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Within distances to Uranus of about 6 x 10(6) kilometers (inbound) and 35 x 10(6) kilometers (outbound), the planetary radio astronomy experiment aboard Voyager 2 detected a wide variety of radio emissions. The emission was modulated in a period of 17.24 +/- 0.01 hours, which is identified as the rotation period of Uranus' magnetic field. Of the two poles where the axis of the off-center magnetic dipole (measured by the magnetometer experiment aboard Voyager 2) meets the planetary surface, the one closer to dipole center is now located on the nightside of the planet. The radio emission generally had maximum power and bandwidth when this pole was tipped toward the spacecraft. When the spacecraft entered the nightside hemisphere, which contains the stronger surface magnetic pole, the bandwidth increased dramatically and thereafter remained large. Dynamically evolving radio events of various kinds embedded in these emissions suggest a Uranian magnetosphere rich in magnetohydrodynamic phenomena.

In situ magnetic field data from Jupiter and Saturn are used to interpret earth-based microwave observations for all areas except Branson's hot spot on Jupiter. It is found that Jupiter's field is strongly dipolar but has large high-order moments compared with the magnetic field of the earth. Decametric emissions of Jupiter have a complex rotational pattern which appears to have been stable since 1980. Microwave observations Saturn's radio emissions were strongly asymmetric along the rotational axis, indicating the presence of longitudinal variations in the magnetic fields a thousand kilometers from the cloud tops. The magnetic fields within a few thousand kilmeters of the cloud tops of both Jupiter and Saturn could not be identified.

Three successive groups of prospective hotline workers were randomly assigned to three different pretraining conditions. Nine microcounseling participants received training in the use of attending behavior, open invitations to talk, paraphrasing, and reflection of feeling during a weekend workshop. Six sensitivity training participants were exposed to an unstructured weekend experience designed to develop interpersonal skills. Nine participants received no weekend experience. All participants then received six evenings of routine technical training over a six-week period. Post-training pseudocalls were audiotaped for all participants. Participant responses were rated for empathy, and assessed on the Therapist Error Checklist, and on three specific counselor response categories. Microcounseling participants emitted more “good” responses and were rated as more empathic than both the sensitivity and control groups. Both sensitivity and microcounseling participants emitted more open invitations to talk than control participants. Microcounceling participants emitted fewer advice-laden responses than control participants. Implications for future research are discussed.

Detection of very intense short radio bursts from Neptune was possible as early as 30 days before closest approach and at least 22 days after closest approach. The bursts lay at frequencies in the range 100 to 1300 kilohertz, were narrowband and strongly polarized, and presumably originated in southern polar regions of the planet. Episodes of smooth emissions in the frequency range from 20 to 865 kilohertz were detected during an interval of at least 10 days around closest approach. The bursts and the smooth emissions can be described in terms of rotation in a period of 16.11 + or - 0.05 hours. The bursts came at regular intervals throughout the encounter, including episodes both before and after closest approach. The smooth emissions showed a half-cycle phase shift between the five episodes before and after closest approach. This experiment detected the foreshock of Neptune's magnetosphere and the impacts of dust at the times of ring-plane crossings and also near the time of closest approach. Finally, there is no evidence for Neptunian electrostatic discharges.

Numerous authors have obtained significant, but low correlations between life events and specific health status measures. Even with the inclusion of moderating variables, such as coping, the relationship between life stress and health status measures has rarely exceeded .50. It has been argued that failure to enhance the correlation has occurred because response specificity has not been controlled. A representative community sample of 184 adults from London, Ontario, was surveyed with respect to life stress variables, stress-response specificity, and various illness behaviors. First-order factor analysis of the stress-response specificity measure indicated an emotional/psychological response factor, an eating response factor, a drug/alcohol response factor, and several physical response factors. Second-order factor analysis indicated a psychological response and a physical response factor. Each of the illness behaviors was regressed, in a stepwise procedure, upon the life stress measures and related first- and second-order stress-response specificity factors. As predicted, significant relationships were found between the related stress-response specificity and illness behavior measures. These results support the importance of stress-response specificity as a moderator variable in investigations of the relationship between life stress and illness behavior.

