Search

Treatment and prognoses of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) varies by diagnosis. Obtaining a uniform diagnosis among observers is difficult.Evaluate diagnostic agreement between academic and community-based physicians for patients with DPLDs, and determine if an interactive approach between clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists improved diagnostic agreement in community and academic centers.Retrospective review of 39 patients with DPLD. A total of 19 participants reviewed cases at 2 community locations and 1 academic location. Information from the history, physical examination, pulmonary function testing, high-resolution computed tomography, and surgical lung biopsy was collected. Data were presented in the same sequential fashion to three groups of physicians on separate days.Each observer's diagnosis was coded into one of eight categories. A kappa statistic allowing for multiple raters was used to assess agreement in diagnosis. Interactions between clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists improved interobserver agreement at both community and academic sites; however, final agreement was better within academic centers (kappa = 0.55-0.71) than within community centers (kappa = 0.32-0.44). Clinically significant disagreement was present between academic and community-based physicians (kappa = 0.11-0.56). Community physicians were more likely to assign a final diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with academic physicians.Significant disagreement exists in the diagnosis of DPLD between physicians based in communities compared with those in academic centers. Wherever possible, patients should be referred to centers with expertise in diffuse parenchymal lung disorders to help clarify the diagnosis and provide suggestions regarding treatment options.

Raw cows' milk inoculated with four laboratory strains (10 2 -10 5 cfu/mL) of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) was pasteurized in a custom designed pilot plant pasteurizer having a maximum throughput of 580 L/h under turbulent flow conditions. Following 16 pasteurizer trials none of the Map strains survived high-temperature short-time conditions (72.5°C x 27 s) whether milk was homogenized or not. Two dairy herds containing animals which were faecal positive for Map were sourced and milk was collected for pasteurization studies. Milk collected from one herd on five occasions in the autumn did not contain any detectable Map organisms, and the second herd that was sampled on only one occasion in early winter was shown to contain Map at low concentration. Map was not detected in any of these milks following pasteurization at 72.5 5°C for 27 s. Two natural isolates of Map inoculated into milk were likewise inactivated on pasteurization.

More specifically the paper is about the Professional learning Project: a workplace learning initiative. The project has been operating at Central Queensland University, through a formal partnership with Sunshine Coast State schools, since 2004. The project impetus is to bridge the theory practice divide in teacher education through a valid partnership model, between a university and an industry employer, that develops the capabilities of current and future teachers. The project is the vehicle through which a common classroom language is developed to facilitate shared understanding for the undergraduate and their teacher mentor. The project aim is to develop teacher capability, current and future, through a focus on expert pedagogy. The Professional Learning Project is an action learning professional development product that bridges the theory practice divide.

