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Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with the development of Clostridium difficile infection in humans. Though it is assumed that PPIs mediate this effect through gastric acid suppression, there has been little investigation into whether PPIs, or ambient pH, might directly affect the expression of C. difficile toxin genes. In the present study, C. difficile ribotypes 001, 027 and 078 obtained from human subjects were grown under anaerobic conditions prepared at pHs of 5, 7.3 and 9. Matched trios were exposed to 100 µM and 200 µM of omeprazole along with PPI untreated controls. Custom designed reverse transcription quantitative PCR hydrolysis probes were used to assess C. difficile gene expression for toxins A (tcdA), B (tcdB) and binary toxin (cdtB), as well as their positive regulators (tcdR and cdtR), using rrsA, which encodes 16S rRNA, as a constitutively expressed reference gene. tcdC and codY, negative regulators of toxin expression, were also assessed. Basic pH resulted in greater expression of tcdA, and with PPI exposure a 120-fold higher expression was noted with ribotype 001. tcdB and cdtB expressions were much less responsive to pH or PPIs, though a clear response to acidic pH and PPI exposure was observed in ribotype 027. tcdC and codY expressions were largely unaffected, except with ribotype 027; low pH and PPIs resulted in their greater expression, though to a lesser degree than with toxin genes and their positive regulators. Non-neutral pH and PPI exposure appear to have an effect on C. difficile, one that has a net effect towards toxin gene expression.

During the latter stages of a software product cycle, developers may be faced with the task of fine-tuning an embedded system that is not meeting all of its timing requirements. To aid in this process, we have created a tool called AFTER (Assist in Fine-Tuning Embedded Real-time systems) to help software designers fine-tune and debug their target real-time implementations. AFTER uses raw timing data collected from an embedded system, analyzes it by correlating the measured data with the system specifications, then provides a temporal image of the current implementation, highlighting actual and potential problems. AFTER is then used in an interactive predictor mode to help the developer fine-tune the application systematically.

Design and analysis of real-time systems is heavily based on knowing worst-case execution times (WCET) of periodic threads and aperiodic servers. Accurately measuring WCET, however, is often difficult and sometimes impossible, for several reasons: •Interrupts in the system, which either execute longer than expected or occur more frequently than anticipated may steal critical execution time from the highest priority threads. •Variations in processing speed due to caching, pipelining, and bus arbitration may alter WCET. •There is no easy way to accurately measure execution times of embedded code. As long as scheduling policies are based on WCET, these difficulties in measuring WCET inevitably lead to timing errors in the system. Many of these errors go undetected until more catastrophic failures occur, and others result in the system failing to meet its specifications, but with non-obvious reasons as to the cause of such failures. We have created low-overhead policy-independent real-time operating system (RTOS) mechanisms, which detect and handle these types of timing errors. The mechanisms can be used with a variety of common scheduling algorithms, and serve as the basis for easily extending these policies to incorporate aperiodic servers, soft real-time threads, imprecise computations, and adaptive real-time scheduling. The mechanisms have been incorporated into the Chimera RTOS[9].

The mainstay of colorectal cancer chemotherapy has been 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in combination with other agents. Unfortunately, therapeutic plasma 5-FU levels are achieved in only 20-30% of patients, in response to administration of 5-FU doses calculated from the patient's body surface area. Pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of 5-FU has been found to be beneficial for metastatic colorectal cancer patients. However, its utility among Stage II and III patients has not been reported. Purpose: We examined the impact of pharmacokinetic monitoring of 5-FU in colorectal patients with Stage II- Stage IV disease, receiving different 5-FU-based chemotherapy regimens, in terms of therapeutic response and safety. Methods: The study involved 73 colorectal cancer patients. The patients received different 5-FU based regimens; namely, FOLFOX6, mFOLFOX, FOLFIRI, and capecitabine. Thirty-five patients received 5-FU doses based on the traditional body surface area (BSA) method, which takes into account the patient's height and weight. On the other hand, in 38 patients, their 5-FU dose was adjusted based on their plasma 5-FU levels from their previous cycle. 5-FU plasma levels were measured using the commercially available OnDose test (Myriad Genetic Laboratories Inc., Salt Lake City, UT). The 5-FU levels were monitored per cycle and administered doses were adjusted accordingly until a target plasma AUC level of 20-24 mg.h/L was achieved. Results: Pharmacokinetic monitoring among Stage IV patients (n=17) had a trend toward improved survival. Out of the 8 patients that needed at least one dose adjustment, 7 of them involved increasing the 5-FU dose. 5-FU doses were not increased in the patients that did not have their 5-FU levels monitored. The ability to maximize the 5-FU dose administered without risking toxicity with PK monitoring may explain at least in part the trend towards prolonged survival in patients that underwent pharmacokinetic dose adjustment. Among Stage II and III patients, toxicities were markedly reduced by pharmacokinetic dose adjustment of 5-FU. In patients that had their doses adjusted by the BSA method, 38% experienced (7 out of 18 patients) dose-limiting toxicities, that included Grade III diarrhea, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and cardiotoxicity. In contrast, none of the patients (n=19) that underwent pharmacokinetic monitoring experienced dose-limiting toxicity (Fisher's exact test, p=0.0031). The toxicities observed in the BSA group were not among the patients that received capecitabine. Conclusions: 5-FU dose adjustment in response to pharmacokinetic monitoring results in a trend towards improved survival of Stage IV patients. Moreover, dose-limiting toxicities are reduced in Stage II and III patients. The results presented point to the benefits of pharmacokinetic dose adjustment of 5-FU in clinical practice. Citation Format: Christina Leah B. Kline, Angelique Schiccitano, Jay Zhu, Cheryl Beachler, Hassan Sheikh, Harold Harvey, Heath Mackley, Walter Koltun, Kevin McKenna, Lisa Poritz, Evangelos Messaris, David Stewart, Jeffrey Sivik, Wafik El-Deiry. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of 5-FU appears beneficial in stage II-IV colorectal cancer patients treated with different 5-FU-based chemotherapeutic regimens. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1176. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1176

