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Aimed at the problem that traditional histogram is sensitive to illumination changes in visual tracking, combined with the CN(Color Name) feature, we proposed a new feature(denotes CNH, Color Name Histogram) based on color name. Firstly, the method projected the original RGB image to CN space to obtain robust 11 feature layers. Then, we counted the each pixel numbers of feature layers. Finally, normalizing the amount of pixels in each layer. In addition, we adopted a feature adaptive fusion method to combine CNH and HOG(Histogram of Oriented Gradient). In order to prove validity of the proposed algorithm, we use Staple(Sum of Template And Pixel-wise Learners) algorithm frame to make a controlled trial. In contrast with the reference algorithms, the success of our algorithm increases by 1.5% and the precision increases by 1.7%. The results show that this method retains the advantages of traditional histogram which is insensitive to target deformation, but also enhances the robustness to illumination change.

This study makes a comparison of color metaphors about the similarities and differences between English and Chinese for few articles study the metaphorical usage of shared basic color terms in Chinese and English. The author makes a relatively systematic study of the color metaphors, which has some significance in the light of the cross-cultural communication, language teaching, language learning, as well as translation practice.

Aiming at the problem of poor robustness and the low effectiveness of target tracking in complex scenes by using single color features, an object-tracking algorithm based on dual color feature fusion via dimension reduction is proposed, according to the Correlation Filter (CF)-based tracking framework. First, Color Name (CN) feature and Color Histogram (CH) feature extraction are respectively performed on the input image, and then the template and the candidate region are correlated by the CF-based methods, and the CH response and CN response of the target region are obtained, respectively. A self-adaptive feature fusion strategy is proposed to linearly fuse the CH response and the CN response to obtain a dual color feature response with global color distribution information and main color information. Finally, the position of the target is estimated, based on the fused response map, with the maximum of the fused response map corresponding to the estimated target position. The proposed method is based on fusion in the framework of the Staple algorithm, and dimension reduction by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the scale, the complexity of the algorithm is reduced, and the tracking performance is further improved. Experimental results on quantitative and qualitative evaluations on challenging benchmark sequences show that the proposed algorithm has better tracking accuracy and robustness than other state-of-the-art tracking algorithms in complex scenarios.

Color words were often seen in Chinese poetry and they were always studied with qualitative methods. Encouraged by the previous researches., this paper attempts to calculate the color terms of each period respectively for their PMI values in classical poetry. Then we establish a poetry corpus., which is consist of the representative works of poetry in each period from the Pre-Qin Period to Qing Dynasty. To that end, (1) this paper extracts the prototype color words of the five basic color categories through contrasting the frequency of these color words and (2) by calculating the PMI values of the five basic color words, we find the collocation rules of “white”, “black”, “red”, “yellow”, “cyan” from a diachronic perspective.

Color lexis constitutes a complex semantic network of meanings, which sometimes makes it difficult to determine the characteristic feature of a given color name. This article analyzes the semantic ambiguity of color lexis in the Polish and Russian languages. Color ambiguity, as shown by the analysis, is related to the specificity of the color pattern, the lack of stability of the color pattern or its multicolour quality.

Performing a task with other actors involves two opposing forces, division of labor between co-acting individuals and integration of divided parts of the task into a shared mental representation (co-representation). Previous studies have focused primarily on the integration of task representations and limited attention has paid to the division of labor. The present study devised a test of the integration and the division in a joint task setting. A joint version of the Stroop task was developed, in which pairs of actors were assigned different sets of target colors. If the actors integrate their co-actor's task, the colors assigned to their co-actor should be represented as if they were the actor's own target colors; the Stroop effect should be as large when distractor color words denote their co-actor's target colors as when these words denote the actor's own target colors. If the actors divide the labor of the Stroop task, the colors assigned to their partner should be represented as non-target colors; the Stroop effect should be smaller when the distractor color words denote the co-actor's target colors than when these words denote the actor's own target colors. The results of response time did not provide clear support for either position, while those of response accuracy supported the division of labor. Possible cognitive mechanisms that support the division of labor and the integration of task representation are discussed.

Prior research has shown that aging is accompanied by changes in cognitive control. Older adults are less effective in maintaining an attentional bias in favor of goal-relevant information and are less flexible in shifting control relative to younger adults. Using a novel variant of the Stroop color-naming task, we tested the hypothesis that age-related differences in the flexible shifting of control may be small or absent when control is guided by experience (i.e., environmental input guiding attention). Younger and older adults named the color of color words in abbreviated lists of trials. In Experiment 1, experience within the early segment of the list was manipulated to encourage adoption of more (mostly congruent condition) or less (mostly incongruent condition) attention toward the word. More important, the middle and late portions were 50% congruent in both conditions. Older adults, like younger adults, demonstrated flexible acquisition and shifting of control settings (i.e., relative attention to word vs. color information). In Experiment 2 we replicated this finding. Additionally, we found that both age groups flexibly acquired and shifted control settings for "transfer" items (i.e., items that were 50% congruent in all lists and list segments), pointing to a generalizable (i.e., global) form of control rather than an item-specific mechanism. Discussion focuses on the role of experience-guided control in enabling flexible performance in older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record