One of the challenges that higher education faces is to find how to approach the sustainability in an inclusive way to the student within all the different academic areas, how to move the sustainable development from the abstract field to the operational field. This research comes from the ecoliteracy and the pedagogical praxis as tools for rebuilding the teaching processes inside of universities. The purpose is to determine and describe which are the factors involved in the process of learning particularly in the Greenhouse-School Siembra UV. In the Greenhouse-School Siembra UV, of the University of Veracruz, are cultivated vegetables, medicinal plants and small cornfields under the usage of eco-technologies such as hydroponics, Wickingbed and Hugelkultur, which main purpose is the saving of space, labor and natural resources, as well as function as agricultural production alternatives in the urban and periurban zones. The sample was formed with students from different academic areas and who are actively involved in the greenhouse, as well as institutes from the University of Veracruz and governmental and nongovernmental departments. This project comes from a pedagogic praxis approach, from filling the needs that the different professional profiles of the university students have. All this with the purpose of generate a pragmatic dialogue with the sustainability. It also comes from the necessity to understand the factors that intervene in the students' praxis. In this manner is how the students are the fundamental unit in the sphere of sustainability. As a result, it is observed that those University of Veracruz students who are involved in the Greenhouse-school, Siembra UV, have enriched in different levels the sense of urban and periurban agriculture because of the diverse academic approaches they have and the interaction between them. It is concluded that the ecotechnologies act as fundamental tools for ecoliteracy in society, where it is strengthen the nutritional and food security from a sustainable development approach., {"references":["Runge Peña, Andrés Klaus; Muñoz Gaviria, Diego Alejandro (2012).\n\"Pedagogía y praxis (práctica educativa o educación. De nuevo: una\ndiferencia necesaria\". In Latinoamerican magazine of Educative Studies\n(Colombia), vol. 8, no. 2, July to December, Manizales, Colombia:\nUniversidad de Caldas, pp. 75-96.G.","Capra Fritjob (1997) The web of life: a new scientific understanding of\nliving systemes, Edit. Anchor W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems\n(Book style). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.","De Alba, A. y Viesca, M., (Coords.) 1987. Educación Ambiental y\nEscuela Primaria en México. México: Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano\ny Ecología (SEDUE).","González-Gaudiano, E., Andrade P., Ruiz, A., y Morelos, S., 1986,\nLineamientos Conceptuales y Metodológicos de la Educación Ambiental\nNo Formal. Dirección General de Promoción Ambiental y Participación\nComunitaria, México: Subsecretaría de Ecología.","Leff, E., 2004, Saber ambiental, sustentabilidad, racionalidad,\ncomplejidad, poder, siglo XXI, PNUMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.H.","Complexus. 2004. Conclusiones del \"Foro de discusión en Educación\nSuperior y Desarrollo Sustentable\", organized by Consorcio Mexicano\nde Programas Ambientales Universitarios para el Desarrollo Sustentable\n(Complexus), León, Guanajuato.","Breitling, S. y Mogensen F., 1999, Action competence and\nenvironmental education. Cambridge J. Education 29(3):349-353.","Macedo, B., y Salgado, C., 2007, Educación ambiental y educación para\nel desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, OREALC/UNESCO\nSantiago (Oficina Regional de Educación de la UNESCO para América\nLatina y el Caribe).","Morín, E., 1999. Los siete saberes necesarios para la educación del\nfuturo. Ed. Magisterio. Bogotá. Colombia.\n[10] Moreneo, 1990 La estrategia aprendizaje en la educación formal:\nenseñar a pensar y sobre el pensar. Universidad Autónoma de\nBarcelona.\n[11] Nisbet, J. y Shucksmith,J., 1987: Estrategias de aprendizaje. Madrid:\nSantillana/Aula XXI.\n[12] Borroto, M.; Gutiérrez, I.; Talabera, B., Quesada, M.; Nuñez, A.,\nRodríguez, l. A.; 2011, Estrategia para la Educación Ambiental en\ncomunidades cubanas, Electronic magazine of environment 10:1-12.\n[13] Ortiz, M., J., Fuentes, G., A. y Masera, C., O., 2012, En búsqueda de\nalternativas tecnológicas para la solución de problemas socioecológicos,\nBoletín de la UNAM, Campus Morelia No. 36.\n[14] Turner, J., 1972, Freedom to Build, dweller control of the housing\nprocess. New York: Macmillan."]}

Our paper investigates household practices that use electricity, their relation to systems of provision and the enactment of domestic sociality. The results of this research conducted in the UK shed light on puzzling variations in electricity consumption across households posed by previous research. We argue for the need to attend to how household socialites influence and are influenced by electrical services and trace the links between these dynamics and the effects of wider cultural and socio-economic forces.

