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When China joined the United Nations in 1971, it viewed UN peacekeeping operations (UNPKOs) as an instrument for powerful countries to exploit weaker countries. Today, under Xi Jinping, China contributes the largest number of UN peacekeeping personnel among the five permanent (P5) members of the UN Security Council. This article presents findings from a pilot study based on a survey conducted at two international universities in China in the fall of 2016, regarding how Chinese students perceive China’s UNPKO involvement. A total of 297 Chinese university students participated in this survey. Given that there has been little scholarship on how Chinese citizens view China’s UNPKO spending or involvement, this article aims to contribute to our understanding of this subject.

The present article, based on a survey conducted in 2016 in five cities of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin, Changchun, Dalian), discusses the similarities and differences in attitudes, aspirations and value orientations of Chinese young people. The survey respondents were 650 ethnic Chinese young people (314 males and 336 females), mostly under the age of 25. The questionnaire was comprised of 22 questions, grouped into four sections. The first section contained questions designed to reveal the attitudes of Chinese young people to life, including their most common aspirations and values; the second section focused on the Chinese young people’s relationships with parents and friends. The third section targeted the attitudes of Chinese young people to employment issues, and, finally, the aim of the fourth section was to specify the social portrait of the respondents of the questionnaire. The responses to each question of the questionnaire were statistically analyzed and presented in graphs. The results of the present survey reveal that life aspirations and values of young Chinese males and females are similar in many aspects. More similarities than differences between the two sexes were identified, and the ethnic factor proved to be more important in determining life attitudes and values than the gender factor. Yet, a number of gender differences were detected. The survey results reveal that young Chinese males – in contrast to females – have advanced further along the path of westernization and demonstrate greater willingness to revise many traditional Chinese values. The Chinese females’ responses, on the other hand, are characterized by greater conservatism in daily life, and a stronger inclination towards traditional family values. Nevertheless, females demonstrated more egocentric tendencies than males in regard to finding employment and choosing working conditions.

Background: Binge drinking and smoking among adolescents are serious public concerns. However, very few studies have explored the reinforcement of bullying victimization by such behavior. Our study aimed at examining the individual and combined associations of smoking and bullying victimization with binge drinking among adolescents in Beijing, China.Methods: A total of 33,694 students aged 13–17 years old in Beijing, China were anonymously investigated via the cross-sectional Chinese Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey from April to May 2014. A three-stage stratified sampling was used to select participants. Factors such as sociodemographic variables and indicators of smoking, bullying victimization, and binge drinking were analyzed with multiple logistic regressions, and joint and additive interaction effects were tested.Results: Overall, ever-drinking prevalence was 59.1% (boys: 64.4%; girls: 53.7%). Past 30-day binge drinking was 11.5% (boys: 15.6%; girls: 7.4%) and frequent binge drinking was 2.3% (boys: 3.3%; girls: 1.0%). Past 30-day smoking was 10.7% (boys: 16.4%; girls: 5.0%) and past 30-day bullying victimization was 48.7% (boys: 57.3%; girls: 40.1%). The combined effects of smoking and bullying victimization on occasional binge drinking (OR = 6.49, 95% CI = 5.60–7.52) and frequent binge drinking (OR = 10.32, 95% CI = 7.52–14.14) were significant, and the additive interaction effect was significant for current smoking and bullying victimization on frequent binge drinking (OR = 10.22, 95% CI = 9.43–11.07). The additive interaction effect for current smoking and bullying victimization on frequent binge drinking was significant among boys.Conclusion: Bullying victimization reinforced the association of smoking with frequent binge drinking, especially with findings specific to boys. Programs to prevent smoking or bullying or both may reduce binge drinking among adolescents in China.

