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ABSTRACT: The use of insecticides has been the main tool for Grapholita molesta (Busck) control in Brazil, which is considered one of the most important pests in apple and peach orchards. In order to implement an Insect Resistance Management (IRM) program, studies were conducted to characterize the baseline susceptibility of G. molesta to major insecticides for its control. Then, we conducted an insecticide susceptibility monitoring in thirteen field-collected populations of the pest. Neonates (0-24h old) were exposed to insecticides applied on surface of artificial diet. A high susceptibility was verified when neonates of the Laboratory population of G. molesta were exposed to insecticides with LC50 values (µg a.i./cm2) of 0.1 (spinetoram), 1.0 (metaflumizone), 1.2 (chlorantraniliprole), 4.8 (novaluron), 5.1 (tebufenozide), 11.3 (phosmet) and 222.5 (pyriproxyfen). Based on the LC99 (µg a.i./cm2), the diagnostic concentrations of 0.6 (spinetoram), 5.5 (metaflumizone), 5.6 (chlorantraniliprole), 19.6 (tebufenozide), 37.4 (phosmet), 37.8 (novaluron) and 2011 pyriproxyfen) caused high mortality (>95%) of neonates from field populations. These diagnostic concentrations will be used in resistance monitoring programs of G. molesta in Brazil.

ABSTRACT: Bugs such as Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) and Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) are considered the main insect pests of wheat crop in Brazil. The use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) may be an alternative for the management of these insects in the crop. The objective of this work was to verify the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. anisopliae on adults of N. viridula and D. melacanthus under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, isolates 05RA, 11RA, 08RA and 02RA were obtained from N. viridula and D. melacanthus infested with M. anisopliae. Also, a high pathogenicity (100% of mortality) of both species was recorded in a bioassay of the topical application 8 Days After Application (DAA). However, compared to the other isolates, the 08RA isolate showed the highest pathogenicity in a shorter time interval for N. viridula (Mean Time “MT” = 2.8 days) and D. melacanthus (MT = 4.0 days). Under greenhouse conditions, the 08RA isolate provided a mortality of 44.9% (N. viridula) and 35.7% (D. melacanthus) in the same evaluation period. However, at 14 DAA, the mortality was 100% for both species, with the MT values of N. viridula and D. melacanthus being obtained at 8 days and 10 days, respectively. The fungus M. anisopliae is a promising alternative for the control of adult N. viridula and D. melacanthus in wheat crop.

A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana Anastrepha fraterculus(Wied.) é o principal inseto-praga que danifica as bagas de uvas de mesa (Vitis viniferaL.) na Região Sul do Brasil. Extratos de plantas com propriedades inseticidas são alternativas para o manejo da espécie na cultura, porém,poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre a eficácia dos compostos ofertados no mercado. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito de uma formulação comercial de inseticida a base de rotenona e nim(RN)sobre adultos e larvas deA. fraterculus em laboratórioe campo, comparado ao inseticida fentiona e uma testemunha (água destilada). Em laboratório, o inseticida RN a base de rotenona e nim foi equivalente a fentiona quando os adultos de A. fraterculusforam expostos via contato e ingestão por 72 horas. No entanto, o inseticida não apresentou efeito (mortalidade de 20%) sobre larvas de A. fraterculusno interior de bagas de uva da cv. „Itália‟ quando comparado com o inseticida fentiona (100% de mortalidade). Em vinhedo comercial, o inseticida RN a base de rotenona e nimproporcionou um controle de aproximadamente 40%, sendo inferior a fentiona (100% de controle). Os dois inseticidas não impediram a oviposição de A. fraterculusnas bagas. Conclui-se que, o inseticida RN a base de rotenona e nimapresenta efeitosobre adultos de A. fraterculusnão apresentando controle das larvas em uvas da cv. „Itália‟.

O pulgão-verde Chaetosiphon fragaefolli é o principal inseto-praga da cultura do morangueiro. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da azadiractina para o controle do inseto em laboratório e casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos avaliados foram a azadiractina (Azamax®, 100; 200 e 300 ml.100L-1) comparado com o tiametoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 10 g.100L-1), lambda-cialotrina (Karate Zeon 50 CS®, 80 ml.100L-1) e uma testemunha (água). Os produtos foram pulverizados sobre plantas de morangueiro da cultivar Aromas infestadas artificialmente em casa de vegetação. A azadiractina foi equivalente a lambda-cialotrina e ao tiametoxam no controle de C. fragaefolii desde que realizada uma segunda pulverização sete dias após a primeira. A persistência biológica dos inseticidas lambda-cialotrina e tiametoxam foi superior a 28 dias, com um controle de 75% da população de pulgões, enquanto azadiractina apresentou menor persistência biológica, controlando 70% da população por sete dias.