Bu çalışmada Karaman’ın Sarıveliler ilçesi yer adlarında görülen renk adları; kullanım sıklığı, oluşturduğu yer adı türü, yer adına kattığı anlam ve işlev bakımından ele alınmıştır. Kullanılan yöntemler, derleme ve taramadır. Malzeme; haritalar, resmî kaynaklar ve saha derlemelerinden elde edilmiştir. Sarıveliler’de renge bağlı oluşan 191 yer adı tespit edilmiştir. En çok karşılaşılan, mevki adlarıdır (51). Bu adlarda, 14 farklı renk adı (ak, akça, ala, boz, gök, gökçe, göv, kara, kır, kızıl, kızılca, kök, sarı, yeşil) ile renk bildiren 7 ayrı sözcük (arap, aydınlık, gün, ışıklı, ışılık, karanlık, kör) kullanılmıştır. Ana renklerle oluşturulan yer adı sayısı 163’tür. Ak, kara ve kızıl en çok yararlanılan renklerdir. Renkler, yer adlarının çoğunda (122) “bir şeyin temel niteliğini aktarma” işlevindedir. Renk adı olarak kullanılan kelimelerin ikisi hariç (arap, kör) hepsi Türkçedir. İlçede tespit edilen adlar, yöre halkının yer adı verme tavrının Türk kültüründen kopuk olmadığını göstermektedir., In this study, color names seen in the place names of Sarıveliler district are discussed in terms of frequency, type of location, meaning and function they add to the name of place. Documentary scanning method and compilation method are used in this study. The material is obtained from maps, official sources and field collections. 191 place names have been found based on color in Sarıveliler. The most encountered is the name of position. In these names 7 words (arap, aydınlık, gün, ışıklı, ışılık, karanlık, kör) are used to indicate color with 14 different color names (ak, akça, ala, boz, gök, gökçe, göv, kara, kır, kızıl, kızılca, kök, sarı, yeşil). The number of place names created with base colors are 163. White, land, red are the most used colors. Colors are used for the function of “transferring the basic attribute of something” in the most of place names. Except for two of the words used as color name (arap, kör), all are in Turkish. The names found in Sarıveliler indicate that the place names of the people of the region is not disconnected from Turkish culture.

Research suggests that cognitive conflict is accompanied by a negative signal. Building on the demonstrated role of negative affect in attitude formation and change, the present research investigated whether the experience of cognitive conflict negatively influences subsequent evaluations of neutral stimuli. Relying on the emergence of conflict in the Stroop task, participants were presented with compatible (non-conflict) and incompatible (conflict) Stroop color words that were each followed by a neutral visual stimulus. In general, participants liked stimuli following incompatible Stroop words less than stimuli following compatible Stroop words. The results revealed similar compatibility effects in tasks in which participants actively responded to the Stroop words and in tasks in which they passively observed them. Furthermore, these effects emerged in offline and online measures of evaluation. Interestingly, the results also suggest that the compatibility effect on liking observed in the present research was to some degree driven by the positivity associated with the compatible Stroop words, and not just by the negativity associated with the incompatible Stroop words. We discuss the present findings in the context of how and when conflicting responses to events (such as in the Stroop task) can influence evaluations of stimuli associated with the conflicting events.

This paper aims to find an effective method for identifying colors of fabrics. We consider the following color naming models: Basic Color terms, ISCC-NBS Color system, Frery’s Color name, and Fractals Lab’s Ultimate color vocabulary. The appropriate color name is assigned for a fabric image by using seven types of minimum distance in RGB and HSV color models. Experiments are performed on S3 plain color fabric images. Results show that in general, the method of identifying fabric color name by using Frery’s color name model with the color similarity measure by Euclidean distance in RGB space gives the better result than the other methods. When we analyze in more details by classifying fabric images into three groups based on color saturation, we found that the effective methods for color naming are as follows: Frery’s color name model with the quadratic distance in HSV space works well for the group of low color saturation (96.23% accuracy). Frery’s color name model with Euclidean distance in RGB space works well for the group of medium color saturation (81.82% accuracy). And Fractals Lab’s Ultimate color vocabulary model with the weighted Euclidean distance in HSV space work good for the group of high color saturation (76.09% accuracy).

High-level cognitions can enter consciousness through the activation of certain action sets and the presentation of external stimuli (“set-based entry,” for short). Set-based entry arises in a manner that is involuntary and systematic. In the Reflexive Imagery Task (RIT), for example, subjects are presented with visual objects and instructed to not think of the names of the objects. Involuntary subvocalizations arise on roughly 80% of the trials. We examined whether or not set-based entry can also occur in the case of involuntary counting. Subjects in Experiment 1A were instructed to not count the number of objects presented in an array. Involuntary counting arose on a high proportion of the trials (a mean proportion of ~ .90) for stimulus arrays having 2 to 5 objects and such counting arose less frequently across trials when the array consisted of 6 to 10 objects (a mean proportion of ~ .21). The data from Experiment 1B revealed that, when people choose to perform Set X, they also experience thoughts about an unselected Set (Set Y). Subjects were trained on one set (e.g., to ‘color name’) and then, when presented with stimuli, were given the choice to perform the trained set or a novel set. Consistent with theories proposing that the conscious contents represent several potential action plans, subjects were equally likely to experience set-related imagery or set-unrelated imagery. Our findings regarding set-based entry are relevant to many subfields of psychology and neuroscience (e.g., the study of high-level mental processes, attention, imagery, and action control).

