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El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura sobre la utilización de antioxidantes como neuroprotectores en el glaucoma, usando PubMed y actas de congresos mediante revisión a pares. En total, se recuperaron de 1,589 citas de los que, tras la lectura crítica, 6 fueron incluidos en la presente revisión.

Vertical motions across the ocean are central to processes, like CO2fixation, heat removal or pollutant transport, which are essential to the Earth's climate. This work explores 3D conveyor routes associated with the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Our findings show the geometry of mixing structures in the upper and deep ocean layers by means of Lagrangian Coherent Structures. This tool identifies among others, zones linked to vertical transport and characterizes vertical transport time scales. We focus the study in two regions. The first one is the Flemish Cap region, a zone of interaction between the major AMOC components, where our analysis identifies a domain of deep waters that ascend very rapidly to the ocean surface. The second one is the Irminger Sea, where our analysis confirms the existence of a downwelling zone, and reveals a previously unreported upwelling connection between very deep waters and the ocean surface. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a complex oceanic convective system involved in the tridimensional distribution of heat, carbon or nutrients. The horizontal transport across the AMOC is well studied, however, there are not many studies exploring mixing and transport processes across the vertical water column, that is, from the surface to the deep ocean and viceversa. To fully understand this 3D system, this paper follows a methodology that links apparently unrelated elements such as mixing and geometry. This approach is very promising to better characterize transport across the vertical column of major ocean currents and determining their impact on the global climate system. Lagrangian Coherent Structures reveal the complex mixing geometry of 3D circulating watersSupported by this tool we are able to highlight upwelling and downwelling routes across the Atlantic Meridional Overturning CirculationThis approach seems promising to determine the role of vertical mixing on major ocean currents in the Earth's climate system Lagrangian Coherent Structures reveal the complex mixing geometry of 3D circulating waters Supported by this tool we are able to highlight upwelling and downwelling routes across the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation This approach seems promising to determine the role of vertical mixing on major ocean currents in the Earth's climate system

In 1561, Jan Telgius wrote in Colonia an introductory handbook to learnrhetoric titled Progymnasmata Rhetorica. The main source - though not the only one - for this text is Rhetorica ad Herennium, of which Telgius’ book is actually an epitome. In addition, as Telgius himself acknowledges, almost all the precepts in his progymnasmata are illustrated by fere Ciceronianis examples. The objective of this paper is: (a) to present an analysis of the sources used in the theoretical part and examples the book comprises; and (b) to present a typology of these ones.

Wave‐induced adiabatic mixing in the winter midlatitudes is one of the key processes impacting stratospheric transport. Understanding its strength and structure is vital to understanding the distribution of trace gases and their modulation under a changing climate. Age‐of‐air is often used to understand stratospheric transport, and this study proposes refinements to the vertical age gradient theory of Linz et al. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035199. The theory assumes exchange of air between a well‐mixed tropics and a well‐mixed extratropics, separated by a transport barrier, quantifying the adiabatic mixing flux across the interface using age‐based measures. These assumptions are re‐evaluated and a refined framework that includes the effects of meridional tracer gradients is established to quantify the mixing flux. This is achieved, in part, by computing a circulation streamfunction in age‐potential temperature coordinates to generate a complete distribution of parcel ages being mixed in the midlatitudes. The streamfunction quantifies the “true” age of parcels mixed between the tropics and the extratropics. Applying the revised theory to an idealized and a comprehensive climate model reveals that ignoring the meridional gradients in age leads to an underestimation of the wave‐driven mixing flux. Stronger, and qualitatively similar fluxes are obtained in both models, especially in the lower‐to‐middle stratosphere. While the meridional span of adiabatic mixing in the two models exhibits some differences, they show that the deep tropical pipe, that is, latitudes equatorward of 15° barely mix with older midlatitude air. The novel age‐potential temperature circulation can be used to quantify additional aspects of stratospheric transport. The chemical composition of the stratosphere, that is, the distribution of trace gases like ozone, water vapor, and ozone destroying substances (ODSs), is heavily influenced by the dynamical processes in the region. One such process, quasi‐horizontal mixing, which is driven by planetary waves, rapidly mixes stratospheric trace gases over planetary scales. It is known that the higher the mixing, the longer the trace gases reside in the stratosphere, providing ODS more time to destroy the ozone. However, the properties of this mixing, for instance, its vertical structure, its strength, and how it changes in a changing climate are not fully understood. Past studies have developed a theoretical framework to quantify the mixing strength, that is, how much mass it moves around on average, using simple measures derived from satellite observations of trace gases. This study provides an update to the theoretical framework. The update can lead to a more accurate estimation of the mixing strength. This is done by introducing a new technique called the Γ–θ circulation, which provides a detailed assessment of the mixing, also allowing us to understand its latitudinal variation. The robustness of the revised theory is tested using two climate models with different complexity. The isentropic formulation of the leaky pipe stratospheric transport model (Linz et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035199) is used to estimate midlatitude mixing fluxesA new metric, which quantifies the meridional range of air parcels being mixed across transport barriers, is proposed to estimate mixingThe deep tropical stratosphere mixes with the extratropics in the upper stratosphere, but is otherwise remarkably isolated The isentropic formulation of the leaky pipe stratospheric transport model (Linz et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035199) is used to estimate midlatitude mixing fluxes A new metric, which quantifies the meridional range of air parcels being mixed across transport barriers, is proposed to estimate mixing The deep tropical stratosphere mixes with the extratropics in the upper stratosphere, but is otherwise remarkably isolated

