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Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is a widely used technique in oncology chemotherapy, characterized by safety, reliability, and long dwell time. However, a catheter can break due to various causes. When an acute rupture occurs, it always lead to sever complications which may threaten patients’ safety and potentially result in medical disputes. In this study, we collected and analyzed 3 cases of PICC line breakage causing drug leakage in our hospital from 2018 to 2023. All these 3 cases were postoperative breast cancer patients accepting chemotherapy, with 2 cases involving external partial breakage and 1 case involving internal partial breakage. Due to timely and appropriate management, no acute rupture occurred. We propose some ideas such as selecting high-quality catheter materials and avoiding over extension or repeated bending are crucial in preventing PICC line breakage. In addition, we also recommend establishing a standardized and scientific management pattern of PICC to ensure the safety and effectiveness of its clinical application, including comprehensive assessment, “four-element” intervention, and continuous evaluation.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are advanced technologies that assist drivers with vehicle operation and navigation. Recent improvements and brisk expansion in the ADAS market, as well as an increase in the frequency of incidents such as sensor spoofing, communication interruption etc., in autonomous vehicles (AVs), have raised the need to research ADAS security technology. The security issues raised by incorporating these technologies into automobiles must be addressed to protect the privacy and safety of passengers and other road users. As a result, the purpose of this research is to investigate the security issues that arise from the integration of ADAS technologies. Addressing these challenges holds the potential to establish a foundation for enhanced safety and dependability within transportation networks amidst the ongoing advancements in vehicle technology. This paper starts by describing the vulnerabilities, threats, assaults, and defense mechanisms of the ADAS. It then delves into the attacks and countermeasures in three categories, namely VANET, Hardware, and Adversarial attacks. VANET attacks encompass threats targeting Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, aiming to disrupt communication among vehicles or between vehicles and infrastructure. Hardware attacks focus on vulnerabilities within the physical components of ADAS, including sensors, processors, or communication modules. Adversarial attacks involve deliberate manipulations or perturbations introduced into machine learning models or algorithms utilized within ADAS. These attacks aim to deceive or undermine the functionality of AI-based systems, causing misclassification, compromising system integrity, and posing risks to user safety by exploiting vulnerabilities in the AI decision-making process. Finally, this study highlights potential areas for future research, such as the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI), the necessity of industry-wide standardization, and recommends specific future work tailored to each attack described in the corresponding sections.

Army aviation is a modern high-tech branch in the army establishment sequence, and has the advantages of flexible mobility and rapid strikes. However, the army aviators face harsh environments, such as low pressure, lack of oxygen, noise, and vibration during long-term flight missions, and often develop various military stresses, bearing greater physical and mental pressure than ordinary people, which is often more likely to lead to psychological stress disorders, thus seriously affecting the combat effectiveness of the army aviation. In this paper, we mainly introduce a series of psychological stress disorders, such as emotional instability, air discomfort, nervousness, anxiety and depression caused by the special circumstances of army aviation while flying, and put forward corresponding countermeasures on this basis, such as optimizing the psychological selection and training standards of army aviation pilots, strengthening psychological tolerance training, paying special attention to the detection and evaluation of mental health in ordinary times, and regularly conducting psychological consultation, intervention and counseling. These measures are of great significance to promote the mental health of army aviators and prevent the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in future wars. Identifying the influencing factors and countermeasures of psychological stress disorder are essential to improve the operational capacity and combat effectiveness of army aviation force.

The Internet of Things (IoT) emerged as a pervasive technology, facilitating the seamless interaction of devices, individuals, and services, enabling data exchange and task execution across various domains. While the impact of IoT is undeniably transformative, its extensive proliferation raised significant concerns surrounding security, privacy, and trust, which stand as critical barriers to the widespread adoption and advancement of IoT technology. This review article explores IoT security, privacy, and trust research using a 3-layer IoT architecture. After introducing the fundamental tenets of IoT security, privacy, and trust, it proceeds to examine the prevalent security requirements within IoT architectures and their associated challenges. Then, the survey investigates the recent trends in research dedicated to addressing security, privacy, and trust issues within IoT systems. Furthermore, this article reviews the latest advancements and methodologies designed to secure IoT systems against security breaches and protect the privacy of sensitive data. Finally, the survey outlines unresolved challenges within the IoT security landscape and potential solutions. By offering this consolidated insight, this article offers a bridge between foundational and advanced IoT security topics, providing researchers with an in-depth understanding of current IoT security, privacy, and trust challenges, as well as cutting-edge solutions tailored to address the security and trust-related obstacles faced by IoT applications. In addition, it provides the IoT community with the knowledge necessary to navigate the complex terrain of security, privacy, and trust in IoT systems.

