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Sea ice expansion in the Southern Ocean is believed to have contributed to glacial–interglacial atmospheric CO2 variability by inhibiting air–sea gas exchange and influencing the ocean's meridional overturning circulation. However, limited data on past sea ice coverage over the last 140 ka (a complete glacial cycle) have hindered our ability to link sea ice expansion to oceanic processes that affect atmospheric CO2 concentration. Assessments of past sea ice coverage using diatom assemblages have primarily focused on the Last Glacial Maximum (∼21 ka) to Holocene, with few quantitative reconstructions extending to the onset of glacial Termination II (∼135 ka). Here we provide new estimates of winter sea ice concentrations (WSIC) and summer sea surface temperatures (SSST) for a full glacial–interglacial cycle from the southwestern Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean using the modern analog technique (MAT) on fossil diatom assemblages from deep-sea core TAN1302-96. We examine how the timing of changes in sea ice coverage relates to ocean circulation changes and previously proposed mechanisms of early glacial CO2 drawdown. We then place SSST estimates within the context of regional SSST records to better understand how these surface temperature changes may be influencing oceanic CO2 uptake. We find that winter sea ice was absent over the core site during the early glacial period until MIS 4 (∼65 ka), suggesting that sea ice may not have been a major contributor to early glacial CO2 drawdown. Sea ice expansion throughout the glacial–interglacial cycle, however, appears to coincide with observed regional reductions in Antarctic Intermediate Water production and subduction, suggesting that sea ice may have influenced intermediate ocean circulation changes. We observe an early glacial (MIS 5d) weakening of meridional SST gradients between 42 and 59∘ S throughout the region, which may have contributed to early reductions in atmospheric CO2 concentrations through its impact on air–sea gas exchange.

Environmental conditions during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (130–116 ka) represent an important “process analogue” for understanding the climatic responses to present and future anthropogenic warming. The response of Antarctic sea ice to global warming is particularly uncertain due to the short length of the observational record. Reconstructing Antarctic winter sea-ice extent during MIS 5e therefore provides insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of sea-ice change under a warmer-than-present climate. This study presents new MIS 5e records from nine marine sediment cores located south of the Antarctic Polar Front between 55 and 70∘ S. Winter sea-ice extent and sea-surface temperatures are reconstructed using marine diatom assemblages and a modern analogue technique transfer function, and changes in these environmental variables between the three Southern Ocean sectors are investigated. The Atlantic and East Indian sector records show much more variable MIS 5e winter sea-ice extent and sea-surface temperatures than the Pacific sector records. High variability in the Atlantic sector winter sea-ice extent is attributed to high glacial meltwater flux in the Weddell Sea, indicated by increased abundances of the diatom species Eucampia antarctica and Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The high variability in the East Indian sector winter sea-ice extent is conversely believed to result from large latitudinal migrations of the flow bands of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, inferred from latitudinal shifts in the sea-surface temperature isotherms. Overall, these findings suggest that Pacific sector winter sea ice displays a low sensitivity to warmer climates. The different variability and sensitivity of Antarctic winter sea-ice extent in the three Southern Ocean sectors during MIS 5e may have significant implications for the Southern Hemisphere climatic system under future warming.

Radiolarians (holoplanktonic protozoa) preserved in marine sediments are commonly used as palaeoclimate proxies for reconstructing past Southern Ocean environments. Generating reconstructions of past climate based on microfossil abundances, such as radiolarians, requires a spatially and environmentally comprehensive reference dataset of modern census counts. The Southern Ocean Radiolarian (SO-RAD) dataset includes census counts for 238 radiolarian taxa from 228 surface sediment samples located in the Atlantic, Indian, and southwest Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. This compilation is the largest radiolarian census dataset derived from surface sediment samples in the Southern Ocean. The SO-RAD dataset may be used as a reference dataset for palaeoceanographic reconstructions, or for studying modern radiolarian biogeography and species diversity. As well as describing the data collection and collation, we include recommendations and guidelines for cleaning and subsetting the data for users unfamiliar with the procedures typically used by the radiolarian community. The SO-RAD dataset is available to download from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929903 (Lawler et al., 2021).