People make reliable and consistent matches between taste and color. However, in contrast to other cross-modal correspondences, all of the research to date has used only taste words (and often color words too), potentially limiting our understanding of how taste-color matches arise. Here, participants sampled the 5 basic tastes, at 3 concentration steps, and selected their best matching color from a color wheel. This test was repeated, and in addition, participants evaluated the valence of the taste and their color choice, as well as the qualities/intensities of the taste stimuli. Participants were then presented with taste names and asked to generate the best matching color name, as well as reporting how they made their earlier choices. Color selections were reliable and consistent and closely followed those based on taste word matches obtained in this and prior studies. Most participants reported basing their color choices on their associated taste-object (often foods). There was marked similarity in valence between taste and color choices, and the saturation of color choices was related to tastant concentration. We discuss what drives color-taste pairings, with learning suggested as one possible mechanism.

The color blue is problematic for inclusion in a symbology color set for use by operators with head-up and helmet-mounted displays (HUDs and HMDs), as well as with augmented reality (AR) displays. The distinguishing feature of these see-through displays is the optical combiner that presents color-coded symbology combined with the forward real-world scene. Unlike head-down displays that can use color fills, see-through displays are limited to lines and text. The presence of high-ambient daylight can desaturate symbol colors and make them difficult to recognize. This is especially true for blue symbols that become faint and colorless in moderate daylight as well as when mixed with green night-vision imagery. We propose the alternative color blue prime (blue')—a mix of 100% blue and 50% green that lies between blue and cyan—as an alternative to blue. The color blue’ is more resistant to daylight than blue, yet still retains the color name “blue.” Blue' lags other colors such as green and white in visibility, and its use needs to be moderated. We present experimental data to support the use of blue’ as a basic color code.

Designing a robust and accurate object tracker is important in many computer vision applications. The problem becomes more complicated when additional factors like changing appearance, illumination, and scale are introduced in the sequence. Recently, trackers that are based on the correlation filter method like Sum of Template and Pixel-wise Learners (STAPLE)1 have shown state-of-the-art short-term tracking performance. STAPLE consists two major modules: learning correlation filter on HOG features and representing color information using RGB histogram. In this paper, we propose an improved STAPLE (iSTAPLE) tracker by adding the Color Names (CN)2 to the correlation part of the tracker. CN complements HOG feature because using only HOG can lead to tracking failures in some cases where occlusion or deformation is present. As the color information could be a confusing factor and unreliable in tracking due to the rapid illumination changes, Bhattacharyya distance is used to measure the color similarity between the target and surrounding area to decide whether the color information is helpful. Since we use multiple feature cues to improve tracking performance, a robust approach to fuse multiple features is required. To fully utilize all features and optimize the tracking result, numerous weight combinations assigned to each feature are tested. We show through comprehensive experiments on the VOT Challenge 2016 dataset3 that iSTAPLE obtains a gain of 25% in tracking robustness.

It can be difficult to identify those at risk of suicide because suicidal thoughts are often internalized and not shared with others. Yet to prevent suicide attempts it is crucial to identify suicidal thoughts and actions at an early stage. Past studies have suggested that deficits in attentional control are associated with suicide, with the argument that individuals are unable to inhibit negative thoughts and direct resources away from negative information. The current study aimed to investigate the association of suicidal behavior with neurological and behavioral markers, measuring attentional bias and inhibition in two Stroop tasks. Fifty-four participants responded to the color of color words in a standard Stroop task and the color of positive, negative, and neutral words in an emotional Stroop task. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded from frontal areas during each task and at resting. Participants were separated into a low-risk and high-risk group according to their self-20 reported suicidal behavior. Participants in the high-risk group showed slower response times in the color Stroop and reduced accuracy to incongruent trials, but faster response times in the emotional Stroop task. Response times to the word “suicide” were significantly slower for the high-risk group. This indicates an attentional bias towards specific negative stimuli and difficulties inhibiting information for those with high levels of suicidal behavior. In the emotional Stroop task the high-risk group showed reduced activity in leftward frontal areas, suggesting limitations in the ability to regulate emotional processing via the left frontal regions. The findings support the argument that deficits in attentional control are related to suicidal behavior. The research also suggests that under certain conditions frontal asymmetry may be associated with suicidal behavior.

This paper presents a set of methods for classifying the color attribute of objects when multiple images of the same objects are available. This problem is more complex than the single image estimation since varying environmental effects, such as, shadows or specularities from light sources, can result in poor accuracy. These depend primarily on the camera positions and the material type of the objects. Single image techniques focus on improving the discrimination of between colors, whereas in multi-view systems additional information is available but should be utilized wisely. To this end, we propose three methods to aggregate image pixel information in multi-view that boost the performance of color name classification. Moreover, we study the effect of shadows by employing automatic shadow detection and correction techniques on the color naming problem. We tested our proposals on a new multi-view color names dataset (M3DCN) which contain indoor and outdoor objects. The experimental evaluation shows that one out of the three presented aggregation methods is very efficient and it achieves the highest accuracy in term of classification results. Also, we experimentally show that addressing visual outliers like shadow in multi-view images improves the performance of the color attribute decision process.