Cysts are commonly seen on CT scans of the lungs, and diagnosis can be challenging. Clinical and radiographic features combined with a multidisciplinary approach may help differentiate among various disease entities, allowing correct diagnosis. It is important to distinguish cysts from cavities because they each have distinct etiologies and associated clinical disorders. Conditions such as emphysema, and cystic bronchiectasis may also mimic cystic disease. A simplified classification of cysts is proposed. Cysts can occur in greater profusion in the subpleural areas, when they typically represent paraseptal emphysema, bullae, or honeycombing. Cysts that are present in the lung parenchyma but away from subpleural areas may be present without any other abnormalities on high-resolution CT scans. These are further categorized into solitary or multifocal/diffuse cysts. Solitary cysts may be incidentally discovered and may be an age related phenomenon or may be a remnant of prior trauma or infection. Multifocal/diffuse cysts can occur with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, tracheobronchial papillomatosis, or primary and metastatic cancers. Multifocal/diffuse cysts may be associated with nodules (lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, light-chain deposition disease, amyloidosis, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis) or with ground-glass opacities (Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia). Using the results of the high-resolution CT scans as a starting point, and incorporating the patient’s clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings, is likely to narrow the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions considerably.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored IPF Clinical Research Network (IPFnet) studies enrolled subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) to evaluate drug therapies in treatment trials. An adjudication committee (AC) provided a structured review of cases in which there was uncertainty or disagreement regarding diagnosis or clinical event classification. This article describes the diagnosis and adjudication processes.The diagnostic process was based on review of clinical data and high-resolution CT scans with central review of lung biopsies when available. The AC worked closely with the data coordinating center to obtain clinical, radiologic, and histologic data and to communicate with the clinical centers. The AC used a multidisciplinary discussion model with four clinicians, one radiologist, and one pathologist to adjudicate diagnosis and outcome measures.The IPFnet trials screened 1,015 subjects; of these, 23 cases required review by the AC to establish eligibility. The most common diagnosis for exclusion was suspected chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The AC reviewed 88 suspected acute exacerbations (AExs), 93 nonelective hospitalizations, and 16 cases of bleeding. Determination of AEx presented practical challenges to adjudicators, as necessary clinical data were often not collected, particularly when subjects were evaluated outside of the primary study site.The IPFnet diagnostic process was generally efficient, but a multidisciplinary adjudication committee was critical to assure correct phenotype for study enrollment. The AC was key in adjudicating all adverse outcomes in two IPFnet studies terminated early because of safety issues. Future clinical trials in IPF should consider logistical and cost issues as they incorporate AExs and hospitalizations as outcome measures.ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00517933, NCT00650091, NCT00957242; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Grammatical Evolution (GE) is applied to the problem of load balancing in heterogeneous cellular network deployments (HetNets). HetNets are multi-tiered cellular networks for which load balancing is a scalable means to maximise network capacity, assuming similar traffic from all users. This paper describes a proof of concept study in which GE is used in a genetic algorithm-like way to evolve constants which represent cell power and selection bias in order to achieve load balancing in HetNets. A fitness metric is derived to achieve load balancing both locally in sectors and globally across tiers. Initial results show promise for GE as a heuristic for load balancing. This finding motivates a more sophisticated grammar to bring enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination optimisation into an evolutionary framework.

This book is full of vignettes illustrating how professional learning can be integrated into the day-to-day work of schools and, in doing so, focus on continuous improvement, enhancing teaching quality and raising student achievement. In presenting best practice exemplars to illustrate how professional learning can positively impact teaching quality and school improvement, this book will inspire each classroom teacher and school leader. It will support them in creating and sustaining a strong performance culture.

We report that after extensive training, expert adults can accurately report the number, up to six, of transparent overlapping depth planes portrayed by brief (400 ms or 200 ms) random-element stereoscopic displays, and can well discriminate six from seven planes. Naïve subjects did poorly above three planes. Displays contained seven rows of 12 randomly located ×'s or +'s; jittering the disparities and number in each row to remove spurious cues had little effect on accuracy. Removing the central 3° of the 10° display to eliminate foveal vision hardly reduced the number of reportable planes. Experts could report how many of six planes contained +'s when the remainder contained ×'s, and most learned to report up to six planes in reverse contrast (left eye white +'s; right eye black +'s). Long-term training allowed some experts to reach eight depth planes. Results suggest that adult stereoscopic vision can learn to distinguish the outputs of six or more statistically independent, contrast-insensitive, narrowly tuned, asymmetric disparity channels in parallel.

Recycling carbon present in residual streams enhances sustainability and creates local wealth. Enerkem Inc. is a leading biomass gasification company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. The approach Enerkem has been developing involves: identification of low cost residual streams as feedstock, sorting, biotreatment (anaerobic and/or aerobic) and preparation of an ultimate residue (RDF). The latter is a rather uniform material that can be fed, as a fluff, to a bubbling bed gasifier in a staged gasification to carry out, sequentially, the needed chemical reactions that result in high syngas yields. Process can be adjusted to reach desired gas composition for synthesis or electricity generation as well as gas conditioning to produce an ultraclean syngas. Products for such a process are: i) syngas with an appropriate range of H2/CO ratios, ii) CO2 (which is recovered), iii) solid char as a residue composed of the inorganic fraction of the raw material and some unconverted carbon that “coats” the inorganic matrices, and

Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a treatable, heritable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified 157 variants associated with lipid levels but are not well suited to assess the impact of rare and low-frequency variants. To determine whether rare or low-frequency coding variants are associated with LDL-C, we exome sequenced 2,005 individuals, including 554 individuals selected for extreme LDL-C (>98(th) or