This systematic literature review delves into the dynamic realm of graphical passwords, focusing on the myriad security attacks they face and the diverse countermeasures devised to mitigate these threats. The core objective of this paper is to identify existing security threats to graphical password schemes and the corresponding countermeasures developed to mitigate these attacks. The study process begins by identifying the usable databases and search engines to identify all the relevant resources. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were carefully selected to prioritize the study, focusing mostly on attacks and countermeasures related to graphical password schemes between 2009 and 2023. After thorough identification and selection progress, 59 studies met all the criteria. Among these studies, 47 mentioned shoulder surfing as a threat to graphical password schemes, while 20 discussed brute force attacks. Additionally, there were 21 papers on dictionary attacks, 13 on smudge attacks, spyware attacks, and social engineering, and 19 that discussed guessing attacks as threats to graphical password schemes. Furthermore, the papers identified several other attacks, including frequency of occurrence analysis attacks, video recording, eavesdropping, computer vision, sonar, and image gallery attacks, with the corresponding numbers of papers being 9, 17, 5, 2, 2, and 1, respectively. The results also highlight the countermeasures proposed in the study papers to mitigate the aforementioned attacks. Among the various countermeasures identified, most revolve around randomization, obfuscation, and password space complexity as the most commonly used techniques for enhancing the security of graphical password schemes.

The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the approaches established in Russian and foreign doctrine to the definition of the term “sanctions” (in the context of “international economic sanctions”). The author examines the content of the term “sanctions”, including through their typology, and also offers his own typology of international economic sanctions based on modern sanctions regulation. The relevance of the article is investigated due to the need to form unified doctrinal approaches to the definition of international economic sanctions. At the same time, the correct application of the category under consideration is of great scientific and practical importance. For a long time, the doctrine was dominated by the approach that sanctions should be understood exclusively as sanctions of the UN Security Council. This approach is still seen as correct from the standpoint of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of international law, but at the same time, it is outdated, not reflecting modern international economic sanctions. In the course of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that through the prism of modern practice of applying unilateral sanctions in scientific research, the term “sanctions” is used synonymously with the term “unilateral restrictive measures”. The article suggests a hypothesis about the possibility of moving away from the strictly formal approach of defining international sanctions exclusively as collective coercive measures. Of particular interest is the typology of sanctions proposed in the framework of the article as reflecting modern sanctions realities.

Global human rights sanctions (also known as Magnitsky sanctions) regimes target individuals and entities involved in gross human rights abuses. The sanctions measures, including visa bans, transaction restrictions, and asset freezes, are implemented through executive decision-making processes. This article critically analyses the legality of Magnitsky sanctions in relation to the principle of state sovereignty, exploring whether these new transnational legal regimes disrupt the existing international legal order. Given that global human rights sanctions can be employed to address both individual responsibility and state responsibility for human rights violations, this paper scrutinizes the legitimacy of the jurisdiction of these sanctions and evaluates whether they can be justified as countermeasures, respectively. This paper argues that the jurisdiction of sanctions is not in violation of international law. As unilateral measures against states for violating human rights law, Magnitsky sanctions can significantly contribute to the formation of customary international law on third-party countermeasures.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(3), 1067-1075 | European Forum Insight of 28 December 2023 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction - II. Labyrinth of legal issues - II.1. State-owned assets - II.2. Private assets - III. A way forward. | (Abstract) This Insight explores the legal terrain surrounding constraints on repurposing of state-affiliated property (both state-owned and private assets affiliated with the state) to compensate for human rights violations caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. It briefly examines evolving norms regarding sovereign immunity, third-party countermeasures, and their impact on international human rights law. Key issues include the role of jus cogens norms and obligations erga omnes in potentially waiving state immunity, the legality and reversibility of third-party countermeasures, and the potential clash between sovereign immunity and human rights law. The Insight also discusses the relevance of investment treaty law and international humanitarian law to property constraints. Recent developments, such as establishing a compensation mechanism for Ukraine's damages, are outlined, underscoring the need for adequate funding for these mechanisms to be effective. The author proposes potential approaches to asset confiscation, including transferring frozen assets to a dedicated fund or providing financial assistance while retaining the right to reclaim assets upon reparations. Acknowledging the intricacies involved, it calls for further research to address the multifaceted issues arising in this evolving area of international law.

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Steep surrounding rock significantly challenges tunnel stability by affecting the stress distribution and deformation behavior. The angle of dip in surrounding rock greatly influences these factors, heightening the risk of instability along bedding planes, particularly under high ground stress conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of steep rock strata mechanical properties based on a railway tunnel in Yunnan Province, China. It incorporates long-term field monitoring and various laboratory tests, including point load, triaxial, and loose circle tests. Using experimental data, this study simulated the failure processes of steep surrounding rock and tunnel structures with a custom finite element method (FEM) integrated with the volume of fluid (VOF) approach. The analysis summarized the deformation patterns, investigated the causes of inverted arch deformation and failure, and proposed countermeasures. The findings reveal that increasing the rock dip angle results in greater deformation and accelerated failure rates, with the surrounding rock’s loose zone stabilizing at approximately 8 m once deformation stabilizes. At a surface deformation of 8 cm, the failure zone extends to 6 m; however, this extension occurs more rapidly with higher lateral pressure coefficients. Additionally, failure zones develop more quickly in thin, soft rock on steep slopes compared to uniform rock formations. The rise of the tunnel floor is attributed to the steeply inclined, thin surrounding rock. To enhance bottom structure stiffness, this study recommends incorporating an inverted arch structure and increasing both the number and strength of the anchor bolts.