Youth social participation is the conscious participation and behavioral participation of youth as a social subject in social politics, economy, culture and other aspects. With the continuous development of the field of public media, for Chinese youth, the rapidly changing society has brought strong political will and social behavior among young people. The exertion of youth's subjective initiative shortens the distance between youth and other social factors and national governance practices. Based on the expression of youth political demands in the field of public media, find the limitations of contemporary youth's political demands expression and participation, and finally explore a suitable way for youth development. The fast-growing society proposes how to cultivate young people who will be responsible for future revival." Contemporary examination questions".

Background This study investigated the natural development pattern of mindful awareness and its relation with mental health in a sample of Chinese youth. Methods 1,483 students (57.11% boys) from fourth to ninth grade (Mage = 11.18 ± 1.78, Wave 1) participated in the study. Students participated in up to 3 waves of assessment, each spaced approximately 6 months. The data were collected by the Chinese version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Children (MAAS-C), the Chinese Version of 10-item CES-D Depression Scale (CESD-10), and the Academic Pressure subscale of Inventory of Influencing Factors of Trait Anxiety for Secondary School Students (IIFTAS). Results Cross-sectionally, higher graders scored lower mindful awareness than lower graders. Results of latent growth curve analysis showed a slight decrease, but not at a significant level, of mindful awareness in the longitudinal measurement. Results from the parallel-process model indicated that decreases in mindful awareness significantly predicted children and adolescents' depressive emotions and academic pressure. Limitations As a longitudinal study, the time points were insufficient and all variables were assessed by self-report measures. Conclusion Mindful awareness might be a significant protector for youth when co-developing with mental health problems.

Based on social cognitive theory, we studied the relationship between coaches’ paternalistic leadership (PL) and youth athletes’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the mediation effect of athletes’ trust in coaches, in China. This age-specific research was conducted among more than 2,000 Chinese youth soccer players. Overall, 758 youth soccer players, aged 13–18 years, completed a self-report questionnaire. The results showed that the three dimensions of the coaches’ PL have different relationships with OCB, and the differences were due to differences in athletes’ ages. Additionally, we verified the mediation role of trust. Our research conclusions are of great significance to the study of Chinese youth soccer as in-depth research can provide a deeper and more precise understanding of the relationship between PL and the OCB of Chinese youth soccer players. This study expands the literature on social cognitive theory and sheds light on the relationship between coach leadership and athlete OCB by providing extensive evidence.

Previous research has shown that parenting style is intricately linked to cyber-aggression. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear, especially among young adults. Guided by the social cognitive theory and the ecological system theory, this study aimed to examine the effect of parenting style on cyber-aggression, the potential mediating role of moral disengagement, and the moderating role of moral identity in this relationship. Participants comprised 1,796 Chinese college students who anonymously completed questionnaires on parenting style, moral disengagement, moral identity, cyber-aggression, and demographic variables. After controlling for sex and age, parental rejection and over-protection were positively related to cyber-aggression; however, parental emotional warmth was non-significantly related to cyber-aggression. Mediation analysis revealed that parenting style was related to cyber-aggressive behavior through moral disengagement. Moderated mediation analysis further indicated that the indirect effect of parenting style on cyber-aggression was much stronger in college students with higher moral identity. The study carries important practical implications for parents and educators concerned about the destructive consequences of cyber-aggression.

Personal tutorials are an essential feature of student support in British universities, therefore they are duplicated on British overseas campuses. It appears that Chinese students are reluctant to seek help when they experience personal difficulties that affect their engagement with learning and their academic performance. Limited literature explores this phenomenon with relevant studies only focusing on Chinese students’ experiences abroad. Furthermore, these studies mainly refer to cultural factors related to traditional Confucianism to explain why these students do not engage with support structures.\ud Drawing on the theory of Emerging Adulthood, this paper analyses the experiences of students on a Chinese branch campus of a British university. A mixed methods research approach was considered the most appropriate means of engaging with the participants; a quantitative study was used in an exploratory fashion to provide unbiased insight into student opinion and experience, and a qualitative content analysis was used to analyse participants’ comments in the open field questions.\ud The findings reveal an alternative portrayal of the “Chinese Personal Tutee”, distant from the traditional Confucian model still predominantly used as an analytical tool in research on Chinese youth. Chinese students on an international campus strategically select their sources of help and prefer to build symmetrical relationships with personal tutors based on personal goals rather than asymmetrical relationships based on ‘care’ provided by adults. Consequently, ‘transnational’ personal tutorial systems pursuing Chinese students’ successful engagement ought to be conceptualised by considering their emerging adulthoods and by respecting their sense of agency.