The Antarctic coastal zone is an area of high primary productivity, particularly within coastal polynyas, where large phytoplankton blooms and drawdown of CO2 occur. Reconstruction of historical primary productivity changes and the associated driving factors could provide baseline insights on the role of these areas as sinks for atmospheric CO2, especially in the context of projected changes in coastal Antarctic sea ice. Here we investigate the potential for using carbon isotopes (δ13C) of fatty acids in marine sediments as a proxy for primary productivity. We use a highly resolved sediment core from off the coast of Adélie Land spanning the last ∼ 400 years and monitor changes in the concentrations and δ13C of fatty acids along with other proxy data from the same core. We discuss the different possible drivers of their variability and argue that C24 fatty acid δ13C predominantly reflects phytoplankton productivity in open-water environments, while C18 fatty acid δ13C reflects productivity in the marginal ice zone. These new proxies have implications for better understanding carbon cycle dynamics in the Antarctica coastal zone in future palaeoclimate studies.

Measurement(s) emotion - valence & arousal Technology Type(s) Self-Assessment Manikin scale (SAM) Factor Type(s) emotional video stimuli • age group Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14992173

Background: Cognitive biases are popular topics in psychology and marketing, as they refer to systematic cognitive tendencies in human thinking that deviate from logical and rational reasoning. The framing effect (FE) and the decoy effect (DE) are examples of cognitive biases that can influence decision making and consumer preferences. The FE involves how options are presented, while the DE involves the addition of a third option that influences the choice between the other two options. Methods: We investigated the interaction between the FE and the DE in the case of both incongruent (ID) and congruent (CD) decoys in a sample of undergraduates (n = 471). The study had a two (positive vs. negative valence) × three (original, congruent decoy, incongruent decoy) within-subject design. Results: The ID option reduces the FE in both positive- and negative-framed conditions compared to the controls, while adding the CD option increases the FE only in the positive-framed condition. Additionally, the inclusion of the CD option enhances the level of decision confidence, whereas no significant differences were found in the ID condition. Conclusions: Our findings gave new insights into the interplay between two of the most frequent cognitive biases.

Steven M Silverstein,1– 4 Adriann Lai,1 Kyle M Green,3 Christen Crosta,5 Samantha I Fradkin,6 Rajeev S Ramchandran3,7 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; 2Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; 3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; 4Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; 5Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; 6Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; 7Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USACorrespondence: Steven M SilversteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY, 14642, USATel +1 585 275-6742Fax +1 585 276-2094Email steven_silverstein@urmc.rochester.eduPurpose: Schizophrenia is associated with alterations in neural structure and function of the retina that are similar to changes seen in the retina and brain in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Preliminary evidence suggests that retinal microvasculature may also be compromised in schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to determine, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), whether 1) schizophrenia is associated with alterations in retinal microvasculature density; and 2) microvasculature reductions are associated with retinal neural layer thinning and performance on a measure of verbal IQ.Patients and Methods: Twenty-eight outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 37 psychiatrically healthy control subjects completed OCT and OCTA exams, and the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.Results: Schizophrenia patients were characterized by retinal microvasculature density reductions, and enlarged foveal avascular zones, in both eyes. These microvascular abnormalities were generally associated with thinning of retinal neural (macular and peripapillary nerve fiber layer) tissue (but the data were stronger for the left than the right eye) and lower scores on a proxy measure of verbal IQ. First- and later-episode patients did not differ significantly on OCTA findings.Conclusion: The retinal microvasculature impairments seen in schizophrenia appear to be a biomarker of overall brain health, as is the case for multiple neurological conditions. Additional research is needed, however, to clarify contributions of social disadvantage and medical comorbidities to the findings.Keywords: schizophrenia, retina, OCT angiography, OCTA, venule, arteriole

The North Water polynya is a unique but vulnerable ecosystem, home to Indigenous people and Arctic keystone species. New palaeoecological records from Greenland suggest human abandonment c. 2200–1200 cal yrs BP occurred during climate-forced polynya instability, foreshadowing future ecosystem declines.