Abstract Aim To analyse the risk factors for falls in vascular patients and methods to mitigate fall risk in hospitalised patients receiving vascular surgery. Design This study is a multicentre, retrospective study. Methods A total of 112 inpatients that underwent vascular surgery in five hospitals in Shanxi Province from April 2018 to April 2022 were selected. They were divided into two groups according to whether they had fallen or not; 56 patients who fell were taken as the observation group and 56 patients who did not fall were taken as the control group. The risk factors of falls were analysed by univariate and logistic regression. Results There was no significant difference between the observation and the control groups in male patients and the incidence of falls without family members. In the observation group, the percentage of patients aged ≥65 years old, with a history of falls and/or fractures, long‐term medications and a history of osteoporosis was higher than in the control group and showed a statistically significant difference. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age, a history of falls and fractures, long‐term medications and a history of osteoporosis were independent risk factors for falls, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion Older age, a history of falls and/or fractures, continuous medication for more than 3 months and a history of osteoporosis are the risk factors for falls in hospitalised patients undergoing vascular surgery.

Objective To explore the quality of platelet-rich plasma(PRP) and adverse events during PRP collection and the countermeasures, so as to provide reference for the development of PRP therapy. Methods A total of 412 patients who underwent PRP treatment from November 2020 to October 2022 were statistically analyzed in terms of the general data, PRP quality and adverse events during collection, and the countermeasures were formulated. Results PRP was collected from 409 patients with a volume of (48.391±6.262) mL, with platelet concentration at (1 125.548±366.036)×109/L. There were 33 adverse events occurred in 412 patients, with an incidence of 8.01% (33/412), among which 10 was regarding to collection and 23 were adverse reaction to blood donation. The reasons include mental factors, hyperlipidemia, hypovolemia, abnormal red blood cell morphology and venous puncture injury. Conclusion Countermeasures against the relative risk factors of adverse events during PRP collection, such as exclusion of hyperlipidemia, relieving mental stress, providing adequate communication and water to patients with low body weight, lowering the collection and transfusion flow rate to patients with poor vascular status and providing calcium gluconate to patients with low calcium response should be taken.

A case report detailing, for the first time, a case of laboratory-confirmed zoster in an astronaut on board the International Space Station is presented. The findings of reduced T-cell function, cytokine imbalance, and increased stress hormones which preceded the event are detailed. Relevance for deep space countermeasures is discussed.

Motion Sickness (MS) remains a paramount concern in the evolving landscape of autonomous vehicles. As automation continues to reshape the passenger-vehicle interaction paradigm, the proliferation of diverse in-vehicle systems empowers passengers to disengage from the driving task. However, this new paradigm comes with the potential cost of exacerbating MS inside the car.In this work, we intended to: (1) present and review available countermeasures to prevent or mitigate MS, found in the literature, that could also be implemented inside a car; (2) identify current trends and gaps in countermeasures to MS; and (3) suggest future avenues of research for potential use-cases aiming to mitigate MS in autonomous driving.Through a comprehensive review of 65 publications, spanning from 2009 to 2023, we have organized existing literature into three distinctive categories and ten subcategories: (1) Vehicle-Centric Adaptation (Adaptation to Surface, Best Route ad Driving Style Adaptation), (2) In-Car Design and Environment (Design Guidelines for Seats, for Displays, for Windows and Climate Control), and (3) Sensory Cues (Visual, Haptic Audio and Olfactory Cues).Our findings suggest that Visual Cues and Motion Planning are the two strongest trends in MS countermeasures. In contrast, Olfactory Cues are the least studied approach. Our results also substantiate the viability of multimodal approaches as a promising solution for passengers in autonomous vehicles. The simultaneous application of various countermeasures might hold potential in mitigating MS effectively.As autonomous vehicles advance, these findings offer a strong basis for future research to decrease passenger's motion sickness and improve their well-being, safety, and comfort inside the car.

When we humans travel, our microorganisms come along. These can be harmless but also pathogenic, and are spread by touching surfaces or breathing aerosols in the passenger cabins. As the pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 has shown, those environments display a risk for infection transmission. For a risk reduction, countermeasures such as wearing face masks and distancing were applied in many places, yet had a significant social impact. Nevertheless, the next pandemic will come and additional countermeasures that contribute to the risk reduction are needed to keep commuters safe and reduce the spread of microorganisms and pathogens, but also have as little impact as possible on the daily lives of commuters. This review describes the bacterial microbiome of subways around the world, which is mainly characterized by human-associated genera. We emphasize on healthcare-associated ESKAPE pathogens within public transport, introduce state-of-the art methods to detect common microbes and potential pathogens such as LAMP and next-generation sequencing. Further, we describe and discuss possible countermeasures that could be deployed in public transportation systems, as antimicrobial surfaces or air sterilization using plasma. Commuting in public transport can harbor risks of infection. Improving the safety of travelers can be achieved by effective detection methods, microbial reduction systems, but importantly by hand hygiene and common-sense hygiene guidelines.

