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We aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of corn and citrus pulp as additives in soybean silage made in plastic (PVC) tubes. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 2x4 factorial arrangement consisting of two additive groups (corn and citrus pulp) and four inclusion levels (no inclusion, 7, 14 and 21%). The experiment was conducted at the Forage Sector of the Lageado Experimental Farm, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, and chemical composition analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of Bromatology. The soybean variety used was BMX Potencia RR. Mechanical harvest occurred at the R7 phenological stage, at a height of 15 cm, using a harvester equipped with a two-row platform. The material was chopped into medium particles of 3 to 6 mm. After 45 days, the silages were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients, pH, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, total dry matter loss, and total carbohydrates (CHOS). The inclusion of corn (21%) and citrus pulp (14 and 21%) reduced CP values (P

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade da forragem, e descrever as curvas de degradação dos CNF. O estudo foi composto de dois ensaios. No primeiro, três novilhos canulados no rúmen, com peso vivo de 350±15kg (Média ± DP), foram alocados em um quadrado latino (QL) 3×3, e alimentados com dietas contendo: milho moído (MM, tamanho de partículas 0,9mm), laminado a vapor (MLV) ou polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). Cada período tinha 14d, sendo os primeiros 12 para adaptação e o 13º para a medição seriada do pH e o 14º para a coleta de líquido ruminal e incubação in vitro para digestibilidade da MS e FDN (DIVMS e DIVFDN) de feno de bermudagrass (Feno) e silagens de milho (SM) e cana (SC). No segundo ensaio, coletou-se fluido ruminal de um touro canulado, alimentado com silagem de milho e concentrado padrão, para digestão in vitro dos CNF em vários tempos. Esses resultados foram utilizados para ajustar as curvas de degradação dos CNF e calcular o tempo de colonização, frações alimentares e taxa de degradação. Os resultados do primeiro ensaio foram analisados em um QL 3×3. O modelo dos parâmetros de digestibilidade incluiu efeito fixo de forragem (Alimento), dieta com CNF (Dieta) e interação (Alimento × Dieta), e efeito aleatório de animal e período. O modelo para pH incluiu efeito fixo de Dieta, Tempo como medida repetida, animal e período como aleatórios. Foi considerada a probabilidade significativa de ≤5% (α=0,05). As curvas de degradação dos CNF foram ajustadas pelo PROC NLIN do SAS, e parâmetros de equação comparados por intervalo de confiança. Houve interação Dieta × Tempo no pH ruminal (P=0,04), onde o MLV diminuiu o pH comparado com PCP e MM apenas no tempo 6h. Não houve interação Alimento×Dieta (P>0,05) para nenhum parâmetro de digestibilidade. Houve efeito de Alimento sobre a DIVMS e DIVFDN, após 30 e 48h de incubação (P0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48h incubation (P&nbsp

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre., This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2014-56653). Authors are grateful to FEDNA for the grant obtained by Mr. Farias.

Submitted by Pamela Kerlyane Tomaz null (pamelazootecnia@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-16T05:14:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pamela Kerlyane Tomaz.pdf: 1107969 bytes, checksum: 85d3dacd9e6039ed40d1831958783f96 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-01-16T10:22:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tomaz_pk_me_ilha.pdf: 1107969 bytes, checksum: 85d3dacd9e6039ed40d1831958783f96 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T10:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tomaz_pk_me_ilha.pdf: 1107969 bytes, checksum: 85d3dacd9e6039ed40d1831958783f96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A altura da planta apresenta uma alta correlação com a estrutura do pasto. Por esta razão, levar em consideração a altura da pastagem tem sido uma estratégia muito melhor no gerenciamento rotativo de estocagem em pastagens tropicais do que considerando dias predefinidos de crescimento. Da mesma forma, a altura da pastagem pode ser usada para determinar o momento em que as gramíneas tropicais apresentam os melhores parâmetros de ensilabilidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a altura de crescimento máximo da planta de Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça (Capim Mombaça) que fornece a maior capacidade de fermentação (CF) e definir a combinação de aditivos que melhora a composição química da silagem. Dois experimentos foram realizados em Selvíria, MS, Brasil, de 2015 a 2016. O primeiro ano foi usado para identificar a CF mais alta e o segundo ano foi usado para identificar a melhor combinação de oito aditivos (polpa cítrica (PC), homo e heterofermentativo LAB, suas combinações e controle). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com SAS (P

The in vitro fermentation pattern of five sources of carbohydrates of differing nature (maize grain, MZ; sucrose, SU; wheat bran, WB; sugarbeet pulp, BP; and citrus pulp, CT) under conditions of high concentrate diets for ruminants was studied. A first 8 h incubation trial was performed under optimal pH using inoculum from ewes given a fibrous diet, to compare fermentative characteristics of substrates. As planned, incubation pH ranged within 6.3 to 6.6. The gas produced from CT was higher than MZ, SU and BP from 4 and 6 h onwards, and at 8 h, respectively (p0.05) on total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, nor on acetate or propionate proportions, but butyrate was lowest (p

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Hemicelluloses are mainly branched heteropolysaccharides composed by xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose and glucose. The main hemicellulose is xylan, a structure composed by xylose main chain branched with other monosaccharides or glucuronic and galacturonic acids. Among various hydrolytic enzymes acting on the degradation of xylan, α-L-arabinofuranosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of linkages between α-L-arabinofuranosides and the polysaccharide main chain. In this study, Aspergillus hortai strain CRM1919, isolated from soil surrounding saline and alkaline lagoons of the Nhecolândia region in Pantanal Matogrossense was investigated regarding the production of α-L-arabinofuranosidases. A. hortai produced α-L-arabinofuranosidase at high levels when cultivated in medium containing citrus pulp and orange peel at 1% (w/v) under static submerged cultures for 4 days and at pH 2.5 and 30 °C. The optimization steps increased 15-fold the enzymatic activity. The purified α-L-arabinofuranosidase was optimally active at pH of 4.0 and 60 °C, presenting half-lives of 265 and 230 min at 30 and 40 °C, respectively. High enzyme stability was observed after 24 h incubation at pH 5.0 and in presence of high concentration of NaCl in the reaction medium. The purified enzyme was mainly active against ρ-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside presenting the following kinetic parameters Km of 8.73 mmol/L, Vmax of 7.91 μmol/min.mg of protein and Kcat of 0.59/min. Hydrolysis of oat xylan performed in the presence of the purified α-arabinofuranosidase individually and in association with a purified xylanase made possible to verify the cooperation between these xylanolytic enzymes and the sequential action of each enzyme in the xylan structure hydrolysis. Bioenergy Research Institute Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São Paulo Biochemistry and Microbiology Department Bioscience Institute Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São Paulo Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology Institute of Biology Univ Campinas – UNICAMP, São Paulo Bioenergy Research Institute Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São Paulo Biochemistry and Microbiology Department Bioscience Institute Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São Paulo

