasa, G., Bordat, P. & Dellacasa, M. (2001 a) A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 79 [2000], 1 - 482.","Mulsant, E. & Rey, C. (1870) Tribu des Lamellicornes. In Mulsant, E., Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Annales de la Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Industries, Lyon, 2 [1869], 241 - 650.","Reitter, E. (1892) Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Lucaniden und coprophagen Lamellicornen des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins zu Brunn, 30, 140 - 262.","Schmidt, A. (1913) Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79, 117 - 178.","Everts, J. E. (1903) Coleoptera Neerlandica. De Schildvleugelige Insecten van Nederland en het aangrenzend Gebied. M. Nijhoff, Gravenhage, 2, 1 - 798.","Dellacasa, M. (1995) Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. Addenda et Corrigenda (Third Note). Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 74, 159 - 232.","Bedel, L. (1911) Faune des Coleopteres du Bassin de la Seine. I. Scarabaeidae. 4. Societe Entomologique de France, Paris, 1 - 164.","Balthasar, V. (1938) Neue Aphodius - Arten. Mit einer Ubersicht der Untergattung Aphodaulacus Kosh. Koleopterologische Rundschau, 24 (6), 210 - 216.","Balthasar, V. (1964) Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Aphodiidae. Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3, 1 - 652.","Schmidt, G. (1938) Uber einige interessante, abweichende Aphodiinenformen. Entomologische Blatter, 34 (1), 43 - 44.","Endrodi, S. (1955) Die Erscheinungsformen der hungarischen Lamellicornia-Arten. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 8 (3), 45 - 54."]}

Liothorax niger (Illiger, 1798), new combination (Figs. 37���41) Aphodius niger: Illiger 1798: 24, Krell et al. 2003: 127, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2005: 45 Aphodius limnophilus: Motschulsky in Harold 1871: 266 (nomen nudum) Aphodius (Liothorax) niger: Bedel, 1911: 75 Aphodius (Liothorax) wilsonae: Mat�� & Angus 2005: 329, Dellacasa & Dellacasa 2005: 51 (as a synonym of Liothorax niger Illiger, 1798) Liothorax muscorum: ��d��m 1994: 6, Dellacasa & Dellacasa 2005: 51 (as a synonym of Liothorax niger Illiger, 1798 ) Type locality: Suec[ia] (Sweden) (for Liothorax niger). Type depository: Humboldt-Universit��t. Museum f��r Naturkunde. Berlin (for Liothorax niger). Redescription: Length 4.0���5.0 mm, body elongate, subcylindrical, slightly broadened toward apex of elytra, shiny, glabrous. Color black; legs piceous; antennal club black. Head anteriorly at middle gibbose, with fine punctures on disc, punctation more irregular and more coarse distally. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, rounded laterally; genae obtusely rounded, protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture nearly obsolete. Pronotum convex; with dual, evenly spaced punctures; large punctures, weakly umbilicate, two times larger than small punctures, somewhat irregularly sized; lateral margins with thin border; hind angles obtuse; basal border widely interrupted medially. Scutellum wide, with sparse punctures basally. Elytra oval-elongate; striae well defined, with distinct punctures, crenulate; interstriae flat, with fine, sparse punctures, apically alutaceous. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur as long as first tarsomere; first tarsomere as long as following three combined. Male head with medial gibbosity rather distinct; pronotum on disc with punctures more sparse than in female; metasternal plate concave. Female head with medial gibbosity almost obsolete; metasternal plate flat. Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia, China (Tibet). Bionomy: This species is active in late spring and summer and is saprophagous and stenotopic. It is exclusively from open areas mainly at pond margins and in damp soil or under rotting leaves from 1000 to 2000 m in elevation. This species also sometimes causes damage to golf turf (personal observation)., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Krell, F. - T., Mann, D. J., Angus, R. B., & Mate, J. F. (2003) Case 3254 - Aphodius niger Illiger, 1798: proposed conservation of the specific name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60 (2), 127 - 131.","Harold, E. (1871) Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien. (Siebentes Stuck). Berliner entomologische Zeitsschrift, 15, 249 - 287.","Bedel, L. (1911) Faune des Coleopteres du Bassin de la Seine. I. Scarabaeidae. 4. Societe Entomologique de France, Paris, 1 - 164.","Mate, J. F. & Angus, R. B. (2005) Description of a new species of Aphodius Illiger from the Iberian Peninsula and comments regarding the biogeography and ecology of the subgenus Liothorax Motschulsky. Koleopterologische Rundschau, 75, 325 - 336.","Dellacasa, M. & Dellacasa, G. (2005) Comments on some systematic and nomenclatural questions in Aphodiinae with description of new genera and on Italian taxa. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 84, 47 - 101.","Adam, L. (1994) A check-list of the Hungarian Scarabaeoidea with the description of ten new taxa. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 55, 5 - 17."]}