Enhancing the ability to manage abnormal situations is important for improvement of the safety of nuclear power plants. It is necessary to investigate potential risks thoroughly in advance, and prepare countermeasures against the identified risks. In addition, in case of an occurrence of an abnormal situation, plant operators are required to recognize the plant situation promptly and select a suitable countermeasure. However, the human ability to perform it is limited because the number of such abnormal situations in actual nuclear power plants is indefinite. Due to the advent of AI, it becomes possible to compensate for such limitation, by learning abnormal situations and assessing the effectiveness of prepared countermeasures virtually. The present study aims to develop such an AI-based support system for the plant operators to deal with abnormal situations steadily. Although many previous studies about detection of anomalies have been conducted, few studies consider countermeasures, especially against unexperienced abnormal situations. This study develops a novel plant operator support system designed not only to estimate details of anomalies in a plant but also propose countermeasures adaptively by employing several AI technologies of deep neural network and reinforcement learning. A plant simulator is used to prepare training data for the AI system. The combination of the proposed AI-based system and the plant simulator makes it possible to identify abnormal situations unknown to operators and propose countermeasures. The design and performance of the proposed system is illustrated using High Temperature engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) operated in Japan Atomic Energy Agency.

The carbon mitigation response encompasses a variety of strategies aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities. These measures are crafted to address the challenges posed by climate change and facilitate the transition of businesses towards a low-carbon paradigm. Leveraging the analytical outcomes of the extended STIRPAT model and the PSO-BP prediction model, this paper suggests countermeasures for reducing carbon emissions in China's metal smelting industry. The overarching objective is to contribute to China's attainment of the "dual carbon objectives." The study identifies key factors influencing carbon emissions in the metal smelting industry, ranked in descending order of sensitivity: population, coal consumption, urbanization rate, total metal production, carbon intensity, proportion of secondary industry, and GDP per capita. Results from three established scenarios—namely, low carbon, standard, and high carbon—indicate a consistent decline in carbon emissions from China's metal smelting industry over the next 15 years. This research not only enhances the findings of existing studies on carbon emissions in the metal smelting sector but also introduces an innovative approach to carbon emission reduction within China's metal smelting industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high water content of the surrounding rock in loess tunnels will lead to the deterioration of rock strength, causing deformation and damage to the initial support structure and thereby affecting safety during construction and operation. This article first analyzes the strength characteristics of loess under different water contents through indoor physical and mechanical tests. Secondly, based on numerical simulation results, the ecological environment, and design requirements, the water content threshold is determined. Finally, a reinforcement scheme combining surface precipitation measures and curtain grouting measures is proposed, and the reinforcement effect is analyzed based on on-site monitoring data. The results show that as the water content of loess increases, the cohesion, internal friction angle, and elastic modulus of the surrounding rock all decrease, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of the surrounding rock to excavation disturbances and a deterioration in strength. During the construction process, it shows an increase in the vault settlement and sidewalls' convergence. During the process of increasing the distance between the monitoring section and the palm face, the settlement and convergence of the tunnel show a rapid growth stage, slow growth stage, and stable stage. The water content threshold is determined to be 22%. The reinforcement scheme of combining surface precipitation measures with curtain grouting measures not only meets the requirements of the ecological environment but also makes the settlement and convergence values lower than the yellow warning deformation values required by the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, China’s overall national strength has increased continuously. With the rapid development of the tourism industry, people have an increasingly strong demand for travel. Firstly, tourists’ satisfaction to Lianqingshan Scenic Spot was surveyed, and then the types of tourism resources, current development situation and problems in the scenic spot were analyzed. Finally, some countermeasures and suggestions for its development and quality improvement were put forward. It is found that based on the environmental quality, safety and service quality of Lianqingshan Scenic Spot, the basic situation of the development of the scenic spot was investigated, and the comprehensive satisfaction of each item is 3.30, 3.24 and 3.32. The tourists of the scenic spot is mainly from Tengzhou City and its surrounding cities, and the popularity of the scenic spot is relatively low. The management personnel of the scenic spot needs to increase the tourist flow by improving its exposure. The problems of the scenic spot include low popularity, poor environmental quality, low safety of tourists, poor operating condition of catering industry and service quality of service personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proving the quality and efficiency of energy conservation and emission reduction in the construction industry and providing high-quality products and services are important forces in achieving the goal of 'double carbon'. They play a crucial role in the sustainable development of human society and nature and are the typical embodiment of the high-quality development of Chinese modernization. This paper analyzes the proportion and importance of China's construction industry policy system, spatial characteristics, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in achieving the 'double carbon' goal. The life cycle assessment (LCIA) method identifies that the materialization, operation, and use stages are the key stages of the whole process and the influencing factors of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, this paper explores and creates China's construction industry's '1 + 5 + N' high-quality development index system by proposing four stages: top-level design period, deep development period, consolidation achievement