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary whole dried citrus pulp (DCP) on the antioxidant status of lamb tissues. In total, 17 lambs were divided into two groups and fed for 56 days: a barley-based concentrate diet (CON - eight animals), or a concentrate-based diet including 35% DCP to partially replace barley (CIT - nine animals). The CIT diet contained a double concentration of phenolic compounds than the CON diet (7.9 v. 4.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively), but had no effect (P>0.05) on the overall antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction of blood plasma, liver and muscle. The CIT diet contained clearly more α-tocopherol than the CON diet (45.7 v. 10.3 mg/kg DM), which could explain the higher concentration of α-tocopherol in liver, plasma and muscle (P

The present study was conducted to develop a drying technology for citrus (orange, lemon and grapefruit) pulps by using scrubber heat source and determination of nutrient values in dried citrus pulps. Scrubber heat source of a calcite production plant was equipped for a drying system which by provided a dried pulp production. Firstly, water content of pulps was reduced to approximately 12% by mechanical press centrifugation. The pulps were then transferred to the vibrio-fluidizer fluid bed. After than pre-dried pulps transferred to rotary drum dryer for three hours and total water content of the pulps was reduced to approximately 8%. Chemical values of powder dried orange, lemon and grapefruit pulps such as DM in the air (926.70, 885.30 and 774.00 g/kg), CP (31.50, 65.70 and 77.00 g/kg), CF (28.50, 12.30 and 14.60 g/kg), EE (204.40, 60.40 and 65.90 g/kg), ME Mcal/kg DM (1.584, 2.492 and 2.356), pH (6.94, 6.96 and 6.93) and percentage of digestibility (61.32, 47.85 and 61.44%) were determined. In conclude, citrus pulps could be used as re-cycled industrial feed in animal nutrition by drying with scrubber heat source dryer.

Annually, million tons of agro-industrial wastes are generated in Brazil. A environmentally friendly and economically viable destination for agro-industrial by-products is their use in animal feed, reducing feed costs of the farm. Some products can replace conventional foods such as corn, soybeans and wheat, without incurring losses in animal performance. So the competition by using the same raw materials used in food and feed decreases and higher amount of grain will be used for human consumption. The by-products rich in pectins have high digestible energy content for its high rate of cecal degradation and are used as substitutes for grains rich in starch which traditionally make up the diet of horses. The objective of this review was to describe on the inclusion of by-products rich in pectins in the horses’ diet, emphasizing their benefits to the animal’s health. For the inclusion of pectin-rich by-products such as beet pulp, citrus pulp and soybean hulls in horse’s diet will be observed the nutritional composition, presence of anti-nutritional factors, palatability, feeding behavior and digestibility of nutrients. More research will be realized to evaluate the effects of the use of pectin-rich byproducts in horse’s diet. Anualmente, milhões de toneladas de resíduos agroindustriais são gerados no Brasil. Um destino ecologicamente correto e economicamente viável para os subprodutos agroindustriais é a sua utilização na alimentação animal, reduzindo os custos de alimentação da fazenda. Alguns produtos podem substituir alimentos convencionais como milho, soja e trigo, sem incorrer em perdas no desempenho animal. Assim, a competição pelo uso das mesmas matérias-primas utilizadas nos alimentos e rações diminui e maior quantidade de grãos será utilizada para consumo humano. Os subprodutos ricos em pectinas possuem alto teor de energia digestível por sua alta taxa de degradação cecal e são utilizados como substitutos de grãos ricos em amido que tradicionalmente compõem a dieta de equinos. O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever sobre a inclusão de subprodutos ricos em pectinas na dieta de equinos, enfatizando seus benefícios à saúde do animal. Para a inclusão de subprodutos ricos em pectina como polpa de beterraba, polpa cítrica e casca de soja na dieta de equinos serão observadas a composição nutricional, presença de fatores antinutricionais, palatabilidade, comportamento alimentar e digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Mais pesquisas serão realizadas para avaliar os efeitos do uso de subprodutos ricos em pectina na dieta de equinos.

Fil: Coppo, Norma Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Coppo, José Antonio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Revidatti, María Antonia. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Capellari, Adriana. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Navamuel, J. M. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Fil: Fioranelli, Santiago Alejo. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. El eritrograma es un indicador hemático sensible a las deficiencias alimentarias. Con el objetivo de investigar los efectos de la suplementación invernal con pulpa de citrus sobre los valores del eritrograma y relacionarlos con el aumento de peso de animales cruza cebú en recimiento, 15 vaquillonas (200–250 kg de peso) fueron suplementadas (S) con dicho residuo agroindustrial a razón del 0,7% del peso vivo, durante 3 meses (invierno), en tanto que otras 15 operaron como controles (C). Ambos lotes se mantuvieron sobre pastura natural y fueron controlados a los 0, 30, 60 y 90 días, bajo un diseño de medidas repetidas. Los datos finales indicaron que en S ocurrieron aumentos significativos (p < 0,05) de hematocrito (39,0±3,2 versus 36,3±2,9% en C), eritrocitos (8,39±1,2 versus 7,72±0,9 T/l), hemoglobina (13,9±1,5 versus 11,2±1,2 g/dl), hemoglobina corpuscular media HCM (16,6±1,5 versus 14,5±0,9 pg) y concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media CHCM (35,6±2,2 versus 30,8±1,8%). El efecto tiempo fue significativo para las disminuciones de hematocrito, eritrocitos, hemoglobina, HCM y CHCM (déficit invernal de pasturas), así como para el aumento de peso (crecimiento) en ambos lotes. En S, el efecto tratamiento fue significativo para la elevación de dichos parámetros hemáticos (acción del suplemento), pero las ganancias de peso (60 versus 57 g/animal/día en S y C respectivamente) no registraron significación estadística. No hubo correlación significativa entre variaciones de peso y valores del eritrograma. La pulpa de citrus, rica en energía, minerales y vitaminas necesarias para la eritropoyesis, fue capaz de mejorar el eritrograma pero resultó inefectiva para aumentar significativamente el peso de animales en crecimiento durante el déficit invernal de pasturas. Alimentary deficiencies may lead to alterations of normal erythrogram parameters. To investigate the effects of citrus pulp during winter supplementation on the erythrogram, and to correlate them to weight gain on half–bred zebu cattle, 15 heifers (200–250 kg liveweight) were supplemented (S) with citrus pulp (0.7% liveweight) during 3 months (winter). Controls were not supplemented (15 animals, C). Both lots were fed on natural grass, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of the assay. For statistical analysis, a repeated measures design was used. In S, significant increase (p < 0.05) of hematocrit (39.0±3.2 versus 36.3±2.9% in C), erythrocytes (8.39±1.2 versus 7.72±0.9 T/l), hemoglobin (13.9±1.5 versus 11.2±1.2 g/dl), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH (16.6±1.5 versus 14.5±0.9 pg) and MCH concentration, MCHC (35.6±2.2 versus 30.8±1.8%) were registered. Time effect was significant on decrease of hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, MCH and MCHC values (due to winter pasture deficit), as well as for weight gain (growth indicator), in both lots. Treatment effect was significant on blood parameters increment in lot S (action of the supplement), but weight gains (60 versus 57 g/animal/ day in S and C respectively) did not show a statistical significance. There was not significant correlation between weight variations and erythrogram values. Citrus pulp, which is rich in energy, minerals and vitamins necessary for erythropoiesis, was able to improve the erythrogram, but was ineffective to significantly increase the liveweight of animals during winter pasture deficit.