Regular physical exercise can decrease the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, increase life expectancy, and promote psychological health and neurocognitive functioning. Cross-sectional studies show that cardiorespiratory fitness level (VO2 max) is associated with enhanced brain health, including improved mood state and heightened cognitive performance. Interventional studies are consistent with these cross-sectional studies, but most have focused on low-fit populations. Few such studies have asked if increasing levels of physical activity in moderately fit people can significantly enhance mood, motivation, and cognition. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of increasing aerobic exercise in moderately fit individuals on psychological state and cognitive performance. We randomly assigned moderately fit healthy adults, 25–59 years of age, who were engaged in one or two aerobic exercise sessions per week to either maintain their exercise regimen (n = 41) or increase their exercise regimen (i.e., 4–7 aerobic workouts per week; n = 39) for a duration of 3 months. Both before and after the intervention, we assessed aerobic capacity using a modified cardiorespiratory fitness test, and hippocampal functioning via various neuropsychological assessments including a spatial navigation task and the Mnemonic Similarity Task as well as self-reported measures including the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Rumination Scale, Eating Disorders Examination, Eating Attitudes Test, Body Attitudes Test, and Behavioral Regulation of Exercise Questionnaire. Consistent with our initial working hypotheses, we found that increasing exercise significantly decreased measures of negative affect, including fear, sadness, guilt, and hostility, as well as improved body image. Further, we found that the total number of workouts was significantly associated with improved spatial navigation abilities and body image as well as reduced anxiety, general negative affect, fear, sadness, hostility, rumination, and disordered eating. In addition, increases in fitness levels were significantly associated with improved episodic memory and exercise motivation as well as decreased stress and disordered eating. Our findings are some of the first to indicate that in middle-aged moderately-fit adults, continuing to increase exercise levels in an already ongoing fitness regimen is associated with additional benefits for both psychological and cognitive health.

Changes in water mass distribution are considered to be a significant contributor to the atmospheric CO2 concentration drop to around 186 ppm recorded during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Yet simulating a glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in agreement with paleotracer data remains a challenge, with most models from previous Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) phases showing a tendency to simulate a strong and deep North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) instead of the shoaling inferred from proxy records of water mass distribution. Conversely, the simulated Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is often reduced compared to its pre-industrial volume, and the Atlantic Ocean stratification is underestimated with respect to paleoproxy data. Inadequate representation of surface conditions, driving deep convection around Antarctica, may explain inaccurately simulated bottom water properties in the Southern Ocean. We investigate here the impact of a range of surface conditions in the Southern Ocean in the iLOVECLIM model using nine simulations obtained with different LGM boundary conditions associated with the ice sheet reconstruction (e.g., changes of elevation, bathymetry, and land–sea mask) and/or modeling choices related to sea-ice export, formation of salty brines, and freshwater input. Based on model–data comparison of sea-surface temperatures and sea ice, we find that only simulations with a cold Southern Ocean and a quite extensive sea-ice cover show an improved agreement with proxy records of sea ice, despite systematic model biases in the seasonal and regional patterns. We then show that the only simulation which does not display a much deeper NADW is obtained by parameterizing the sinking of brines along Antarctica, a modeling choice reducing the open-ocean convection in the Southern Ocean. These results highlight the importance of the representation of convection processes, which have a large impact on the water mass properties, while the choice of boundary conditions appears secondary for the model resolution and variables considered in this study.

