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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer rigurosamente los axiomas de la teoría de conjuntos, así como deducir de ellos las propiedades básicas de la teoría de números ordinales y cardinales con el objetivo de poder formular en última instancia la hipótesis del continuo, así como dar un breve repaso histórico de como se originó esta hipótesis y como terminó su resolución., The aim of the present document is to expose rigorously the axioms of the set theory and to prove using them the basic characteristics about ordinal and cardinal numbers, with the purpose of stating the continuum hypothesis in addition to a brief overlook concerning the origins and resolution of the hypothesis.

Background: In recent years, minimally invasive Ivor Lewis (IL) esophagectomy with high intrathoracic anastomosis has emerged as surgical standard of care for esophageal cancer in expert centers. Alongside this process, many divergent technical aspects of this procedure have been devised in different centers. This study aims at achieving international consensus on the surgical steps of IL reconstruction using Delphi methodology. Methods: The expert panel consisted of specialized esophageal surgeons from 8 European countries. During a two-round Delphi process, a detailed analysis and consensus on key steps of intrathoracic gastric tube reconstruction (IL esophagectomy) was performed. Results: Response rates in Delphi rounds 1 and 2 were 100% (22 of 22 experts) and 83.3% (20 of 24 experts), respectively. Three essential technical areas of intrathoracic gastric tube reconstruction were identified: first, vascularization of the gastric conduit, second, gastric mobilization, tube formation and pull-up, and third, anastomotic technique. In addition, 3 main techniques for minimally invasive intrathoracic anastomosis are currently practiced: (i) end-to-side circular stapled, (ii) end-to-side double stapling, and (iii) side-to-side linear stapled technique. The step-by-step procedural analysis unveiled common approaches but also different expert practice. Conclusion: This precise technical description may serve as a clinical guideline for intrathoracic reconstruction after esophagectomy. In addition, the results may aid to harmonize the technical evolution of this complex surgical procedure and thereby facilitate surgical training.

Memoria final del PIMCD UCM 2020/2021 número 310

El presente trabajo aborda la llegada y desarrollo de la pintura de género a España, desde finales del siglo XVI hasta las primeras décadas del XVII, así como su conflictivo encaje dentro del estamento artístico español. A pesar de resultar un asunto codiciado y coleccionado por una élite cultivada, los pintores españoles optaron por mantenerse al margen de su práctica. De esta manera, un novedoso género pictórico nacido en Flandes hacia la mitad del siglo XVI, trasladado de forma rápida al norte de Italia donde adquiere una entidad propia, no termina de asentarse en España, incluso cuando estos territorios donde surge (Flandes y Lombardía) pertenecen a la corona española. Es evidente que en su rechazo se concitan una serie de factores, tanto políticos como sociales, religiosos y estéticos, todos ellos explorados a lo largo de esta investigación. Resulta asimismo paradójico que los dos pintores españoles más importantes de su tiempo, como son Diego Velázquez (1599-1660) y Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617-1682), encontraran precisamente en la pintura de género un cauce de expresión privilegiado, generando una serie de pinturas sin parangón en la Europa Moderna..., The present work deals with the arrival of Genre Painting to Spain, since the Endof the 16th till the first decades of the 17th Century as well as his difficult insertion inthe Spanish artistic context. Despite being a kind of painting that was searched andcollected by the elite, Spanish painters preferred to remain apart from its development.That can explain why a novel pictorial genre, born in Flanders in the 1550s and quicklydeveloped in Northern Italy, where it reached its full essence, was not completelysuccessful in Spain, even taking into account that the territories where it was bornbelonged to the Spanish Monarchy. It is evident that in its rejection were broughttogether different causes, political as well as social, religious and aesthetic, and all ofthem are analysed through this research. It is also paradoxical that the two mostimportant Spanish painters of their time, Diego Velázquez (1599-1660) and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617-1682), would find just in Genre painting a privileged means ofexpression, creating a series of pictures without an equivalent in contemporary Europe...

En la sociedad actual en la que vivimos es imprescindible la comunicación, ya que esta permite la integración e interacción social. Actualmente, muchas personas que sufren discapacidad auditiva se enfrentan a numerosas barreras comunicativas y necesitan el apoyo de métodos alternativos de comunicación, como la Lengua de Signos (LS), para integrarse completamente en la sociedad. Hoy en día, casi ningún material audiovisual cuenta con la LS integrada, lo que supone que muchas personas con discapacidad auditiva no tengan acceso a ciertos servicios fundamentales, como por ejemplo avisos por megafonía en una estación de tren o un hospital. En este TFG hemos desarrollado una herramienta gratuita que permite traducir un texto en castellano a Lengua de Signos Española (LSE) en formato vídeo o imagen y de forma instantánea. Text2LSE permitirá así incorporar la LS a cualquier material audiovisual, lo que contribuye favorablemente a la adaptación de este colectivo y su inclusión en la sociedad. A día de hoy no existe ninguna herramienta que sea capaz de traducir castellano a LSE en tiempo real, por lo que nuestro TFG puede ayudar a cubrir esa necesidad y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad auditiva. La herramienta se ha desarrollado siguiendo una Arquitectura Orientada a Servicios (SOA), por lo que otros desarrolladores podrán integrar los servicios que hemos desarrollado para implementar cada una de las funcionalidades de nuestra aplicación en sus propias aplicaciones. Además, se ha realizado una evaluación de las traducciones proporcionadas por nuestra herramienta y, aunque hay mucho margen de mejora, los resultados han sido muy satisfactorios. Con el desarrollo de este TFG hemos establecido una buena base para la traducción a LS, ya que la aplicación es capaz de traducir un número considerable de oraciones, fácilmente ampliable si se continúa con el trabajo realizado., In today's society, communication is essential, since it allows social integration and interaction. Nowadays, many people with hearing disabilities face numerous communication barriers and need the support of alternative communication methods, such as Sign Language (SL), to fully integrate into society. Today, most audiovisual material have not integrated SL, which means that many people with hearing disabilities do not have access to certain essential services, such as public address announcements at train stations or hospitals. In this project, we have developed a free tool that allows to instantly translate a Spanish text into Spanish Sign Language (SSL) in video or image format. Thus, Text2LSE will allow SL to be incorporated into any audiovisual material, which contributes favorably to the adaptation of this group and its inclusion into society. Nowadays, there is no tool that is capable of translating Spanish into SSL in real time, so our project can help cover that need and improve quality of life for people with hearing disabilities. The tool has been developed following a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), so other developers will be able to integrate the functionalities of our application into their own applications. Additionally, an evaluation of the translations provided by our tool has been carried out. Although there is room for improvement, results have been very satisfactory. The development of this project allowed us to establish a good basis for the translation to SL, since the application is capable of translating a considerable number of sentences. Nevertheless, this work is easily expandable should it be continued.