Liothorax alternatus (Horn, 1870), new combination (Figs. 1���7) Aphodius alternatus: Horn 1870: 129, Horn 1887: 22, Gordon 1977: 164 (lectotype designation) Aphodius (Volinus) alternatus: Schmidt 1913: 143, Schmidt 1922: 176; Hatch 1971: 454 Aphodius inermis: Robinson 1940: 147, Gordon 1977: 164 (as a synonym of A. alternatus), Dellacasa 1988: 236 Aphodius (Calamosternus) moclipsi: Hatch 1971: 457, Gordon 1977: 164 (as a synonym of A. alternatus), Dellacasa 1988: 335 Aphodius (Chilothorax) alternatus: Dellacasa 1988: 85 Type locality: California, U.S.A. (for Liothorax alternatus). Type depository: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. (for Liothorax alternatus). Redescription: Length 4.0���6.0 mm; body moderately elongate, convex, shiny, glabrous. Color black; clypeal margin red; pronotum with weak red coloration laterally, elytra with interstriae alternating yellow and black; legs reddish brown; antennal club piceous (Fig. 7); some individuals have black elytra with second interstria, basal and apical margins dark yellow (Fig. 6); some individuals have entirely black elytra (Fig. 5). Head anteriomedially moderately convex, with sparse, coarse, evenly spaced punctures; punctation more irregular, coarser distally. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, widely rounded laterally, distinctly bordered; border weakly upturned; genae obtusely rounded with short setae, protruding beyond eyes; front with coarse, evenly spaced punctures. Pronotum moderately transverse with evenly spaced, moderately dense punctures; punctation denser laterally; lateral margins weakly arcuate with thin border; hind angles obtusely rounded; base arcuate with fine border, sometimes border obsolete medially. Scutellum weakly excavate, smooth, with fine punctures on basal half. Elytra almost parallel-sided; striae well defined with distinct punctures, subcrenulate; interstriae flat with irregular, distinct punctures. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur slightly longer than first tarsomere; first tarsomere longer than following two combined. Male fore tibiae with apical spur broad, evenly curved inward at apex; head and pronotum more transverse with less coarse, less dense punctures than in female. Female fore tibiae with apical spur evenly acuminate apically. Distribution: Canada (British Columbia to Manitoba); U.S.A. (Washington to southern California, east to Michigan). In HAHC there is a specimen from Tacubaya (Mexico: Distrito Federal), 7.II. 1974, Col. B. Kohlmann, ex coll. Mart��nez, ���anegado alberca��� [drowned in a cistern]. However, the identification of this specimen is doubtful because of it is a female and the pronotum has irregular, dual punctures instead of even punctures. Before we can state that this taxon occurs in Mexico, this collecting record needs to be confirmed with addition specimens. Bionomy: This is a winter and early summer species, which is usually taken near margins of ponds and streams. Specimens can be found around prairie sloughs and lakes either up on bordering vegetation or crawling on the ground (Gordon, personal observation). Larvae are sometimes found in golf turf (Hatch 1971) and are also observed on the surface of vernal pools and climbing on the stems of plants growing in the water (Rogers 1997). Massive congregations of this species are sometimes observed in flight., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on page 26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Horn, G. H. (1870) Description of the species of Aphodius and Dialytes of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 3, 110 - 134.","Horn, G. H. (1887) A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 1 - 110.","Gordon, R. D. (1977) Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and Canada. V. An evaluation of Horn's group F. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 157 - 167.","Schmidt, A. (1913) Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79, 117 - 178.","Schmidt, A. (1922) Coleoptera Aphodiinae (Das Tierreich). W. de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig, 45, 1 - 614.","Hatch, M. H. (1971) The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V: Rhypiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora and Lamellicornia. Publications in Biology. University of Washington, 16, 1 - 662.","Robinson, M. (1940) Studies in the Scarabaeidae. II. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 66, 141 - 159.","Dellacasa, M. (1988) Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. (Part I). (1987). Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 66 [1987], 1 - 455.","Rogers, D. C. (1997) Aphodius alternatus Horn, first record of a semiaquatic scarab beetle. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 73 (2), 135 - 136."]}

Liothorax kraatzi (Harold, 1868), new combination (Figs. 26���31) Aphodius kraatzi Harold, 1868: 84 Aphodius graecus: Motschulsky in Harold, 1871: 269 (nomen nudum) Aphodius (Nialus) kraatzi: Reitter 1892: 203 Aphodius (Nialus) kraatzi ab. castanopterus: Endr��di 1955: 48 (unavailable name) Aphodius (Liothorax) kraatzi: Dellacasa 1983: 278 Nialus haagi: ��d��m 1994: 13 Type locality: Graecia [Greece] (for Liothorax kraatzi). Type depository: Unknown to authors (for Liothorax kraatzi). Redescription: Length 4.0���5.0 mm; body elongate, cylindrical, convex, shiny, glabrous. Color black; antennal club pale brown; legs reddish brown (Fig. 30 ); some individuals have color brownish red (Fig. 31). Head anteriorly at middle gibbose, with fine rather dense punctures. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, rounded laterally; genae rounded, barely protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture faint, slightly raised medially. Pronotum convex, transverse; with dual, irregular, dense punctures; lateral margins with thin border; hind angles obtusely rounded; basal border interrupted medially. Scutellum with sparse punctures. Elytra elongate, parallel-sided; striae deep, with distinct punctures, not crenulate; interstriae narrow, convex, shiny, with superficial and sparse punctures. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur as long as first tarsomere; first tarsomere as long as following three combined. Male head with medial gibbosity distinct; frontal suture distinct, somewhat raised with trace of a central tubercle; pronotum on disc with punctures less dense than in female. Female head with medial gibbosity faint; frontal suture nearly obsolete. Distribution: Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Central Asia. Bionomy: This species is saprophagous and stenotopic and occurs in open habitats, mainly in damp soil at pond margins. Adults are active in late spring, summer, and autumn., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Harold, E. (1868) Diagnosen neuer Coprophagen. Coleopterologische Hefte, 3, 80 - 86.","Harold, E. (1871) Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien. (Siebentes Stuck). Berliner entomologische Zeitsschrift, 15, 249 - 287.","Reitter, E. (1892) Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Lucaniden und coprophagen Lamellicornen des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins zu Brunn, 30, 140 - 262.","Endrodi, S. (1955) Die Erscheinungsformen der hungarischen Lamellicornia-Arten. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 8 (3), 45 - 54.","Dellacasa, G. (1983) Sistematica e nomenclatura degli Aphodiini italiani. Monografie del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali di Torino, 1, 1 - 464.","Adam, L. (1994) A check-list of the Hungarian Scarabaeoidea with the description of ten new taxa. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 55, 5 - 17."]}