Abstract. In the present manuscript, we investigate the source of congruency effects in a group of Dutch–French bilinguals. In particular, participants performed a color-identification Stroop task, in which both (first language) Dutch and (second language) French distracting color words were presented in colors. The typical finding is impaired responding when the word and color are incongruent (e.g., “red” in blue) relative to congruent (e.g., “red” in red). This congruency effect is observed for both first and second language distracting color words. The current experiment used a 2-to-1 keypress mapping manipulation, which allows one to separate stimulus conflict (i.e., conflict between word and color meanings) and response conflict (i.e., conflict between potential responses). For both the first and second language, both stimulus and response conflict were observed. These results suggest that second language words influence semantic and response processing similarly to first language words, rather than having diminished semantic and/or response influences.

Automatic colorization is the process of adding color to greyscale images. We condition this process on language, allowing end users to manipulate a colorized image by feeding in different captions. We present two different architectures for language-conditioned colorization, both of which produce more accurate and plausible colorizations than a language-agnostic version. Through this language-based framework, we can dramatically alter colorizations by manipulating descriptive color words in captions., Comment: 6 pages

This work demonstrates the experiment on the perception and generation of the text as a part of the literary text analysis. The author was faced with a task to estimate the ability of participation of color terms in formation of art sense of the text as a whole. The emphasis is placed on the identification of expansion of color terms in their semantics when they go beyond the designation of color itself and become multidimensional and multiple-valued, taking root in such difficult structures as a metaphor, a comparison, etc. The cases of discrepancy between the choice of color words by recipients (participants of the experiment) and an author’s conception of color definitions are analyzed. The exclusiveness of an author’s colors seeing is emphasized.

Региональная ономастика: проблемы и перспективы исследования : сб. науч. статей. - Витебск : ВГУ имени П. М. Машерова, 2018. - С. 271-281. - Библиогр.: с. 279-281 (45 назв.)., Рассмотрены колоронимы в названиях мостов. = Bridges attract people‟s attention for its function of connection of banks of rivers and reservoirs, the possibility of movement on them, and implementation of social, economic and cultural contacts. The names of the bridges become important landmarks in toponymic space of cities. Blue bridge is a landmark of St. Petersburg, it became the object of description in fiction and memoir texts, defining topos of storytelling, organizing also chronos through the description of the events occurring around its. In many works of Russian writers mention the same actors, they live in the same houses in the vicinity of the Blue bridge, the name of the bridge for them becomes a reference point for the facts of the history of the city, country and personal biography.

Throughout history, litterateurs have always attached great importance to the use of color words in their works. Tang poetry and Song lyrics, the most brilliant parts of Chinese literature history, are perfect examples in using color words to create artistic conception and express the thoughts and feeling. In this paper, high-frequency color words that appear in “All-Tang Poetry” (The collection of ancient Chinese poetry in 618–907 A.D.) and “All-Song Poetry” (The collection of ancient Chinese lyrics in 960–1279 A.D.) are chosen as research objects, and the optimal algorithm is employed to study the collocation of the color words in Tang poetry and Song lyrics by comparing the effects of PMI and Word2vec extraction collocation. The detailed analysis of works of twenty poets in Tang and Song Dynasties are also carried out from both macro and micro perspectives, from the use of color words in “All-Tang Poetry” and “All-Song Poetry” to that specific works. As a result, most “ Open image in new window (white)” in Tang poetry expresses frustration or sadness. “ Open image in new window (red)”, the most popular word used in Song lyrics, expresses femininity, indicating that “ Open image in new window (Tang Poetry expresses aspiration and ambition, and Song lyrics express personal emotions between lovers)”.

Researchers have often utilized the classic Stroop task as a measure of selective attention processes. While it is largely agreed upon that semantic interference plays a role in the classic task, the role of attentional processes is less clear. The picture is further muddied when variations on the classic task are used. For example, the cross-modal Stroop task, in which one names the color of visual items while ignoring distracting auditory color words, typically leads to smaller sized interference effects and little or no facilitation when compared to the classic task. Furthermore, relationship(s) with working memory capacity have only been found in the classic version. We examined whether these differences are due to a methodological factor; namely, spatial integration versus separation of the target and distractor locations. We conducted four experiments manipulating the location of auditory distractors within the cross-modal Stroop task, and found that the location of the distractors had little to no impact on the size of the effect. This lack of an effect of location implies that the mechanisms contributing to the cross-modal Stroop effect are not the same as those of the classic Stroop effect, and that the role of spatial attention in cross-modal Stroop is limited. The implications of a unique role for auditory distractors is considered as well, and supports the conclusion that interference in the cross-modal Stroop effect is the result of a combination of semantic interference and modality-specific interference.