Salsolinol, a substance that may participate in the development of alcoholism, has been identified in urine and other biological samples from alcoholics. Differentials have been observed between alcoholics and controls. Salsolinol forms when dopamine reacts with acetaldehyde, which may exist in higher concentrations in the blood of alcoholics after alcohol ingestion. Hence, it was postulated that there is a relationship between level of social drinking and the elaboration of salsolinol. Salsolinol is also found in certain food and beverage products. Eighty volunteers, balanced for gender, social drinking level, ethanol dose administered and experimental diet provided urine samples 90 minutes and three hours after ethanol was consumed. Salsolinol levels were analysed in urine using high performance liquid chromatography. A 24 hour carryover effect was observed. Diet, ethanol dose and social drinking level had main and interactive effects on excreted quantities of salsolinol. Gender, situational stress and cigarette smoking had minor if any influence on salsolinol excretion. While there was no evident difference in amounts of salsolinol excreted by light and heavy drinkers in the absence of external sources of salsolinol, heavy social drinkers excreted less salsolinol than did light drinkers after consuming a "salsolinol-enriched" diet, suggesting that they differ in some aspect of absorption, distribution, or metabolism of salsolinol after drinking ethanol. Accordingly, studies that attempt to determine whether salsolinol has any relationship to drinking behaviour in humans should be particularly concerned with salsolinol that occurs in exogenous sources.

The Leyton Obsessional Inventory was modified into a paper-and-pencil form to facilitate its group administration. Factor analysis was carried out on the modified version replies of 173 college students. The factors obtained were compared to those extracted by Cooper and Kelleher (1973) for the original inventory. Similarities and differences in factors were attributed to cultural factors and differences in the sample populations. The treatment implication of obtaining multiple symptom factors in future studies with obsessional patients was stressed.

Uranium continuum radio emission detected by the Voyager 2 Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment during the January 1986 encounter is considered. The continuum emissions comprised four components (equatorial emissions, anomaly emissions, strong nightside emissions, and weak nightside emissions) associated with different sources. The equatorial emissions appeared most prominently during the days before closest approach and extended from 40 kHz or below to about 120 kHz. The anomaly emissions were seen about 12 hours before closest approach and extended to about 250 kHz. The agreement found between Miranda's phase and strong radio emission at 20.4 kHz, just after closest approach, suggests intense dynamic activity on the Miranda L shell.

A time‐average model of the RF plasma sheath was developed. The ion "fluid" equations were used with a frictional force to account for ion‐neutral collisions. Consideration of the collision dynamics showed that the frictional force may be taken as proportional to the square of the ion drift velocity. The sheath model was used to investigate the ion energy and flux on the electrodes of plasma reactors. The dimensionless quantity Co (collision number) was found to be important in describing the ion motion in the sheath. An analytical expression for the ion bombardment energy was derived, in terms of Co and the sheath voltage, for the range of parameter values typical of high pressure (~1 torr) diode plasma etchers. An application of the model to an oxygen discharge in a parallel plate reactor was considered. Over the parameter range investigated, the ion bombardment energy was found to be only a few tens of eV, much lower than typical sheath voltages (~200 V). The ion bombardment energy was found to be a function of the sheath electric‐field‐to‐pressure ratio. The model provides a framework that can be incorporated into more general plasma reactor models which consider transport and reaction phenomena along surfaces undergoing etching.

The article entitled "General Education versus Special Education for Rural Development" (Elinor G. Barber, this issue) sets out to provide a long-overdue reaction to the decade-long emphasis on nonformal educational alternatives, particularly for rural learners. Yet, while a reassessment of the value of general formal education for the rural areas is badly needed, the article fails to provide a convincing argument in its favor. Instead, the article presents a confusing series of arguments buttressed by a bewildering array of research citations which miss the point of the argument. At first reading, the argument seems plausible, but a more careful reexamination of the logic reveals some serious flaws which leave the reader unconvinced of the merit of the basic thesis. Worse, the article provides policymakers with little in the way of realistic policy options with regard to rural education. The problems of the article can be usefully discussed under four general headings. First, the topic cannot be addressed without linking the various alternatives for rural education to the larger issue of the kind of development which will be enhanced by the choice of policy. There are clear linkages between the chosen educational strategy and its impact on the lives and options of the poorer segments of the population. Second, an examination of the situation existing in the many countries now operating under a policy of one system of primary education for all reveals a de facto dual system that perpetuates the inequities. Advocating an expansion of general education, as the article implicitly does, without addressing the realities, seems hollow in the light of the problems educational planners face. Third, the article confuses critiques of the failures of the formal education system in rural areas with advocacy of alternative approaches. In so doing, it fails to address the very real limitations of formal education in a rural context. Fourth, the article uses the terms formal education, basic education, and general education on the one hand as equivalent, and on the other hand, nonformal, practical, and vocational education as the alternative. The casual grouping of these terms as representative of two distinct policies creates considerable conceptual confusion, particularly among readers who are accustomed to the generally accepted meanings of these terms in educational literature.