O trabalho teve como objetivo coletar, identificar e caracterizar faunisticamente os lepidópteros associados a um plantio de Eucalyptus spp., no município de Pinheiro Machado, RS. No período de outubro de 2005 a outubro de 2007, a cada 15 dias, foram realizadas coletas de insetos com três armadilhas luminosas instaladas no interior do florestamento. Após procedimentos de triagem, transfixação e montagem os lepidópteros foram identificados comparando-os a coleções entomológicas e com uso de literatura especializada. Foram coletados 2.020 indivíduos, distribuídos em 14 famílias, 106 gêneros e 220 espécies. As famílias com maior número de espécies coletadas foram Noctuidae (59), Geometridae (30), Arctiidae (28) e Saturniidae (14). De acordo com a classificação faunística a maioria das espécies foi considerada não dominante, pouco frequente, rara e acidental. Dentre as espécies identificadas, foram observadas algumas, cujas lagartas são desfolhadoras do eucalipto; Oxydia agliata (Geometridae), Sarsina violascens (Lymantriidae), Automeris illustris, Eacles imperialis magnifica e Lonomia obliqua (Saturniidae), as quais necessitam ter suas populações monitoradas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência e os efeitos subletais de um inseticida à base de nim (10 g.L-1 de azadiractina A) sobre a lagarta-enroladeira Bonagota salubricola em laboratório. Nos bioensaios, foi utilizado o produto à base de azadiractina NeemAzal-T/S® nas concentrações de 0,06%; 0,09%; 0,12%; 0,16%; 0,18% e 0,20% do produto comercial (p.c) e uma testemunha (água destilada). A dieta artificial foi cortada em cubos e imersa nas caldas das respectivas concentrações do produto, e, em seguida, lagartas recém-eclodidas foram transferidas para tubos de vidro, contendo os cubos de dieta tratados. Quando a dieta artificial foi tratada com concentração de 0,20% do produto comercial, houve 100% da mortalidade aos 6 dias após a inoculação. Por outro lado, as concentrações de 0,16 e 0,18% prolongaram a fase larval, reduziram a viabilidade de pupas e afetaram negativamente a fecundidade do inseto.

The objective of this study was to collect, identify and carry out a faunistic characterization of Cerambycidae occurring in a forest of Eucalyptus spp., on São Manoel farm, in the municipality of Pinheiro Machado, RS. In the period from February 2006 to October 2007, collections of insects were performed every 15 days, with three ethanol traps. After selection procedures, the Cerambycidae were identified based on entomological collections and specialized literature. We collected 692 insects, distributed among 29 genera and 40 species. The most abundant species were Acanthoderes jaspidea, Chlorida costata, Compsocerus barbicornis, Eburodacrys sp., Eurysthea hirta, Neoclytus curvatus and Nyssodrysina lignaria, which represented 81.17% of the total individuals. Cerambycidae were collected during practically the entire sampling period, but the largest number at a single collection occurred in the month of December. Several species demonstrate potential for damaging Eucalyptus spp., of which Neoclytus curvatus deserves the most attention, because it represented almost half of the insects collected.

The objective of this study was to collect, identify and carry out a faunistic characterization of Cerambycidae occurring in a forest of Eucalyptus spp., on São Manoel farm, in the municipality of Pinheiro Machado, RS. In the period from February 2006 to October 2007, collections of insects wereperformed every 15 days, with three ethanol traps. After selection procedures, the Cerambycidae were identified based on entomological collections and specialized literature. There were collected 692 insects, distributed among 29 genera and 40 species. The most abundant species were Acanthoderes jaspidea, Chlorida costata, Compsocerus barbicornis, Eburodacrys sp., Eurysthea hirta, Neoclytus curvatus and Nyssodrysina lignaria, which represented 81.17% of the total individuals. Cerambycidae were collected during practically the entire sampling period, but the largest number at a single collection occurred in the month of December. Several species demonstrate potential for damaging Eucalyptus spp., of which Neoclytus curvatus deserves the most attention, because it represented almost half of the insects collected.

The objective of this study was to collect, identify and study population fluctuation of Coleoptera species in a forest of Eucalyptus spp., on a farm in the municipality of Pinheiro Machado, Rio Grande do Sul State. Insects were collected with light traps and ethanol traps, once every fifteen days, in the period of February 2006 to October 2007. The insects, after selection procedures, were identified based on entomological collections and specialized literature. A total of 6172 individuals were collected and distributed among 40 families and 249 species, of which 130 were identified at the species level and 119 at the family level, representing 4498 and 1674 of total individuals collected, respectively. Cyclocephala sp. 1, Cyclocephala sp. 2, Dyscinetus sp. 1, Euetheola humilis (Scarabaeidae) and Neoclytus curvatus (Cerambycidae) were the most abundant species, representing 49.28% of the individuals identified in genus and/or species. Scarabaeidae presented the highest number of individuals (2588), distributed in 37 species. The families Cerambycidae (47) and Scolytidae (40) presented the largest number of species. Individuals of Coleoptera were trapped at all collections but the largest number of individuals was trapped in December 2006 and March 2007.