Early Paleozoic amalgamation of composite terranes was contemporaneous at widely separated regions that were later accreted to either ancestral North America or to Gondwana as those two continents approached each other. Terranes closer to Laurentia amalgamated in the Late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician Penobscottian orogeny and were accreted to ancestral North America in the Middle and to Late Orodovician Taconic orogeny. Peri-Gondwanan terranes formed from Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician rocks were amalgamated in the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian to form the Salinic orogenic belt, now exposed from western Europe to southern New England. Salinic orogenic activity involved extensive thrust faulting and metamorphism, large strike-slip faults, and plutonism, all of which are represented in coastal Maine. In the Penobscot Bay region, Maine, the peri-Gondwanan St. Croix terrane was thrust northwest in the Silurian(?) upon middle amphibolite facies Ordovician and Early Silurian rocks of the Fredericton trough. Seismic reflection profiles show that the thrust fault dips southeasterly at -30° and becomes listric at about 13 ± 2 km. The thrust sheet was broken initially by the Late Silurian Penobscot Bay-Smith Cove-North Blue Hill dextral strike-slip fault which juxtaposed the peri-Gondwanan Ellsworth terrane, followed by emplacement of the South Penobscot Intrusive Suite and by a sequence of strike-slip fault zones each with up to 20 km of dextral Silurian and Early Devonian(?) movement. The strike-slip faults are interpreted to either remain steep until they reach the sole of the thrust sheet or to become listric within the thrust sheet. In the Devonian Acadian orogeny, more outboard terranes with Gondwanan affinities, like the Avalonian terranes in southern New Brunswick and in eastern Massachusetts, were amalgamated with the Silurian orogenic belt, and the resulting composite terrane was accreted to ancestral North America. Acadian deformation, mcta-morphism, and plutonism are superimposed on the Silurian orogen, blurring or obliterating the evidence of Silurian orogeny. RÉSUMÉ Le fusionnement du Paléozoique inférieur des formations géologiques composites a été simultané dans des régions très separées qui ont ultérieurement été accolées, soit à l'Amérique du Nord ancestrale, soit au Gondwana, au fur et à mesure que les deux continents se sont rapprochés l'un de l'autre. Les formations géologiques plus proches du bouclier laurentien se sont fusionnées à l'Amérique du Nord au cours de l'orogénèse Taconique de l'Ordovicien moyen à supérieur. Les formations géologiques périgondwaniennes formées de roches du Cambrien supérieur à l'Ordovicien inférieur ont été fusionnées au cours de l'Ordovicien supérieur et du Silurien inférieur pour former la ceinture orogénique Salinique, maintenant découverte à partir de l'Europe occidentale jusqu'au sud de la Nouvclle-Angleterre. L'activité orogénique salinique a comporté un métamorphisme et une dislocation de compression importants, des décrochcments étendus et le plutonisme, des phénomènes qui sont tous représentés sur la côte du Maine. Dans la région de Penobsquot Bay, au Maine, la formation géologique périgondwanienne de St. Croix a été poussée vers le nord-ouest pendant le Silurien (?) sur les roches de l'Ordovicien et du Silurien inférieur du facies intermédiate à amphibolite de la dépression de Fredericton. Les profits de réflexion sismique montrent que la faille de compression s'incline vers le sud-est selon un angle de 30° et qu'elle devient courbe après environ 13 ± 2 km. La nappe avait initialement été fracturée par le décrochement dextre du Silurien supérieur de Penobsquot Bay-Smith Cove-North Blue Hill qui avait juxtaposé la formation périgondwanienne d'Ellsworth, événement suivi par le positionnement du cortege intrusif de South Penobsquot et par une séquence de zones de décrochements accusant chacun jusqu'à 20 km de déplacement dextre au cours du Silurien et du Dévonien inférieur (?). On interprète les décrochements comme des accidents qui restent abrupts jusqu'à ce qu'ils atteignent la surface inférieure de la nappe ou comme des failles devenant courbes à l'intérieur de la nappe. Au cours de l'orogénèse Acadienne du Dévonien, d'autres formations géologiques extérieures ayant des affinites avec le Gondwana, comme la formation géologique d'Avalon, dans le sud du Nouveau-Brunswick, et dans Test du Massachusetts, ont été fusionnées avec la ceinture orogénique Silurienne, et la formation composite qui en est résultée a été accoiée à l'Amérique du Nord ancestrale. La déformation, le métamorphisme et le plutonisme Acadiens sont superposed par-dessus l'orogène du Silurien, ce qui efface et brouille la preuve de l'orogénèse Silurienne. [Traduit par la rédaction]

Function Inventory (BSFI) for men, and sexual function module of the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System (CARES) for women were mailed to 219 patients who underwent APR between 1994 and 2004. Male sexual function was compared to previously published normative data (OLeary MP, Urology 1995). 143 patients responded (response rate 65%; 71% male) of whom 53 (37%) received preoperative, 35 (25%) postoperative XRT, and 55 (38%) were treated with surgery alone. Data: median [range] or mean (SD). Results Patients treated without XRT were older compared to both other groups (66 [38-93] years vs. preoperative XRT 57 [25-92] and postoperative XRT 60 [37-88]; p