The aspartate transcarbamylase activity of mammalian cells is carried by a large multifunctional protein, CAD, that catalyzes the first three steps in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Controlled proteolysis of CAD cleaved the polypeptide chain into several separate structural domains which carried the individual activities of the complex. The aspartate transcarbamylase activity was associated with a 40,000-dalton proteolytic fragment, which kinetic studies showed was released in one of the first proteolytic cleavages. The species was purified to homogeneity by chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex. The isolated species, designated the aspartate transcarbamylase domain, had a molecular weight under denaturing conditions of 40,000 +/- 1,500, a pI = 9.4, and a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 6.2. The sedimentation coefficient suggested that the isolated domain was an oligomer consisting of two or three identical copies of the 40,000-dalton proteolytic fragment. The aspartate saturation curve obtained at a saturating concentration of carbamyl phosphate gave Km = 2.1 X 10(-2)M and Vmax = 119.5 mumol/min/mg, corresponding to a turnover number of 4,780 min-1. Like the aspartate transcarbamylase activity of CAD, the activity was strongly inhibited by high concentrations of aspartate. The corresponding parameters from the carbamyl phosphate saturation curve were Km = 2.07 X 10(-5)M, Vmax = 52.5 mumol/min/mg, and a turnover number of 2,153 min-1. The similarity of these parameters to those obtained from a steady state kinetic study of CAD indicated that the tertiary structure of this region of the polypeptide chain was largely preserved in the isolated species. In the absence of stabilizing agents, the half-life of aspartate transcarbamylase activity of CAD was 60.2 h, while that of the isolated domain was 10.6 h. This result suggested that there were interactions with other regions of the molecule which stabilized the structure of the aspartate transcarbamylase domain in the intact complex.

Two studies conducted to develop and cross validate a causal model of bulimia are reported. It was hypothesized that a stress process, comprised of three components, the sources of stress, the mediators of stress, and the manifestations of stress would provide the basis of a causal model of bulimia, using linear structural relations analysis (LISREL). In Study 1, 144 female introductory psychology students were assessed for bulimia as well as 10 other variables representative of the stress process. The proposed model was comprised of two sources of stress: Environmental stressors (life events and daily hassles), and Depression (depression and risk for depression). The model indicated that coping skills are an important mediator of stress, and that having a high frequency of environmental stressors and/or the presence of depression or risk for depression, may lead an individual to resort to ineffective coping mechanisms, which, in turn, results in the expression of bulimic behavior. The model was cross-validated in Study 2, in which 150 female introductory psychology students were assessed on the same variables. Treatment implications are discussed.

In current adjustment models, an individual's appraisal of life events has been included as an important determinant in the stress-illness process. In particular, these events have been defined in terms of a variety of unidimensional concepts, such as desirability, controllability, or as having the potential for threat or challenge. The present study investigated the multidimensional nature of cognitive appraisal and its relationship to physical and psychological well-being. Residents of a Canadian community (N = 184) responded to an extensive survey on life-event stress, appraisal, alcohol consumption, health status, and depression. A principal-axis factor analysis of 19 appraisal dimensions revealed five factors accounting for 60% of the variance: Undesirability/Threat, Gain/Challenge, Need for Information, Familiarity, and Need to Accept. Entered with total number of life events and coping behavior as predictors in a series of stepwise regressions, these appraisal factors differentially predic...

The first three steps of mammalian de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis are catalyzed by the multifunctional protein CAD, consisting of glutamine-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase. The intracellular distribution of CAD in two hamster cell lines, BHK 21 and BHK 165-23 (a strain in which the CAD gene was selectively amplified), was determined by differential centrifugation and by two different cytochemical immunolocalization methods. Ammonia-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase I was found in both cell types at a concentration of 0.01% of the total cell protein, so its distribution was also determined as a control for possible cross-reactivity of the CAD antibody probes and as a mitochondrial marker. CAD was localized in the cytoplasmic compartment and almost completely excluded from the nucleus. A punctate staining pattern suggested that it was not uniformly dispersed throughout the cytosol (unlike typical soluble proteins) but was associated with subcellular organelles. Although there was a slight tendency for CAD to be localized in the vicinity of the nuclear envelope, the amount of staining was much less than expected from differential centrifugation, which showed that 30% of the protein was found in the nuclear fraction. No interactions with other subcellular components could be detected by centrifugation. It is possible, however, that CAD is associated with subcellular structures that cosediment with the nuclei. Despite a 150-fold increase in CAD concentration in the over-producing cells, the distribution of the protein was unaltered. CAD was not concentrated near the mitochondria where the next enzyme of the de novo pathway, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, is localized, which indicates that the intermediate dihydroorotate is not channeled, but rather dissociates from CAD and diffuses through the bulk cellular fluid.