O objetivo foi avaliar a eficiência de inseticidas à base de nim no controle da mariposa-oriental G. molesta em laboratório. A dieta artificial foi cortada em cubos e imersa nas caldas dos respectivos tratamentos; em seguida, lagartas recém-eclodidas foram transferidas para tubos de vidro, contendo os cubos de dieta tratados. Os produtos testados foram: NeemAzal-T/S®, Dalneem emulsionável®, Organic Neem® e Natuneem Agrícola® na concentração de 0,5% do produto comercial (p.c.) em comparação com o inseticida químico fenitrotion (Sumithion 500 CE®) a 0,15% p.c. e uma testemunha (água). Os inseticidas NeemAzal-T/S® e Dalneem emulsionável® apresentaram a mortalidade de 100% das lagartas, sendo eficientes no controle do inseto em condições de laboratório. Organic Neem® e Natuneem Agrícola® demonstraram menor atividade inseticida, ocasionando mortalidade de 73,5% e 22,5%, respectivamente; no entanto, afetaram significativamente a viabilidade larval.The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of neem insecticides in the control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta at laboratory. The artificial diet was cut in cubes and immersed in the syrups of the respective treatments, soon afterwards, recently-emerged caterpillars were transferred, for glass tubes, containing the diet cubes treated. The tested products were: NeemAzal-T/S®, Dalneem emulsionável®, Organic Neem® and Natuneem Agrícola® in the concentration of 0.5% of the commercial product (p.c.) compared with the chemical insecticide fenitrotion (Sumithion 500 CE®) to 0.15% p.c. and a witness (water). The insecticides NeemAzal-T/S® and Dalneem emulsionável® presented a mortality of 100% of the caterpillars being efficient in the control of the insect in laboratory conditions. Organic Neem® and Natuneem Agrícola® demonstrated lower insecticidal activity, causing mortality of 73.5% and 22.5% respectively, however, significantly affect the larval viability.

The objective of this study was to collect, identify and study population fluctuation of Coleoptera species in a forest of Eucalyptus spp., on a farm in the municipality of Pinheiro Machado, Rio Grande do Sul State. Insects were collected with light traps and ethanol traps, once every fifteen days, in the period of February 2006 to October 2007. The insects, after selection procedures, were identified based on entomological collections and specialized literature. A total of 6172 individuals were collected and distributed among 40 families and 249 species, of which 130 were identified at the species level and 119 at the family level, representing 4498 and 1674 of total individuals collected, respectively. Cyclocephala sp. 1, Cyclocephala sp. 2, Dyscinetus sp. 1, Euetheola humilis (Scarabaeidae) and Neoclytus curvatus (Cerambycidae) were the most abundant species, representing 49.28% of the individuals identified in genus and/or species. Scarabaeidae presented the highest number of individuals (2588), distributed in 37 species. The families Cerambycidae (47) and Scolytidae (40) presented the largest number of species. Individuals of Coleoptera were trapped at all collections but the largest number of individuals was trapped in December 2006 and March 2007.

Spodoptera frugiperda é uma das pragas com elevado potencial para causar perdas econômicas na cultura do milho, no ecossistema de várzeas subtropicais. Com o objetivo de identificar fontes de resistência, foi avaliado, em laboratório, o desenvolvimento de S. frugiperda em nove genótipos de milho. Cem lagartas recém-eclodidas foram individualizadas em tubos de vidro, contendo porções de folhas de milho, mantidos à temperatura de 25±1°C, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 14h. Avaliaram-se a duração e a viabilidade das fases de larva e pupa, o peso de larvas e de pupas e a mortalidade larval. Dentre os genótipos avaliados, destacaram-se o BRS Missões-B e o BR 111 VI Sel. Dent C, os quais afetaram, respectivamente, o desenvolvimento da fase de larva e de pupa.Spodoptera frugiperda is the most important pest of the corn culture, causing high leaf losses. With intention to identify possible resistance sources, it was evaluated the effect of nine maize genotypes on the development of S. frugiperda in laboratory. One hundred newly-hatched larvae were individualized in glass tubes containing leaves, maintained under temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and photophase of 14h. Larval and pupal developmental time, survivorship and weight and larval mortality at 16 days were evaluated. It was observed that the genotypes BRS Missões-B and BR 111 VI Sel. Dent C affected the larval and pupal development, respectively.