The development of software for dynamically reconfigurable sensor-based control systems is a complicated and tedious process, requiring specialization in real-time systems programming and an amount of time which may not be available, for instance, in a space laboratory. The total development time can be reduced by automatically integrating reusable software modules to create applications. The integration of these modules can be further simplified by the use of a high-level programming interface which can integrate modules developed at different sites. We have developed Onika, an iconically programmed human-machine interface, to interact with a reconfigurable software framework to create reusable code. Onika presents appropriate work environments for both application engineers and end-users. For engineers, icons representing real-time software modules can be combined to form real-time jobs. For the end-user, icons representing these jobs are assembled by the user into applications. Onika verifies that all jobs and applications are syntactically correct, non-ambiguous, and complete. They can then be executed from within Onika, or can be saved as a stand-alone program which can be executed independently on the underlying real-time operating system. Onika can retrieve and use software modules created at other sites with modules created locally. While Onika has been fully integrated with the Chimera real-time operating system in order to control several different robotic systems in the Advanced Manipulators Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, it can also function independently of Chimera. Onika will be used in connection with NASA Langley Research Center’s Intravehicular Autonomous Robot (IVAR) space manipulator laboratory.

This paper describes the ChimeraII Real-time Operating System, which has been developed for advanced sensor-based control applications. It has been designed as a local operating system, to be used in conjunction with a global operating system. It executes on one or more single board computers in a VMEbus-based system. Advanced sensor-based control systems are both statically and dynamically reconfigurable. As a result, they require many special features, which are currently not found in commercial real-time operating systems. In this paper, we present several design issues for such systems, and we also present the features we have developed and implemented as part of Chimera II. These features include a real-time kernel with dynamic scheduling, global error handling, user signals, and two levels of device drivers; an enhanced collection of interprocessor communication mechanisms, including global shared memory, spin-locks, remote semaphores, priority message passing, global state variable tables, multiprocessor servo task control, and host workstation integration; and several support utilities, including a UNIX C and math libraries, a matrix library, a command interpreter library, and a configuration file library. Chimera II is currently being used with a variety of systems, including the CMU Direct Drive Arm II, the CMU Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System, the Troikabot System for Rapid Assembly, and the Self-Mobile Space Manipulator.

Transects produced by the North American Continent-Ocean Transect Program (Speed and others, 1982; U.S. Geodynamics Committee, 1989) describe the complex orogen formed along the Late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian rifted margin of the Laurentian craton, including continental rocks of the Grenville province, which themselves had been earlier formed by a Middle Proterozoic continent-continent collision. Continental accretion was followed by continental separation and the formation of a passive continental margin. This 900-km-long transect crosses the entire Appalachian orogen and the passive continental margin from the craton to Atlantic oceanic crust. It is supported by abundant seismic reflection and refraction data that were gathered specifically for this transect, in part, to resolve questions posed by the earlier transects across the Atlantic passive continental margin. Thus, it is a "second-generation" transect. This transect has been accepted in the Global Geoscience Transects Project (CC-7) of the InterUnion Commission on the Lithosphere, International Council of Scientific Unions (Monger, 1986) as Transect 8. The Quebec-Maine-Gulf of Maine transect provides excellent data that can be used to understand the processes of continental accretion and separation. An uncertain number, possibly ten or more, of tectonostratigraphic terranes of predominantly continental affinity were accreted to the craton, as shown by the transect. In addition, at least two oceanic terranes also were accreted. Although some terranes had been joined together to form composite terranes before being accreted (Boone and Boudette, 1989, describe an example), in general, these terranes were accreted episodically to the southeastern (current geographic direction) part of the craton by thrust and (or) strike-slip faulting at successively younger times during the Paleozoic. The terranes differ principally in the nature of their Late Proterozoic to middle Paleozoic history and stratigraphy (Keppie, 1989) and paleontology (Neuman and others, 1989). Accretion in the part of the orogen shown on this transect took place during multiple collisional or transpressive episodes in the early and middle Paleozoic. . A very thick continental crust was produced during these episodes. Geologic evidence that indicates the formation of this

The Sydney basin on the east coast of Australia holds very extensive black coal deposits of both steaming and coking quality. In the locality of Appin approximately 50 km south of Sydney the Bulli coal seam is approximately 3 m thick and is generally at a depth underground of500 m, where the terrain is gently undulating. Previous dynamite 3D reflection seismic studies of this region (Lambourne et al., 1989) were made to assist planning of longwall mining by BHP Steel International. A 2D section over a length of 480 m including a borehole down through the coal was selected for study using a new hydraulic vibrator source developed over the last ten years (Stewart, 1986, 1989). The main objective of the vibrator study was comparison of surface seismic reflection results with dynamite results taken from the 3D survey to highlight reflection spectra and the resultant resolution of dynamite versus vibrator. The vibrator is shown to transmit and reflect far higher frequency data than has previously been obtained by dynamite in this area of the Sydney basin. Dynamite data contained predominant frequencies around 80 Hz, whereas the vibrator data contained predominant frequencies around 175 Hz.

Neonatal small left colon syndrome is a functional disease of the lower colon which produces typical signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. It is manifest in the first 24-48 hours of life, particularly in infants of diabetic mothers and, if detected early, it can be fully cured by radiographic contrast enemas, not unlike meconium plug syndrome. Intestinal perforation and death may occur, however. The etiology of the disease is unknown but it may relate to neurohumoral imbalances between the autonomic nervous system and glucagon.