This paper describes the rationale, design, cost, and extensions related to an automated test battery. Increased manpower, speed of service, lower cost, accuracy, and quality of reporting support the use of the system. The liability of failure to maintain and update the system is noted. Design considerations concerning mode of testing, tests included, and method of programming are discussed. The relative cost of automated and conventional testing is examined. Future extensions to the system are reviewed.

Mammalian aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase; carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) is part of a 240-kDa multifunctional polypeptide called CAD, which also has carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase and dihydroorotase activities. We have sequenced selected restriction fragments of a Syrian hamster CAD cDNA that are clearly homologous to three prokaryotic ATCases. These studies, combined with previous sequence data, showed that the ATCase domain of CAD is encoded by 924 base pairs and has a mass of 34,323 Da and a pI of 9.8. While the bacterial pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes are separate proteins, in mammals the ATCase domain is fused to the carboxyl end of the CAD chimera via a 133-amino acid (14-kDa) linker with an unusual amino acid composition, a pI of 10.2, and pronounced hydrophilic character. The fully active domain isolated from proteolytic digests was characterized by partial amino acid sequencing and amino acid analysis. Trypsin cleavage produced the ATCase domain with a 20-residue amino-terminal extension. Hydrodynamic studies showed that the isolated domain is a 110-kDa trimer with a Stokes radius of 41 A. The mammalian ATCase domain and the prokaryotic enzymes have virtually identical active-site residues and are likely to have the same tertiary fold.

During the 1070s nonformal education was heavily promoted as a means to address inequities in access to education decrease the distance between education and activities of daily life promote rural development and accelerate political participation and social development. The major target population for such programs included the very poor women isolated rural populations and adults who had been unable to attend school. Recent analyses however suggest that such programs have had little impact on the overall educational system and have been handicapped by their lower resource level lower status and lack of socially validated power to certify their products. This paper describes 2 attempts to revitalize and reform existing adult or community education programs. The 1st case the Peoples Education Association (PEA) of Ghana instituted reforms centered around 4 approaches: the training of village facilitators adult literacy activities use of cultural group performances and a vocational trades program. Although all 4 approaches have proved feasible PEA has been handicapped by its lack of a full-time staff and inadequate resource base. The changes of regional-level reforms spreading to the national educational structure remain poor until these basic structural limitations can be addressed. The 2nd case the Community Education (Penmas) Directorate in Indonesia in contrast is larger in size than PEA and receives substantial resources from the government. An ongoing problem has been how to balance administration and monitoring by a large-scale bureaucracy with maintenance of flexibility and sensitivity to unique local situations. At present decision making and resources are being shifted to provincial level offices in a move toward decentralization. The Penmas program is significant in its potential for reaching the mass of the population; even if fully implemented the PEA reform would be unlikely to affect more than 5000 people.

The Community Alcohol Use Scale (CAUS) was developed as a continuous, reliable, valid, and acceptable measure for primary prevention studies. Items were written following a comprehensive review of the literature on alcohol dependence and alcoholism. Based upon the responses of 315 respondents to the 100-item initial version of the scale, the 45-item CAUS was developed. The CAUS was then cross-validated on a local sample (n = 274) and a provincial sample (n = 745). Estimates of internal consistency were .91, .96, and .94, respectively, for the initial and cross-validation samples. Correlations of .48 and .69 were obtained between the CAUS and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test for the initial and local cross-validation samples. In the provincial cross-validation sample a correlation of .62 was obtained between the CAUS and the Usual Weekly Alcohol Index. Preliminary cutting scores were developed to identify those at risk for alcoholism, and alcoholics. The CAUS has potential use as an evaluative and predictive instrument in a variety of primary prevention programs.

masses with quality education. The second, more recent movement, labeled nonformal education, seemed to promise a cheap, effective way of reaching both adults and children outside of school. Both of these movements generated great excitement and hope that at last the problems of education in development could be effectively addressed. Yet as the wave of enthusiasm for nonformal education begins to ebb, the time has come for a more critical appraisal of both the role and the effectiveness of technology in nonformal education.

A steam distillation method for the determination of the TBA number in control and irradiated hake and tuna is presented. Chemical values are compared with sensoric evaluation results for the 30-day cold storage period. Close correlation has been observed between the organoleptic scores and the oxidative rancidity in tuna loins and hake fillets, whether control or irradiated.

A series of figures differing in complexity were exposed to 44 nursing students. Ss were monitored for GSR and heart rate while they looked at each figure for as long as they wished. They then rated each figure on 20 semantic differential-type scales. The data were factor analyzed by the principal axis method, with communalities iterated by refactoring followed by varimax rotation. Four factors were extracted and the first three were identified as Osgood’s activity, evaluative, and potency factors. It was suggested that the activity factor relates to arousal-raising stimulus properties, while the evaluative factor relates to arousal-reducing or -restraining stimulus properties.