The ‘teacher as researcher’ premise is being strengthened by the development of new systems for teaching and learning and by new understandings about how teachers best learn. Our view is that the coupling of this phenomenon with teachers engaging in research on their teaching practice is a powerful organising element for schools dealing with change in the 21st Century. This chapter highlights the teacher’s increasing role in the development of educational knowledge for today’s classrooms

The survival and growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus licheniformis, naturally present (30-300 colony forming units/ml) in late season skim milk, was monitored in a three effect evaporator during low heat skim milk powder manufacture. Substantial growth was shown to occur in the preheating stages prior to direct steam heating. A typical heat treatment (77°C, 15 s) used in the manufacture of low heat powder did not inactivate the bacteria, which continued to grow in the heater. The importance of preheaters in influencing thermophile growth in the evaporator is demonstrated by the finding that growth in the preheater stages was accompanied by growth in subsequent evaporator effects which significantly exceeded that observed when the final two preheaters were bypassed. A mid-run mini-clean procedure incorporating 0.2% hydrogen peroxide for decontaminating the evaporator was tested and may prove useful in extending evaporator run times.

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of disorders with distinct histologic and radiologic appearances and no identifiable cause. The IIPs comprise 8 currently recognized entities. Each of these entities demonstrates a prototypical imaging and histologic pattern, although in practice the imaging patterns may overlap, and some interstitial pneumonias are not classifiable. To be considered an IIP, the disease must be idiopathic; however, each pattern may be secondary to a recognizable cause, most notably collagen vascular disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or drug reactions. The diagnosis of IIP requires the correlation of clinical, imaging, and pathologic features.

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) generally results from reduced frataxin, a mitochondrial protein involved in iron metabolism. We assessed whether HFE p.C282Y and/or p.H63D heterozygosity modifies age at disease onset or disease severity in individuals with FRDA.One hundred seventy individuals with FRDA were assessed for the association of HFE p.C282Y and p.H63D with (1) age at disease onset and (2) Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale (FARS) score.After adjusting for the smaller FXN GAA repeat size and sex, individuals with FRDA and heterozygous for p.C282Y had disease onset on average 3.72 years earlier than those homozygous for the wild-type amino acid (P = 0.02). Neither mutation affected disease severity as measured by FARS.It is hypothesized that the association between p.C282Y heterozygosity and an earlier age at FRDA onset relates to exacerbation of the already dysregulated iron metabolism that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of FRDA.

In the last decade in Australia teacher education has undergone numerous critical reviews, yet little on the teacher education front appears to have changed. Related to this, the teaching profession's struggles to cope with a changing world have been publicly documented and an increasing push for improved school outcomes from Australian governments, at both the state and federal level, appear as regular pieces in the national press. This forms a complex situation involving competing concerns, and raises questions concerning what to make of the situation and how to move teacher education forward in Australia. This book seeks to answer these questions by providing an evidence-based framework for investigating and directing teacher education practice into the future.

RADITIONAL measures of financial deepening, those based on monetary and credit aggregates, may not enable to assess accurately a country’s financial development. For example, China has a higher ratio of broad money to GDP than Australia, and around the same level as Japan. Yet no one would consider China’s financial system to be anywhere near as well developed as either of these two. Alternative measures are required to improve the evaluation of levels of financial development. This is of practical importance. Financial sector development is promoted as a means to generate economic efficiency by national governments and multinational agencies, like the International Monetary Fund and Asian Development Bank. A well-defined set of measures of financial development is required for effective policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Indicators of financial development suggested in this paper may contribute to achieving this objective. Section II briefly examines the theoretical foundations of financial development. Based on this discussion, Section III presents a range of indicators of financial development for selected Asia-Pacific countries. Financial development is concerned with the unification of fragmented financial markets and these indicators can be used for this purpose. Thus, they extend beyond traditional indicators and, taken as a set, can trace financial development from less developed financial systems, like those of China, to highly advanced systems, like those of Australia. Section IV presents some conclusions.

Social investing is still in its early stages of development, but given the expected $30 trillion wealth transfer from Baby Boomers to their heirs, this area may grow quickly in the next few decades. Investors from Generation X and the Millennials are considered likely to incorporate socially responsible investment into their portfolios, thus growing the demand for social investing products, measures and theories. Yet, methods of integrating social responsibility into modern portfolio theory (MPT) have remained largely unexplored. In an interview with Institutional Investor Journals , Lisette Cooper and Michael Lear of Athena Capital Advisors provide insights into their approaches for merging social investing with MPT. Cooper’s full research findings were published in Social Finance and the Postmodern Portfolio: Theory and Practice ,“co-written by Athena colleagues Jeremy Evnine , Jeff Finkelman , Kate Huntington , and David Lynch .