Summary. A simple line-migration technique has been developed and applied to deep crustal reflection data collected in the northern Appalachians of Quebec and central Maine. Preliminary interpretation of these data, combined with the results of gravity and refraction studies, shows thinning of the crust in two distinct steps beneath the Silurian-Devonian Merrimack synclinorium and shows evidence for Mesozoic crustal stretching and dike intrusion.

From 1983 to 1984 the United States Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada undertook a series of seismic experiments to determine the crustal structure of the Appalachian mountain belt in Maine and southeast Quebec. These experiments included four deep crustal seismic reflection profiles perpendicular to the strike of regional geological trends and several high-resolution refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles both parallel and perpendicular to strike. Here the data recorded in Quebec and the northwest part of Maine are interpreted in conjunction with existing reflection profiles from Quebec. Synthetic seismogram calculations in laterally varying media are used to model the refraction/wide-angle reflection data, while reprocessing, migration, and attribute plotting are used in the interpretation of the reflection data. A major zone of reflections extending over a distance exceeding 200 km can be traced from shallow depths beneath the St. Lawrence Lowlands southeast to about 25 km depth beneath the southeast edge of the Chain Lakes Massif. This zone of reflections is interpreted as a master decollement separating autochthonous Grenville basement from overlying allochthonous rocks of the Appalachian Orogen, including foreshortened miogeoclinal rocks, the remnants of one or more magmatic arcs, the Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium, and the Chain Lakes Massif. In the vicinity of the Chain Lakes Massif, extension has caused Grenville basement to be thinned by as much as 40%. Reflections from the decollement show strong layering and evidence for basement faulting associated with the Guadeloupe and other faults. Normal incidence and wide-angle reflections are observed to be almost continuous beneath the Baie Verte - Brompton Line and Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium, indicating that the Baie Verte - Brompton Line is confined to the upper crust. The Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium is characterized by P-wave velocities of about 5.3 km s−1 and is shown to be a shallow structure with a maximum depth of about 3 km. Rock velocities immediately below the Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium are typical of Chain Lakes material (6.1 km s−1). A new model for the tectonic development of the region is proposed in which all pre-Silurian units between the Baie Verte - Brompton Line and the southeastern edge of the Chain Lakes Massif are allochthonous and confined to the upper crust. We infer that the Chain Lakes Massif, volcanics of the Ascot-Weedon Formation, and associated deeper crustal rocks were thrust over Grenvillian basement as a composite unit and may now underlie parts of the Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium.

Geometric ergodicity is proved for a supercritical Galton-Watson process subject to a state dependent immigration component.

An analytical solution of one dimensional unsteady heat conduction applicable to heat transfer through structural elements forms the basis of a mathematical model to describe transient response while absorbed heat flux is constant. This is useful for determination of starting transients or time delays in heat transfer. It also enables simple calculation of thermal time constant as a first step to predict frequency response before proceeding to analysis in the frequency domain. Solar absorption and simultaneous forced convection at exterior building surfaces together with the linked conduction through homogeneous wall etc., plus convection at inside surfaces contributes to an overall heat balance for heat gains and losses. Calculations show the extent to which a house wall is a governing thermal resistance. Analytical work is finally presented in normalized graphical form to illustrate transient temperature profiles across homogeneous structural elements and the related transient heat flux at inside surfaces.

In October 1961 a hole was drilled through the 35-foot crust on Kilauea Iki lava lake, and a hollow stainless steel-mullite probe containing a thermocouple was forced 4 feet into the underlying melt. Observations made during emplacement of the probe permit the base of the crust to be identified as the 1065°C isotherm. The maximum temperature measured in the molten lava was 1106°C. The thermal gradient in the liquid was 5°C per foot, and the cooling rate for a 22-day period was 0.5°C per day at a depth of 39.2 feet. After the first 8.1 months, the average rate of crustal thickening for a 13.3-month period was 0.94 foot per month.