Altres ajuts: CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya Color description is one of the fundamental problems of image understanding. One of the popular ways to represent colors is by means of color names. Most existing work on color names focuses on only the eleven basic color terms of the English language. This could be limiting the discriminative power of these representations, and representations based on more color names are expected to perform better. However, there exists no clear strategy to choose additional color names. We collect a dataset of 28 additional color names. To ensure that the resulting color representation has high discriminative power we propose a method to order the additional color names according to their complementary nature with the basic color names. This allows us to compute color name representations with high discriminative power of arbitrary length. In the experiments we show that these new color name descriptors outperform the existing color name descriptor on the taskof visual tracking, person re-identification and image classification.

In English, Dutch, and other European languages, it is well established that the fundamental phonological unit in word production is the phoneme; in contrast, recent studies have shown that in Chinese it is the (atonal) syllable and in Japanese the mora. The present study investigated whether this cross-language variation in the size of the unit of word production is due to the type of script used in the language (i.e., alphabetic, morphosyllabic, or moraic). Capitalizing on the multiscriptal nature of Japanese, and using the Stroop color naming task, we show that the overlap in the initial mora between the color name and the written distractor facilitates color naming independent of script type. These results confirm the mora as the phonological unit of word production in Japanese, and establish the Stroop color naming task as a useful task for investigating the fundamental (or "proximate") phonological unit used in speech production.

Competing theories attempt to explain the function of Broca's area in single word processing. Studies have found the region to be more active during processing of pseudo words than real words and during infrequent words relative to frequent words and during Stroop (incongruent) color words compared to Non-Stroop (congruent) words. Two related theories explain these findings as reflecting either “cognitive control” processing in the face of conflicting input or a linguistic prediction error signal, based on a predictive coding approach. The latter implies that processing cost refers to violations of expectations based on the statistical distributions of input. In this fMRI experiment we attempted to disentangle single word processing cost originating from cognitive conflict and that stemming from predictive expectation violation. Participants (N = 49) responded to whether the words “GREEN” or “RED” were displayed in green or red (incongruent vs congruent colors). One of the colors, however, was presented three times as often as the other, making it possible to study both congruency and frequency effects independently. Auditory stimuli saying “GREEN” or “RED” had the same distribution, making it possible to study frequency effects across modalities. We found significant behavioral effects of both incongruency and frequency. A significant effect (p < .05 FWE) of incongruency was found in Broca's region, but no effect of frequency was observed and no interaction. Conjoined effects of incongruency and frequency were found in parietal regions as well as in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA). No interaction between perceptual modality and frequency was found in VWFA suggesting that the region is not strictly visual. These findings speak against a strong version of the prediction error processing hypothesis in Broca's region. They support the idea that prediction error processes in the intermediate timeframe are allocated to more posterior parts of the brain.

Color blindness is commonly known as color vision deficiency, the vision defect which presented in our eye ball recognition of color is the major problem for the people who are having color blindness. In this work, we are proposing a hand held real-time automated guidance system to detect and label the color name for color blind persons that will help to identify and label color which they can't do using natural eyes. We designed this Real-time application using Matlab Simulink model. This Paper mainly focusing and developing the users interface it can detect the color and label the color name which is shown by using video glasses. This system mainly consists of computer, raspberry pi B, camera module, and video glasses.

There are numerous researches on color terms and names in many languages. In Mongolian language there are few doctoral theses on color naming. Cross cultural studies of color naming have demonstrated Semantic relevance in French and Mongolian color name Gerlee Sh. (2000); Comparisons of color naming across English and Mongolian Uranchimeg B. (2004); Semantic comparison between Russian and Mongolian idioms Enhdelger O. (1996); across symbolism Dulam S. (2007) and few others. Also a few articles on color naming by some Mongolian scholars are Tsevel, Ya. (1947), Baldan, L. (1979), Bazarragchaa, M. (1997) and others. Color naming studies are not sufficiently studied in Modern Mongolian. Our research is considered to be the first intended research on color naming in Modern Mongolian, because it is one part of Ph.D dissertation on color naming. There are two color naming categories in Mongolian, basic color terms and non- basic color terms. There are seven basic color terms in Mongolian. This paper aims to consider how Mongolian color names are derived from basic colors by using psycholinguistics associative experiment. It maintains the students and researchers to acquire the specific understanding of the differences and similarities of color naming in Mongolian and English languages from the psycho-linguistic aspect.

In a text dating between 1259 and 1277, the Persian scholar al-Tusi presented a systematic arrangement of 26 color terms. We propose a reconstruction of all color terms from al-Tusi's scheme, in terms of preferred translation, mean CIEL*a*b* coordinates and digital representation. This reconstruction is based on a visual experiment with 30 subjects, who identified the Munsell chip best representing each color term. Persian words for which the meaning changed since the time of al-Tusi were substituted by direct translations. The results show considerable interobserver variability in the colors selected when identifying color terms. This relatively large variation was shown to be a characteristic for memory matching experiments in general. Several specific color terms for which the resulting color variation was particularly large are discussed in more detail, and possible explanations for these variations are proposed. The proposed reconstruction suggests that al-Tusi's list is largely consistent in modern colorimetric terms, although some large hue shifts are observed for color terms corresponding to green. We found no evidence for blue-green (“grue”) confusion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015