This article reviews literature about partnerships between teacher education faculties and schools that indicates not just heightened interest in recent years, but also significant progress. Despite interest and progress, conceptual and practical difficulties remain in establishing, developing, nurturing and implementing successful partnerships so that core interests of partners are satisfied. Against this background, the article examines the experiences of an Australian teacher education faculty that sought to enhance its arrangements with local schools by reorganizing and staging a teacher education program through a community of practice. Data drawn from a study of the emergent partnership confirm the trends in the literature and provide additional information about what appear to be essential partnership elements. The article concludes with speculative remarks about the trends in the literature and the study findings that may frame future research

Buyers sometimes exhibit seemingly “irrational” behavior with respect to prices and use socially embedded heuristics to simplify their purchase decisions. In some cases small changes in prices can lead to much larger than anticipated changes in sales and profitability. Sellers need to understand the heuristics consumers use, the situations in which they emerge, and recognize how they can respond in markets where information and knowledge of product attributes and competitive prices is increasingly available via the Internet. This chapter explores consumers’ behavioral reactions to price through a review of contemporary literature in the field of pricing. The chapter delineates the nature and scope of these effects based upon a critical review of the most up-to-date empirical research in the field, and concludes by providing implications for innovation in pricing, and guidance for managers to reduce the disconnect between themselves and consumers.

This is a case of classic type Kaposi sarcoma occurring in an 85-year-old woman who presented with indurated vascular plaques on both legs below the knee that has been present for two years. A brief review of the literature on Kaposi sarcoma is included.

This book case studies schools and universities, in Australia and elsewhere, as they respond to changes in society and the economy that are generated by the Knowledge Economy. Chapters by academics, scholars and community leaders unravel the circumstances of education and provide an analysis of an education system struggling to find its way in a period of rapid social movement. To illustrate their ideas, chapter authors offer examples of innovations and the logistics necessary to change the current system of education in school, community and university levels.

How does the effective teacher assess and report their classroom curriculum program? Building on the success of their previous book--- Designing the Classroom Curriculum in the Knowledge Age --- David Lynch and Richard Smith seek to answer this question by focusing their “teaching design” idea on classroom assessment and reporting. At the heart of their teaching design idea is the formulation of teaching strategies that enable all students to make the required learning gains. At its core, the book encourages the teacher to work towards becoming a different kind of teacher, a teacher who has a mindset attuned to the Knowledge Age and who embraces new knowledge sets that reflect research into effective teaching. More specifically, the book explores the theory and practice of “teaching design” from the perspective of assessment and reporting. The book examines these premises as context when assessing and reporting the classroom curriculum. A real how to assess and report book.

It appears that teachers and teacher educators have fossilized in their resolve to continue doing what they’ve always done, despite calls for fundamental change. So, what does "a changed world" actually mean for teachers and teacher educators? How might society prepare teachers for this changed world and what are the new capabilities that such a program should focus on? What does fundamental change in teaching and teacher education actually look like? This book is about teacher education reform and seeks to answer these and other questions. More specifically the book aims to showcase a disruptive model in teacher education and answer some of the ponderings around what teacher education could be and how it could be organized differently for the different world in which teachers now have to operate. The book showcases an innovative Australian teacher education program and reviews the research findings of such a program in terms of graduate teacher outcomes.