The method proposed by Stewart and Ribbe (1969) to deduce the Al/Si ordering scheme of alkali feldspar has been tested using precise cell parameters from known crystal structures and from alkali feldspars used in cation exchange, heating, and thermochemical experiments. All of the basic assumptions of the Stewart-Ribbe model have been sustained, although small changes are necessary in cell parameters for the low albite and high sanidine end members. The b-c and α*-γ* plots are revised and used to characterize Al/Si distributions of 98 alkali feldspars, mostly from previously studied collections, whose cell parameters have been newly determined. The b-c plot is contoured for a, using data from many homogeneous feldspars. The index of strain ∆a, is defined as a[observed] minus a[estimated], where a[estimated] is derived from the b-c plot, with ∆a > 0.05 Å arbitrarily reset as the « threshold » for strained feldspars. Cell parameters of 138 potassic feldspars, together with our new data, are used to define for natural feldspars the interrelations of Al/Si distribution and symmetry to geologic occurrence and thermal history. These data are also used to discuss the related processes of alkali exsolution, polymorphism, and development of strain in natural feldspars. A suite of 139 potassic feldspars from a single geologic area studied by Guidotti, Herd, and Tuttle (1973) is also interpreted to yield details of the ordering process and symmetry change between orthoclase and microcline. We conclude that maximum microcline, orthoclase with 0.8 ± 0.1 A1 in T₁ sites, and low sanidine with 0.58 ± 0.05 A1 in T₁ sites are abundant because they form in especially common thermal regimes in nature, not because they represent energetically preferred ordering configurations. Orthoclase is stable from 750° C to at least as low as 625° C (sillimanite-grade metamorphic rocks and quartz monzonite or adamellite plutons) and apparently is a primary crystallization product because more highly disordered feldspar has not been found in these environments. Assuming maximum microcline to be stable below 375° ± 50° C, and low sanidine to be stable between 800°-900° C, the equilibrium Al/Si distributions in potassic feldspars vary nonlinearly with temperature, resembling those for sodic feldspars. Furthermore, the equilibrium amount of Al in T₁ sites may nearly correspond in potassium and sodium feldspars formed at the same temperature. The equilibration rate is much faster for sodic feldspars, and even the slow cooling of thousands of cubic kilometers of metamorphic rocks may be inadequate for potassic feldspars to attain equilibrium Al/Si distributions. Potassic feldspars whose T₁ sites contain 0.95 to 0.70 of the total Al may be either monoclinic or triclinic by X-ray powder diffraction methods. The monoclinic structure with orthogonal transverse wawes described by McConnell in 1971 seems able to accommodate as much as 0.92 Al in T₁ sites. Only triclinic potassic feldspars contain more than 0.95 Al in T₁ sites, and no triclinic potassic feldspar contains less than 0.70 Al in T₁ sites. Ordering of Al/Si in monoclinic alkali feldspar is continuous ; the geologic evidence from assemblages obtained both by heating and by cooling is most satisfactorily interpreted by hypothesizing a discontinuous transformation between monoclinic orthoclase and triclinic microcline. The symmetry change does not occur at one particular value of Al in T₁ sites. Many paths for the ordering of intermediate microcline are followed in nature ; thus we were unable to deduce a stability field for intermediate microcline. Strained feldspars, which are common in nature, make up about one-third of the samples studied by us. They occur as perthitic composites, and although the unit cell volumes of the coexisting phases are consistent with their respective compositions, the other cell parameters, particularly the cell edges, are significantly different from homogeneous feldspars in which Ab + Or components exceed 95 percent. The amount of strain in the potassic phase is greatest for perthites with sodic bulk composition, and our data suggest a linear dependence of strain on Ab content of the bulk perthite. Individual phases in cryptoperthites show substantially more strain than those in microperthites, but the maximum amount of strain possible is nearly independent of the Al/Si order or the symmetry of either phase. The amount of strain depends only qualitatively on size of exsolution lamellae, thinner lamellae apparently being more highly strained. However, electron-microscopic study of samples with lower strain is needed. The relation of greatest strain with greatest coherent coupling, as described by Willaime and Brown, and others, explains our observations., La méthode de détermination du degré d'ordre-désordre Ai/Si d'un feldspath alcalin proposé en 1969 par Stewart et Ribbe est testée dans cette étude. Dans ce but les dimensions précises de la maille de feldspaths de structure bien connue et celles des échantillons utilisés pour les expériences d'échanges des cation, d'effets thermiques et de la thermochimie ont été employées. Toutes les hypothèses de base du modèle Stewart-Ribbe ont été confirmées. De légères modifications sont toutefois nécessaires pour les paramètres des mailles d'albite de B. T. et de sanidine H. T. Les graphiques représentant la variation de b en fonction de c et celle de α* en fonction de γ* sont révisés. Ces diagrammes ont été utilisés pour caractériser la distribution des atomes de Al et Si dans les mailles de 98 feldspaths alcalins. La plupart d'entre eux ont été utilisés dans les études précédentes mais leurs dimensions de maille ont été de nouveau déterminées. Le graphique représentant la variation de b en fonction de c indique également l'influence de a sur cette variation. Cette influence a été établie par les données de beaucoup de feldspaths homogènes. L'indice de contrainte ∆a est défini comme a[obs] – a[est] où a[est] désigne la valeur de a estimée à partir des données de b et c en utilisant le graphique b-c. Un échantillon de feldspath ayant ∆a > 0,05 Å est considéré « sous contrainte ». Les dimensions de la maille des 138 feldspaths potassiques, compte tenu des nouvelles données de cette étude, ont été utilisées pour relier la distribution des atomes Al et Si et la symétrie de la maille des feldspaths naturels à leur mode de gisement et à leur histoire thermique. Ces données ont été également utilisées pour discuter les processus d'exsolution des alcalins, le polymorphisme et la progression des contraintes dans les feldspaths naturels. Une série de données de 139 feldspaths potassiques provenant d'une même région géologique et étudiés par Guidotti, Herd et Tuttle (1973) est interprétée pour obtenir des informations détaillées sur les processus de mise en ordre et de variation de la symétrie entre orthose et microcline. Les résultats de ces examens permettent de conclure que le « microcline maximal », orthose avec 0,8 ± 0,1 Al dans les sites T₁ et la sanidine B. T. avec 0,58 ± 0,05 Al dans T₁ sont fréquents parce qu'ils se forment dans des conditions thermodynamiques souvent présentes dans la nature et non en raison de la configuration d'ordre préférentiel énergétique des atomes. L'orthose est stable de 750° C jusqu'à moins de 625° C (roches métamorphiques de degrés sillimanite et des plutones de monzonite quartzifère ou d'adamellite) . Elle semble être un produit de cristallisation primaire, parce qu'il n'existe pas de feldspaths plus désordonnés dans ces contextes géologiques. Se basant sur l'hypothèse que le microcline maximal est stable en dessous de 375 ± 50° C et la sanidine B. T. entre 800-900° C, l'équilibre de distribution Ai/Si dans les feldspaths potassiques ne varie pas linéairement avec la température. Ceci est aussi valable pour les feldspaths sodiques. A l'état d'équilibre pour une température donnée de formation, le nombre d'atomes Al dans les sites T₁ pour les feldspaths sodiques est sensiblement le même que pour les feldspaths potassiques. L'équilibre est atteint beaucoup plus rapidement pour les feldspaths sodiques que pour les feldspaths potassiques. Même le refroidissement de quelques milliers de kilomètres cubes de roches métamorphiques n'est pas suffisamment lent pour qu'un feldspaths potassique atteigne l'équilibre de la distribution Al-Si. Les feldspaths potassiques ayant 95 à 70 % des atomes dans les sites T₁ peuvent apparaître monocliniques ou tricliniques sur les diagrammes de poudre. La structure monoclinique possédant une ondulation orthogonale transversale décrite par McConnell (1971) semble pouvoir accepter 92 % d'atomes d'Al dans les sites T₁. II n'y a jamais de feldspaths potassiques tricliniques contenant moins de 70 % d'atomes Al dans les sites T₁. Le processus de mise en ordre des feldspaths alcalins monocliniques est continu. C'est une transformation discontinue de l'orthose monoclinique en microcline triclinique qui explique le mieux les assemblages naturels rencontrés. Le changement de symétrie NE SE PRODUIT PAS pour une valeur bien déterminée du nombre d'atomes Al dans les sites T₁. Il existe dans la nature beaucoup de processus pour mettre en ordre la structure des microclines intermédiaires. Il est par conséquent impossible de déduire de ces observations le domaine de stabilité du microcline intermédiaire. Les feldspaths sous contrainte constituent un tiers des feldspaths étudiés. Ils sont fréquents dans la nature. Ils se trouvent comme constituants des perthites. Bien que les volumes de la maille de chacun des feldspaths coexistant dans une perthite soient compatibles avec leurs compositions respectives, les autres paramètres, longueur de la maille notamment, sont significativement différents de ceux des feldspaths homogènes dans lesquels la teneur (Or + Ab) est supérieure à 95 %. La contrainte dans une phase potassique est maximale lorsqu'elle se trouve dans les perthites de composition globale riche en sodium. Le présent résultat suggère que le degré de contrainte est proportionnel à la teneur globale en Ab de la perthite. Les phases individuelles se manifestent avec plus de contrainte dans les cryptoperthites que dans les microperthites, mais la contrainte maximale possible dans un feldspath est presque indépendante du degré d'ordre-désordre ou de la symétrie de chaque phase. La quantité de contrainte contenue dans un feldspath dépend qualitativement de la taille des lamelles d'exsolution. Plus les lamelles sont minces plus la contrainte contenue dans le cristal sera grande. La plus forte contrainte est dans la direction du couplage cohérent le plus fort, relation décrite par Willaime et Brown et par d'autres auteurs, ceci explique bien les observations de cette étude., Stewart David B., Wright Thomas L. Al/Si order and symmetry of natural potassic feldspars, and the relationship of strained cell parameters to bulk composition. In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 97, 2-5, 1974. Les solutions solides en minéralogie. Colloque international du C.N.R.S. n° 234. 27-30 mai 1974, Orléans, France.