Resumo Conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por polpa cítrica sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se nove vacas (três canuladas no rúmen) da raça Holandesa, pluríparas, com 80 ± 24 dias de lactação e produção média diária de 20 ± 0,58 kg de leite. Os animais foram confinados em tie stall, com cocho e bebedouro individuais. Utilizou-se um quadrado latino 3 x 3. Os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 21 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação e sete de coleta. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 100% milho grão (MG), 50% milho grão e 50% polpa cítrica (MP) e 100% polpa cítrica (PC). Não houve diferenças significativas na ingestão dos nutrientes (MS, MO, FDN, FDA, PB, amido) entre dietas. O tratamento com polpa cítrica produziu maior proporção de acetato em relação aos demais, bem como maior relação acetato/propionato. As médias de pH situaram-se entre 5,86 e 7,35. As médias de N-NH3 apresentaram maiores diferenças nos tempos 2 e 3 horas pós-alimentação. Não houve diferenças entre as dietas para produção total de leite corrigido para 4% de gordura, proteína, lactose, extrato seco total (EST) e nitrogênio uréico do leite (NUL). Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn grain by citrus pulp on dairy cows performance. Nine Holstein cows (three cannulated in the rumen), at 80 ± 24 milking days, and daily medium production of 20 ± 0.58 kg/day were used. Animals were maintained in tie stall with individual feeder and drinker. Experimental design was a 3 x 3 Latin square. Experiment lasted 21 days, being 14 days of adaptation and seven of collection. Treatments were 100% corn grain (CG); 50% corn grain and 50% citric pulp (CG-P) or 100% citrus pulp (P). There were no differences in nutrients (DM, OM, NDF, ADF, CP, starch) ingestion among diets. The treatment with citrus pulp produced larger proportion of acetate in relation to the others, as well as larger acetate/propionate ratio. The pH averages ranged between 5.86 and 7.35. The averages of N-NH3 presented larger differences in the times 2 and 3 hours after feeding. There were no differences among the diets for total 4%-fat corrected milk production, protein, lactose, total dry extract (TDE) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN).

Background Pectin-rich wastes, such as citrus pulp and sugar beet pulp, are produced in considerable amounts by the juice and sugar industry and could be used as raw materials for biorefineries. One possible process in such biorefineries is the hydrolysis of these wastes and the subsequent production of ethanol. However, the ethanol-producing organism of choice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not able to catabolize d-galacturonic acid, which represents a considerable amount of the sugars in the hydrolysate, namely, 18 % (w/w) from citrus pulp and 16 % (w/w) sugar beet pulp. Results In the current work, we describe the construction of a strain of S. cerevisiae in which the five genes of the fungal reductive pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism were integrated into the yeast chromosomes: gaaA, gaaC and gaaD from Aspergillus niger and lgd1 from Trichoderma reesei, and the recently described d-galacturonic acid transporter protein, gat1, from Neurospora crassa. This strain metabolized d-galacturonic acid in a medium containing d-fructose as co-substrate. Conclusion This work is the first demonstration of the expression of a functional heterologous pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a preliminary step for engineering a yeast strain for the fermentation of pectin-rich substrates to ethanol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0544-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is one of the most important microrganisms used in bioinsecticide formulations. It has an application against insect vectors of several diseases. Despite his efficiency and environment safety, his use is limited by the production costs. All around the world, research have been performed to discovery materials that reduce the final costs of Bti insecticides. The present paper has tested the application of poultry litter as culture medium to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. The bioinsecticide was tested against thirty instar Aedes aegypti larvae and the performance has been compared with the waste cassava starch and citrus pulp media. The poultry litter has enabled the higher larvae mortality; it achieved 100% in 20 and 10mg.L-1 concentrations and exceeded 50% in 5mg.L-1. The others materials have got significant lower performances. The waste cassava starch was useful only in 20mg.L-1 concentration and falling in others values, and the citrus pulp medium has not reached 50% of larvae mortality even in the higher concentration (20mg.L-1). The chemical composition of poultry litter revealed the presence of 39% of nitrogen source and 4% of carbon source, beyond the higher concentrations of potassium and phosphorus., O Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) é um dos principais microrganismos utilizados na formulação de bioinseticidas, possuindo grande aplicação no combate a insetos vetores de diversas doenças humanas. Apesar de eficiente e ambientalmente seguro, sua utilização ainda é limitada pelos custos de produção. Em todo mundo, pesquisas têm sido feitas em busca de matérias-primas que reduzam o custo final dos inseticidas de Bti. O presente trabalho testou a aplicação da cama de frango na composição do meio de cultivo para Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. O bioinseticida resultante foi testado contra larvas L3 de Aedes aegypti e teve seu resultado comparado com os bioinseticidas produzidos com bagaço de mandioca e polpa cítrica. O meio com cama de frango possibilitou uma maior mortalidade de larvas, alcançando 100% nas diluições de 20 e 10mg.L-1 e ultrapassando 50% em 5mg.L-1. Os demais resíduos obtiveram resultados significativamente inferiores. O bagaço de mandioca foi efetivo apenas na diluição de 20mg.L-1, caindo nas demais concentrações, e a polpa cítrica sequer atingiu 50% de mortalidade na maior concentração do produto. A composição química da cama de frango revelou a presença de 39% de fonte de carbono e 4% de fonte de nitrogênio, além de elevadas concentrações de sais de potássio e fósforo. &nbsp