Genetically modified plants expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) offer valuable options for managing insect pests with considerable environmental and economic benefits. Despite the benefits provided by Bt crops, the continuous expression of these insecticidal proteins imposes strong selection for resistance in target pest populations. Bt maize (Zea mays) hybrids have been successful in controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), the main maize pest in Brazil since 2008; however, field-evolved resistance to the protein Cry1F has recently been reported. Therefore it is important to assess the possibility of cross-resistance between Cry1F and other Cry proteins expressed in Bt maize hybrids. In this study, an F2 screen followed by subsequent selection on MON 89034 maize was used to select an S. frugiperda strain (RR) able to survive on the Bt maize event MON 89034, which expresses the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins. Field-collected insects from maize expressing the Cry1F protein (event TC1507) represented most of the positive (resistance allele-containing) (iso)families found. The RR strain showed high levels of resistance to Cry1F, which apparently also conferred high levels of cross resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry1Ab, but had only low-level (10-fold) resistance to Cry2Ab2. Life history studies to investigate fitness costs associated with the resistance in RR strain revealed only small reductions in reproductive rate when compared to susceptible and heterozygous strains, but the RR strain produced 32.2% and 28.4% fewer females from each female relative to the SS and RS (pooled) strains, respectively. Consistent with the lack of significant resistance to Cry2Ab2, MON 89034 maize in combination with appropriate management practices continues to provide effective control of S. frugiperda in Brazil. Nevertheless, the occurrence of Cry1F resistance in S. frugiperda across Brazil, and the cross-resistance to Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105, indicates that current Cry1-based maize hybrids face a challenge in managing S. frugiperda in Brazil and highlights the importance of effective insect resistance management for these technologies.

O presente artigo tem por finalidade abordar a completude e a funcionalidade das bases eletrônicas de julgados dos tribunais. O artigo toma como base a demanda por acesso à informação oriunda de instituições estatais, o que cria aos tribunais o dever de ampla transparência de seus atos. Nessa medida, as bases eletrônicas de julgados mostram-se hoje um importante meio de divulgação das atividades do Poder Judiciário. Para avaliar o grau de transparência dos tribunais com relação à publicização de sua jurisprudência, o artigo propõe duas matrizes de análise de bases eletrônicas de julgados (matriz base e matriz de operadores booleanos), a partir da premissa de que essas bases devem conter a totalidade dos julgados proferidos pelo tribunal, em seu inteiro teor, e apresentar ferramentas de pesquisa que percorram toda a decisão para recuperação de julgados. Para ilustrar a aplicação dessas matrizes, foram analisadas as bases eletrônicas de jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça.

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are pests constraining the international trade of Brazilian table grapes. They damage grapes by transmitting viruses and toxins, causing defoliation, chlorosis, and vigor losses and favoring the development of sooty mold. Difficulties in mealybug identification remain an obstacle to the adequate management of these pests. In this study, our primary aim was to identify the principal mealybug species infesting the major table grape-producing regions in Brazil, by morphological and molecular characterization. Our secondary aim was to develop a rapid identification kit based on species-specific Polymerase Chain Reactions, to facilitate the routine identification of the most common pest species. We surveyed 40 sites infested with mealybugs and identified 17 species: Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), Dysmicoccus sylvarum Williams and Granara de Willink, Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley), Ferrisia cristinae Kaydan and Gullan, Ferrisia meridionalis Williams, Ferrisia terani Williams and Granara de Willink, Phenacoccus baccharidis Williams, Phenacoccus parvus Morrison, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Planococcus citri (Risso), Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, four taxa closely related each of to Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) and Pseudococcus meridionalis Prado, and one specimen from the genus Pseudococcus Westwood. The PCR method developed effectively identified five mealybug species of economic interest on grape in Brazil: D. brevipes, Pl. citri, Ps. viburni, Ph. solenopsis and Planococcus ficus (Signoret). Nevertheless, it is not possible to assure that this procedure is reliable for taxa that have not been sampled already and might be very closely related to the target species.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade identificar o medo do crime nos seis municípios integrantes das mesorregiõesdo Estado de Santa Catarina, por intermédio de uma pesquisa de cunho teórico-empírica, do tipo exploratória ou demulticasos, que empregou uma análise de dados quantitativa. Dos resultados pode-se asseverar que, em diversasdimensões do medo do crime, será imperativo que, nas organizações policiais, se tomem decisões para a procurado atendimento desses anseios. Por último, assinala-se que o medo do crime no Estado de Santa Catarina estácorrelacionado, precisamente, com variáveis de caráter psicossociológicas, de complexa aferição, concluindo-se que,nos referidos municípios paira a impressão do medo do crime em algumas dimensões empregadas nesta pesquisa,necessitando, desta forma, repensar algumas diretivas para melhorar a sensação de segurança.