l -Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) from Rhodotorula rubra has been used in the commercial manufacture of l -phenylalanine from trans -cinnamic acid. In this study, R. graminis PAL was investigated. Mutant strain GX6000 was isolated after ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of wild-type R. graminis GX5007 by selecting for resistance to phenylpropiolic acid, an analog of trans -cinnamic acid. Mutant strain GX6000 produced inducible PAL at levels four- to fivefold higher than had wild-type R. graminis. Furthermore, this strain had several other physiological traits that make it more commercially useful than R. rubra. For example, during fermentation, the PAL half-life was three- to fivefold longer, PAL specific activity was six to seven times higher, and PAL synthesis was significantly less inhibited by temperatures above 30°C. Induction of PAL in strain GX6000 appeared to be less tightly regulated; l -leucine acted synergistically with l -phenylalanine, the physiological inducer, to increase the PAL specific activity and titer to 165 U/g (dry weight) and 3,000 U/liter, respectively, a 40% increase over the effect of l -phenylalanine alone. Strain GX6000 PAL showed significantly greater stability in bioreactors for the synthesis of l -phenylalanine, a finding that is consistent with the stability properties observed during fermentation.

An alkalophilic Bacillus sp., strain GX6638 (ATCC 53278), was isolated from soil and shown to produce a minimum of three alkaline proteases. The proteases were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and were distinguishable by their isoelectric point, molecular weight, and electrophoretic mobility. Two of the proteases, AS and HS, which exhibited the greatest alkaline and thermal stability, were characterized further. Protease HS had an apparent molecular weight of 36,000 and an isoelectric point of approximately 4.2, whereas protease AS had a molecular weight of 27,500 and an isoelectric point of 5.2. Both enzymes had optimal proteolytic activities over a broad pH range (pH 8 to 12) and exhibited temperature optima of 65 degrees C. Proteases HS and AS were further distinguished by their proteolytic activities, esterolytic activities, sensitivity to inhibitors, and their alkaline and thermal stability properties. Protease AS was extremely alkali stable, retaining 88% of initial activity at pH 12 over a 24-h incubation period at 25 degrees C; protease HS exhibited similar alkaline stability properties to pH 11. In addition, protease HS had exceptional thermal stability properties. At pH 9.5 (0.1 M CAPS buffer, 5 mM EDTA), the enzyme had a half-life of more than 200 min at 50 degrees C and 25 min at 60 degrees C. At pH above 9.5, protease HS readily lost enzymatic activity even in the presence of exogenously supplied Ca2+. In contrast, protease AS was more stable at pH above 9.5, and Ca2+ addition extended the half-life of the enzyme 10-fold at 60 degrees C. In contrast, protease AS was more stable at pH above 9.5, and Ca2+ addition extended the half-life of the enzyme 10-fold at 60 degrees C. The data presented here clearly indicate that these two alkaline proteases from Bacillus sp. strain GX6638 represent novel proteases that differ fundamentally from the proteases previously described for members of the genus Bacillus.