Most Chinese characters are compounds consisting of a semantic radical indicating semantic category and a phonetic radical cuing the pronunciation of the character. Controversy surrounds whether radicals also go through the same lexical processing as characters and, critically, whether phonetic radicals involve semantic activation since they can also be characters when standing alone. Here we examined these issues using the Stroop task whereby participants responded to the ink color of the character. The key finding was that Stroop effects were found when the character itself had a meaning unrelated to color, but contained a color name phonetic radical (e.g., "Image missing" “guess”, with the phonetic radical "Image missing" “cyan”, on the right) or had a meaning associated with color (e.g., "Image missing" “pity”, with the phonetic radical "Image missing" “blood” on the right which has a meaning related to “red”). Such Stroop effects from the phonetic radical within a character unrelated to color support that Chinese character recognition involves decomposition of characters into their constituent radicals; with each of their meanings including phonetic radicals activated independently, even though it would inevitably interfere with that of the whole character. Compared with the morphological decomposition in English whereby the semantics of the morphemes are not necessarily activated, the unavoidable semantic activation of phonetic radicals represents a unique feature in Chinese character processing.

We explore the following two cognitive questions regarding crosslinguistic variation in lexical semantic systems: Why are some linguistic categories-that is, the associations between a term and a portion of the semantic space-harder to learn than others? How does learning a language-specific set of lexical categories affect processing in that semantic domain? Using a computational word-learner, and the domain of color as a testbed, we investigate these questions by modeling both child acquisition of color terms and adult behavior on a non-verbal color discrimination task. A further goal is to test an approach to lexical semantic representation based on the principle that the more languages label any two situations with the same word, the more conceptually similar those two situations are. We compare such a crosslinguistically based semantic space to one based on perceptual similarity. Our computational model suggests a mechanistic explanation for the interplay between term frequency and the semantic closeness of learned categories in developmental error patterns for color terms. Our model also indicates how linguistic relativity effects could arise from an acquisition mechanism that yields language-specific topologies for the same semantic domain. Moreover, we find that the crosslinguistically inspired semantic space supports these results at least as well as-and in some aspects better than-the purely perceptual one, thus confirming our approach as a practical and principled method for lexical semantic representation in cognitive modeling.

Haynie and Bowern (H&B) (1) use promising computational phylogenetic methods to test the standard view of color terminology structure, epitomized in the World Color Survey (WCS) (2). H&B matched Bayesian phylogenies for 189 Pama–Nyungan languages with the color terms in each vocabulary. Their inferred ancestral state reconstructions found the expected “general support for the WCS model of color term development....” However, H&B unexpectedly claimed to find “extensive evidence for the loss (as well as gain) of color terms” and “exceptions to their [WCS] predicted patterns, such as the loss of color terms in multiple subgroups.” Their inference is invalidated by … [↵][1]1Email: david.nash{at}anu.edu.au. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

First Online: 12 June 2017 Prior research has shown that colors induce perceptual grouping and, hence, colors can be used as word dividers during reading (Pinna & Deiana, 2014). This issue is particularly important for those writing systems that do not employ interword spaces (e.g., Chinese). The rationale is that alternating colors across words in these scripts may facilitate the process of word identification without altering the spatial distribution of text. Here, we tested whether color alternation across words produces a benefit in a reading-aloud task in native speakers of Chinese. Participants had to read two texts: one with color alternation across words and the other with mono-color words. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted with adult readers, whereas Experiment 3 was conducted with developing readers (Grade 2 children). Results showed that color information facilitated reading aloud a text for adult readers—restricted to texts containing technical, unfamiliar words (Experiment 2)—and developing readers. We examined the implications of these findings in the context of literacy and vocabulary training. The research reported in this article has been partially supported by Grant PSI2014-53444-P from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. We thank Raymond Bertram, Tuomo Häikiö, and Simon Liversedge for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article.

The article is devoted to the research on the national specific features of color symbolism embodied in color words in the Russian and Chinese languages. In a language system, each color is characterized by cognitive, emotional and information functions for all the peoples of the world. However, in a particular culture each color serves as a special symbol, which can be associated by native speakers with similar or different emotions and reflect rich potential of national cultures. Color words, having symbolic properties, are not only important means to describe the world, but also they perform a cultural-linguistic function to convey emotions of people belonging to different nations. In the Russian and Chinese languages, there are many color words with a strong national flavor. Apart from evoking rich associations and expressing emotional experiences and feelings, they also form a distinct national color culture and have a great influence on human life of the two countries. The vivid contrast between the two languages helps to comprehend the semantic motivation of color words, shades of meanings of color symbolism and cultural identity.

Human experience of color results from a complex interplay of perceptual and linguistic systems. At the lowest level of perception, the human visual system transforms the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum into a rich, continuous three-dimensional experience of color. Despite our ability to perceptually discriminate millions of different color shades, most languages categorize color into a number of discrete color categories. While the meanings of color words are constrained by perception, perception does not fully define them. Once color words are acquired, they may in turn influence our memory and processing speed for color, although it is unlikely that language influences the lowest levels of color perception. One approach to examining the relationship between perception and language in forming our experience of color is to study children as they acquire color language. Children produce color words in speech for many months before acquiring adult meanings for color words. Research in this area has focused on whether children’s difficulties stem from (a) an inability to identify color properties as a likely candidate for word meanings, or alternatively (b) inductive learning of language-specific color word boundaries. Lending plausibility to the first account, there is evidence that children more readily attend to object traits like shape, rather than color, as likely candidates for word meanings. However, recent evidence has found that children have meanings for some color words before they begin to produce them in speech, indicating that in fact, they may be able to successfully identify color as a candidate for word meaning early in the color word learning process. There is also evidence that prelinguistic infants, like adults, perceive color categorically. While these perceptual categories likely constrain the meanings that children consider, they cannot fully define color word meanings because languages vary in both the number and location of color word boundaries. Recent evidence suggests that the delay in color word acquisition primarily stems from an inductive process of refining these boundaries.