The implementation of the reform and opening-up policies within the last four decades have brought China a deeper connection with the whole world. Benefiting from actively integrating itself into economic globalization and the current world order, China has experienced profound social and economic changes, which promote value changes or even shifts of Chinese at the same time. As the most active group in a society, youth is like the barometer of social development, from which we can clearly see value changes in the society. Thus, the study focuses on Chinese youth’s values and explores how socioeconomic development exerts its influence on individuals. The article begins with a literature review of both foreign and domestic research on Chinese youth, from which the research gap—Chinese youth’s values—is pinpointed. It then briefly describes the theoretical background, followed by the methodology and results. Discussion will be given as the final part.

In recent years, STEM education has set off a boom around the world, and many countries have adopted policies and measures to encourage the development of STEM education. In China, many adolescents show their scientific and technological innovations by participating in CASTIC. CASTIC is the most influential science and technology competition in China. It is also an important way to cultivate innovative talents. This paper takes CASTIC in line with the philosophy of STEM education as a research object, systematically discusses the relationship between STEM education and CASTIC, and explores the development of Chinese youth STEM education by analyzing the subject distribution and regional distribution of CASTIC award-winning entries in the past five years, which will provide a new experience for STEM education research.

BACKGROUND BMI and waist circumference (WC) have commonly been used to identify obesity in practice. The aim of the present study was to assess the blood pressure (BP) status among Chinese college students categorized by BMI and WC. METHODS A total of 4226 college students (2107 males and 2119 females) aged 19-22 years included in the study. The WHO BMI cutoffs were used to define underweight, normal weight and overweight. The WC cutoffs (90 cm for man and 80 cm for woman) were used to define central obesity. High BP was defined as SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mmHg. The BP status of subjects within each category across BMI and WC were assessed. RESULTS When subjects were categorized by BMI, overweight males and females had a higher prevalence of high BP than their nonoverweight counterparts. When WC was used to diagnose central obesity, subjects with central obesity had a higher prevalence of high BP than those with normal WC. A positive association between BMI, WC and BP was also observed even in normal-weight subjects, with 'high normal BMI' subgroup (BMI = 23.7-24.9) had a higher BP level and prevalence of high BP than 'low normal BMI' subgroups (BMI = 18.5-19.7 and BMI = 19.8-21.0, P

Purpose To investigate whether the physical activity at different intensities is correlated with depressive symptoms in college students. Patient and Methods This cross-sectional study was a part of the Fitness Improvement Tactics in Youth Project, which was conducted in 2017. A total of 2,820 college freshmen aged 15–24 years were included in this study, of whom 699 (24.8%) were males and 2,121 (75.2%) were females. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Self-rating Depression Scale. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. Covariates included sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and health-related factors. Results A total of 560 (19.9%) college students had depressive symptoms. Total physical activity levels (METs•hour/week) were positively associated with frequency of breakfast intake (p = 0.050) but no other participant characteristics. Logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the highest quartile of physical activity was lower than in the lowest quartile when adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, only child, smoking status, alcohol use, breakfast frequency, daily sleep duration, body mass index, grip strength, and the number of metabolic syndrome components (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)]: 0.75 [0.58, 0.98], p = 0.036). Furthermore, high physical activity levels of low-intensity tended to moderately correlate to lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (odds ratios [95% CI]: Q1, 0.71 [0.55, 0.91], Q2, 0.77 [0.59, 1.01], Q3, 0.75 [0.57, 0.98], p for trend = 0.037). Associations of moderate and vigorous physical activity with depressive symptoms were not found. For secondary outcomes, sex-stratified analysis showed that similar findings were only found in females, but not males. Conclusion This study indicated that total physical activity and low-intensity physical activity were inversely associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese college students. All these observations showed gender differences.