The aim of this systematic literature review was to ascertain the best practice available to provide high-quality online support to students during their thesis stage of an Online Doctorate in Higher Education programme. The review process involved a synthesis of available research literature to arrive a comprehensive and trustworthy picture. For completeness we reviewed literature related to both online and face-to-face doctoral supervision and how the latter could be applied to the growing area of providing online doctoral supervision. Through a detailed and systematic review of the literature by the two researchers independently we identified good practices which fit under three themes: Enculturation; Emancipation; and Healthy Relationship. We also highlighted aspects of effective online doctoral supervision

The COVID-19 pandemic tremendously impacted people’s day-to-day activities and mental health. This article describes the dataset used to investigate the psychological impact of the first national lockdown on the general Italian population. For this purpose, an online survey was disseminated via Qualtrics between 1 April and 20 April 2020, to record various socio-demographic and psychological variables. The measures included both validated (namely, the Impact of the Event Scale-Revised, the Perceived Stress Scale, the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the Big Five Inventory 10-Item, and the Whiteley Index-7) and ad hoc questionnaires (nine items to investigate in-group and out-group trust). The final sample comprised 4081 participants (18–85 years old). The dataset could be helpful to other researchers in understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related preventive and protective measures. Furthermore, the present data might help shed some light on the role of individual differences in response to traumatic events. Finally, this dataset can increase the knowledge in investigating psychological distress, health anxiety, and personality traits.

Ground deformations in urban areas can be the result of a combination of multiple factors and pose several hazards to infrastructures and human lives. In order to monitor these phenomena, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques are applied. The obtained signals record the overlapping of the phenomena, and their separation is a relevant issue. In this framework, we explored a new multi-method approach based on the combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Hierarchal Clustering (HC) on the standardized results to distinguish the main trends and seasonal signals embedded in the time series of ground displacements, to understand spatial-temporal patterns, to correlate ground deformation phenomena with geological and anthropogenic factors, and to recognize the specific footprints of different ground deformation phenomena. This method allows us to classify the ground deformations at the site scale in the metropolitan area of Naples, which is affected by uplift cycles, subsidence, cavity instabilities and sinkholes. At the local scale, the results allow a kinematic classification using the extracted components and considering the effect of the radius of influence generated by each cavity, as it is performed from a theoretical point of view when the draw angle is considered. According to the results, among the classified cavities, 2% were assigned to subsidence and 11% to uplift kinematics, while the remaining were found to be stable. Furthermore, our results show that the centering of the Spatial-PCA (S-PCA) is representative of the region’s main trend, whereas Temporal-PCA (T-PCA) gives information about the displacement rates identified by each component.