Liothorax subaeneus (LeConte, 1857), new combination (Figs. 54���60) Aphodius subaeneus: LeConte 1857: 41, Horn 1887: 21, Gordon 1977: 159 (lectotype designation) Aphodius (Volinus) subaeneus: Schmidt 1913: 43, Schmidt 1922: 176, Hatch, 1971: 454 Aphodius gentneri: Hatch 1971: 457, Gordon 1977: 159 (as a synonym of A. subaeneus), Dellacasa 1988: 335 Aphodius perpolitus: Gordon 1973: 439, Gordon 1977: 159 (as a synonym of A. subaeneus), Dellacasa 1988: 236 Aphodius (Chilothorax) subaeneus: Dellacasa 1988: 203 Type locality: San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (for Liothorax subaeneus). Type depository: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. U.S.A. (for Liothorax subaeneus). Redescription: Length 4.0���5.0 mm; body oblong, moderately convex, weakly shiny except second and fourth elytral interstriae roughly alutaceous so strongly dull, glabrous. Color black; clypeal margin and pronotal sides weakly red; pronotum with aeneous tinge; elytra widely dirty yellow on disc with first interstria and lateral margin black; antennal club piceous; legs rufo-piceous (Fig. 60); some individuals have elytra black with dirty yellow rounded spot on preapical declivity (Fig. 59); some individuals have elytra entirely black (Fig. 58). Head anteriorly at middle moderately convex, with coarse evenly spaced punctures, punctation denser distally. Clypeus moderately sinuate medially, widely rounded laterally, with thin border, border weakly upturned; genae widely rounded, with short setae, protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture obsolete; front with coarse evenly spaced punctures. Pronotum transverse, convex, with evenly spaced coarse moderately dense punctures throughout but with a smooth median longitudinal line; lateral margins weakly arcuate anteriorly, subparallel posteriorly, with distinct border; hind angles obtuse; base evenly arcuate with vestiges of border near hind angles. Scutellum weakly excavate, alutaceous, with fine and sparse punctures. Elytra oval-elongate, finely striate; striae with fine and close punctures, not crenulate; interstriae flat, second and fourth roughly alutaceous so strongly dull, other polished, all with small punctures irregularly spaced. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur nearly as long as first tarsomere, first tarsomere somewhat longer than following two combined. Male fore tibiae with apical spur hooked inward at apex; pronotum more transverse, less convex and with punctures more sparse than in female. Female fore tibiae with apical spur evenly acuminate apically. Distribution: Canada (Vernon, British Columbia) and U.S.A. (from northern Oregon to southern California). Bionomy: This species is active in spring and early summer and is collected at pond margins (Gordon, personal observation). Systematic remarks: This is a polymorphic species varying in elytral sculpture and color. These morphological characters overlap, and Gordon (1977) considered them as simple variations of the same taxon., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["LeConte, J. L. (1857) Report upon the Insects collected on the survey. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from Mississippi river to the Pacific Ocean. - War Department. Route near the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels, explored by I. I. Stevens, governor of Washington Territory, in 1853 - ' 55. Zoological Report. 72 pp.","Horn, G. H. (1887) A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 1 - 110.","Gordon, R. D. (1977) Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and Canada. V. An evaluation of Horn's group F. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 157 - 167.","Schmidt, A. (1913) Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79, 117 - 178.","Schmidt, A. (1922) Coleoptera Aphodiinae (Das Tierreich). W. de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig, 45, 1 - 614.","Hatch, M. H. (1971) The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V: Rhypiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora and Lamellicornia. Publications in Biology. University of Washington, 16, 1 - 662.","Dellacasa, M. (1988) Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. (Part I). (1987). Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 66 [1987], 1 - 455.","Gordon, R. D. (1973) Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and Canada: I. Two new species from Oregon and California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 75 (4), 435 - 440."]}

Genus Liothorax Motschulsky, 1859 Ataeniomorphus Balthasar, 1952 1. L. alternatus (Horn, 1870) Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba), U.S.A. (Washington to southern California, east to Michigan) L. inermis (Robinson 1940) L. moclipsi (Hatch, 1971) 2. L. consociatus (Horn, 1887) coastal southern California (from Los Angeles to San Diego) 3. L. innexus (Say, 1835) Mexico (Distrito Federal, Guerrero, M��xico, Michoac��n) L. flavocinctus (Harold, 1860) 4. L. isikdagensis (Balthasar, 1952) Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel L. bytinskisalzi (Petrovitz, 1971) L. cypricola (Balthasar, 1971) L. ressli (Petrovitz, 1962) 5. L. kraatzi (Harold, 1868) southeastern Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Central Asia 6. L. levatus (Schmidt, 1907) Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Morelos, Oaxaca, Veracruz) L. nigroclavus (Hinton, 1934) 7. L. niger (Illiger, 1798) Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia, China (Tibet) L. muscorum ��d��m, 1994 L. wilsonae (Mat�� & Angus, 2005) 8. L. plagiatus (Linn��, 1767) Central and southern Europe (except Italy); Tunisia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Russia, Siberia, China L. elongatus (Stephens, 1830) L. jakutorum (Balthasar, 1938) L. longulus (M��n��tri��s, 1847) 9. L. rusakovi (Gusakov, 2004) Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan 10. L. subaeneus (LeConte, 1857) Canada (British Columbia), U.S.A. (from northern Oregon to southern California) L. gentneri (Hatch, 1971) L. perpolitus (Gordon, 1973), Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Motschulsky, V. (1859) Sur les collections coleopterologiques de Linne et de Fabricius (continuation). XXII. Lamellicornes. Etudes entomologiques, 8, 147 - 162.","Balthasar, V. (1952) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der zoologischen Expedition des National-Museums in Prag nach der Turkei. 10. Coleoptera. 2. Scarabaeidae. Sbornik entomologicikeho oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 28, 19 - 26.","Horn, G. H. (1870) Description of the species of Aphodius and Dialytes of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 3, 110 - 134.","Robinson, M. (1940) Studies in the Scarabaeidae. II. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 66, 141 - 159.","Hatch, M. H. (1971) The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V: Rhypiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora and Lamellicornia. Publications in Biology. University of Washington, 16, 1 - 662.","Horn, G. H. (1887) A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 1 - 110.","Say, T. (1835) Descriptions of new North America coleopterous insects, and observation on some already described. Boston Journal of Natural History, 1 (2), 151 - 203.","Harold, E. (1860) Diagnoses de nouvelles especes d' Aphodius. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 8 (ser. 3), 614 - 616.","Petrovitz, R. (1971) Scarabaeidae from the Near East. Israel Journal of Entomology, 6, 215 - 238.","Petrovitz, R. (1962) Neue und verkannte Aphodiinae aus allen Erdteilen. III Teil. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey, 13, 101 - 131.","Harold, E. (1868) Diagnosen neuer Coprophagen. Coleopterologische Hefte, 3, 80 - 86.","Schmidt, A. (1907) Neue Aphodiinen des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Deutsche entomologische Zeitsschrift, 567 - 570.","Hinton, H. E. (1934) New species of North American Aphodius. Stylops, 3 (8), 188 - 192.","Adam, L. (1994) A check-list of the Hungarian Scarabaeoidea with the description of ten new taxa. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 55, 5 - 17.","Mate, J. F. & Angus, R. B. (2005) Description of a new species of Aphodius Illiger from the Iberian Peninsula and comments regarding the biogeography and ecology of the subgenus Liothorax Motschulsky. Koleopterologische Rundschau, 75, 325 - 336.","Linne, C. (1767) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (Ed. XII, reformata). Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 1, 1 - 1327.","Stephens, J. F. (1830) Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous Insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable. Embellished with coloured figures of the rarer and more interesting species. Mandibulata. Baldwin & Cradock, London, 3, 1 - 374.","Balthasar, V. (1938) Neue Aphodius - Arten. Mit einer Ubersicht der Untergattung Aphodaulacus Kosh. Koleopterologische Rundschau, 24 (6), 210 - 216.","Menetries, E. (1847) Catalogue des Insectes recueillis par feu M. Lehmann avec les descriptions des nouvelles especes. Iere Partie. Memoires des Sciences naturelles de l'Academie Imperiale de St. - Petersbourg, 6, 17 - 66.","Gusakov, A. A. (2004) Novye vidy plastinchatousykh zhukov palearcticheskoj fauny. [New species of scarab beetles from the Palaearctic region]. Izdatel'skij dom \" Ejdos \", Kaluga, 1 - 38.","LeConte, J. L. (1857) Report upon the Insects collected on the survey. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from Mississippi river to the Pacific Ocean. - War Department. Route near the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels, explored by I. I. Stevens, governor of Washington Territory, in 1853 - ' 55. Zoological Report. 72 pp.","Gordon, R. D. (1973) Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and Canada: I. Two new species from Oregon and California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 75 (4), 435 - 440."]}