The St Croix Terrane of coastal Maine and adjacent New Brunswick is characterized by Ordovician carbonaceous pelites in the upper part of the stratigraphic section. These pelites are locally interbedded with mafic volcanic rocks. Metamorphism in the terrane varies from the albite-epidote-homfels facies along the New Brunswick-Maine border to greenschist and lower amphibolite facies in southwestern Maine. The mafic volcanic rocks are evolved basalts that have trace-element abundances similar to intraplate tholeiites. Their La/ Nb ratios of 1.3 to 1.9 and absolute REE concentrations of 30 times chondrite in the more evolved basalts arc features common to many continental flood basalts. Enrichment in high field-strength elements relative to MORB distinguishes them from volcanic-arc tholeiites. Deposition of carbonaceous pelites coincided with the widespread development of oceanic crust in the early Paleozoic. The trace-element and REE patterns of the associated basalts suggest eruption through rifted continental crust marginal to an expanding ocean basin. RÉSUMÉ La présence de pelites riches en carbonc dans la panic supérieure de sa section stratigraphique caractérise la Lanière de St. Croix qui se rencontre au littoral du Maine et dans les régions du Nouveau-Brunswick avoisinantes. Ces pélites s'interlilent localement avec des volcanites mafiques. Le métamorphisme de la lanière va du faciès des coméennes à albite et épidote le long de la frontière entre le Nouveau-Brunswick et le Maine jusqu'au faciès inférieurdes amphibolites dans le sud-ouest du Maine. Les volcanites mafiques sont des basaltes évoluws présentant des abondances d'élénents en traces semblables à celles des tholeiites intraplaques. Leurs rapports La/Nb de 1.3 à 1.9, ainsi que leurs concentrations absolues en T.R. égales à 30 fois celles des chondrites au sein des basaltes plus évolués, sont communes à plusieurs nappes d'inondation basaltique continentales. On les distingue des tholeiites d 'arc insulaire par lew enrichissement en éléments à inlensite de champelevée par rapport aux MORB. Le dépôt de pelites riches en carbone coincida avec le développement largement repandu de cro&#xFBt;e océanique au début du Paléozoique. Les spectres de T.R. et d'éléments en traces des basaltes qui leur sont associées suggercnt une eruption à travers une croûte continentale à la dérive en bordure d'un bassin oceanique en expansion. [Traduit par le journal]

The yeast Rhodotorula graminis utilizes benzoate, D,L-mandelate, phenylalanine, and salicylate as sole sources of carbon and energy. Pathways for phenylalanine and mandelate catabolism converge at benzoate; growth of R. graminis on phenylalanine, man-delate, and benzoate elicits the synthesis of benzoate-4-hydroxy-lase, £-hydroxybenzoate-3-hydroxylase, and protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase; these enzymes were not detected in crude extracts prepared from salicylate-grown cells. Mutants deficient in either £-hydroxybenzoate-3-hydroxylase or protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase were unable to utilize benzoate, phenylalanine, or mandelate; salicylate, however, did support growth. Revertants obtained from either class of mutants resulted in wild-type growth on benzoate, phenylalanine, and mandelate.

Microorganisms oxidize many aromatic compounds through the dihydroxylated intermediates catechol and protocatechuate and through the beta-ketoadipate pathway. The catabolic sequences used by the yeast Rhodotorula graminis for the dissimilation of aromatic compounds were elucidated after biochemical analysis of pleiotropically negative mutant strains. Growth properties of one mutant strain revealed that benzoate-4-hydroxylase was required for the utilization of phenylalanine, mandelate, and benzoate. Analysis of benzoate-4-hydroxylase- and p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase-deficient mutants provided genetic evidence that benzoate was hydroxylated in the para position forming p-hydroxybenzoate. Enzyme assays and growth studies with wild-type and mutant strains of R. graminis indicated that separate and highly specific hydroxylases oxidized p-hydroxybenzoate and m-hydroxybenzoate to protocatechuate. Examination of a protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase-deficient mutant demonstrated the role of the protocatechuate branch of the eucaryotic beta-ketoadipate pathway for the utilization of phenylalanine, mandelate, benzoate, and m-hydroxybenzoate. Salicylate, on the other hand, was shown to be metabolized through catechol. Thus, R. graminis differs from other yeasts such as Trichosporon cutaneum and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in that it contains both branches of the beta-ketodipate pathway.

Sequential compression devices (SCD) have become the most common form of prophylaxis against the formation of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) among surgical patients. However, compliance with SCD has traditionally been poor. The aim of this study was to assess the affect of patient and nurse education by surgeons on SCD compliance. This was a prospective study involving a single teaching hospital. Compliance was checked twice daily. The main outcomes were compliance rates with SCD use before and after nurse and patient education. Nurses were not aware of the study. Surgical floors had a history of resident and attending interactions regarding SCD, whereas nonsurgical floors did not. A handout that emphasized SCD importance was also given to patients on surgical units. Before education, surgical units had a compliance rate of 61.5 per cent, whereas nonsurgical units had a 48 per cent compliance rate. This difference was significant (P = 0.014). After nursing and patient education on the busiest surgical floor, compliance rates on the surgical ward increased to 65 per cent, a difference that was not of statistical significance (P = 0.515). A nursing unit's daily experience is the most important factor in their compliance rates with SCD use. Focused nursing lectures and patient education may have incremental value.