The use of TRISO fuel is a main feature of the high temperature reactors. In these reactors, the heterogeneity in the internal composition of the TRISO particle and the random arrangement of coated fuel particles inside graphite matrix creates a significant challenge in the modelling tasks. To simulate spherical elements using MCNPX code repetitive structures are usually created, generating a uniform distribution of the coated fuel particles. The use of these repetitive structures introduces two major limitations: the no randomness of the TRISO particles inside the pebbles and the intersection of the pebble surface with the particles. These limitations could affect significantly the multiplicative properties of the core. In order to study the influence of these approximations in the multiplicative properties of pebble-bed reactor cores, four different configurations for the TRISO particles distribution inside pebble were analysed. On pebble scale, the results showed significant differences between the models where the cutting effect is present and the model that treats the cutting effect. However, on core scale there are no differences among the results of the HTR-10 critical height for the studied models.

La cadena de suministros para el reciclaje de plásticos en Cuba ha estado presentando un bajo desempeño durante varios años, por lo tanto el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un diagnóstico estratégico de su gestión que integre las dimensiones económicas y medioambientales. Para conseguir este propósito se utilizan los procesos de pensamiento desarrollados dentro de la teoría de las restricciones los cuales se fortalecen con el análisis del ciclo de vida, técnicas estadísticas y métodos multicriterios discretos. Los resultados del diagnóstico demostraron la necesidad de rediseñar las decisiones estratégicas teniendo en cuenta los criterios económicos integrados con los medioambientales con el fin de lograr un desempeño sostenible de la cadena de suministros estudiada.

The article discusses the participation of Puerto Rican soldiers under the U.S. armed forces during the World War I. Topics discussed include the increased militarization in Puerto Rico and the recruitment of new American citizens into the U.S. Armed Forces, the strategic importance of Puerto Rico, particularly as a naval base, and the political expediency, military priorities and the continuous resistance of various states to accept Puerto Rican troops. The article

The combination of recently developed methods for electroencephalographic (EEG) space-time-frequency analysis can provide noninvasive functional neuroimages necessary for obtaining an accurate localization of the epileptogenic zone. The aim of this study was to determine if time-frequency (TF) analysis, followed by EEG source localization, would improve the detection and identification of epileptogenic and related activity. Seventeen patients with refractory frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) were studied using video EEG recording. TF analysis identified the first epileptogenic EEG changes. Using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach, we compared brain electromagnetic tomographic (BET) images, constructed from the TF domain, with BET images constructed from the time domain only. We determined if the localization identified by BET images was concordant with the localization from medical history and video EEG recording. TF analysis provided a clear display of subtle EEG features, including EEG lateralization, and more concordant and delimited epileptogenic zones, compared with time-domain source analysis. In conclusion, EEG TF analysis improves source localization. After a thorough validation, this methodology could become a useful noninvasive tool for localizing the epileptogenic zone in clinical practice.

SOBERANA 02 has been evaluated in phase I and IIa studies comparing homologous versus heterologous schedule (this one, including SOBERANA Plus). Here, we report results of immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of SOBERANA 02 in a two- or three-dose heterologous scheme in adults.

