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Aim Very few studies have investigated the temporal specificity of melatonin (MEL) ingestion upon short-term maximal athletic performances. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of morning MEL ingestion on cognitive and physical performances measured in the afternoon. Methods Twelve soccer players from a Tunisian squad (17.9 ± 1.3 years, 1.74 ± 0.06 m and 62.0 ± 8.8 kg) participated in the present study. They performed two testing sessions at 08:00 h, 12:00 h and 16:00 h after either MEL (5mg) or placebo (PLA) ingestion, in a randomized order. During each period, the participants performed the following cognitive and physical tests: reaction time and vigilance tests, medicine-ball throw (MBT), five jumps, handgrip strength (HG), and agility tests. Results cognitive and physical performances were significantly higher at 16:00 h compared to 08:00 h during the two conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, performances of MBT and HG were lower in the morning with MEL in comparison to PLA (p < 0.05). However, MEL ingestion did not affect physical and cognitive performances measured at 12:00 h and 16:00 h. Conclusion morning MEL ingestion has no unfavourable effect on afternoon physical and cognitive performances in soccer players.

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The study investigated the effect of the time-of-day at which maximal isometric voluntary co-contraction (MIVCC) training is conducted on the adaptation and diurnal variation of maximal and explosive force production. Twenty active men underwent a 6-week (3 times per week) MIVCC training of the right elbow joint. The participants were randomly assigned to a morning training group (MTG, 07:00-08:00 hours) and evening training group (ETG, 17:00-18:00 hours). The maximal voluntary force (MVF) and maximal rate of force development (MRFD) during isometric elbow flexion (MVFF and MRFD(F)) and extension (MVF(E) and MRFD(E)) were recorded before (T0) and after (T1) training in the morning and evening. At T0, MVF and MRFD were higher in the evening compared with those in the morning for the MTG and ETG (p ≤q 0.05). At T1, MVFF and MVFE increased in the morning and evening for both groups (p < 0.001). The MRFD(F) and MRFD(E) increased only if training and test session were scheduled at the same time. The relative increase of MVF was greater at the specific time of training for the MTG (12 and 17.6% in MVF(F) and MVF(E), respectively) and ETG (9.8 and 13.4% in MVF(F) and MVF(E), respectively). The diurnal variations in MVF and MRF(D) during flexion and extension disappeared in the MTG and persisted in the ETG. Maximal isometric voluntary co-contraction training enhanced muscle strength whatever the time-of-day at which the training was scheduled without alteration of explosive force. In contrast, to optimize the muscle strength, our results suggested that morning training may be accompanied by the greatest muscle strength gain and blunted muscle strength variation observed between the morning and evening.

Single and continuous vertical jumping tests, as well as the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), are commonly used to assess the short-term muscle power of female volleyball players; however, the relationship among these tests has not been studied adequately. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of single and continuous vertical jumps with the WAnT in female volleyball players. Seventy adolescent (age 16.0 ˘ 1.0 years, body mass 62.5 ˘ 7.1 kg, height 170.4 ˘ 6.1 cm, body fat 24.2% ˘ 4.3%) and 108 adult female volleyball players (age 24.8 ˘ 5.2 years, body mass 66.5 ˘ 8.7 kg, height 173.2 ˘ 7.4 cm, body fat 22.0% ˘ 5.1%) performed the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), Abalakov jump (AJ), 30 s Bosco test and WAnT (peak power, Ppeak; mean power, Pmean). Mean power in the Bosco test was correlated (low to large magnitude) with Pmean of the WAnT (r = 0.27, p = 0.030 in adolescents versus r = 0.56, p < 0.001 in adults). SJ, CMJ and AJ also correlated with Ppeak (0.28 ď r ď 0.46 in adolescents versus 0.58 ď r ď 0.61 in adults) and with Pmean (0.43 ď r ď 0.51 versus 0.67 ď r ď 0.71, respectively) of the WAnT (p < 0.05). In summary, the impact of the Bosco test and WAnT on muscle power varied, especially in the younger age group. Single jumping tests had larger correlations with WAnT in adults than in adolescent volleyball players. These findings should be taken into account by volleyball coaches and fitness trainers during the assessment of short-term muscle power of their athletes. Sin financiación No data JCR 2016 No data SJR 2016 No data IDR 2016 UEM