Despite numerous prior studies, important questions about the Japanese color lexicon persist, particularly about the number of Japanese basic color terms and their deployment across color space. Here, 57 native Japanese speakers provided monolexemic terms for 320 chromatic and 10 achromatic Munsell color samples. Through k-means cluster analysis we revealed 16 statistically distinct Japanese chromatic categories. These included eight chromatic basic color terms (aka/red, ki/yellow, midori/green, ao/blue, pink, orange, cha/brown, and murasaki/purple) plus eight additional terms: mizu ("water")/light blue, hada ("skin tone")/peach, kon ("indigo")/dark blue, matcha ("green tea")/yellow-green, enji/maroon, oudo ("sand or mud")/mustard, yamabuki ("globeflower")/gold, and cream. Of these additional terms, mizu was used by 98% of informants, and emerged as a strong candidate for a 12th Japanese basic color term. Japanese and American English color-naming systems were broadly similar, except for color categories in one language (mizu, kon, teal, lavender, magenta, lime) that had no equivalent in the other. Our analysis revealed two statistically distinct Japanese motifs (or color-naming systems), which differed mainly in the extension of mizu across our color palette. Comparison of the present data with an earlier study by Uchikawa & Boynton (1987) suggests that some changes in the Japanese color lexicon have occurred over the last 30 years.

It has often been observed that color is a highly preferred attribute for use in distinguishing descriptions, that is, referring expressions produced with the purpose of identifying an object within a visual scene. However, most of these observations were based on visual displays containing only colors that were maximally different in hue and for which the language of experimentation possessed basic color terms. The experiments described in this paper investigate whether speakers' preference for color is reduced if the color of the target referent is similar to that of the distractors. Because colors that look similar are often also harder to distinguish linguistically, we also examine the impact of the codability of color values. As a third factor, we investigate the salience of available alternative attributes and its impact on the use of color. The results of our experiments show that, while speakers are indeed less likely to use color when the colors in a display are similar, this effect is mostly due to the difficulty in naming similar colors. Color use for color with a basic color term is affected only when the colors of target and distractors are very similar (yet still distinguishable). The salience of our alternative attribute size, manipulated by varying the difference in size between target and distractors, had no impact on the use of color.

The main thesis of this chapter is that children do not learn single new words but rather new words that belong to the same domain. For example, once they learn a word for a color, other color words will be learned soon after. The chapter presents a model of such domain-oriented language learning. Conceptual spaces are used as a framework for modeling the semantic processes involved in language acquisition. The author illustrates the model with some of the semantic domains that a child acquires during the first formative years of life. Linguistic data is also presented in support of the hypothesis that semantics knowledge is organized into domains.

Identifying objects by its color name is an essential capability for a service robot to understand and interact with the physical world and be of use in everyday life scenarios. The robot uses an image for the identification, but the image is strongly affected by lightning environment while human does not affected by the environment when they decide its color name. We present lightning environment estimation and perceptual color classification based on the estimation using hyperspectral data. Support Vector Machine (SVM) or Multiple Kernel Learning SVM is used for the estimation and classification. Originality of our paper is that the hyperspectral data is used for both lightning environment estimation and perceptual color classification of an object. Suppose that the lightning environment is given, the perceptual color of the object is classified in each environment. Additionally, perceptual color is estimated by using result of the lightning environment estimation. A novel dataset which consists of the hyperspectral image of 15 objects taken in 4 different lightning environments is constructed in our experiment. Experimental result of the hyperspectral data are compared by those of common color spaces, such as RGB and L*a*b. The estimation and classification with SVM and MKL SVM are compared in the experiments. From the experimental results, hyperspectral data enabled us to present a separated scheme which consists of the lightning environment estimation and perceptual color classification while previous color spaces could not.

Color serves as an important cue for many computer vision tasks. Nevertheless, obtaining accurate color description from images is non-trivial due to varying illumination conditions, view angles, and surface reflectance. This is especially true for the challenging problem of pedestrian description in public spaces. We made two contributions in this study: (1) We contribute a large-scale pedestrian color naming dataset with 14,213 hand-labeled images. (2) We address the problem of assigning consistent color name to regions of single object’s surface. We propose an end-to-end, pixel-to-pixel convolutional neural network (CNN) for pedestrian color naming. We demonstrate that our Pedestrian Color Naming CNN (PCN-CNN) is superior over existing approaches in providing consistent color names on real-world pedestrian images. In addition, we show the effectiveness of color descriptor extracted from PCN-CNN in complementing existing descriptors for the task of person re-identification. Moreover, we discuss a novel application to retrieve outfit matching and fashion (which could be difficult to be described by keywords) with just a user-provided color sketch.