Liothorax rusakovi (Gusakov, 2004), new combination (Figs. 49���53) Aphodius (Liothorax) rusakovi: Gusakov 2004: 6 Type locality: Orenbugsk[aya]. obl[ast���]., 120 km YuYuZ Orenburga, razliv r. ilek, Sudkhorechka (Russia). Type depository: Zoologiceskii Muzei moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow. Redescription: Length 4.5���5.5 mm; body subcylindrical, faintly widened basally, shiny, glabrous. Color black; clypeal margin and legs pitch-brown; antennal club piceous. Head anteriorly at middle gibbose, with evenly spaced punctures on disc, punctation somewhat coarser and denser distally. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, rounded laterally; genae obtusely rounded, with short setae, protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture not tuberculate, distinctly impressed laterally, widely interrupted medially; front with somewhat irregularly spaced coarse punctures. Pronotum transverse, convex, with dual evenly spaced punctures, large punctures, four times larger than small, lacking on disc; lateral margins weakly arcuate, with distinct border; basal border extremely thin medially. Scutellum weakly depressed basally, with distinct and irregularly spaced punctures on basal half. Elytra elongate, almost parallel-sided; striae well defined, with distinct punctures, slightly crenulate; interstriae weakly convex, with distinct almost fine punctures arranged laterally in regular longitudinal belt; punctation denser toward apex. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur shorter than first tarsomere; first tarsomere as long as following three combined. Male pronotum on disc with punctures less coarse than in female; fore tibiae with apical spur stouter and strongly outward curved; metasternal plate deeply excavate. Female fore tibiae with apical spur slender and weakly outward curved; metasternal plate almost flat. Distribution: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan. Bionomy: All specimens examined were collected in May., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Gusakov, A. A. (2004) Novye vidy plastinchatousykh zhukov palearcticheskoj fauny. [New species of scarab beetles from the Palaearctic region]. Izdatel'skij dom \" Ejdos \", Kaluga, 1 - 38."]}

Liothorax consociatus (Horn, 1887), new combination (Figs. 8���12) Aphodius consociatus: Horn 1887: 21, Gordon 1977: 162 (lectotype designation) Aphodius (Volinus) consociatus: Schmidt 1913: 143, Schmidt 1922: 175 Aphodius (Chilothorax) consociatus: Dellacasa 1988: 113 Type locality: California, U.S.A. Type depository: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Redescription: Length 4.0���5.0 mm; body moderately elongate, convex, shiny, glabrous. Color black; elytra yellow with first interstriae and sides widely piceous; legs brownish-red; antennal club piceous. Head anteriorly at middle convex, with coarse and rather dense punctures, punctation coarser distally. Clypeus very weakly sinuate medially, rounded laterally, very thinly bordered, border weakly upturned; genae rounded, with short setae, weakly protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture obsolete; front with evenly spaced and rather sparse punctures. Pronotum moderately transverse, convex, with dual, coarse and moderately close punctures throughout, large punctures two to three times larger than small; punctation somewhat denser and coarser laterally; lateral margins weakly arcuate anteriorly, near parallel posteriorly; with thin border; hind angles obtusely rounded; base faintly bisinuate, with thin but distinct border. Scutellum weakly excavate, shiny, impunctate. Elytra very convex, slightly widened posteriorly; striae rather fine, with deep punctures, moderately crenulate; interstriae flat, finely alutaceous, with irregular almost indistinct punctures. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur somewhat longer than first tarsomere; first tarsomere as long as following three combined. Male fore tibiae with apical spur slender, almost abruptly hooked inward at apex; head and pronotum with less coarse and more sparse punctures than in female. Female fore tibiae with apical spur evenly acuminate apically. Distribution: Coastal southern California (from Los Angeles to San Diego). Bionomy: This is an early spring species whose ecology is unknown. It is apparently endemic to coastal southern California, a region under intense human disturbance and alteration., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Horn, G. H. (1887) A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 1 - 110.","Gordon, R. D. (1977) Studies on the genus Aphodius of the United States and Canada. V. An evaluation of Horn's group F. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 157 - 167.","Schmidt, A. (1913) Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79, 117 - 178.","Schmidt, A. (1922) Coleoptera Aphodiinae (Das Tierreich). W. de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig, 45, 1 - 614.","Dellacasa, M. (1988) Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. (Part I). (1987). Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 66 [1987], 1 - 455."]}

Liothorax innexus (Say, 1835) (Figs. 13���17) Aphodius innexus: Say 1835: 177, Harold 1871: 270, Bates 1887: 85, Blackwelder 1944: 212, Dellacasa et al. 1998: 155 Aphodius flavocinctus: Harold 1860: 614, Harold 1871: 270 (as a synonym of A. innexus) Aphodius circumcinctus: Germar in Harold 1871: 270 (nomen nudum) Aphodius (Nialus) innexus: Schmidt 1913: 168; Dellacasa 1988: 144 Liothorax innexus: Dellacasa et al., 2002: 166 (new combination) Type locality: Mexico (for Liothorax innexus). Type depository: Type series lost (for Liothorax innexus) (see Mawdsley 1993). Redescription: Length 5.0���6.0 mm; body subelongate, parallel, convex, shiny glabrous. Color piceous; front angles of pronotum, humeral angle, sides and apex of elytra dirty yellow. Head anteriomedially gibbose, anteriorly with transverse weak carina, nearly smooth at center, with coarse punctures only toward clypeal margin. Clypeus sinuate medially, rounded laterally, finely bordered, border weakly upturned, glabrous; genae broadly rounded, with elongate setae, not protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture weakly gibbous. Pronotum transverse, with dual sparse punctures, nearly smooth on disc; lateral margins thinly bordered, bor- der with elongate setae; base weakly bisinuate, not bordered. Scutellum with curved sides, smooth. Elytra subparallel-sided, distinctly striate; striae strongly crenulate; interstriae flat, with very fine and sparse punctures, sometimes punctures almost imperceptible. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur shorter than first tarsomere; first tarsomere nearly as long as following three combined. Male head with anterior carina more distinct than in female; pronotum almost parallel-sided. Female with pronotum weakly narrowed forward. Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, M��xico, Michoac��n, Oaxaca, Puebla). Bionomy: This is a coprophagous species, which is found in summer and autumn. Other bionomical details are unknown. Systematic remarks: This species has been recorded from California, U.S.A. (Harold 1860: 614) but this record was based on misidentified specimens., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Say, T. (1835) Descriptions of new North America coleopterous insects, and observation on some already described. Boston Journal of Natural History, 1 (2), 151 - 203.","Harold, E. (1871) Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien. (Siebentes Stuck). Berliner entomologische Zeitsschrift, 15, 249 - 287.","Bates, H. W. (1887) Insecta. Coleoptera: Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. (Copridae, Aphodiidae, Orphnidae, Hybosoridae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Aclopidae, Chasmatopteridae, Melolonthidae). Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2 (2), 25 - 160.","Blackwelder, R. E. (1944) Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America. Part. II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 185, 189 - 341.","Dellacasa, M., Gordon, R. D., & Dellacasa, G. (1998) The types of Aphodius species described by Harold from Mexico with description of a new genus. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.), 74, 139 - 162.","Harold, E. (1860) Diagnoses de nouvelles especes d' Aphodius. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 8 (ser. 3), 614 - 616.","Schmidt, A. (1913) Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79, 117 - 178.","Dellacasa, M. (1988) Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. (Part I). (1987). Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 66 [1987], 1 - 455.","Dellacasa, M., Gordon, R. D., & Dellacasa, G. (2002) Aphodiinae described or recorded by Bates in Biologia Centrali- Americana. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.), 86, 155 - 223.","Mawdsley, J. R. (1993) The entomological collection of Thomas Say. Psyche, 100, 163 - 171."]}