Planetary radio astronomy measurements obtained by Voyager 2 near Saturn have added further evidence that Saturnian kilometric radiation is emitted by a strong dayside source at auroral latitudes in the northern hemisphere and by a weaker source at complementary latitudes in the southern hemisphere. These emissions are variable because of Saturn's rotation and, on longer time scales, probably because of influences of the solar wind and Dione. The electrostatic discharge bursts first discovered by Voyager 1 and attributed to emissions from the B ring were again observed with the same broadband spectral properties and an episodic recurrence period of about 10 hours, but their occurrence frequency was only about 30 percent of that detected by Voyager 1. While crossing the ring plane at a distance of 2.88 Saturn radii, the spacecraft detected an intense noise event extending to above 1 megahertz and lasting about 150 seconds. The event is interpreted to be a consequence of the impact, vaporization, and ionization of charged, micrometer-size G ring particles distributed over a vertical thickness of about 1500 kilometers.

Uranus emits a bursty form of radio emission in the range from 70 kHz to 1.2 MHz from a region near the negative magnetic pole. The emission is beamed into a flat equatorial sheet which appears to rotate with the magnetic field. The bursts typically have a duration of tens to hundreds of milliseconds, with a bandwidth of less than 20 kHz. A deep modulation of approximately 30 Hz is evident in the bursts.

CAD, is a multidomain polypeptide, with a molecular weight of over 200,000, that has glutamine-dependent carbamyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase activity as well as regulatory sites that bind UTP and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. The protein thus catalyzes the first three steps of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and controls the activity of the pathway in higher eukaryotes. Controlled proteolysis of CAD isolated from Syrian hamster cells, cleaves the molecule into seven major proteolytic fragments that contain one or more of the functional domains. The two smallest fragments, which had molecular weights of 44,000 and 40,000, corresponded to the fully active dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamylase (ATC) domains, respectively, but the larger fragments have not been previously characterized. In this study, enzymatic assays of partially fractionated digests and immunoblotting with antibodies specifically directed against the purified ATC domain, the purified dihydroorotase domain and an 80-kDa fragment of the putative carbamyl-phosphate synthetase domain established the precursor-product relationships among all of the major proteolytic fragments of CAD. These results indicate that 1) only the intact molecule had all of the functional domains, 2) a species with a molecular weight of 200,000 was produced in the first step of proteolysis which had glutamine-dependent carbamyl-phosphate synthetase and dihydroorotase activity, but neither aspartate transcarbamylase activity nor the antigenic determinants present on the isolated ATC domain, and 3) cleavage of the 200-kDa species produced a species, with a molecular mass of 150,000 which lacked both aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase domains. This 150-kDa species, containing the postulated carbamyl-phosphate synthetase, glutamine, and regulatory (UTP, 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate) domains, had two elastase-sensitive sites that divided this region of the polypeptide chain into 10-, 65-, and 80-kDa segments. The location of the functional sites on these segments has not yet been established. The immunochemical analysis also revealed the existence of possible precursors of the stable aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase domains, suggesting that the chain segments connecting the functional domains of CAD are extensive and that the overall size of the intact polypeptide chain has been underestimated. On the basis of these studies we have proposed a model of the domain structure of CAD.

14 special education students were exposed to 5 successive treatments designed to increase their attention and academic performance. Attention and Reading achievement were increased with the inclusion of a teacher's assistant in the setting and not as a result of token-reinforcement programs.

A course designed to train graduate students in clinical psychology in a number of intervention techniques for adult clients is described, based on the behavioral systems and personalized instruction approaches to training. The objectives for the course are stated, and its features reviewed. The impact of the course on students' subsequent performance is briefly considered.