ABSTRACT Glaciers host a variety of cold‐adapted taxa, many of which have not yet been described. Interactions among glacier organisms are even less clear. Understanding ecological interactions is crucial to unravelling the functioning of glacier ecosystems, particularly in light of current glacier retreat. Through a review of the existing literature, we aim to provide a first overview of the biodiversity, primary production, trophic networks, and matter flow of a glacier ecosystem. We use the Forni Glacier (Central Italian Alps) – one of the best studied alpine glaciers in the world – as a model system for our literature review and integrate additional original data. We reveal the importance of allochthonous organic matter inputs, of Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic green algae in primary production, and the key role of springtails (Vertagopus glacialis) on the glacier surface in sustaining populations of two apex terrestrial predators: Nebria castanea (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Pardosa saturatior (Araneae: Lycosidae). The cryophilic tardigrade Cryobiotus klebelsbergi is the apex consumer in cryoconite holes. This short food web highlights the fragility of nodes represented by invertebrates, contrasting with structured microbial communities in all glacier habitats. Although further research is necessary to quantify the ecological interactions of glacier organisms, this review summarises and integrates existing knowledge about the ecological processes on alpine glaciers and supports the importance of glacier‐adapted organisms in providing ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) cells carry Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in a latent state, except for a small number of cells in which the virus replicates to ensure its persistence into the infected host. However, the lytic cycle can be reactivated in vitro by exposing these lymphoma cells to various treatments, leading to cell lysis. To restrict viral antigen expression, KSHV induces repressive epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Among the latter, histone deacetylation and tri-methylation of Histone H3 lisyne-27 (H3K27me3) have been reported to play a role. Here, we found that the inhibition of H3K27 tri-methylation by valemetostat DS3201 (DS), a small molecule that inhibits Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) methyltransferase, induced the KSHV lytic cycle in PEL cells, and that this effect involved the activation of the wtp53–p21 axis and autophagic dysregulation. DS also potentiated the lytic cycle activation mediated by the Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and reinforced its cytotoxic effect, suggesting that such a combination could be used to unbalance the latent/lytic cycle and further impair the survival of PEL cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests a multivariate statistical model to simulate rainfall dependent susceptibility scenarios of shallow landslides. To this end, extreme rainfall events spanning from 1977 to 2021 in the Orba basin (a study area of 505 km2 located in Piedmont, northern Italy), have been considered. First of all, the role of conditioning and triggering factors on the spatial pattern of shallow landslides in areas with complex geological conditions is analysed by comparing their spatial distribution and their influence within logistic regression models, with results showing that rainfall and specific lithological and geomorphological conditions exert the strongest control on the spatial pattern of landslide. Different rainfall-based scenarios were then modelled using logistic regression models trained on different combinations of past events and evaluated using an ensemble of performance metrics. Models calibrated on multi-events outperform the ones based on a single event, since they are capable of compensating for local misleading effects that can arise from the use of a single rainfall event. The best performing developed model considers all the landslide triggering rainfall scenarios and two non-triggering intense rainfall events, with a score of 0.90 out of 1 on the multi-criteria TOPSIS-based performance index. Finally, a new approach based on misclassification costs is proposed to account for false negatives and false positives in the predicted susceptibility maps. Overall, this approach based on a multi-event calibration and on a misclassification costs analysis shows promise in producing rainfall dependent shallow landslide susceptibility scenarios that could be used for hazard analyses, early warning systems and to assist decision-makers in developing risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) strongly influence the stability and function of proteins. These modifications have been reported to affect wild-type (wt) p53 as well as the mutant forms of this protein (mutp53), often detected in cancer cells. Thus, PTMs may be key regulators of the oncosuppressor activity of wtp53 and of the pro-oncogenic functions that some mutant forms of p53 may acquire, in terms of tumor survival, progression and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. As treatments that specifically target mutp53 do not exist, manipulating PTMs may represent a promising approach to achieve this goal and even to reactivate the wt functions of mutant proteins, in some cases, as reported in this review. Wild-type (wt) p53 and mutant forms (mutp53) play a key but opposite role in carcinogenesis. wtP53 acts as an oncosuppressor, preventing oncogenic transformation, while mutp53, which loses this property, may instead favor this process. This suggests that a better understanding of the mechanisms activating wtp53 while inhibiting mutp53 may help to design more effective anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we examine possible PTMs with which both wt- and mutp53 can be decorated and discuss how their manipulation could represent a possible strategy to control the stability and function of these proteins, focusing in particular on mutp53. The impact of ubiquitination, phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation of p53, in the context of several solid and hematologic cancers, will be discussed. Finally, we will describe some of the recent studies reporting that wt- and mutp53 may influence the expression and activity of enzymes responsible for epigenetic changes such as acetylation, methylation, and microRNA regulation and the possible consequences of such changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: It is well-established that older persons compared with younger persons show a bias toward positive valence (a positivity effect), together with less pronounced hemispheric asymmetries, but these topics have been scarcely explored in auditory modality. (2) Methods: We presented auditory stimuli with positive, neutral, or negative emotional valence dichotically to 20 younger and 20 older participants and asked them to memorize the stimuli. In a following session, stimuli were presented binaurally, and participants had to decide whether they were new or already presented in the left/right ear. (3) Results: A higher performance by younger compared with older listeners emerged, but neither the expected Right Ear Advantage nor the positivity effect was confirmed. New stimuli were correctly categorized more frequently if they had neutral valence, whereas stimuli already presented were better recognized with negative rather than neutral or positive valence, without any age difference. (4) Conclusions: These results reveal no hemispheric asymmetries and no age difference in a memory task for auditory stimuli and suggest the existence of a bias to better encode negative content, possibly due to the crucial role of negative stimuli in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]