A subset of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in mice negatively regulate T-cell immune responses through the secretion of regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and direct cell-cell contact and have been linked to experimental models of autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer. However, the regulatory function of Bregs in human disease is much less clear. Here we demonstrate that B cells with immunoregulatory properties are enriched within both the CD19+IgM+CD27+ memory and CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B-cell subsets in healthy human donors. Both subsets suppressed the proliferation and interferon-γ production of CD3/CD28-stimulated autologous CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner, and both relied on IL-10 secretion as well as cell-cell contact, likely mediated through CD80 and CD86, to support their full suppressive function. Moreover, after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Bregs from patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) were less frequent and less likely to produce IL-10 than were Bregs from healthy donors and patients without cGVHD. These findings suggest that Bregs may be involved in the pathogenesis of cGVHD and support future investigation of regulatory B cell–based therapy in the treatment of this disease.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD), including those related to connective tissue disease (CTD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) carry high morbidity and mortality. Great efforts are under way to develop and investigate meaningful treatments in the context of clinical trials. However, efforts have been challenged by a lack of validated outcome measures and by inconsistent use of measures in clinical trials. Lack of consensus has fragmented effective use of strategies in CTD-ILD and IPF, with a history of resultant difficulties in obtaining agency approval of treatment interventions. Until recently, the patient perspective to determine domains and outcome measures in CTD-ILD and IPF had never been applied. Efforts described here demonstrate unequivocally the value and influence of patient involvement on core set development. Regarding CTD-ILD, this is the first OMERACT working group to directly address a manifestation/comorbidity of a rheumatic disease (ILD) as well as a disease not considered rheumatic (IPF). The OMERACT 11 proceedings of the CTD-ILD Working Group describe the forward and lateral process to include both the medical and patient perspectives in the urgently needed identification of a core set of preliminary domains and outcome measures in CTD-ILD and IPF.

Here we report the results of one priming experiment that examines the comprehension of exceptive conditionals—for example, ‘Mary will go out tonight except if she has an exam tomorrow’—and indicative conditionals—for example, ‘Mary will not go out tonight if she has an exam tomorrow’. The experiment showed that participants read the true possibility ‘Mary is not going out tonight and she has an exam tomorrow’ faster when it was primed by an exceptive conditional than when it was primed by an indicative; other possibilities (‘Mary is going out tonight and she does not have an exam tomorrow’, ‘Mary is going out tonight and she has an exam tomorrow’ and ‘Mary is not going out tonight and she does not have an exam tomorrow’) were primed equally by both connectives. The experiments showed that (1) when people understand ‘B except if A’, they access the true possibilities ‘not-A & B’ and ‘A & not-B’, and (2) when they understand ‘B, if not-A’ they access ‘not-A & B’, but they do not access ‘A & not-B’. We discuss the implications of this for current theories of reasoning.

AbstractThis paper aims to show the development and design changes that have been done in SWRO Las Palmas III to achieve improvements in energy savings from the start-up in 1996 until today. We want to present the evolution of the different energy recovery systems and new technologies that have been adapted to this facility in operation for the last 20 years. The plant began working with a production of 36,000 m3/day with 45% recovery and six trains in two stages, with 300 ft2-surface membranes and Francis turbine as energy recovery device, getting a specific energy consumption of 6.16 kWh/m3. In 1999, the plant increased production to 39,000 m3/day maintaining recovery and the number of trains, mainly due to changes of membranes with an area of 315 ft2. Besides it got a specific consumption decreased to 5.18 kWh/m3due to the installation of a new energy recovery system, Pelton wheels. In the year 2000, Emalsa installed for first time in the world interstage pumps (so called booster pumps), increasing production to 44,000 m3/day and recovery to 48%, reducing the specific consumption to 5.10 kWh/m3. At 2001 and 2002, production is increased to 57,000 m3/day with the installation of a new RO train and with the addition of a new row of pressure vessels and membranes in all trains that increased recovery to 50% and decreased the specific consumption to 4.95 kWh/m3. From 2002 to 2007 plant increases production to 81,000 m3/day, adding new more efficient trains increasing global recovery to 52% and reducing specific consumption to 4.6 kWh/m3. Since 2008, the company began to replace the Pelton wheels for isobaric energy recovery systems, replacing in 2008 the first two Pelton wheels with a single isobaric system of two trains, reducing the specific consumption of these two trains more than 20%. In 2009, two new isobaric systems were installed, one per train, getting the plant a total of 86,000 m3/day and a total specific consumption of 4.15 kWh/m3. Currently, the company made a new train design, which improves the operating conditions when Pelton wheels are replaced for isobaric systems. This project will be operational in November 2010 and it has been predicted a decrease in specific consumption below 4 kWh/m3. With all this improvements, it can be said that Las Palmas III SWRO plant has been a pioneer in the world of desalination and a lively look at the history of energy recovery in SWRO plants.