This article analyzes the issues of identity and social integration of Chinese youth in the Marche region. The focus on these two themes arises from the recent increase in the number of Chinese students in schools in this region. This change points to a need to study an unexplored phenomenon. In this regard, the intention of this contribution is, on the one hand, to observe the dynamics related to social integration of these young people and to understand how they navigate their multiple identities, and, on the other hand, to provide guidance for future research as well as useful tools to create a welcoming and inclusive environment for them to live in. Following a review of the literature, this article analyzes research results regarding data collected from 198 young people and 21 teachers, and concludes with insights into the identity and social integration problems confronting Chinese youth in the region.

With the economic growth and living standard improvement, food waste has become increasingly common among Chinese youth. To test whether body size affects the food waste performance of youth, we examined university students as representative of the Chinese youth and conducted a large-sample survey in 29 universities across 29 provinces. Based on 9192 questionnaires collected from Chinese college canteens, we found that body size was correlated with food waste. The smaller the body mass index (BMI) value, the higher the likelihood of plate waste, the higher the amount of waste, and the higher the ratio of food waste. Heterogeneity analyses revealed that BMI exerted a more significant impact on males than females, as well as a more substantial impact on northerners than southerners. Robust tests using other proxies to measure body size, robust regressions based on the new adjusted samples, and robust tests with an instrumental variable to overcome the endogenous issue suggested that the slimmer participants tended to be more wasteful. Hence, this study confirms that the slimmer youth tend to leave plate waste and waste more food per capita per meal. This study is the first attempt to analyze food wastage from the perspective of BMI in China to our best knowledge, and it provides a unique viewpoint for understanding young people’s food wastage.

Although the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese youth with higher socioeconomic status (SES) has been increasing, few studies have explored the mechanisms through which SES influenc...

Using a mixed-methods approach, this article surveys and compares how Chinese youth view China’s rise with how their Asian counterparts do. The quantitative analysis uses data from the Asian Studen...

The present study examined the effects of family socialization in the form of family processes and parenting practices on youth children’s internalizing and externalizing problems concomitantly in ...

This study investigated the development of relational aggression (RA) in a sample of Chinese youth (N = 2,274, 52% boys) from fourth (Mage = 10.27 years) to ninth grade. Using latent class growth analysis, four trajectories were identified for both peer- and teacher-rated RA: a no aggression trajectory, a low-increasing trajectory, a moderate-decreasing trajectory, and a chronically high trajectory. Chronically high RA showed a chronicity effect on adolescent peer acceptance, rejection, and rule-breaking behaviors. Adolescents showed worse adjustment as RA increased, but they did not necessarily evidence significant improvement in adjustment even if their RA decreased. Findings reveal the maladaptive nature of RA and highlight the importance of considering cultural context in understanding RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the attitudes of young people from different cultural backgrounds in Hong Kong toward social justice, in particular those regarding gender, racial/ethnic equalities, and...

The growing prevalence of foreign media consumption, including from Japan, has received considerable notice in recent work on PRC youth culture. To date, however, few studies have considered how yo...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA; Gullone and Taffe (Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 409–417, 2011)) across gender. A total of 1388 Chinese adolescents (48.1% males), ranging in age from 11 to 16 years (M = 12.9, SD = 1.09) were recruited from four Chinese middle schools and completed the ERQ-CA. The Cronbach’s α values, omega coefficients, and item-total correlations for the two subscales of the ERQ-CA indicated adequate internal consistency reliability. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed that all configural, metric, scalar, and partial strict invariance models provided acceptable fit to the data. The result of latent means analysis demonstrated statistically non-significant differences between boys and girls. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ERQ-CA displays appropriate measurement invariance across gender for Chinese youth of ages 11 to 16.

