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Abstract Background The present study was performed to determine carapace length–body weight relationship of Charybdis callianassa. In fisheries biology, length–weight relationships are important as they allow for the calculation, by creating a mathematical equation between the two, of the total weight of the fish in a particular group in fish. Such information is helpful for fishery scientists to research the dynamics of development and populations and for public agencies that can maintain and preserve these resources sustainably. Results A study on the carapace length–body weight relationship of Charybdis callianassa (Herbst, 1789) was made on the northwest coast of India for the first time. The study was based on experimental trawl fishing conducted fortnightly from August 2019 to March 2020. A total of 479 specimens, including 262 males and 217 females from fishing trawler, were examined for their carapace length and total weight. The carapace length ranged from 2.69 to 3.54 cm, and the total weight from 5.26 to 7.36 g. This analysis revealed that the crabs exhibited negative allometric development, as shown by average exponents 'b' = 2.71 for pooled data with high coefficient (r) = 0.91 and r 2 = 0.83. Conclusions The carapace length–body weight relationship of Charybdis callianassa in relation to sex and carapace was studied in the Mumbai coastal water, India. We found major differences in the average “r 2” values of species reported for males (0.89), females (0.79) and pooled data (0.83). Such kind of study is essential for fisheries biology to comprehend the differences in circumstances in small and large specimens that vary with environmental conditions and seasons.

This study was conducted to determine some aspects of reproductive biology of the Indo-Pacific swimming crab, Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) in coastal waters of the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan province) from June 2015 to May 2016. The results showed that the annual sex ratio is F: M=1:1.3, with 57.4 % males. All the five stages of ovarian development of C. hellerii were observed throughout the year. This crab can spawn all year round with a spawning peak in spring season (From February to July). The fecundity of ovigerous crabs with a carapace width of 41-65 mm ranged from 107040 to 2560065 eggs, with average of 779325 eggs. The minimum carapace width (CW) of female crabs in sexual maturity age was 38 mm and the CW of female in a length of 50% of all ovigerous females (LM 50) was 54.55 mm.

Introduction: Feeding habits studies are one of the most important subject in fisheries science. The investigation on feeding habits of true crabs is one of the most important factors in the study of growth and survival of crabs. Distribution, growth, reproduction of crabs are largely dependent on the availability of prey. Materials and methods: Feeding habits of the Indo-pacific swimming crab, Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) were studied in the northern Persian Gulf during the period from June 2015 to May 2016. Sampling was conducted along coastal waters by monitoring bottom shrimp trawlers. Results and discussion: A total 371 stomach were measured of which, 197 were full and 174 were empty. Crabs stomach contents included: 60.75% crustaceans, 11.5% fish, 8.6% molluscs, 6.1% seagrass, 5.3% mixture and 7.7% undetectable and non-food as sand and gravel. The gut vacuity index was 46.9% during the research which showed medium nutriment in this animal. The crustaceans, fish and molluscs are the dominant main food in gut. The results indicated that gut vacuity index was not statistically different between crab with barnacles and crabs without barnacles (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The recorded results showed that this species is omnivorous and its diet medium. There were no significant differences in the preference for food items in the different sex of the crabs. The Indo-pacific swimming crab as other portunid crabs are carnivores with a preference for animal food and the behavior of active predators of sessile and slow-moving macro-invertebrates.

Purpose: To describe the increase in prevalence of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON) in patients presenting to a single tertiary referral eye care center in India after introduction of weight-based fixed dose combinations and an increase in duration of ethambutol use from 2016 in the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, referral hospital-based study of 156 patients with a diagnosis of EON presenting to a single tertiary referral eye care center between January 2016 and December 2019. The main outcome measure was to assess the increase in prevalence of EON cases presenting to our tertiary care institute. Results: During the 4-year study period, 156 new patients were diagnosed with EON. A total of 101 patients (64.7%) were males and 55 (35.3%) were females. The most common age group affected was 41–60 years. The significant complaint at presentation was decreased vision in all the patients. A rising trend in the number of patients diagnosed as EON was seen, with the prevalence increasing from 16 cases in 2016, 13 cases in 2017, and 31 cases in 2018 to 96 cases in 2019. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated an alarming increase in the trend of EON cases presenting to our tertiary care institute.

This Note offers an overview of the U.S. and Russian economic sanctions following the outbreak of the War in Ukraine. It examines the regulatory conflicts companies face when complying with U.S. or Russian sanctions and the challenges international companies encounter when divesting from Russia. The Note emphasizes the complexities of navigating international sanctions, suggests potential divestiture strategies without violating both sets of sanctions, and proposes potential additional clarification from the Office of Foreign Assets Control to resolve regulatory conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charybdis japonica, a large invasive portunid, has been recorded in New Zealand since its detection in the Waitematā Harbour in 2000. In this study, the distribution, invasion history, abundance and population structure were investigated for C. japonica across the North Island of New Zealand. This was done using various distribution data available, trapping across several sites and interviews with commercial fishermen. Charybdis japonica was detected in the previously uninvaded Tauranga, Ohiwa, Hokianga, Manukau Harbours and Great Barrier Island. The rate of spread for C. japonica is continuous, with harbours or estuaries hundreds of kilometres apart having detections every two to three years. Population abundances reported by commercial fishermen constantly increased, with no signs of stabilisation or decrease. Catches were male-biased, with female abundance varying seasonally. Several possible pathways and vectors may be responsible for this spread, including shipping and aquaculture, on top of dispersal of larvae by currents across the North Island. Further research is required to determine population sources, with findings providing important information for invasive species monitoring and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachial plexus blocks at the interscalene level are frequently chosen by physicians and recommended by textbooks for providing regional anesthesia and analgesia to patients scheduled for shoulder surgery. Published data concerning interscalene single-injection or continuous brachial plexus blocks report good analgesic effects. The principle of interscalene catheters is to extend analgesia beyond the duration of the local anesthetic's effect through continuous infusion, as opposed to a single injection. However, in addition to the recognized beneficial effects of interscalene blocks, whether administered as a single injection or through a catheter, there have been reports of consequences ranging from minor side effects to severe, life-threatening complications. Both can be simply explained by direct mispuncture, as well as undesired local anesthetic spread or misplaced catheters. In particular, catheters pose a high risk when advanced or placed uncontrollably, a fact confirmed by reports of fatal outcomes. Secondary catheter dislocations explain side effects or loss of effectiveness that may occur hours or days after the initial correct function has been observed. From an anatomical and physiological perspective, this appears logical: the catheter tip must be placed near the plexus in an anatomically tight and confined space. Thus, the catheter's position may be altered with the movement of the neck or shoulder, e.g., during physiotherapy. The safe use of interscalene catheters is therefore a balance between high analgesia quality and the control of side effects and complications, much like the passage between Scylla and Charybdis. We are convinced that the anatomical basis crucial for the brachial plexus block procedure at the interscalene level is not sufficiently depicted in the common regional anesthesia literature or textbooks. We would like to provide a comprehensive anatomical survey of the lateral neck, with special attention paid to the safe placement of interscalene catheters.