Abstract Effective resource management in a globalizing economy requires accurate assessments of fossil energy and minerals resources. The recoverable quantities must be described and categorized in a manner that is consistent with scientific and social/economic information describing the economy as well as with the information describing the projects to recover them. A number of different standards have evolved over time in response to various professional needs. Under a mandate given by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has cooperated with Governments, regulatory agencies, industry, international organizations, and professional organizations (including the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO), the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), The World Petroleum Council, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE)), as well as with outstanding experts, to define a global classification for extractive activities (including oil, gas, heavy oil and bitumen extraction) that reflects the principal attributes of existing petroleum and mineral classifications. The United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources-2009 (UNFC-2009) aims to serve the following four principal needs:The needs in international energy and mineral studies to formulate robust and long-sighted policies.The needs of governments in managing their resources accordingly, allowing market prices to be transferred to the wellhead with as little loss as possible.The industries' needs for information while deploying technology, management and finance to secure energy supplies and capture value efficiently within the established frameworks to serve its host countries, shareholders and other stakeholders.The financial community's need for information to allocate capital appropriately, providing reduced costs and improved long-sightedness through the application of lower risk-compensated discount factors. The projects are categorised with respect to economic and social viability, project feasibility and maturity, and uncertainty with respect to the quantities addressed. The categorisation of projects rather than of accumulations provides coherence with other critical management information such as production, cash flows, value and demand for various input factors. This key aspect of UNFC-2009 reflects the critical relationship between the quantities that can be recovered economically and the recovery processes (projects) that must be implemented to achieve those recoveries. It facilitates the recognition of potential wastage of resources through flaring or inefficient recovery processes and therefore also highlights the potential for improvement. Background to the UNFC UNFC-2009 applies to fossil energy and mineral reserves and resources located on or below the Earth's surface. It has been designed to meet, to the extent possible, the needs of applications pertaining to energy and mineral studies, resources management functions, corporate business processes and financial reporting standards.

Examines issues that inform the changing nature of teacher work, including: teacher capabilities for the information age ; the changing nature of school curriculms ; the global education environment ; the neurosciences and the diverse range of student needs in today's classrooms

How do I plan my classroom curriculum so that all my students benefit? Where should I start? What are the important considerations? What should I be aiming for? How do I ensure that my teaching is effective? These are some of the questions teachers invariably ask? In the complex and challenging environment, that is the classroom in the Knowledge Age, having the personal capacity to design the classroom curriculum so that all students make the required learning gains is the today’s benchmark for teaching success. The authors provide an insight into how to design the classroom curriculum so that all students make the required learning gains. The book provides a detailed understanding of the theory and practice of curriculum and programming and step by step instructions and design resources to enable an easy understanding of the classroom curriculum design process.The book is supported by the publisher's Book Resources Section.

Examines issues that inform the changing nature of teacher work, including: teacher capabilities for the information age ; the changing nature of school curriculms ; the global education environment ; the neurosciences and the diverse range of student needs in today's classrooms.

Metropolitan (metro) carriers are deploying next-generation metro Ethernet networks. This deployment will eventually replace traditional private-line services provided by legacy Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) technologies (such as Digital Cross-Connect Systems and SONET rings) with metro Ethernet services. A critical near-term need is the enabling of rich wireless data applications and, thus, begins a massive upgrade of backhaul links from cellular base stations to their Mobile Telephone Switching Offices (MTSOs), where the various voice and data applications will be provided. These base stations are evolving to 3G/4G technology and require metro Ethernet transport and at significantly higher backhaul technology than the prevalent TDM DS1s (1.5 Mb/s). In this paper, we describe a methodology to enable the rapid introduction of metro Ethernet networks, which includes architecture planning, switch location selection, link placement and sizing, as well as customization for cellular network reliability. Our approach uses a combination of many optimization algorithms and has been integrated into a pragmatic tool used by AT&T network planners. Case studies in very large US metro areas have shown that the tool gives cost-ffective solutions consistent with planner expectations and intuition.

From the people who turned teacher education on its ear in Australia in 2001 comes a text about preparing the next generation of teachers. Richard Smith and David Lynch, two of Australia's leading teacher education researchers and the architects of the acclaimed Bachelor of Learning Management program (BLM), take their previously published ideas about teaching and teacher education further to detail a new paradigm in the preparation of teachers. Drawing on 30 years of teacher education research and their own experiences in redeveloping teacher education in Australia, Smith and Lynch explore what it means to be a teacher in the 2000s, outlining a new vision for the preparation of teachers in a Knowledge Age.

The Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS) demonstrated significant treatment-associated improvements in pulmonary function and symptoms when patients with scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) were treated with a 1-year course of cyclophosphamide (CYC) in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. This study examined thoracic high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans obtained during the SLS for treatment-associated changes over time.Ninety-eight of the 158 subjects (CYC group, 49 subjects; placebo group, 49 subjects) participating in the SLS underwent thoracic HRCT scans both at baseline and after 12 months of treatment, which were available for analysis. Two independent radiologists visually scored the baseline HRCT scans for the presence of ground-glass opacities (GGOs), fibrosis (FIB), and honeycomb cysts (HCs) on a scale of 0 to 4. The treatment effect at 12 months was assessed by a blinded comparison of baseline and follow-up scans for evidence of stability and improvement (not worse) or deterioration (worse).At the end of treatment, FIB was significantly worse in the placebo treatment group than in the CYC treatment group (p = 0.014). Furthermore, differences in the 12-month change in FIB between the CYC and placebo groups correlated significantly with other outcome measures, including the 12-month changes in FVC (p0.05), total lung capacity (p0.05), and dyspnea (p0.001) scores. However, no differences were noted between the two groups with respect to changes in either GGOs or HCs.A 1-year course of treatment of SSc-ILD with CYC was associated with treatment-related changes in FIB scores on HRCT scans, which correlated with other measures of treatment response.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00004563.

An analysis and simulation of spacecraft radars of two types: 1) direct radiating (DRA) and 2) hybrid arrays(HA) - as a function of beginning of life on-orbit mass (BOLOM) has been presented. Using basic radar detection and processing parameters, the array times have been calculated. A Monte Carlo analysis was used to analyze Day-In-The-Life (DITL) scenarios to determine the total time to gather and process data from 100 GMTI and 20 SAR target patches for 3 different coverage areas. The surprising result is that, even with required scanning over all angles, the HA produces a higher area rate than a DRA in most cases and is about equal in the rest. It is no t clear that large angle scanning from a DRA has any value. Best DRA performance was achieved when the electronic scanning was limited to ±20 o about the normal. cant , =height and width of the primary aperture =azimuth relative to array normal =elevation relative to array normal =predetermined elevation cant minimizing sca az el ab θ e e min n angles =required minimum detectable velocity(m/s) =grazing angle, is operating wavelength(m) =single beam azimuth ground footprint(m) =range(m) =B tgt

Numerical models of the initial deformation of extending continental lithosphere, computed to investigate the control of preexisting thermal and mechanical heterogeneities on the style of deformation, are presented. The finite element method is used to calculate deformation with a viscoelastic-plastic model for the lithosphere. Comparisons of the results of analytic models and finite-element models using this method show that good results may be obtained by the numerical technique, even with elements containing both brittle and viscoelastic sampling points. It is shown that the gross style of initial extensional deformation is controlled by the depth and width of the initial heterogeneity which localizes deformation.

RV dysfunction in idiopathic (primary) pulmonary hypertension (IPAH) is often characterized by chamber dilation, ventricular hypertrophy, and impaired systolic function. In this study we characterize right ventricular (RV) chamber size, end-diastolic thickness, myocardial mass, and ejection fraction in patients with right ventricular heart failure from IPAH, n = 16 and compare these characteristics to a control population of cardiac transplant patients (TX, n = 4) and a group of normal subjects (N, n = 5). Subjects underwent both gated cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the right ventricle and right heart catheterization (RHC). Using parameters from both the MRI and RHC, an estimate of RV end-systolic relative wall stress (RWS) was calculated. RV RWS was 34.7 +/- 8.4 and 17.3 +/- 3.8 Kdynes/cm2 in the cardiac transplant and control subjects respectively and was significantly elevated 104.1 Kdynes/cm2 in IPAH patients (IPAH vs N and TX; p = 0.004 and 0.008 ). RV ejection fraction RVEF was lower in IPAH patients 0.36 +/- .10 than in N and TX 0.57 +/- .04 and 0.55 +/- .08 respectively, (p = 0.0006 N and 0.0007 TX). An inverse linear correlation was demonstrated between RWS and RVEF (y = 215- 332x; R = .80, por = .0001). Right ventricular RWS is significantly elevated in IPAH and may provide a useful quantitative monitoring tool in patients with IPAH to assess the benefit of different therapeutic interventions and provide prognostic information.

Guessing and knowing are two completely different things. The objective of stealth is to keep the adversary guessing until it is too late. Over the past few years, stealth platforms, especially aircraft, have come into public consciousness. However, stealth research work was conducted in earnest beginning in the mid-1970s and was spearheaded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in both U.S. Air Force and Navy programs. Most of those programs are still shrouded in secrecy, but a few, especially the earliest, are now declassified, and the basic notions of Stealth technology can be described. For reasons of classification, nothing can be said about deployed aircraft such as the F-117A and the B-2, pictured in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2, respectively, but they grew out of those early programs. Several generations of technology have now passed, as embodied by such aircraft, but the basic stealth concepts remain the same.