Dietary yeast supplementation may improve the digestive efficiency of ruminants, but responses depend on the yeast strain and the diet composition. Corn silage and citrus pulp are usual carbohydrate sources for dairy cows in southeast Brazil. This study evaluated the supplementation of dairy cows fedding on corn silage-citrus pulp-based diets with Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 (Lallemand SAS, Toulouse, France). Twenty multiparous, midlactation Holstein cows were assigned to two treatments in crossover design. Treatments were: live yeast on oyster meal capable of supplying a daily minimum of 1 × 10(10) CFU per cow or oyster meal top-dressed at 10 g to the morning meal. Diet contained (% of dry matter): 16.8% crude protein, 30.9% neutral detergent fiber, 43.9% corn silage, 2% tifton hay, 14.4% steam flaked corn, 16.9% citrus pulp and 21.7% soybean meal. Yeast supplementation increased daily yields of milk (29.4 vs. 28.5 kg, p = 0.11), protein (0.939 vs. 0.908 kg, p = 0.05), and lactose (1.294 vs. 1.241 kg, p = 0.06), but did not affect milk fat contents (p = 0.59). Daily dry matter intake was 21.4 with yeast and 20.7 kg for the control (p = 0.11). Total tract apparent digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber was 48.1% with yeast and 43.2% for the control (p = 0.08). There was a trend for increased intake of digestible organic matter with yeast supplementation (p = 0.07). The positive milk protein yield response to yeast supplementation may have resulted from the increased fiber digestibility, but the response mechanism could not be elucidated. A suplementação com levedura pode melhorar a eficiência digestiva de ruminantes. Entretanto, a resposta depende da cepa de levedura e da composição da dieta. Silagem de milho e polpa cítrica são fontes frequentes de carboidratos para vacas leiteiras no Sudeste do Brasil. Avaliou-se a suplementação de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta baseada em silagem de milho e polpa cítrica com Saccharomyces cerevisiae cepa CNCM I1077 (Lallemand SAS, Toulouse, França). Vinte vacas Holandesas multíparas em meio de lactação foram alocadas a uma seqüência de dois tratamentos em delineamento de reversão simples. Os tratamentos foram: 10 g de levedura viva em farinha de ostra para fornecer um mínimo diário de 1 × 10(10) ufc por vaca ou farinha de ostra fornecidos sobre a refeição matinal. A dieta continha (% da matéria seca): 16,8% de proteína bruta, 30,9% de fibra em detergente neutro, 43,9% de silagem de milho, 2% de feno de tifton, 14,4% de milho floculado, 16,9% de polpa cítrica e 21,7% de farelo de soja. A suplementação com levedura aumentou as produções diárias de leite (29,4 vs. 28,5 kg, p = 0,11), proteína (0,939 vs. 0,908 kg, p = 0,05) e lactose (1,264 vs. 1,241 kg, p = 0,06), e não teve efeito sobre a gordura do leite (p = 0,53). O consumo diário de matéria seca foi 21,4 kg com levedura e 20,7 no controle (p = 0,11). A digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro no trato digestivo total foi 48,1% com levedura e 43,2% para o controle (p = 0,08). Houve tendência de aumento no consumo de matéria orgânica digestível com a suplementação de levedura (p = 0,07). A resposta positiva em secreção de proteína do leite à suplementação com levedura parece ter sido resultado do aumento na digestibilidade da fibra, mas o mecanismo para a resposta não pôde ser elucidado.

Background: Pectin-rich wastes, such as citrus pulp and sugar beet pulp, are produced in considerable amounts by the juice and sugar industry and could be used as raw materials for biorefineries. One possible process in such biorefineries is the hydrolysis of these wastes and the subsequent production of ethanol. However, the ethanol-producing organism of choice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not able to catabolize d-galacturonic acid, which represents a considerable amount of the sugars in the hydrolysate, namely, 18 % (w/w) from citrus pulp and 16 % (w/w) sugar beet pulp. Results: In the current work, we describe the construction of a strain of S. cerevisiae in which the five genes of the fungal reductive pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism were integrated into the yeast chromosomes: gaaA, gaaC and gaaD from Aspergillus niger and lgd1 from Trichoderma reesei, and the recently described d-galacturonic acid transporter protein, gat1, from Neurospora crassa. This strain metabolized d-galacturonic acid in a medium containing d-fructose as co-substrate. Conclusion: This work is the first demonstration of the expression of a functional heterologous pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a preliminary step for engineering a yeast strain for the fermentation of pectin-rich substrates to ethanol.