This paper presents a person re-identification algorithm using HSV color histogram matching and sparse representation. To continuously track a person who is captured by multiple cameras without overlapping regions, the person re-identification is essential. The proposed algorithm uses color information to recognize a person in a low resolution image. The proposed person re-identification algorithm consists of two steps: i) HSV color histogram matching and gallery reduction and ii) sparse representation matching using color name descriptor. The proposed algorithm minimizes unnecessary calculations and increases accuracy by reducing the number of candidates using HSV color histogram matching. In addition, it is invariant to occlusion and illumination variation using the sparse representation-based re-identification approach. As a results, it can be applied to a multiple camera-based video surveillance system for public security in airports and stores.

In this study, we tested the proposal that the Stroop task involves two conflicts--task conflict and informational conflict. Task conflict was defined as the latency difference between color words and non-letter neutrals, and manipulated by varying the proportion of color words versus non-letter neutrals. Informational conflict was defined as the latency difference between incongruent and congruent trials and manipulated by varying the congruent-to-incongruent trial ratio. We replicated previous findings showing that increasing the ratio of incongruent-to-congruent trials reduces the latency difference between the incongruent and congruent condition (i.e., informational conflict), as does increasing the proportion of color words (i.e., task conflict). A significant under-additive interaction between the two proportion manipulations (congruent vs. incongruent and color words vs. neutrals) indicated that the effects of task conflict and informational conflict were not additive. By assessing task conflict as the contrast between color words and neutrals, we found that task conflict existed in all of our experimental conditions. Under specific conditions, when task conflict dominated behavior by explaining most of the variability between congruency conditions, we also found negative facilitation, thus demonstrating that this effect is a special case of task conflict.

This paper explores young children’s and parents’ use of color words and animal names in two published studies. The aim is to compare the ranges and kinds of these words in parentchild interaction and to consider the implications of these findings for our understanding of early lexical development. Color term data were drawn from the Gleason corpus in CHILDES: 12 boys and 12 girls ranging in age from 25-62 months, and their parents. Results showed that parents used and emphasized only the same 10 most basic colors, with many teaching episodes. Parents’ most frequent terms, red, blue, and green were also children’s most frequent terms and are the ones acquired earliest according to MacArthur Bates lexical norms. In the second study CLAN programs were used to identify animal names in corpora from a variety of families in CHILDES, with 44 children ranging in age from 1;6-6;2. Children and parents produced a remarkable number and range of animal terms, with individual preschoolers naming as many as 96 different, often rare, animals, such as crocodile and pelican. Parents and children thus attend to the same limited set of basic color terms. By contrast, biophilia, our shared human love of the living world is reflected in children’s extensive animal lexicon.

Color words originate from natural world. In general different languages have similar patterns of color hypernymy. Nevertheless, when it comes to color hyponymy, it is not the case. Specific color hyponyms have emerged because different countries have different cultures. Besides, color words are also rich in cultural symbolism. In other words, same colors in different countries have different cultural symbolisms. This paper analyzed six color words (red, white, yellow, blue, green, and black) between Chinese language and bahasa Indonesia to find similarities and differences both in hyponymy and in culture symbolism.

Creative potential has been variably associated with disinhibition and defocused attention, focused attention and effective cognitive control, or a flexible adaption of cognitive control. The present study examined the relationship between creativity and cognitive control in a sample of design students and a control group. Cognitive control was assessed by a modified Stroop color naming task, in which two color words and two font colors were used to generate congruent and incongruent conditions. Design students showed stronger cognitive control as indicated by the absence of a Stroop interference effect, and performed generally better (faster) on the Stroop task than students in the control group did. Moreover, correlational analyses revealed associations between stronger cognitive control and higher scores in originality, fluency and ideational behavior in psychometric creativity tasks. These results suggest that one cognitive feature of creative individuals is effective suppression of dominant but irrelevant response tendencies.

Tea is one of the world's most widely and frequently consumed beverages. What is more, tea is a drink that, unlike many others, is purported to have a number of health benefits as well. However, to date, there has been surprisingly little published research concerning the crossmodal associations that people have with tea beverages, specifically regarding tea's distinctive hue. In two experiments, we assessed the beverage colors that Chinese tea drinkers associate with different types of tea tasted while blindfolded. The results revealed that the color names that came to our naive assessors' minds typically did not match the color names by which the tea is defined (e.g., red or green), or the actual color of the tea that they had just tasted. As such, the tea drinkers' expectations very often were different from the actual color of the beverage that they happened to taste. Practical Applications Tea is often defined by a color name, and the extent to which that name matches the tea drinker's experience is investigated in the present study. Our results provide evidence concerning the crossmodal flavor–color correspondences that may exist for tea. These findings will be of interest to those sensory scientists who are interested in the flavor–color associations of beverages. Considering the global popularity, the purported health benefits and the emergence of high-end tea markets, the findings of the present study are intriguing enough to call for further research on the multisensory marketing of tea in order to align tea drinkers' expectations with their experiences. These findings also have implications for the international marketing of tea, especially for those who are interested in breaking into the Chinese tea market and potentially for those who are interested in promoting Chinese tea in new markets.