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the healthcare sector. In the face of waning caseloads, staff shortages, and supply chain issues, the topic of cybersecurity has often struggled for its time in the limelight. Behind the scenes, however, cybersecurity leaders and staff are burning out at a panicking rate. A dire shortage of skilled professionals continues to compound, as global affairs and an increase in the availability of information leaves healthcare cybersecurity teams barely able to keep afloat. This article describes the nature and scale of the health and human resource challenges faced by healthcare organizations and offers several practical options for health leaders to plot a course to attract and retain staff during this period of upheaval., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Hemostasis impairment represents the most threatening consequence of Viperidae envenoming, notably with Bothrops genus. In the French departments of America, B. atrox envenomation in French Guiana may lead to bleeding while B. lanceolatus envenomation in Martinique to thrombosis. Bleeding related to B. atrox envenomation is attributed to vascular damage mediated by venom metalloproteinases and blood uncoagulable state resulting from thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. Thrombosis related to B. lanceolatus envenomation are poorly understood. We aimed to compare the effects of B. atrox and B. lanceolatus venoms in the rat to identify the determinants of the hemorrhagic versus thrombotic complications. Viscoelastometry (ROTEM), platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, thrombin generation assay, fibrinography, endothelial (von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS13 activity, ICAM-1, and soluble E-selectin), and inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and PAI-1) were determined in blood samples obtained at H3, H6, and H24 after the subcutaneous venom versus saline injection. In comparison to the control, initial fibrinogen consumption was observed with the two venoms while thrombocytopenia and reduction in the clot amplitude only with B. atrox venom. Moreover, we showed an increase in thrombin generation at H3 with the two venoms, an increase in fibrin generation accompanied with hyperfibrinogenemia at H24 and an increase in inflammatory biomarkers with B. lanceolatus venom. No endothelial damage was found with the two venoms. To conclude, our data support two-sided hemostasis complications in Bothrops envenoming with an initial risk of hemorrhage related to platelet consumption and hypocoagulability followed by an increased risk of thrombosis promoted by the activated inflammatory response and rapid-onset fibrinogen restoration., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Larréché et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

This article explores whether the integration of human rights approaches, in particular, the human right to science in Article 15(1)(b) of the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, offers a basis for improving upon current approaches in international environmental law by widening democratic input and oversight in decisions involving environmental science and its applications. It examines a case study regarding the international regulation of marine geoengineering under an amendment to the 1996 Protocol to the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter. The analysis focuses on how the harms and benefits of marine geoengineering research are conceived of in the amendment, and the norms and processes adopted to address them. These same issues are then examined under the human right to science, focusing on the recent interpretation of the right by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its General Comment No. 25. It seeks to show in a particular case how international environmental law and international human rights law each bring to bear different objectives, norms, and processes in how they treat issues of environmental science and technology, and explores the benefits of more integrated approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1792 foreigners flocked to France to participate in the new republican regime, redefining the nation as the conduct of popular sovereignty. A number of American, British, and Irish foreigners formed a club in Paris, the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man (Société des Amis des Droits de l'Homme), among whom Irish republicans were a key component. Eager to "revolutionize" Britain and Ireland, they contributed to the rise in tensions and, ultimately, to the outbreak of war between France and Britain. The author argues that these Irish, because of their colonial experience, were a crucial factor in the redefinition of and opposition between British imperial and French republican models of nation and citizenship. Their defense of a cosmopolitan citizenship ideal was violently rejected in Britain and was severely tested by the "Terror" in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and reproduction of Charybdis bimaculata (Miers, 1886) were investigated in Goheung Bay, Korea, from February 2020 to February 2021. Females were observed more frequently than males. The gonadosomatic index varied monthly, and reached the highest value in July. Ovigerous females peaked in July as well. The main spawning season was summer. The size at sexual maturity of females, corresponding to a proportion of 0.5 sexually mature individuals, was estimated as 20.93 mm carapace width (CW). The relationship between ln number of eggs (EN) and ln CW was ln EN = 1.59 ln CW + 4.92 for noneyed eggs, and ln EN = 1.91 ln CW + 6.11 for eyed eggs. Males grew faster than females ( L ∞ = 43.65 mm CW and K = 0.95 year−1 for males, and L ∞ = 43.65 mm CW and K = 0.8 year−1 for females). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]