Conservation of summer forage excess represents a management strategy to meet animals' needs for dry matter in the shortage period, but has been poorly studied. Silage can be used for this purpose. This study analyzed the production of palisade grass silage from pasture subjected to different grazing intensities with and without additive, determining losses by gases and effluents and chemical composition of silage. The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial completely randomized design, with four replications. The factors were: 1st - herbage allowance of 5% (5 kg dry matter 100 kg-1 of animal weight day-1), 10, 15 and 20%. The pasture was managed under rotational stocking with 35-day grazing cycles (7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest) and 2nd - additives: a) control; b) citrus pulp pellets; c) biological inoculant for grass silage. The forage of palisade grass harvested from pastures subjected to low-intensity grazing showed quantitative and qualitative characteristics for ensiling. However, high humidity and low fermentable carbohydrate require the use of additive, favor the fermentation process and increase the nutritional quality of silage. RESUMO. Técnicas de conservação do excedente de forragem do verão constituem estratégia de manejo do pasto para suprir as necessidades dos animais em massa seca no período de escassez, porém pouco pesquisadas. A silagem pode ser utilizada para esse fim. Estudou-se a produção de silagem de capim Marandu, proveniente de pastos submetidos às intensidades de pastejo, com e sem aditivo, determinando-se as perdas por gases e efluentes e a composição química e bromatológica da silagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso e o experimento em fatorial 4x3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram: 1º - ofertas de forragem de 5% (5 kg de massa seca 100 kg-1 de peso animal dia-1), 10, 15 e 20%. A pastagem foi manejada em lotação rotativa, com ciclos de pastejo de 35 dias (7 dias de ocupação e 28 dias de descanso) e 2º - aditivos: a) controle; b) polpa cítrica peletizada; c) inoculantebiológico para silagens de capim. Verificou-se que a forragem de capim-marandu colhida de pastos submetidos à baixa intensidade de pastejo apresentou características quantitativas e qualitativas para ensilagem. Porém, a alta umidade e o baixo teor de carboidratos fermentescíveis tornam a utilização de aditivo necessária e favorável ao processo fermentativo e a qualidade nutricional da silagem.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P, [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P

Avaliou-se o efeito do ambiente ruminal sobre a degradação da FDN de 12 cultivares de cana. As dietas continham: 87,1% de cana (Cana) ou 42,0% de cana e 58,0% de concentrado com milho (Milho) ou polpa cítrica (Polpa). Seis vacas com cânula ruminal formaram quadrados latinos 3x3. Por 11 dias de cada período experimental, o consumo de matéria seca foi fixado em 1,2% do peso vivo. No dia 12, baixo pH ruminal foi induzido no Milho e na Polpa por infusão intrarruminal de milho ou polpa cítrica. Simultaneamente, ureia foi adicionada ao rúmen em todos os tratamentos. Sacos de náilon contendo os cultivares foram incubados por 24h nos dias 11 e 12. O pH ruminal no dia 11 foi 7,01 e NH3 foi 3,4, 4,4 e 6,2mg/dL para Cana, Milho e Polpa, respectivamente. O pH no dia 12 foi 6,98 para Cana, 6,49 para Milho e 6,04 para Polpa, e NH3 foi 13,0mg/dL. Para Cana, a degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi 21% no dia 11 e 28% no dia 12; para Milho e Polpa esta foi ao redor de 21% em ambos os dias. O ordenamento dos cultivares por degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi similar nos ambientes ruminais distintos. The effect of the rumen environment on NDF degradability of 12 sugarcane cultivars was evaluated. Diets contained: 87.1% of sugarcane (Cane) or 42.0% of sugarcane and 58.0% of concentrates with corn (Corn) or citrus pulp (Citrus). Six rumen cannulated cows formed 3x3 Latin Squares. For 11 days of each experimental period, the intake of dry matter was fixed at 1.2% of body weight. On day 12, low ruminal pH was induced on Corn and Citrus by pulse dosing corn or citrus pulp into the rumen. Simultaneously, urea was added to the rumen in all treatments. Nylon bags containing the cultivars were incubated for 24 h on the 11th and 12th days. Rumen pH on day 11 was 7.01 and NH3 was 3.4, 4.4 and 6.2 mg/dl for Cane, Corn and Citrus, respectively. Ruminal pH on day 12 was 6.98 for Cane, 6.49 for Corn and 6.04 for Citrus and NH3 was 13.0 mg/dl. For Cane, ruminal NDF degradability was 21% on day 11 and 28% on day 12, for Corn and Citrus it was around 21% in both days. The ranking of cultivars based on ruminal NDF degradability was similar in distinct rumen environments.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:02:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) S1516-35982006000700024.pdf.txt: 39853 bytes, checksum: 28fa8fc8573b6eeaa884850a585e63c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) S1516-35982006000700024.pdf.txt: 39853 bytes, checksum: 28fa8fc8573b6eeaa884850a585e63c8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) S1516-35982006000700024.pdf.txt: 39853 bytes, checksum: 28fa8fc8573b6eeaa884850a585e63c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso e as características da carcaça de bovinos Nelore alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso e concentrado contendo farelo de gérmen de milho, casca do grão de soja ou polpa de citrus em substituição parcial (50%) ao milho. Quarenta bovinos Nelore (peso médio inicial de 340 kg e idade inicial de 32 meses) foram alimentados com quatro dietas fornecidas na proporção volumoso:concentrado 39:61. As fontes substitutivas do milho não afetaram o peso final (470,8; 478,6; 476,4 e 475,3 kg) e o ganho médio diário (1,1; 1,1; 1,1 e 1,2 kg/animal/dia). Não houve efeito sobre o rendimento de carcaça (55,3; 55,3; 54,0 e 54,8%), a área de Longissimus (24,2; 23,0; 25,0 e 23,2 cm²/100 kg de carcaça) e a espessura de gordura (4,4; 5,6; 4,7 e 4,4 mm). O menor custo por arroba foi observado no tratamento com polpa de citrus (R$ 44,20), seguido do farelo de gérmen de milho (R$ 48,80) e da casca de soja (R$ 50,80), porém, quando utilizado somente o milho, o custo da arroba foi de R$ 51,80. O milho moído pode ser parcialmente substituído pelo farelo de gérmen de milho, pela casca de soja ou pela polpa de citrus em dietas para bovinos em confinamento alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso, pois a substituição não alterou o ganho de peso e as características de carcaça. The objective of this trial was to evaluate weight gain and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore fed diets containing sugarcane bagasse and one of the following concentrate sources: corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp that partially (50% DM) replaced ground corn in the diet. The four experimental diets were formulated to yield a forage:concentrate ratio of 39:61. Forty Nellore animals averaging 340 kg of body weight and 32 months of age at the beginning of the trial were used. No significant differences on final weight (470.8, 478.6, 476.4, and 475.3 kg), weight gain (1.1, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.2 kg.animal-1.day-1), carcass yield (55.3, 55.3, 54.0 and 54.8%), Longissimus area (24.2, 23.0, 25.0, and 23.2 cm².100 kg-1 of carcass), and backfat thickness (4.4, 5.6, 4.7, and 4.4 mm) were observed among the four concentrate sources. The lowest cost per arroba was observed when ground corn was partially replaced by citrus pulp (R$ 44.20) followed by corn germ meal (R$ 48.80) and soybean hulls (R$ 50.80); the diet containing only ground corn as the energy source had the greatest cost per arroba produced (R$ 51.80). It can be concluded that ground corn can be partially replaced by corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp in diets for feedlot Nellore also receiving hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse with no detrimental effects in weight gain and carcass traits. Unesp FCAV Departamento de Zootecnia Unesp FCAV Unesp FCAV Departamento de Zootecnia Unesp FCAV