Crystals of calcic bytownite from type B rocks have space group I1 with c approximately 14 angstroms. Bytownite crystals from type A rocks are more sodic and have space group C1, c approximately 7 angstroms. Cell parameters of eight bulk feldspar separates from crystalline rocks indicate that the range of angle gamma is about 23 times the standard error of measurement, and its value might be useful for estimation of composition. Cell parameters of seven ilmenites are close to those of pure FeTiO(3).

This text explores the rise of modern architecture in Japan since 1868 and the interaction between tradition and innovation, East and West.

The cost of shot hole drilling is often more expensive than using vibratory energy sources in high resolution seismic surveying. However, such costs are often accepted since conventional vibrators cannot always provide the extreme imaging capacity required in high resolution work. Conventional seismic vibrators sweep in a range from 5 Hz to 250 Hz ? the range of which is limited by the vibrator. The impulse train of the high resolution wacker used by the MiniSOSIE1 system is also band limited, causing a reduction in imaging resolution. The ideal solution is to sweep a broad range of frequencies from the lower seismic range to as high as 500 Hz. This could offer a cost effective solution to the acquisition of broad band high resolution data. In high resolution seismic profiling, explosives are commonly used as the source. Small charges below the weathered layer produce the highest frequency content (Ziolkowski and Lerwill, 1979). Unfortunately, the cost of drilling shot holes is a major component of the survey costs. For oil exploration in Australia/New Zealand, dynamite surveys average 43% more than Vibroseis2 surveys in dollars per kilometre (Montgomery, 1987), despite more hardware being required for Vibroseis recording.The MiniSOSIE system is also used for some high resolution surveys, because it is relatively cheap. However, this does not achieve equivalent results to small explosives. It will give worse results as the soil becomes softer, as the rebound from an impact takes longer, and hence the wavelet is broader.An alternative to these sources is the hydraulic powered vibrator, which has sometimes been used for high resolution coal work in Europe. With vibrators, the spectrum is controllable within certain limits. The Vibroseis system can also produce zero phase wavelets, if used properly with its controllable frequency wave-train sweep; and with repeatable multiple sweeps this results in enhancement of signal to noise ratio together with the promise of the highest frequency returns. Zero phase wavelets have slightly better resolution than the same bandwidth minimum phase wavelets as produced by impulsive sources. The breadth (t) of a zero phase Klauder wavelet with a boxcar spectrum can be predicted from the sweep start (fS) and end (fE) frequencies by the approximation: [see full text for equation]. By sweeping 50 to 500 Hz, a wavelet 1.8 ms wide should result, which is the resolution required to locate faults with a throw of less than two metres. In practice, a wider wavelet may be obtained, due to absorption of the high frequency energy. The Vibrator Seismic Source (VSS) is presented here in its first application of this new hydraulic powered vibratory source, which operates under different mechanical and electronic control than used heretofore by conventional vibratory sources. The VSS has been developed continuously since 1980 when an initial grant was received from NERDDC. During the intervening years till 1987, two more grants were received (Stewart, 1988). A recent further NERDDC grant was received in 1988 jointly by ACIRL, Curtin University and University College ADFA for areal coal seam mapping by three-dimensional seismic reflection surveying, with an emphasis on high resolution imaging of faults. The novelty of the VSS lies in the use of a single flow path for hydraulic oil through the flow stage of a Servo Popper Valve (SPV) (Stewart, 1986). This powers the vibrator by application of the oil to only one side of a piston in the linear actuator which produces the forced output of the vibrator on the surface of the earth. Conventional vibrators use a spool valve to alternately reverse the flow of oil into opposite chambers of a double acting cylinder. Hence the VSS has a fluid power advantage over conventional vibrators and this is evident by better performance at the higher frequencies. The VSS can sweep typically from 50 Hz to 500 Hz, and was initially field tested as a high resolution energy source. Innovations in both mechanical and electronic control systems are presented and results of the initial field trials of the VSS are compared to explosive seismic source results. 1Trade Mark of CGG 2Trade Mark of Conoco

The correlation of the Castine Volcanics, the Thorofare Andesite–Vinalhaven Rhyolite sequence, and the Cranberry Island Series of Shaler (1889), suggested by their similar lithologies, appearance, and structural histories, is supported by the results of Rb-Sr whole-rock isotopic analyses and by the faunal assemblages from old and new fossil localities in the Castine Volcanics, Ames Knob Formation, and Thorofare Andesite. The volcanic rocks are partly Late Silurian, but mostly Early Devonian in age and yield an average radiogenic age of 390 ± 5 m.y. The use of calcite-bearing volcanic samples for whole-rock Rb-Sr dating degrades the method by greatly increasing the uncertainty of the isochron and initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 . Lower to Middle Devonian granitic plutons have initial ratios of Sr 87 and Sr 86 similar to those in the volcanic formations. The Castine Volcanics and the Lower Devonian granite of Sedgwick may be comagmatic, but the time interval between the extrusion of the Vinalhaven Rhyolite and its intrusion by the Middle Devonian granite of Vinalhaven Island is too long to support the comagmatic hypothesis.