Dihydroorotase (DHOase) catalyzes the third step in eukaryotic de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. In mammalian cells, this enzyme activity is carried by a large chimeric protein, CAD, that also catalyzes the first two steps in the pathway: glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) and aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase). Controlled elastase cleavage of CAD released a 44,000 +/- 2,000-dalton proteolytic fragment which catalyzed only the dihydroorotase reaction. We have devised a rapid and simple method for the isolation of the DHO domain from elastase digests. The domain, which was obtained in 36% yield, was found to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The domain was also characterized by amino acid analysis and analytical high pressure liquid chromatography peptide mapping. The amino terminus of both the DHO domain and intact CAD was blocked suggesting that this domain is located at the extreme amino terminus of the CAD polypeptide, a result consistent with the suspected juxtaposition of domains as DHO-CPS-ATC. The isoelectric point of the DHO domain was 5.1, while that of the ATC domain was 9.4, so that the ends of the CAD polypeptide are oppositely charged at physiological pH. Immunoblotting with DHO domain-specific antibodies showed that a 47-kDa species was generated in the early stages of controlled proteolysis of CAD. Thus there are two elastase cleavage sites within a 3-kDa connecting region that links the DHO and CPS domains. The domain was shown by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and by isolating a 65Zn-containing DHO domain from mammalian cells grown in the presence of the radionuclide to contain 1 g eq of tightly bound zinc in each polypeptide chain. Zinc was not found in any other CAD domain. Chelating agents inhibit dihydroorotase activity of the isolated domain supporting the conclusion, based on studies of intact CAD by others, that zinc participates in catalysis. At moderate protein concentrations the DHO domain was a 88,000 dimer with a Stokes radius of 37.6 A, a S20,w = 5.1 X 10(-13) s, a diffusion coefficient of 3.17 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1, and a frictional ratio of 1.26. On dilution the dimer dissociated and was in rapid concentration-dependent equilibrium with a 43,500 monomer. The hydrodynamic parameters of the monomer have also been estimated (Stokes radius of 29.8 A, D20,w = 4.11 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1, and f/f0 1.21).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The multifunctional protein that initiates de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian cells carries carbamoylphosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamylase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase), and dihydro-orotase activities on a single 215,000-dalton polypeptide chain. Kinetic studies of the controlled proteolysis of the molecule by elastase showed that the protein was not attacked at random by the protease but rather was successively cleaved into at least six well-defined proteolytic fragments. The initial cleavage converted the intact molecule into a 190,000-dalton species which appeared to retain all of the catalytic and regulatory functions of the native protein. This species was subsequently cleaved into two fragments, 150,000 and 40,000 daltons. The 40,000-dalton species, which carried the aspartate transcarbamylase activity, was resistant to further proteolysis; the 150,000-dalton polypeptide, which carried carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase and dihydro-orotase activities, underwent further digestion to 140,000 daltons. Continued proteolysis produced two species, 79,000 and 45,000 daltons; like the 40,000-dalton species, these were stable against further elastase digestion. The aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydro-orotase activities and the regulatory functions were preserved throughout the course of digestion; the carbamoylphosphate synthetase activity was more labile. By using sucrose gradient centrifugation and ion exchange chromatography, the 40,000- and 45,000-dalton species have been isolated. The 40,000-dalton fragment was found to have only aspartate transcarbamylase activity; the 45,000-dalton fragment has only dihydro-orotase activity. These experiments showed that this multifunctional protein is organized as discrete structural domains in which regions of the polypeptide chain are autonomously folded into separate functional units.

Ammonia-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (carbon-dioxide:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating), EC 6.3.4.16; formerly EC 2.7.2.5) isolated from hamster liver mitochondria is comprised of identical 160 kDa polypeptide chains. Controlled proteolysis by elastase sequentially cleaved this molecule into a small number of specific fragments. The first cleavage led to a complete loss of enzymatic activity and the formation of a 145 kDa species that was subsequently degraded into 83 kDa and 62 kDa fragments. Very different results were obtained when proteolysis was carried out in the presence of saturating ATP, MgCl 2 , NH 4 Cl, and the activator N- acetyl- l -glutamate . These ligands stabilized the molecule 8-fold against elastase digestion. Moreover, only small amounts of the 145 kDa species were generated. Instead, the molecule was initially cleaved into a fully active 120 kDa species anda 40 kDa proteolytic fragment. The same species were found in limit digests conducted in the presence and absence of ligands, indicating that only the sequence of elastase cleavages differed. Comparison of digests conducted in the presence of each ligand alone and in combination, showed that while NH 4 Cl and N- acetyl- l -glutamate were necessary for maximal stabilization of the molecule, the altered digestion pattern was produced specifically by MgATP. The MgATP-induced change in digestion pattern correlated well with the steady-state ATP saturation curve, suggesting that the production of the 120 kDa species resulted from ATP binding to the active site. The effect of MgATP on the proteolysis of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I was not the result of an alteration in oligomeric structure, but the protection of two elastase cleavage sites. The results were interpreted on the basis of the primary structure recently determined elsewhere.

The orientational correlation times for the single particle and the collective second rank Legendre polynomial are calculated for a dense fluid using Enskog kinetic theory. The rotating molecules are modeled as smooth spherocylinders and rough spheres. For rough sphere molecules, the dynamic part of the collective orientational time j2 is sensitive to anisotropies in the contact radial distribution function (rdf). Spherocylinder models exhibit dynamic as well as static contributions to j2 in that j2−1 is nonzero even if the rdf is isotropic. Like the smooth ellipsoid models, orientational correlation times derived from Enskog theory underestimate the friction on a molecule rotating in a liquid. Predictions of kinetic theory agree best with the results from molecular dynamics on smooth, hard spherocylinders.