Pesticides, aflatoxins, and nutritional analyses of commercial citrus pulp pellets in Brazil were performed in samples from São Paulo State. They were stored during 86 days and were processed for detection of toxic agents. Residual pesticides (organochlorinated, organophosphorus, pyrethoids, carbamates, chloroalquil tio fungicides, triazols, and the miscellaneous compound propargit) and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were assayed at 0, 43 and 86 days of storage. It was not detected residual pesticide and aflatoxins in any sample. The analysis indicated reduced levels of phosphorous and high values of calcium. Assessment of micro minerals indicated the presence of aluminum, barium, titanium, cooper, manganese, thorium, vanadium, zinc, lanthanum, samarium, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, and scandium.

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade e a degradabilidade de dois tipos de polpa cítrica peletizada: normal (PCPN) e queimada (PCPQ), bem como o potencial de produção de nitrogênio amoniacal com dois níveis de inclusão na ração (40 e 60%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipos de polpa e dois níveis de inclusão) e testemunha. A inclusão de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) nas dietas, normal ou queimada, aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, quando comparados com a ração testemunha, exceto para a proteína bruta (PB). Com relação aos coeficientes de digestibilidade para os dois tipos de PCP, verificou-se maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes da PCPN em relação à PCPQ, principalmente em relação a PB, FDN e FDA, pressupondo que a utilização da PCPQ pode comprometer a qualidade da ração, ocasionando perdas na produtividade dos animais. A PCPN apresentou maiores taxas de degradação da MS e FDN, quando comparada à PCPQ. Verificou-se que o potencial de degradação foi alcançado com 48 horas de incubação para MS e FDN, para todos os tratamentos. Para produção de N-NH3 não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Contudo, a PCPQ pode ser utilizada na alimentação de bovinos, sendo sua utilização pautada na relação custo benefício.The objective of this research was to evaluate the digestibility and the in situ degradation of two types of citrus pulp in pellets: regular (CPPR) and burned (CPPB), as well the potential of production of N-NH3 in the rumen, with two levels in the diet (40 and 60%). A randomized blocks design, in a 2 x 2 (two kinds of pulp and two inclusions levels) factorial and control, was used. The inclusion of citrus pulp in the diets, regular or burned, increased the coefficients of digestibility of the nutrients when compared with the control ration, except for the crude protein. A higher coefficient of digestibility of the nutrients of the regular citrus pulp was observed, when compared to the burned citrus pulp, especially in relation to crude protein, NDF and ADF. The use of burned citrus pulp can result in lower animal performance. CPPR showed higher degradation rate to DM and NDF, when compared to CPPB. DM and NDF potential degradation was obtained with 48h of incubation for all treatments. No difference was oberved among treatments, concerning the N-NH3 production. However, CPPB could be fed to bovines and its utilization should be based on the cost benefits relation.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) S1516-35982004000100030.pdf.txt: 36897 bytes, checksum: 64f0a5b7f96310567990450659346c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) S1516-35982004000100030.pdf.txt: 36897 bytes, checksum: 64f0a5b7f96310567990450659346c83 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) S1516-35982004000100030.pdf.txt: 36897 bytes, checksum: 64f0a5b7f96310567990450659346c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-01 Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade e a degradabilidade de dois tipos de polpa cítrica peletizada: normal (PCPN) e queimada (PCPQ), bem como o potencial de produção de nitrogênio amoniacal com dois níveis de inclusão na ração (40 e 60%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipos de polpa e dois níveis de inclusão) e testemunha. A inclusão de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) nas dietas, normal ou queimada, aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, quando comparados com a ração testemunha, exceto para a proteína bruta (PB). Com relação aos coeficientes de digestibilidade para os dois tipos de PCP, verificou-se maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes da PCPN em relação à PCPQ, principalmente em relação a PB, FDN e FDA, pressupondo que a utilização da PCPQ pode comprometer a qualidade da ração, ocasionando perdas na produtividade dos animais. A PCPN apresentou maiores taxas de degradação da MS e FDN, quando comparada à PCPQ. Verificou-se que o potencial de degradação foi alcançado com 48 horas de incubação para MS e FDN, para todos os tratamentos. Para produção de N-NH3 não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Contudo, a PCPQ pode ser utilizada na alimentação de bovinos, sendo sua utilização pautada na relação custo benefício. The objective of this research was to evaluate the digestibility and the in situ degradation of two types of citrus pulp in pellets: regular (CPPR) and burned (CPPB), as well the potential of production of N-NH3 in the rumen, with two levels in the diet (40 and 60%). A randomized blocks design, in a 2 x 2 (two kinds of pulp and two inclusions levels) factorial and control, was used. The inclusion of citrus pulp in the diets, regular or burned, increased the coefficients of digestibility of the nutrients when compared with the control ration, except for the crude protein. A higher coefficient of digestibility of the nutrients of the regular citrus pulp was observed, when compared to the burned citrus pulp, especially in relation to crude protein, NDF and ADF. The use of burned citrus pulp can result in lower animal performance. CPPR showed higher degradation rate to DM and NDF, when compared to CPPB. DM and NDF potential degradation was obtained with 48h of incubation for all treatments. No difference was oberved among treatments, concerning the N-NH3 production. However, CPPB could be fed to bovines and its utilization should be based on the cost benefits relation. UNESP FCAV UnB FAV USP FZEA UNESP FCAV