period, and summary planning period. These stages aim to facilitate quality improvement, efficiency enhancement, innovation drive, and whole life cycle sustainability. This system's principles are 'systematic planning, one type of one policy, collaborative efforts, safety, and economy'. The proposed system aims to enhance the policy and standard system, strengthen the implementation of policy tools, increase the investment and application of energy-saving and efficiency-increasing technologies, improve the development of energy consumption and carbon emission monitoring systems and platforms, reinforce green finance, standardize information disclosure, accelerate the renovation of outdated infrastructure, and intensify efforts to promote and guide green consumption, lifestyles, and production methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the field survey of the key counties supported by the national and provincial rural revitalization, the discussion of the industry competent departments and the collection and sorting of materials, we studied the growth of wage income among the poverty-stricken population during the stage of consolidating poverty alleviation achievements. The results showed that:From winning the battle against poverty to comprehensively promote rural revitalization, by dynamic monitoring to consolidate employment, multi party cooperation to transfer employment, skills training to improve employment, stable employment of public welfare posts and project assistance to promote employment, we have effectively lifted people out of poverty and maintained a high growth trend in income, also, the wage income is characterized by high proportion and fast growth. But the lack of endogenous power of the poverty alleviation population, the low level of agricultural industry development, the poor development quality of business entities, the low quality of employment stability, and the insufficient effectiveness of development assistance restrict the sustainable growth of wage income of the poverty alleviation population in Yunnan. So, we have put forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the growth of wage income of poverty alleviation population from the aspects of building a long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation through education, continuing to promote the prosperity of industries in poverty-stricken areas, cultivating and expanding new business entities, improving the quality of non-agricultural employment of poverty alleviation population, and adjusting and improving development assistance employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the growing grain demand in China, the consumption of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy fields will continue to increase in the future, but the nitrogen fertilizer recovery rate in China is only about 30% at this stage. In view of the current situation of large nitrogen loss in paddy fields in China, this paper summarized the current situation and environmental effects of three major nitrogen loss pathways in paddy fields, namely, ammonia volatilization loss, nitrification and denitrification loss, nitrogen leaching and runoff loss, and analyzed the effects of agricultural measures, rainfall, soil types and rice genotypes on nitrogen loss in paddy fields. Based on the research results of domestic and foreign scholars in recent years, this paper proposed the current countermeasures to reduce nitrogen loss in paddy fields, and prospected the future research on measures to reduce nitrogen loss in paddy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imposing strict export control on technologies related to national security and interests is common international practice. In recent years, with the increasingly fierce international competition, developed countries and regions such as the United States, Europe, and Japan are adjusting their technology export control policies. On the basis of summarizing the evolution of technology export control system in major developed countries and regions, this study mainly analyzes the latest trend of technology export control of western countries such as the United States and its impact on China' s science and technology innovation. Finally, countermeasures and policy suggestions are put forward from the perspectives of improving technology export control system, strengthening strategic technology research ability, and optimizing independent and controllable ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prefabricated dishes industry has food safety risks in production licensing, processing and operation, storage, transportation and sales, etc. Currently, the laws, regulations and industry norms dealing with food safety risks in the prefabricated dishes industry in China are not perfect, and the supervision of the prefabricated dishes industry has defects. It is imperative to protect the rights and interests of consumers as the core, improve the relevant standard system of the prefabricated dishes industry, build the basic system of the prefabricated dishes industry supervision as a specific measure, and use digital technology to enable the management of the prefabricated dishes industry to promote the standardized and healthy development of the prefabricated dishes industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive economic and legal analysis of the position of national minorities in the labour market. To do this, a comparative analysis of the socio-economic and legal status of national minorities is carried out and an analysis of the situation of national minorities in the labour market is conducted while taking into account real and declarative indicators of the level of employment, which were determined by the author's survey and field experiment. It has been proven that discrimination in the labour market is characteristic of certain, but not all, groups of national minorities, in particular, the Roma. It is believed that the efficiency of the labour market of national minorities also affects tax revenues and the distribution of social costs. Ensuring equal opportunities for these groups contributes to the creation of stable social conditions, reducing the costs of social assistance and increasing the efficiency of social capital. The study of the labour market of national minorities also takes into account the importance of socio-economic stability. The main causes of discrimination of representatives of ethno-national groups in the labour market are singled out, and economic and legal measures to stimulate inclusion in the labour market are defined. Through the author's survey and the field method of fictitious questionnaires, the discrimination of certain groups of national minorities in Ukraine, among them Moldovans and especially the Roma, was proven, and it was proved that the unemployment rate in the region provokes an almost proportional decrease in the number of responses from employers from representatives of national minorities. The field of employment was not a significant factor in indicating certain features of discrimination based on the field of the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies are constantly emerging in the modern world and changing the way we live our everyday lives. Although technology has many useful applications, there are various ways it can potentially be abused. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are one of the most rapidly developing technologies, with potentially far-reaching consequences. A new focus on UAV applications has fueled rising concerns with regards to security, specifically around networked UAVs. UAVs may be managed from a remote place with relative ease. Essential operations involving the use of military tactics and weapons involve employing them in a variety of situations, such as reconnaissance, surveillance, and offensive, defensive, and civilian capacities. Message insertion, message manipulation, jamming, and GPS spoofing are the most commonly used cyber-attacks against these systems. Ensuring the security of electronics and communications in systems that employ several UAVs is of utmost importance to guarantee their safety and dependability in military and civilian activities. Many technological methods have been developed over the past decade for securing UAVs from cyber-attacks. This paper attempts to summaries the problems that can arise with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cyber-attacks, and the countermeasures used to protect against them. This is the first paper that details all of the past cyber-attacks on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union (EU) adopted an Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI) to counter economic coercion and weaponization of economic dependencies. This article analyses the potential application and interaction of the EU’s ACI with the World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) legal framework. In particular, the article examines the EU’s claim that the ACI is solely governed by general customary law, justifying countermeasures in response to unlawful economic coercion. A closer look reveals the legal complexities and challenges associated with implementing the ACI within the broader context of the WTO. Actions taken under the ACI that seek redress for WTO law violations could potentially be in violation of the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). Additionally, justifying a violation of WTO law based on the enforcement of general customary law on countermeasures is unlikely to be accepted. While it is difficult to evaluate the ACI’s application in theory, the article also questions the validity of public morals and national security as justifications for response measures under the ACI. The outcome of potential WTO litigation pertaining to the ACI is difficult to address in the abstract, yet future cases hold the potential to provide further clarity on the interplay between the WTO regime and general international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From cost and management perspectives, the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent countermeasures adversely affected labor-intensive construction companies owing to the restrictive guidelines. Following a systematic literature review, this study developed a theoretical framework to assess the impacts of COVID-19 and its countermeasures on construction sites. Based on a developed framework reflecting abroad cases, we explored the Republic of Korea (ROK) situation. Questionnaires were utilized to detect this impact, and were then analyzed using the relative importance index. Through interviews with site managers in the ROK, combined with text-mining and network analysis, this study aimed to pinpoint effective countermeasures and validate the framework. Results revealed that despite policy changes, construction sites in the ROK were not seriously affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, while foreign investment remained steady owing to robust financial contracts, labor shortages and cooperative challenges hindered productivity. Additionally, beyond telecommuting and inspections, changing hygiene regulations prompted the adoption of smart technologies. Further, site managers requested the optimization of worker management and smart systems with governance, hygiene, and quarantine policies. Although impacts from other countries have been studied, the experiences of industries in the ROK remain unanalyzed. In addition, the existing literature has only examined the economic viability of the construction industry; therefore, this study assessed the impacts and countermeasures of COVID-19 from the perspective of managers using a unified theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the generation of adversarial examples and the subsequent robustness of an image classification model. The attacks were performed using the Fast Gradient Sign method, the Projected Gradient Descent method, and the Carlini and Wagner attack to perturb the original images and analyze their impact on the model's classification accuracy. Additionally, image manipulation techniques were investigated as defensive measures against adversarial attacks. The results highlighted the model's vulnerability to conflicting examples: the Fast Gradient Signed Method effectively altered the original classifications, while the Carlini and Wagner method proved less effective. Promising approaches such as noise reduction, image compression, and Gaussian blurring were presented as effective countermeasures. These findings underscore the importance of addressing the vulnerability of machine learning models and the need to develop robust defenses against adversarial examples. This article emphasizes the urgency of addressing the threat posed by harmful standards in machine learning models, highlighting the relevance of implementing effective countermeasures and image manipulation techniques to mitigate the effects of adversarial attacks. These efforts are crucial to safeguarding model integrity and trust in an environment marked by constantly evolving hostile threats. An average 25% decrease in accuracy was observed for the VGG16 model when exposed to the Fast Gradient Signed Method and Projected Gradient Descent attacks, and an even more significant 35% decrease with the Carlini and Wagner method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hardware security in the cyber security domain had become a more of a controversial topic over the past decade due to the introduction of new design technologies in semiconductors and expansion of global supplier chains. In proportion to the technological advancement of hardware production, the success rate of the existing hardware attacks had also evolved over the time with a significantly high rate of emergence of new attacking techniques and methods. Computing hardware is becoming a more and more attractive attack surface due to several reasons. The