The Reaction Inventory-Interference was developed to identify obsessional thoughts and compulsive acts, which interfere with an individual's daily activities. The 50 items in the inventory were administered to 172 Ss. On the basis of item test correlations, 40 items were retained for subsequent analyses. The estimate of internal consistency for the 40 item inventory was .95. The correlation between the 40-item inventory and the "symptom" score on the Leyton Obsessional Inventory was .66. Factor analysis of the 40-item inventory yielded nine factors.

DURING THE past fifteen years the movement for political independence in the former colonial countries has just about been completed. With the achievement of independence, however, has come the gradual realization that political independence is only the first, and in some ways the easiest step along the path to real independence. Recently, interest has begun to focus on the issue of psychological independence; national leaders seek to create distinctive national ideologies and cultures which reflect the traits of their people. The mental processes created by the set of socializing institutions built during fifty or more years of colonial rule are not easily modified, particularly when many of these institutions remain virtually intact, functioning essentially as before. Substantial changes can occur only by ultimately bringing about changes in the major socializing institutions of the society. Of the major institutions, education has a number of characteristics which make it a prime candidate for instrumental use in social change. Particularly in developing countries, education is the major path to the new life styles offered to those who are successful. Education combines the provision of means with the selections system which determines who will get the rewards. In addition, education is often controlled on a national level by an administratively centralized mechanism which provides the means for modifying the goals and content of the system. Yet, changing the educational system is a formidable task. In addition to the conservatism which characterizes educational institutions everywhere, attempts to change education in newly independent countries have their own pitfalls. Educational policy decisions have immediate and extensive political repercussions which even the most idealistic leader cannot ignore. Added to this is the fact that systems in developing countries are typically transplants from the colonial nation and are staffed by large numbers of expatriates whose attitudes and values are firmly rooted in the culture of the colonial power. Change, of necessity, involves modifying the attitudes of those who run the institutions or replacing them with others whose feelings reflect the new goals. This paper will address itself to the question: Of the various kinds of staff typically available for secondary schools, which kinds are the most likely to be willing and able to act as agents of decolonization? The discussion will be based on data collected in Ugandan schools in the late 1960s.' Specifically, the study involved a questionnaire response from approximately 1100 teachers in 31 secondary schools drawn from the population of 72 schools in Uganda.

The allosteric enzyme, aspartate transcarbamoylase (EC 2.1.3.2), has previously been shown in our x-ray diffraction studies to have D 3 -32 symmetry. There are six catalytic (C) and six regulatory (R) chains in the molecular complex (R 6 C 6 ). Our three-dimensional x-ray diffraction study of this enzyme (R32, a = 131 Å, c = 200 Å) at 5.5 Å resolution shows a spatial arrangement of the two catalytic trimers C 3 above and below an equatorial belt of three regulatory dimers R 2 . The molecule is about 110 × 110 × 90 Å in largest dimensions, and is shown here to contain a large central aqueous cavity about 50 × 50 × 25 Å in size. Location of the single sulfhydryl of each catalytic chain, and correlation of its reactivity with enzymatic activity in the molecule, suggests that the nearby active sites are most probably accessible from the central cavity, but probably not directly from the external solution. The most obvious access to the central cavity consists of six channels, each about 15 Å in diameter, near the regulatory region. A component of the regulatory mechanism may be modulation of access of substrates through these channels.

The importance and also the lack of attention to assessment procedures in behaviour therapy has been stressed recently. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differences exist in a number of subjective variables taken on two groups of exhibitionists, those successfully and those unsuccessfully treated by means of aversion therapy. Differences in age, education and marital status for the two groups were not significant. Significantly more of the subjects in the failure group were found to masturbate to deviant fantasy than in the success group. However, differences in the frequency of masturbation and sexual inter- course for the two groups were not significant. The failure group had been acting-out significantly longer and more frequently than had the success group. Further, the failure group took significantly more treatment trials to non-acting-out and no urges to act-out than did the success group. The importance of assessing cases for behaviour therapy on measures derived from learning experiments is stressed.

This research investigated the hypothesis that anger can be modified by reciprocal inhibition therapy. 34 female student nurses from the Foothills Hospital, Calgary, were assigned to either a treatment or a no-treatment group. The groups were matched for mean and distribution of total aggression scores on the Buss-Durkee Inventory. The results supported the hypothesis that, compared to the no-treatment group, the therapy group, following treatment: (i) rated the treated anger-inducing scenes as less anger, tension, and excitement inducing, (ii) rated the 25 treatment-related Reaction Inventory items lower, and (iii) rated the 61 non-treatment-related Reaction Inventory items lower.