Em geral, gramíneas forrageiras colhidas em estádio de desenvolvimento mais jovem apresentam baixos teores de MS, o que, associado aos baixos teores de carboidratos solúveis, pode prejudicar o processo de fermentação, comprometendo a qualidade final da silagem. Dessa forma, deve-se adotar procedimentos que modifiquem esse quadro, como a utilização de aditivos. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a fermentação das silagens do capim-tanzânia com aditivos em relação aos teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e pH, e entre esses aditivos, determinar qual deles e em que dose conferem as melhores qualidades à silagem produzida. O experimento foi conduzido nas dependências do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFLA, utilizando o capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) estabelecido em um Latossolo Roxo Argiloso e colhido com 60-65 dias de crescimento. A forragem foi ensilada em silos experimentais de PVC, adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada um. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três aditivos (polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo e fubá de milho), em quatro doses (3, 6, 9 e 12%) mais uma testemunha, sem aditivos, e 8 tempos de abertura dos silos (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, constituindo um esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional [(3 x 4) + 1] x 8 com 3 repetições. As adições de polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo ou fubá de milho melhoram as características fermentativas das silagens de capim-tanzânia. As silagens sem aditivos também apresentaram valores de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal característicos de uma silagem de qualidade satisfatória; no entanto, os aditivos devem ser utilizados com o intuito de prevenir perdas.In general, forage grasses harvested at younger development stage present low contents of DM that associated to the low content of soluble carbohydrates, can harm the fermentation harming the final quality of the silage. Thus, it is indispensable to adopt procedures which modify this picture such as the use of additives. This work aimed to evaluate the fermentation of Tanzania grass silages with additives in relation to the ammonia-N content and pH, and among these additives, to determine which of them and what dose confers the best qualities to the produced silage. The experiment was carried out in the Animal Science Department of UFLA by utilizing tanzaniagrass (Panicum maxium Jacq. cv. Tanzania I) established in a Clayey Dusky red Latosol and harvested at 60-65 days of growth. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos, adapted with valves type Bunsen with capacity of about 3 kg each. The treatments consisted of three additives (citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal) in four doses (3, 6, 9 and 12%) plus one without additives and 8 times of silo opening (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days). The experimental design utilized was randomized blocks, constituing a factorial scheme with additional treatment [(3x4) + 1] x 8 with 3 replicates. The addition of citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal improves the fermentative characteristics of the tanzaniagrass silage. The silages without additives present values of pH and ammonia-N characteristics of a satisfactory quality silage but the use of additives is recommended to prevent losses.

Em geral, gramíneas forrageiras colhidas em estádio de desenvolvimento mais jovem apresentam baixos teores de MS, o que, associado aos baixos teores de carboidratos solúveis, pode prejudicar o processo de fermentação, comprometendo a qualidade final da silagem. Dessa forma, deve-se adotar procedimentos que modifiquem esse quadro, como a utilização de aditivos. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a fermentação das silagens do capim-tanzânia com aditivos em relação aos teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e pH, e entre esses aditivos, determinar qual deles e em que dose conferem as melhores qualidades à silagem produzida. O experimento foi conduzido nas dependências do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFLA, utilizando o capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) estabelecido em um Latossolo Roxo Argiloso e colhido com 60-65 dias de crescimento. A forragem foi ensilada em silos experimentais de PVC, adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada um. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três aditivos (polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo e fubá de milho), em quatro doses (3, 6, 9 e 12%) mais uma testemunha, sem aditivos, e 8 tempos de abertura dos silos (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, constituindo um esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional [(3 x 4) + 1] x 8 com 3 repetições. As adições de polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo ou fubá de milho melhoram as características fermentativas das silagens de capim-tanzânia. As silagens sem aditivos também apresentaram valores de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal característicos de uma silagem de qualidade satisfatória; no entanto, os aditivos devem ser utilizados com o intuito de prevenir perdas. In general, forage grasses harvested at younger development stage present low contents of DM that associated to the low content of soluble carbohydrates, can harm the fermentation harming the final quality of the silage. Thus, it is indispensable to adopt procedures which modify this picture such as the use of additives. This work aimed to evaluate the fermentation of Tanzania grass silages with additives in relation to the ammonia-N content and pH, and among these additives, to determine which of them and what dose confers the best qualities to the produced silage. The experiment was carried out in the Animal Science Department of UFLA by utilizing tanzaniagrass (Panicum maxium Jacq. cv. Tanzania I) established in a Clayey Dusky red Latosol and harvested at 60-65 days of growth. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos, adapted with valves type Bunsen with capacity of about 3 kg each. The treatments consisted of three additives (citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal) in four doses (3, 6, 9 and 12%) plus one without additives and 8 times of silo opening (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days). The experimental design utilized was randomized blocks, constituing a factorial scheme with additional treatment [(3x4) + 1] x 8 with 3 replicates. The addition of citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal improves the fermentative characteristics of the tanzaniagrass silage. The silages without additives present values of pH and ammonia-N characteristics of a satisfactory quality silage but the use of additives is recommended to prevent losses.

Este trabalho foi conduzido para se avaliar o efeito de níveis de suplementação energética no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de 64 bezerras de corte Charolês e suas cruzas com Nelore, mantidas em pastagem cultivada de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) mais azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Os tratamentos consistiram em suplementação equivalente a 0; 0,7 e 1,4 % do peso vivo (PV)/dia de farelo de arroz integral associado à polpa cítrica na proporção de 1:1. O método de pastejo foi contínuo, com lotação variável, visando manter massa de forragem de 1500 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS). Foram avaliados o ganho médio diário, carga animal, ganho de peso por área, condição corporal, área pélvica, peso à puberdade, idade à puberdade, altura da garupa e consumo estimado de MS. A suplementação proporcionou maior ganho médio diário, carga animal e ganho de peso vivo/ha. Bezerras alimentadas exclusivamente em pastagens tiveram menor condição corporal e apresentaram menor porcentagem de cio do que bezerras suplementadas. A percentagem de fêmeas que mostraram cio até os 16 meses de idade foi de 9,1; 68,7 e 70,6%, respectivamente. Os níveis de suplementação não interferiram em área pélvica, peso à puberdade, idade à puberdade e altura de garupa. O consumo estimado de MS foi menor no nível 1,4% do PV/dia.This work was carried outo to evaluate the effect of levels of energetic supplementation in productive and reproductive performance of sixty-four Charolais heifers and their crosses with Nellore, mantained in cultivated pasture of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) plus Italian ryegrass (Lulium mulktiflorum Lam.). The treatments considered supplementation of 0; 0.7 and 1.4% of the live weight (LW)/day of rice bran associated with citric pulp, in the proportion of 1:1. A continuous grazing system with variable stocking rate was used, to maintain 1500 kg/ha of DM in herbage mass in all treatments. The following parameters were evaluated: average daily gain, stocking rate, live weight gain, body condition, pelvic area, weight at puberty and age at puberty, hip height and estimated intake of DM. The supplementation increased average daily gain, stocking rate and live weight gain. Heifers kept only on pasture had lower body conditions and showed lower heat percentage than heifers supplemented with 0.7 and 1.4% of LW/day with no differences (P>0.05) between the 0.7 and 1.4% levels. The percentage of heifers showing heat until 16 months of age was 9.1; 68.7 and 70.6%, respectively. The supplementations levels did not affect pelvic area, age at puberty and hip height. The estimated intake of DM was lower for the level of 1.4 % LW/day.