Liothorax levatus (Schmidt, 1907), new combination (Figs. 32���36) Aphodius levatus: Schmidt 1907: 568 Aphodius (Pseudacrossus) levatus: Schmidt 1913: 151, Schmidt 1922: 241 Aphodius nigroclavus: Hinton 1934: 188 (new synonymy) Aphodius (Pseudagolius) levatus: Dellacasa 1988: 152 Aphodius (Pseudagolius) nigroclavus: Dellacasa 1988: 317 Type locality: Mexico (for Liothorax levatus). Type depository: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (for Liothorax levatus). Redescription: length 5.0���5.5 mm; body elongate, parallel-sided, weakly shiny, glabrous. Color piceous black; clypeal margin, anterior pronotal angles and elytral apex pale red; legs brownish red; antennal club black. Head anteriorly at middle moderately convex, with fine, evenly spaced, sparse punctures throughout, laterally mixed larger and coarser punctures. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, rounded laterally, with thin border; genae obtusely rounded, with short setae, weakly protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture obsolete; front with coarse, irregular punctures. Pronotum slightly transverse, with dual punctures, large coarse punctures, four to five times larger than small, irregularly scattered, sparser on disc and denser laterally; small superficial punctures extremely fine and throughout evenly sparse; lateral margins with thin border, almost parallel toward hind angles; hind angles obtusely rounded; base weakly bisinuate, with thin border. Scutellum flat, with fine punctures basally. Elytra subcylindrical, weakly widened posteriorly; striae moderately deep, with coarse punctures, not crenulate; interstriae flat, somewhat alutaceous, with extremely fine and moderately sparse punctures. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur shorter than first tarsomere; first tarsomere as long as following three combined. Metasternal plate nearly flat, with vestiges of median longitudinal groove, finely microreticulate and with few large postero-lateral punctures. Male fore tibiae with apical spur cylindrical, obtusely hooked inward at apex; head more transverse and less convex than in female. Female fore tibiae with apical spur evenly acuminate toward apex. Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Durango, Jalisco, M��xico, Morelos, Oaxaca, Veracruz). Bionomy: This is a coprophagous species, active all year around but mainly in autumn. Nomenclatural remarks: The examination of both the primary types of Aphodius levatus Schmidt, 1907 (NRS) and of Aphodius nigroclavus Hinton, 1934 (USNM), is the basis for this synonymy. For Aphodius levatus Schmidt, 1907, we herein designate a lectotype (male specimen from the NRS) with the following labels: 1) white, printed: Mexico / C. H��ge; 2) white, handwritten: levatus / type m.; 3) red, printed: TYPUS; 4) red printed: 292, handwritten: 71; 5) red, handwritten: Aphodius levatus / A. Schmidt, 1907 / lectotypus / Dellacasa M. des. 2004. In the NRS there is one male paralectotype with the following labels: 1) white, handwritten: Mexico; 2) red printed: 293; handwritten: 71; 3) red, handwritten: Aphodius levatus / A. Schmidt, 1907 / paralectotypus / Dellacasa M. des. 2004., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Schmidt, A. (1907) Neue Aphodiinen des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Deutsche entomologische Zeitsschrift, 567 - 570.","Schmidt, A. (1913) Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79, 117 - 178.","Schmidt, A. (1922) Coleoptera Aphodiinae (Das Tierreich). W. de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig, 45, 1 - 614.","Hinton, H. E. (1934) New species of North American Aphodius. Stylops, 3 (8), 188 - 192.","Dellacasa, M. (1988) Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. (Part I). (1987). Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 66 [1987], 1 - 455."]}