Electroencephalography (EEG) source localization in epileptology continues to be a challenge for neuroscientists. A number of inverse solution (IS) methodologies have been proposed to solve this problem, and their advantages and limitations have been described. In the present work, a previously developed IS approach called Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is introduced in clinical practice in order to improve the localization accuracy of epileptic discharge sources. For this study, 31 patients with the diagnosis of partial epilepsies were studied: 14 had benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and 17 had temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The underlying epileptic sources were localized using the BMA approach, and the results were compared with those expected from the clinical diagnosis. Additional comparisons with results obtained from 3 of the most commonly used distributed IS methods for these purposes (minimum norm [MN], weighted minimum norm [WMN], and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography [LORETA]) were carried out in terms of source localization accuracy and spatial resolutions. The BMA approach estimated discharge sources that were consistent with the clinical diagnosis, and this method outperformed LORETA, MN, and WMN in terms of both localization accuracy and spatial resolution. The BMA was able to localize deeper generators with high accuracy. In conclusion, the BMA methodology has a great potential for the noninvasive accurate localization of epileptic sources, even those located in deeper structures. Therefore, it could be a promising tool for clinical practice in epileptology, although additional studies in other types of epileptic syndromes are necessary.

Analytical potentiality of a modified version of the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method has been studied and validated for the extraction of a group of 11 pesticides (ethoprophos, cadusafos, dimethoate, terbufos, disulfoton, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, pirimiphos‐methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos and fensulfothion) and some of their metabolites (malaoxon, disulfoton sulfoxide, terbufos sulfone and disulfoton sulfone) in toasted barley and chickpea flours. The method involves separation and quantification by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen phosphorus detection (NPD) using triphenylphosphate as the internal standard. Matrix‐matched calibration was carried out for both flours due to the existence of a matrix effect. Linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy studies of the proposed QuEChERS‐GC‐NPD method were evaluated in each sample matrix. Mean recovery values were in the range of 73–118% with relative standard deviation values below 10%. Limits of detection of the whole method were between 0.07 and 57.39 μg/kg. The method was finally applied for the analysis of 14 samples collected in different zones of the Tenerife island. The residues of pirimiphos‐methyl were found in 13 of them, confirming its unequivocal presence by mass spectrometry.

Uterine and placental infections are the leading cause of abortion, stillbirth, and preterm delivery in the mare. Whereas uterine and placental infections in women have been studied extensively, a comprehensive examination of the pathogenic processes leading to this unsatisfactory pregnancy outcome in the mare has yet to be completed. Most information in the literature relating to late-term pregnancy loss in mares is based on retrospective studies of clinical cases submitted for necropsy. Here we report the development and application of a novel approach, whereby transgenically modified bacteria transformed with luxgenes of Xenorhabdus luminescensor Photorhabdus luminescensorigin and biophotonic imaging are utilized to better understand pathogen-induced preterm birth in late-term pregnant mares. This technology uses highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging camera systems to localize and monitor pathogen progression during tissue invasion by measuring the bioluminescent signatures emitted by the lux-modified pathogens. This method has an important advantage in that it allows for the potential tracking of pathogens in vivo in real time and over time, which was hitherto impossible. Although the application of this technology in domestic animals is in its infancy, investigators were successful in identifying the fetal lungs, sinuses, nares, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems as primary tissues for pathogen invasion after experimental infection of pregnant mares with lux-modified Escherichia coli. It is important that pathogens were not detected in other vital organs, such as the liver, brain, and cardiac system. Such precision in localizing sites of pathogen invasion provides potential application for this novel approach in the development of more targeted therapeutic interventions for pathogen-related diseases in the equine and other domestic species.