The relationship between the employment and the training of women in Africa is explored. The present and projected employment picture for women in relationship to the number of secondary school girls is analyzed followed by focus on job aspirations and experiences of girls at both the lower and higher secondary school level. There are basically 3 alternate paths open to girls who complete secondary school in a country like Uganda: 1) they may continue their general schooling or pursue specialized vocational training; 2) they may acquire a job or enter some type of short-term job training; or 3) they may return to their families to await marriage or later employment. Employment opportunities for women are concentrated in the areas of nursing and related medical services clerical-administrative jobs and teaching. The distribution of opportunities shows an increasing trend towards the medical field with 55% (4077) in the 1st projection period and 61% (6326) in the 2nd period. Teaching opportunities decrease with 32% in the 1972-1976 period and 27% in the following period. Clerical and administrative jobs remain at about 13% for the 1972-1976 period and the 1977-1981 period. A sample of 1500 secondary school girls were asked 2 questions about their future job preferences - 1 phrased in terms of their desires if they could freely choose and 1 phrased in terms of their abilities and the jobs available. Analysis shows that the patterns of expectations in the different types of schools are unrealistic. If any serious planning is to occur for the training and use of woman power in Africa there needs to be a coherent and planned look at the realities of womens situation.

This paper discusses the use of graphical techniques as tools of analysis and projection in planning the growth of an educational system. Graphs are shown to be particularly valuable when used to investigate the implications of alternate growth patterns for various aspects of the school system. The technique is intended to precede and augment the usual forms of statistical analysis. Reasons are suggested why graphs are particularly appropriate to the rapidly growing educational systems in developing countries.

Electrophysiological evidence is given that water is the specific stimulus for a fourth sensory cell associated with the taste sensilla of the blowfly. Water elicited impulses from a single cell which responded in two distinct phases: an initial rapid rate of discharge followed by a lesser, sustained steady rate. The latter, in the case of sucrose solutions, was inhibited in direct proportion to the log of the osmotic pressure over a 104 range of pressures. Other non-electrolytes inhibited, but the effect could not be simply correlated with parameters of the solutions. Electrolytes inhibited the water response more sharply and at lower concentrations. The inhibition in all cases was not dependent on impulses in the other sensory cells of the taste sensillum.

The finding (Evans & Dethier, 1957) that glucose and trehalose are the normal blood sugars of the blowfly Phormia regina has been confirmed. It is estimated that most of the flight energy is derived from the oxidation of trehalose and, to a lesser extent, of other sugars found in the blood. Several lines of evidence indicate that the concentration of blood trehalose normally regulates the rate at which energy is expended by the flight muscles during flight. ‘Exhaustion’ results when trehalose cannot be supplied to the flight muscle at the necessary rate. Fat body is the chief source of blood trehalose; endogenous and exogenous substrates are used for its synthesis. The rate of blood trehalose synthesis can be very rapid, almost compensating for the rate of utilization by the flight muscle during flight. It appears, therefore, that the intensity of flight is determined largely by the interaction of two rate processes : the rate of trehalose utilization (flight muscles) and the rate of trehalose synthesis (fat body). A diagram is presented which accounts for the establishment of glucose and trehalose as the normal blood sugars of this fly and summarizes our findings on the transfer of carbohydrates between various tissues. The blood volume (6–7 μl.) has been estimated from dilution of injected 14C-inulin. This volume is not changed appreciably by flight

Nonthermal radio emissions from the Saturn system were first detected by the Voyager planetary radio astronomy (PRA) experiment on board Voyager 1 in January 1980. Since then emission between 100 kHz and 1 MHz from the planet, termed Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), has been received almost continuously. A description is presented of eight characteristics which have been fairly well defined by the Voyager 1 encounter. These include a very flat broadband frequency spectrum, a period of approximately 10 h 10 min, a change in the envelope shape of episodes between pre and postencounter, an intensity population structure typical of plural populations, and an episodic structure of a width of approximately 180 deg. It was found that postencounter episodes continue for about three times as long as preencounter ones, and that postencounter bursts are left-circularly polarized at high frequencies. At least one episode shows the onset of high frequency events some time before that of lower frequency ones.

A series of figures differing in complexity were exposed to 44 nursing students. Ss were monitored for GSR and heart rate while they looked at each figure for as long as they wished. They then rated each figure on 20 semantic differential-type scales. The data were factor analyzed by the principal axis method, with communalities iterated by refactoring followed by varimax rotation. Four factors were extracted and the first three were identified as Osgood’s activity, evaluative, and potency factors. It was suggested that the activity factor relates to arousal-raising stimulus properties, while the evaluative factor relates to arousal-reducing or -restraining stimulus properties.