Liothorax isikdagensis (Balthasar, 1952), new combination (Figs. 18���25) Aphodius plagiatus var. rutilipennis: Baudi 1870: 67, Baudi 1891: 178 (color variation thus unavailable name) Aphodius (Nialus) plagiatus var. discus: Reitter 1892: 204, Schmidt 1916: 96 (color variation thus unavailable name) Aphodius (Nialus) plagiatus var. discoides Schmidt 1916: 96 (new name for A. discus Reitter, 1892 not A. discus Wiedemann, 1823, unavailable name) Aphodius (Ataeniomorphus) isikdagensis: Balthasar 1952: 22 Aphodius (Ataeniomorphus) ressli: Petrovitz 1962: 126, Stebnicka 1990: 897 (as a synonym of Aphodius (Liothorax) plagiatus Linn��), Dellacasa et al. 2001 a: 6 (as a synonym of A. isikdagensis) Aphodius (Ataeniomorphus) cypricola: Balthasar 1971 a: 57, Dellacasa et al. 2001 a: 6 (as a synonym of A. isikdagensis) Aphodius (Nialus) bytinskisalzi: Petrovitz 1971: 219 (new synonymy) Aphodius (Liothorax) ressli: Ziani 1997: 25 Aphodius (Liothorax) isikdagensis: Dellacasa et al. 2001 a: 6 Type locality: ���Anatolien: ��amlidere in Isik Daġ��� [Turkey] (for Liothorax isikdagensis). Type depository: N��rodni Muzeum Př��rodov��deck�� Muzeum. Praha (for Liothorax isikdagensis). Redescription: Length 3.5���5.0 mm; body elongate, subcylindrical, head and pronotum moderately shiny; scutellum and elytra strongly microreticulate thus rather dull; glabrous. Color black, elytra distally vaguely red; legs reddish brown; antennal club piceous (Fig. 25); some individuals have elytra entirely reddish brown (Fig. 23); some individuals have clypeal margin vaguely reddish brown and elytra with dirty yellow discal spot vaguely margined (Fig. 24); some individuals have clypeal margin pale yellow and elytra dirty yellow with first interstriae and lateral margins vaguely brown (Fig. 22). Head rather large; at middle strongly gibbose, superficially microreticulate, with fine punctures on disc, punctures dual and coarser distally. Clypeus weakly sinuate medially, widely rounded laterally, thinly bordered, border glabrous; genae rounded, with short setae, weakly auriculate, weakly protruding beyond eyes; frontal suture obsolete, indicate only by an impunctate line somewhat gibbose laterally; front with distinct, evenly spaced punctures. Pronotum transverse, convex, nearly parallel-sided; with dual punctures; smaller punctures scattered throughout; large punctures, three to four times larger than small, slightly denser and coarser laterally; hind angles obtusely rounded; base with rather thick border to level of fifth elytral stria only, border thin medially. Scutellum small, with sides straight, parallel basally, distinctly microreticulate, with dense and coarse punctures on basal half. Elytra elongate, subcylindrical; epipleural carina distinctly subdentiform at humeral angle; striae fine, with superficial punctures, weakly crenulate; interstriae flat on disc, weakly convex apically, strongly microreticulate thus rather dull, with near imperceptible and sparse punctures. Hind tibiae with superior apical spur somewhat shorter than first tarsomere; first tarsomere as long as following two combined. Male head more strongly gibbose than in female; pronotum not narrowed anteriorly, with less dense and less coarse punctures than in female; elytral interstriae superficially microreticulate thus relatively more shiny than in female; metasternal plate concave. Female pronotum narrowed anteriorly. Distribution: Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel. Bionomy: The few specimens examined were collected in April and May. Nomenclatural remarks: The examination of the allotype of Aphodius (Nialus) bytinskisalzi Petrovitz, 1971, from Qneitra (Golan, Israel), preserved in the MHNG, revealed the synonymy of this species with Liothorax isikdagensis Balthasar, 1952. Dellacasa et al. (2001 b) further discussed the systematics and nomenclatural problems regarding the Aphodius subgenus Ataeniomorphus Balthasar, 1952 as well as its type species Aphodius isikdagensis Balthasar, 1952 and the synonyms (Aphodius cypricola Balthasar, 1971 and Aphodius ressli Petrovitz, 1962)., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Gordon, Robert D. & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2007, Systematic review to the genus Liothorax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 23-42 in Zootaxa 1407 on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175524, {"references":["Balthasar, V. (1952) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der zoologischen Expedition des National-Museums in Prag nach der Turkei. 10. Coleoptera. 2. Scarabaeidae. Sbornik entomologicikeho oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 28, 19 - 26.","Baudi, F. (1870) Coleopterorum messis in insula Cypro et Asia minore ab Eugenio Truqui congregatae recensitio: de Europaeis notis quibusdam additis. Pars tertia. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 14, 49 - 90.","Baudi, F. (1891) Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae collectionis meae, T. I, incohatus 1891. (Scarabaeidae). Unpublished manuscript, Torino, 176 - 189.","Reitter, E. (1892) Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Lucaniden und coprophagen Lamellicornen des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins zu Brunn, 30, 140 - 262.","Schmidt, A. (1916) Namenanderungen und Beschreibung neuer Aphodiinen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 82, 95 - 116.","Petrovitz, R. (1962) Neue und verkannte Aphodiinae aus allen Erdteilen. III Teil. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey, 13, 101 - 131.","Stebnicka, Z. (1990) New synonymies and notes on some Aphodiinae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 97 (4), 895 - 899.","Dellacasa, G., Bordat, P. & Dellacasa, M. (2001 a) A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa entomologica Italiana, 79 [2000], 1 - 482.","Balthasar, V. (1971 a) Neue Arten der Gattungen Onthophagus Latreille und Aphodius Illiger. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 21 (1 / 2), 55 - 60.","Petrovitz, R. (1971) Scarabaeidae from the Near East. Israel Journal of Entomology, 6, 215 - 238.","Ziani, S. (1997) Scarabaeoidea Laparosticti di Cipro: un primo quadro d'insieme sulla fauna dell'isola. Biocosme Mesogeen, 14 (1), 1 - 38.","Dellacasa, G., Dellacasa, M., & Ziani, S. (2001 b) Taxonomic position of Aphodius turbatus Baudi, 1870 and systematic redefinition of Aphodius isikdagensis Balthasar, 1952. Rivista del Museo civico di Scienze Naturali \" E. Caffi \", 20 [2000], 3 - 11."]}

Symphodon Schmidt, 1913 Symphodon anomalum (Harold, 1874: 185) [Aphodius], Chile., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79: 117 - 178.","Harold, E. 1874. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Achtes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 18: 177 - 208."]}

Mendidius Harold, 1868 Mendidius (s.l.) aculeatus (Robinson, 1940: 143) [Aphodius], Mexico, USA., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Harold, E. 1868. Diagnosen neuer Coprophagen. Coleopterologische Hefte 3: 80 - 86.","Robinson, M. 1940. Studies in the Scarabaeidae. II. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 66: 141 - 159."]}

Oscarinus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 Oscarinus bottimeri (Cartwright, 1957: 56) [Aphodius], Mexico (Nuevo Leon), USA. Oscarinus crassuloides (Fall, 1907: 243) [Aphodius], Mexico, USA. Oscarinus indutilis (Harold, 1874: 178) [Aphodius], Guatemala, Mexico, new combination. Oscarinus spiniclypeus (Hinton, 1934a: 190) [Aphodius], Mexico., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Gordon, R. D., and P. E. Skelley. 2007. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 79: 580 p.","Cartwright, O. L. 1957. Three new American Aphodius with notes and a key to related species (Scarabaeidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 11: 55 - 61.","Fall, H. C. 1907. Descriptions of new species. p. 218 - 272. In: H. C. Fall and T. D. A. Cockerell. The Coleoptera of New Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 33: 145 - 272.","Harold, E. 1874. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Achtes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 18: 177 - 208.","Hinton, H. E. 1934 a. New species of North American Aphodius (Col. Scarabaeidae). Stylops 3: 188 - 192."]}