technology of analyzing the hardware components is becoming more and more affordable and accessible to the general public than before. Also due to the influx of IoT devices in the market, trend of simplifying the design structure to decrease the power consumption and maximizing the processing speed has become the theme of modern hardware implementations rather than the security of the devices. When considering the market demand and user requirements, it is more obvious for the computer manufacturers to give priority to user requirements rather than stressing more on the security aspects of their designs and devices. But there could be some catastrophic outcomes if the security aspects of these hardware tends to fail in a critical infrastructure, because these semiconductors are used in devices ranging from simple IoT devices to more complex systems like SCADA systems. Therefore, it is always a better approach to find a balance ground between the user requirement as well as the security of the hardware, without compromising either of both in the design and development. In this article, it presents an overall insight to trends in Hardware Security domain, specifically related to modern computer hardware design and manufacturing processes, distribution, usage, their disposal and recycling. These various stages are analyzed under Three main objectives of exposing the threats to computer hardware, suggesting countermeasures to minimize or eliminate those threats and discussing about the utilization of various design tools that can assist in the way to securing these computer hardware systems in their day-to-day applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) has impacted many fields. In this context, the supply chain has also quickly evolved toward the digital supply chain where digital and electronic technologies have been integrated into every aspect of its end-to-end process. This evolution provides numerous benefits such as profit maximization, loss reduction, and the optimization of supply chain lead times. However, the use of such technologies has also considerably opened up various security threats and risks which have widened the attack surface on the entire end-to-end supply chain. We present a holistic survey on supply chain security. We discuss the different security issues and attacks that target the different supply chain technologies. Then, we discuss various countermeasures and security solutions proposed by academic and industry researchers to mitigate the identified threats. Finally, we provide some recommendations and best practices that can be adopted to achieve a secure supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheat production capacity of the Yuncheng Basin accounts for about 56% of the whole province, and the improvement of its wheat production is related to the food security of Shanxi province. Influenced by various factors, the yield per unit area of wheat in Yuncheng has been increasing year by year in recent years, and the yield per unit area of wheat reached a historical peak in 2022. In this study, the reasons for the high yield of wheat in different years were analyzed to provide guidance for achieving high yields of wheat in the future. According to the fluctuating upward trend of wheat yield per unit area from 2001 to 2020, the average yield per unit area in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2022 was significantly higher than that in neighboring years. By comparing factors such as wheat sowing date and autumn rainfall, it could be seen that the rainfall in July to September during high-yield years of wheat was significantly higher than that in adjacent years. Affected by pre-sowing rainfall, the sowing date was correspondingly delayed by 10-15 d, and the accumulated temperature before winter was significantly reduced. High rainfall from July to September not only helped to firm the soil and improved the quality of wheat sowing to establish a good seedling foundation for high yield but also accumulated abundant soil moisture for the next year's wheat harvest. Delaying the sowing date reduced the accumulated temperature before winter, preventing the ineffective consumption of nutrients and water in the early stage caused by vigorous growth before winter and reducing the basic number of pests and diseases. Additionally, appropriately delaying the growth process could reduce the risk of winter freezing injury and spring freezing injury. The average temperature and extreme low temperature during the overwintering period increased, and the number of days with extreme low temperature decreased, which was also conducive to the safe overwintering of wheat. From the regreening to the jointing stage, the accumulated temperature decreased while rainfall increased, which moderately delayed the jointing stage and improved the ability to resist late freezing disasters. The measures of advance irrigation in spring, the advance of 'one spray and three prevention', and increased frequency provided a guarantee for the establishment of a high-yield population in late sowing. The accumulated temperature from filling to maturity decreased, and the number of sunshine hours increased, which delayed leaf senescence and improved the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. The increase in average temperature during the early filling stage and the decrease in average temperature during the middle filling stage were more conducive to wheat filling and increased the filling rate. The average temperature during the late filling stage increased, resulting in earlier grain filling completion, avoiding dry hot winds, and increasing the thousand grain weight of wheat. The characteristics of climate warming continue. Based on the common characteristics of high-yield years, a cultivation strategy of 'moderately late sowing, balanced winter and spring growth; advanced spring irrigation, stabilized growth process; shifted nitrogen fertilizer backward, balanced nutrient demand' has been formed. This strategy aligned the growth state of wheat with high-yield years, enabling it to adapt to climate change trends and characteristics, reducing the risk of meteorological disasters, and providing the possibility for stable increases in wheat yield across different years [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of e-commerce in China continues to expand, and it has a relatively good development prospect. However, there are many problems in cost control in the development of e-commerce in our country. E-commerce companies have many problems in terms of promotion costs, warehousing costs, and operating costs. Although predecessors have made great achievements in this field and helped e-commerce companies solve problems related to cost control, there are still many problems in e-commerce companies. Question. This article starts with big data and Internet of Things technology, and focuses on storage costs and transportation costs to solve the problems of cost control in e-commerce