In this article I shed light on the phenomenon of Chinese young people’s conversion to Christianity and argue that it is often closely tied to a utopian longing for what is missing in their lives (...

Objective The aims of the current study were to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity by four different references and to explore the characteristics of adolescent overweight and obesity in Chinese secondary school students aged 12–18 years. Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted in this study. Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling, 8999 secondary school students were enrolled. The references developed by Must and Dallal and Dietz, the Childhood Obesity Working Group of the International Obesity Task Force, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Group of China Obesity Task Force (GCOTF reference) were used to identify overweight and obese students. Results The prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity vary substantially based on the four references. The prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity based on GCOTF reference are 8.4% and 4.1%, respectively, which is significantly lower than the prevalence of overweight and obesity in their peers in 2000 (χ2 = 24.03, P Conclusion The GCOTF reference is more suitable for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese adolescents. The current prevalence rates of adolescent overweight and obesity decreased, and girls made a tremendous contribution to this decreasing trend. Singletons and adolescents in lower school community ladder of subjective socio-economic status may be at higher risk of getting overweight and obesity. More effective strategies with full consideration to the characteristics above should be developed to control and prevent adolescent overweight and obesity.

Political participation entails citizens’ engagement to exert influence on the political process and policies in a desired direction. Therein, participation of the youth has significance as a transient yet constantly receiving community with potential to shape the course of history in any society. The activities and functions of youth organizations have been pivotal in effecting changes in the twentieth century Asian socio-political and economic realms. Under the similar circumstances, the People’s Republic of China appears to be continuously evolving its social, economic, political and cultural regimes in response to the fluctuating demands of the citizens and the youth. This Essay fathoms changes in political participations of the youth in China, its implication on the Communist Youth League and how the Communist Youth League responds in the era of Market Economy.

Physical inactivity is a growing issue in Chinese youth, but parks can facilitate traditional and non-traditional forms of physical activity for little to no cost. Despite this opportunity, very little is known regarding park use among Chinese youth. The purpose of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional observational study of park usage and physical activity of youth in municipal parks in Nanchang, China. Data were collected in June of 2014 in eight parks across Nanchang, Jiangxi a large city in southeast China. Physical activity was measured by a modified version of System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities. Ordered hierarchic generalized linear models were estimated using a logit link function. The influence of the park was estimated using random effects, with fixed effects and park, environmental, and park user characteristics. Youth were most often seen active in the afternoon, on weekends, and during cooler times (≤ 29 °C). Paradoxically, more children were active when air quality was poorer. Older boys were more active than younger boys, but no differences were observed in girls. More children were seen active in unstructured play compared to structured activities. The results suggest parks are an important setting for physical activity among Chinese youth, and that unstructured activities can play an important role in promoting greater youth physical activity., Highlights • Chinese youth were most often seen engaging in physical activity in the afternoon, on weekends, and during cooler times (

Objective: This study will measure the geometric and pressure centerlines of the foot’s plantar region in healthy Chinese youth to construct a gait norm. Methods: In the present experiment, 203 healthy college students and postgraduates (90 males and 113 females) were recruited as subjects. Their average age was [Formula: see text] years old, average height was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm, and average weight was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kg. A double-blind method was used in this experiment. The plantar pressure and gait parameters of time and space among subjects were tested using a gait and balance function-training evaluation system. Data were collected using five pressure-sensor plates, based on the distribution in the geometric and pressure centers of the foot’s plantar area, according to the calculation formula of biomechanics. Results: From 20 selected subjects, the experiment gathered a total of 197 data points from the plantar pressure during walking. The results defined the foot’s centerline of maximum pressure while walking and showed that the pressure and geometric centerlines tended to converge and overlap in normal youth, irrespective of gender. In addition, differences were found between the foot’s centerline of pressure and the geometric and pressure centerlines of the plantar. Conclusion: This study showed that the plantar’s pressure and geometric centerlines can be used as a reference to assess normal gait in Chinese youth.