Neodiapterna G. Dellacasa, 1986 Neodiapterna erichsoni (Harold, 1861: 104) [Aphodius], Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay. Neodiapterna tognoni (G. Dellacasa and M. Dellacasa, 1997: 1) [Aphodius], Bolivia, new combination., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Dellacasa, G. 1986. A world-wide revision of Aphodius sharing a large scutellum (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae). Frustula Entomologica, Nuova Serie 7 / 8: 173 - 282.","Harold, E. 1861. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Zweites Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 92 - 115.","Dellacasa, G., and M. Dellacasa. 1997. A new Neotropical species of Aphodius sharing large scutellum. Doriana, supplemento agli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale \" Giacomo Doria \" (Genova) 7 (302): 1 - 4."]}

Pleuraphodius Schmidt, 1913 Pleuraphodius vespuccii (Petrovitz, 1972: 162) [Aphodius], Brazil, new combination., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79: 117 - 178.","Petrovitz, R. 1972. Neue Laparostikte Scarabaeiden aus der Orientalischen und Neotropischen Region (Coleoptera). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 51: 161 - 168."]}

Ferrerianus Dellacasa, Dellacasa, and Gordon, new genus Diagnosis. Species parvae, oblongae, convexae, modice nitidae, glabrae. Obscure rufo-brunneae. Capite clypeo medio leviter sinuato, lateribus rotundato; genis parum prominulis; sutura frontali mutica. Pronoto modice transverso, subaequaliter satis sparse punctato, ante angulos posticos depresso; basi robuste marginato. Scutello parvo, triangulariter elongato. Elytra striis valde impressis, fortiter punctatis, subcrenulatis; interstitiis convexiusculis, sparse punctulatis. Mare tibiis anticis haud mucronatis. Metatibiis setis apicalibus longitudine alterne inaequalibus., Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Ferrerianus, new genus for Aphodius biimpressus Schmidt, 1909 (Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiidae), pp. 1-4 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (11) on page 1, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532599

Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni, Gordon, Robert D. (2007): Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Insecta Mundi 2007 (14): 1-14, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references": ["Aube, C. 1850. Descriptions de quelques insectes Coleopteres appartenant a l'Europe et l'Algerie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 8: 299-346.", "Barrett, R. E. 1932. New Coleoptera from California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 8: 171-172.", "Balthasar, V. 1941a. Gli Scarabaeidi coprofagi e Trogini dell'Africa Orientale Italiana del Museo di Milano. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano 80: 103-154.", "Balthasar, V. 1941b. Neue arten der coprophagen Scarabaeiden aus dem Hamburger Zoologischen Museum. Zoologischer Anzeiger 133: 161-171.", "Balthasar, V. 1942. Neue arten und gattungen der Coprophagen Scarabaeiden 75. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden. (Col.). Sbornik Entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze 20: 188-206.", "Balthasar, V. 1945. Quatuor generis Aphodius Illig. subgenera nova. asopis eskoslovenske Spole nosti Entomologicke 42: 40-44.", "Balthasar, V. 1946. De novis generis Aphodius Illig. speciebus. Sbornik Entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze 24: 53-68.", "Balthasar, V. 1960a. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens. Teil XIII. Coleoptera XII. Neue Aphodiinae-Arten. Opuscula Zoologica 48: 1-7.", "Balthasar, V. 1960b. Neue Aphodius -Arten aus der orientalischen, aethiopischen und neotropischen Region. Mitteilungen der Munchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, Munchen 50: 55-63.", "Balthasar, V. 1963. Eine neue gattung, untergattung und neue arten der Familie Aphodiidae. Reichenbachia 1: 277-290.", "Balthasar, V. 1970. Neue arten der Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 67: 245-253.", "Balthasar, V. 1971. Neue arten der gattungen Onthophagus Latreille und Aphodius Illiger. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin 21: 55-60.", "Bates, H. W. 1887. Insecta. Coleoptera. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. (Copridae, Aphodiidae, Orphnidae, Hybosoridae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Aclopidae, Chasmatopteridae, Melolonthidae). Biologia Centrali-Americana 2(2): 25-160.", "Bates, H. W. 1889. Insecta. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Biologia Centrali-Americana. (Supplement) 2: 337-416.", "Blackburn, T. 1892. Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with description of new genera and species. XI. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 15: 20-73.", "Boheman, C. H. 1858. In: 'Konglia Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa omkring Jorden under Befall af C. A. Virgin, Aren 1851-53'. Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser Pa H. M. K. Oscar den Forstes. (Konglia Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademie: Stolkholm). 217 p.", "Brahm, N. J. 1790. Insektenkalender fur Sammler und Oekonomen. Univerisitatbuchbandlung; Mainz.1: 248 p.", "Brown, W. 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Nialaphodius Kolbe, 1908 Nialaphodius nigrita (Fabricius, 1801: 73) [Aphodius], worldwide in tropics and subtropics. [See M. Dellacasa and G. Dellacasa (2006: 130) for a full synonymy.], Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Kolbe, H. 1908. Dynastidae, Cetoniidae und Scarabaeidae. In: L. Schultze. Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungreise im Westlichen und Zentralen Sudafrika. Erster Band. Denkschriften der medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 13: 121 - 132.","Fabricius, J. C. 1801. Systema Eleutheratorum secundum Ordines, Genera, Species, adjectis Synonymis, Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus. Kiliae. 1: 506 p.","Dellacasa, M., and G. Dellacasa. 2006. Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae, Aphodiini. p. 31, 105 - 142. In: I. Lobl and A. Smetana (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 3. Apollo Books; Senstrup., 690 p."]}

Planolinellus M. Dellacasa and G. Dellacasa, 2005 Planolinellus vittatus (Say, 1825: 191) [Aphodius], Canada, Mexico, Old World, USA. [See M. Dellacasa and G. Dellacasa (2006: 136) for a full synonymy.], Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Dellacasa, M., and G. Dellacasa. 2005. Comments on some systematic and nomenclatural questions in Aphodiinae with descriptions of new genera and on Italian taxa (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 84: 45 - 101.","Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences 5: 160 - 204.","Dellacasa, M., and G. Dellacasa. 2006. Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae, Aphodiini. p. 31, 105 - 142. In: I. Lobl and A. Smetana (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 3. Apollo Books; Senstrup., 690 p."]}

Diapterna Horn, 1887 Diapterna dugesi (Bates, 1887: 83) [Aphodius], Mexico., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Horn, G. H. 1887. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States. Transactions of American Entomological Society 14: 1 - 110.","Bates, H. W. 1887. Insecta. Coleoptera. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. (Copridae, Aphodiidae, Orphnidae, Hybosoridae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Aclopidae, Chasmatopteridae, Melolonthidae). Biologia Centrali-Americana 2 (2): 25 - 160."]}