companies. The problems existing in the development of e-commerce enterprises are: (1) The cost control system is not mature enough, the business scope is not clear, the cost control lacks innovative awareness, the logistics cost remains high, and the logistics management model is unreasonable. In order to solve these problems, we built a transportation cost optimization model and an operation cost optimization model based on big data and Internet of Things technology. Transportation cost and operation cost are two important components of the cost of e-commerce enterprises in my country. The model has been verified to effectively reduce transportation costs and operating costs, which is of great significance to reducing the cost of e-commerce enterprises in my country, can solve the problems of e-commerce enterprise development, and promote the development of e-commerce in my country. Finally, according to the model constructed by the questionnaire survey and the article, we put forward corresponding suggestions (1) optimize customer relationship, improve the enterprise model (2) promote enterprise innovation, and promote the transformation of marketing costs (3) improve the degree of informatization of e-commerce enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective/Meaning] Based on the theory of industrial correlation, the analysis on the correlation mechanism of agriculture between Fujian and Taiwan could provide theoretical and practical reference for the development of agricultural integration between Fujian and Taiwan. [Methods/Procedures]By taking the Phalaenopsis aphrodite industry in Zhangpu County of Fujian Province as an example, the analysis framework of “ production linkage-institutional linkage-market linkage” was constructed to analyze the correlation mechanism and practical dilemma of agriculture between Fujian and Taiwan through the methods of field investigation and in-depth interview. And then the strategies for promoting the integration of agriculture between Fujian and Taiwan were explored. [ Results/Conclusions] The study found that: (1) The Phalaenopsis aphrodite industry in Zhangpu could provide a typical case for the expansion and extension of industrial relevancy theory. The industrial relevancy theory could provide theoretical support for the further research on the strategy of agricultural integration between Fujian and Taiwan. (2) The agriculture in Fujian and Taiwan has established the linkages of production, institution and market at the regional and enterprise levels, and the knowledge spillover effect based on the technological diffusion has promoted the development of local agriculture. However, there were some practical difficulties in the integration of agriculture between Fujian and Taiwan, such as the lack of key technologies for breeding, the insignificant policy effect and the lock-in of product market evolution path. (3) Comprehensively supporting to carry out the breeding work, exerting the remarkable external policy effect and accelerating the breakthrough of evolution path for product market were the effective measures to get out of the current dilemma of agricultural integrated development between Fujian and Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are being actively used in various fields including agriculture, surveillance, scientific research, and delivery. Despite their widespread use, UAVs face significant cybersecurity challenges due to their vulnerabilities as cyber-physical systems. UAVs are vulnerable to cyberattacks, which target cyber or physical elements, the interface between them, wireless connections, or a combination of several components. Given the complexity of securing these systems, this paper provides a comprehensive survey of the current state of UAV cybersecurity. Moreover, different cybersecurity issues of UAVs are analyzed, various features, and functions of UAVs are considered. UAV attack classification scheme is constructed and attacks on various components are accounted for. Also, countermeasures against cyberattacks that target UAVs are discussed. Finally, UAV cyber security datasets for research purposes are indicated, and the remaining open issues in this field are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, rice–crayfish integrated farming has expanded rapidly in the Hongze Lake district of China as the booming consumer market of crayfish. However, the current rice cultivation technology limits rice yield and the economic profits of rice–crayfish integrated farming, and the characteristics and farmers' practices of rice culture under the rice–crayfish integrated farming system are unknown. To understand the present rice culture practices in rice–crayfish integrated farming by farmers and their perceptions and provide direction for improvement, a survey was carried out in 2019 and 2020 in Xuyi County, a representative region of rice–crayfish integrated farming in the Hongze Lake district of China, comprising 208 farmers engaged in RCIF, and detailed and complex information was obtained using face-to-face conversations. Based on the survey results, we found that farmers have limited knowledge of the rice cultivation request in a specific RCIF mode and well-suited rice varieties and mechanical transplanting equipment and corresponding techniques are lacking in RCIF. In addition, farmers had no reliable and scientific methods for the use of nitrogen fertilizers and pest management schemes. In accordance with the constraints mentioned above, we put forward the following suggestions for rice culture improvement: (i) the local agricultural extension department should strengthen the RCIF mode and extend techniques and training; (ii) researchers should develop RCIF-suited rice varieties, mechanical transplanters, and related seedling-raising methods; (iii) researchers should clarify the occurrence regularity of soil properties and rice pests with continuous RCIF practices and provide corresponding guidance for nitrogen application and pest control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trafficking in persons, particularly trafficking in women for prostitution, is a troubling crime that violates human rights. This paper aims to delve deeper into the phenomenon of trafficking women for prostitution, the factors influencing this practice, and the efforts that have been made to address this problem. The research method is comprehensive and descriptive, involving literature studies, accurate case analysis, and interviews with various related parties. The results of this study are expected to provide a more complete picture of the problem of trafficking women for prostitution, as well as develop more effective recommendations in the fight against this cruel practice and protect vulnerable victims. Through deeper understanding, it is hoped that concrete action can be taken to end trafficking in persons and restore the dignity of victims caught in this cruel trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]