Incidents with dioxins and PCBs have resulted in a strategy within the EU to reduce the exposure of the population to these compounds. Maximum levels were set for food and feed products and criteria were developed for the analytical methods (both confirmatory and screening) used for official control measurements. Ideally, any analysis performed with the aim of comparing the result with the legal limits should be performed according to these criteria. It should also apply to monitoring, performed to estimate human exposure and trend analysis rather than compliance with limits, since risk assessments and EU-policies rely heavily on these data. In recent years, analytical capacity has largely increased to complement the additional testing. In line with the responsibility of producers for the safety of their products, self-control has strongly increased and has played an important role in the discovery of several of the incidents. However, the increased monitoring seems not to have resulted in a clear further decrease in the levels reported for food and feed in the last decade. This may in part be due to a lack of follow up when elevated levels (above action levels) are found, which would lead to a reduction of output from remaining sources. It may also be related to the sensitivity of applied methods and the data collected in databases. This paper reviews the incidents and developments that have taken place within the EU over the last 15 years in the area of dioxins and PCBs, including the role of applying screening and confirmatory methods for achieving the desired further reduction in the levels.

Determinaram-se os consumos de nutrientes e a digestibilidade aparente, in vivo e in vitro, em dez cadelas submetidas a uma dieta controle (R0) acrescida de 10 (R10) e 20% (R20) de uma mistura contendo polpa de citros (PC) e folhas de feno de alfafa. A digestibilidade foi estimada pela coleta total de fezes e pelo uso das cinzas insolúveis em ácido. Quando expressos em % do peso vivo, os consumos de água, de matéria seca (MS), de matéria orgânica (MO) e de proteína bruta (PB) diminuiram à medida que os níveis de fibra aumentaram. Entretanto, a digestibilidade da MS, da PB, da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e do extrato etéreo (EE) aumentou com o acréscimo do consumo das fontes fibrosas. A digestibilidade estimada pelos dois métodos resultou em valores cuja diferença não ultrapassou 5 unidades. Houve diferenças nos valores de digestibilidade in vitro quanto à origem do inóculo fecal e os maiores valores foram para as amostras dos ingredientes fibrosos incubados com inóculo oriundo dos animais que estavam ingerindo as dietas contendo as fontes de fibra. A polpa de citros resultou na maior digestibilidade in vitro, enquanto que a ração controle, na menor. The determination of nutrient intake and the apparent in vivo and in vitro digestibilities in bitches fed a control ration (R0) or the same control ration containing 10% (R10) or 20% (R20) of a mixture composed of citrus pulp (PC) and alfalfa hay leaft, were the objective of this study. The digestibility was estimated by total feaces collection and by the use of the ash insoluble in acid. When expressed in % of liveweight, the intake of water, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were reduced as the fiber levels increased. However, DM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract (EE) digestibilities increased as the fiber levels increased in the diets. The digestibility values estimated by these two methods were different, but not greater than 5 units. The source of fecal inocula resulted in different values for in vitro digestibility, and the inocula of the animals consuming the fiber sources gave the highest results. The citrus pulp was the component which presented the greatest in vitro digestibility whereas the control diet gave the lowest values for in vitro digestibility.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with citrus pulp, fish by-product, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs. A total of 180 weaned piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). There were six replicate pens in each treatment with 10 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, and 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass. The isocaloric and isoproteineous experimental diets were fed in mash form in two phases (d 0 ~ 14, phase I and d 15 ~ 28, phase II). Dietary treatments had significant linear effects on gain to feed ratio (G:F) in all periods, whereas significant linear effects on ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and ash were only observed in phase I. Piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p

Objective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally cannulated cows (730 ± 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a substituição do milho em grão moído pela polpa cítrica no concentrado de 28 bezerros da raça holandesa (PC) durante a fase de aleitamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, sendo os blocos formados de acordo com a ordem de chegada dos animais. Os animais foram abatidos ao final do experimento. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos: 0, 15, 30 e 45% de polpa cítrica na ração, em substituição ao milho. Todos os animais receberam o colostro por três dias na fazenda de origem. Além do concentrado, os bezerros receberam diariamente quatro litros de leite integral no primeiro mês, divididos em duas refeições, e três litros no segundo mês, em uma única refeição. O concentrado foi oferecido aos bezerros a partir do quarto dia de vida. Todos os bezerros foram mantidos em abrigos individuais. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: ganho de peso diário, consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, aumentos da altura na cernelha e do perímetro torácico, volume e peso dos compartimentos estomacais, desenvolvimento papilar, contagem de protozoários, pH ruminal e incidência de diarréias. Não houve diferença significativa entre tratamentos para os parâmetros estudados. Concluiu-se que a polpa cítrica pode substituir o milho em grão moído na dieta peletizada contendo 5% de leite em pó, para bezerros desmamados precocemente, com bons resultados.The present study was carried out to study the substitution of the ground corn grain by the dried citrus pulp in the starter diet of 28 Holstein calves in an early weaning system. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks, with the blocks formed in accordance to the arrival order of the animals. The animals were slaughter at the end of the experiment. The experiment consisted on four treatments: 0, 15, 30 and 45% of citrus pulp in the diet, in substitution of the ground corn grain. The calves received the colostrum for three days in the original farm. Besides the concentrate, the calves received four liters of whole milk in the first month, divided in two meal, and three liters in the second month. The concentrate was fed ad libitum fed to the calves from the fourth life day. All calves were kept in individual houses. The evaluated parameters were: average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed:gain ratio, increases of the withers height and of the heart girth, volume and weight of the stomach compartments, development of rumen papillas, number of protozoa, pH and incidence of diarrhea. There was no significant difference among treatments. The dried citrus pulp can substitute the ground corn grain in the diet of early weaned calves, with good results.