Planolinus Mulsant and Rey, 1870 Planolinus tenellus (Say, 1823: 213) [Aphodius] Canada, [Mexico?], USA., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Mulsant, E., and C. Rey. 1870. In: E. Mulsant. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Tribu des Lamellicornes. Annales de la Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Industrie de Lyon [1869] 2: 241 - 650.","Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Coleopterous Insects collected in the late Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. By Thomas Say, Zoologist to the Expedition. Read October 22, 1823. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 (pt 1): 139 - 216."]}

Neotrichonotulus M. Dellacasa, Gordon and G. Dellacasa, 2004a Neotrichonotulus inurbanus (Gordon and Howden, 1973: 442) [Aphodius], Mexico, USA. Neotrichonotulus perotensis (Deloya and Lobo, 1996: 50) [Aphodius], Mexico. Neotrichonotulus urangai (Islas, 1955: 225) [Aphodius], Mexico., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Dellacasa, M., R. D. Gordon, and G. Dellacasa. 2004 a. Neotrichonotulus, a new genus for three Mexican Aphodiini (Scarabaeoidea, Aphdodiidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 20 (2): 1 - 7.","Gordon, R. D., and H. F. Howden. 1973. Five new species of Mexican Aphodius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) associated with Thomomys umbrinus (Geomyidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 66: 436 - 443.","Deloya, C., and J. M. Lobo. 1996. Descripcion de dos nuevas especies Mexicanas de Aphodius de los subgeneros Platyderides y Trichonotulus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) asociadas con Pappogeomys merriami (Rodentia: Geomyidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana [1995] 94: 41 - 55.","Islas, F. S. 1955. Nuevas especies mexicanas del genero Aphodius Ill. (Ins. Col. Scarabaeidae). Anales del Instituto de Biologia 26: 223 - 227."]}

Schaefferellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 Schaefferellus arizonensis (Schaeffer, 1907: 61) [Aphodius], Mexico, USA., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Gordon, R. D., and P. E. Skelley. 2007. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 79: 580 p.","Schaeffer, C. 1907. New Scarabaeidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 15: 60 - 74."]}

Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni, Gordon, Robert D. (2007): Ferrerianus, new genus for Aphodius biimpressus Schmidt, 1909 (Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiidae). Insecta Mundi 2007 (11): 1-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532599, {"references":["Blackwelder, R. E. 1944. Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 185: 189-341.","Dellacasa, G., P. Bordat, and M. Dellacasa. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79 [2000]: 1-482.","Dellacasa, M. 1988. Contribution to a world-wide Catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae. (Part I). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 66 [1987]: 1-455.","Schmidt, A. 1909. Eine Serie neuer Aphodiinen und eine neue Gattung. Societas Entomologica 23 (23): 177-178.","Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79 (11): 117-178.","Schmidt, A. 1922. Coleoptera Aphodiidae. Das Tierreich, Berlin & Leipzig, 45: 1-614."]}

Acanthaphodius Schmidt, 1909c Acanthaphodius bruchi Schmidt, 1909c: 67, Argentina, Chile., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Schmidt, A. 1909 c. Eine Serie neuer Aphodiinen und eine neue gattung. (Fortsetzung VIII). Societas Entomologica 24: 66 - 67."]}

Oxyomus Dejean, 1833 Oxyomus setosopunctatus Schmidt, 1911b: 15, Mexico., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Dejean, P. F. M. A. 1833. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Compte Dejean. (2 me Ed.) Mequignon-Marvis p. & f.; Paris. p. 97 - 176.","Schmidt, A. 1911 b. Funf neue Aphodiinen aus dem Museum zu London. Societas Entomologica 26: 14 - 16."]}

Trichaphodius Schmidt, 1913 Trichaphodius quadripartitus (Petrovitz, 1973: 146) [Aphodius], Brazil, new combination., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79: 117 - 178.","Petrovitz, R. 1973. Neue Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae, und Acanthocerinae aus der Neotropischen Region (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Studia Entomologica 16: 141 - 202."]}

Pseudopodotenus G. Dellacasa, 1992 Pseudopodotenus fulviventris (Fairmaire and Germain, 1860: 268) [Aphodius], Chile., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Dellacasa, G. 1992. On some little known species of Aphodius from Australia and South America with description of a new subgenus. Frustula Entomologica, Nuova Series [1990] 13: 145 - 158.","Fairmaire, L., and P. Germain. 1860. Coleoptera Chilensia. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquee 12: 267 - 269."]}

Orodaliscoides Schmidt, 1913 Orodaliscoides reflexus (Schmidt, 1910: 357) [Aphodius], Argentina. Orodaliscoides rugosiceps (Harold, 1859: 213) [Aphodius], Chile, Peru., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Schmidt, A. 1913. Erster Versuch einer Einteilung der exotischen Aphodien in Subgenera und als Anhang einige Neubeschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, 79: 117 - 178.","Schmidt, A. 1910. Neue arten aus den gattungen Aphodius Illig., Ataenius Har., Saprosites Redtenb. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin 1910: 353 - 361.","Harold, E. 1859. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Erstes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 3: 193 - 224."]}

Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 Haroldiellus lansbergei (Harold, 1874: 179) [Aphodius], Mexico. Haroldiellus sallei (Harold, 1863: 336) [Aphodius], Caribbean, Central America to USA, West Indies. = Aphodius freyi Balthasar, 1941b: 164., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Gordon, R. D., and P. E. Skelley. 2007. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 79: 580 p.","Harold, E. 1874. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien (Achtes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 18: 177 - 208.","Harold, E. 1863. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger coprophagen Lamellicornien. (Funftes Stuck). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 7: 327 - 389.","Balthasar, V. 1941 b. Neue arten der coprophagen Scarabaeiden aus dem Hamburger Zoologischen Museum. Zoologischer Anzeiger 133: 161 - 171."]}

Imelda M. Dellacasa, Gordon and G. Dellacasa, 2002 Imelda constricticollis (Bates, 1889: 392), [Aphodius], Mexico., Published as part of Skelley, Paul E., Dellacasa, Marco, Dellacasa, Giovanni & Gordon, Robert D., 2007, Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 1-14 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (14) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532625, {"references":["Dellacasa, M., R. D. Gordon, and G. Dellacasa. 2002. Aphodiinae described or recorded by Bates in Biologia Centrali-Americana (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 86: 155 - 223.","Bates, H. W. 1889. Insecta. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Biologia Centrali-Americana. (Supplement) 2: 337 - 416."]}