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International audience; entes, caravanes, mobil homes, cabanes, cabanons, kiosques, chalets, cabines… les abris convertis ou créés à des fins ludiques sont une réalité bien ancrée dans nos vies. À un tel point que ces objets d'une architecture pensée comme temporaire, provisoire, voire précaire, dépassent les frontières de la culture occidentale et traversent les âges.D'un point de vue anthropologique, l'abri de loisirs dévoile un habitus manuel inscrit au plus profond de nous. Il est bricolé, jardiné, techniquement agi et agissant. Sur le plan historique, ces objets divers rejouent le passage du nécessaire à l'accessoire, du sérieux au futile, dans une société des loisirs où la chasse, la pêche, la cueillette et plus largement toute une gamme d'exercices physiques sont devenus secondaires. Depuis la fin du xviiie siècle, ils n'ont cessé de se multiplier dans un ensemble de dispositifs pensés pour contrôler les masses, mais aussi dans des contextes de ruse avec les logiques de l'habitat. Cet héritage déjà long rejoue aujourd'hui les manières de penser la société. Les abris s'adressent à différents âges de la vie, ils semblent avoir un sexe et se métamorphoser selon la condition sociale de son occupant.Dans cette rencontre entre formes d'habitats et loisirs se dessinent de multiples prises sur le monde, croisant destins individuels et collectifs, rejouant la fragile réversibilité de la nature et de la culture.

International audience; Cluster theory is a well‐established field of research (Greve, 2009; Martin & Sunley, 2003; Porter, 1998, 2008) andhas been an enduring element in national economic policies around the globe (Benner, 2012; Ketels, 2015). Also thesport sector has seen political and economic initiatives for cluster development on national and international level(EU4SportsClusters, 2015; EuroSIMA, 2015; Sporaltec, 2016).Shilbury (2000), pioneer in this topic, emphasises that in Australia sport clusters are potentially a new form of thesport delivery system in response to environmental changes, e.g., reduced state subsidies for sport. Until today sportclusters have been viewed as one conceptual category. However, this paper suggests a dual typology of sportclusters depending on the level of heterogeneity of cluster members and the type of interorganizational linkages.This study compares two clusters from the sailing industry to two clusters from the surfing industry. The use of amultiple case study with pairs of similar case studies permits theory development through literal and theoreticalreplication. Similar results amongst similar cases strengthen theory through literal replication. Differing resultsacross different pairs of cases deepen theory (Miles, Huberman, & Saldaña, 2014; Yin, 2009). This qualitativeresearch uses interviews (n=117) and observations (n=17) as the primary data sources, and organizationalinformation (n=47) and archival data (n=27) as secondary data sources.The results reveal two diametrically opposed models for clusters in the sport industry in terms of socio‐economicproximity (i.e., social proximity affecting economic proximity and vice versa (Gerke, Desbordes, & Dickson, 2015)).These two models represent the fundamental logic of community and society (Dalla Pria & Vicente, 2006; Storper,2005). The logic of a society like cluster is founded in the paradigm of proximity because of complementarity. Thetwo sailing clusters rely on the logic of society because the boat‐building projects are complex and require a varietyof specialised skills that are supplied by small‐and medium‐sized cluster members. The creation of a formal clustergoverning body accompanies an existing collective logic between much diversified and specialised local actors. Thelogic of a community like cluster is founded in the paradigm of cognitive proximity. The two surfing clusters rely onthe logic of community because cluster members have similar business models, competencies, and value creationprocesses. There are few buyer‐ supplier relationships and firms tend to be direct competitors, thusinterorganisational linkages tend to be competitive in nature.

Objective There is sparse information on electronic cigarette use and health behaviours among college student populations. Our objectives were to identify the patterns of electronic cigarette use in current and ever users among college students in France. Design Cross-sectional study. Settings A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted on two major campuses in France. Students filled in an anonymous questionnaire on their use of electronic cigarettes and on targeted behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption, binge drinking, use of cannabis, practice of sport and eating disorders. Ever use of electronic cigarettes was defined as use but not during the previous 30 days, and current use of electronic cigarettes as any use in the previous 30 days. The opinions and motivations of electronic cigarette users were also sought and collected. Participants 1134 college students between October 2014 and February 2015. Results The 1134 students included had a mean age of 20.8 years. The prevalence of ever use and current use of electronic cigarettes was 23.0% (95% CI (20.5% to 25.3%)) and 5.7% (95% CI (4.4% to 7.1%)), respectively. The prevalence of the combined use of conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes was 14.5%. Almost half (45.8%) of the ever users of electronic cigarettes had never smoked conventional cigarettes. Behaviours associated with ever use of electronic cigarettes were current cigarette smoking (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.97, 95% CI 2.71 to 5.83), former smoking (AOR=2.56, 95% CI 1.42 to 4.61), cannabis use (AOR=2.44, 95% CI 1.70 to 3.51) and occasional binge drinking (AOR=1.83, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.64). The only behaviour associated with current use of electronic cigarettes was conventional smoking, either previously (AOR=4.85, 95% CI 1.53 to 15.34) or currently (AOR=14.53, 95% CI 6.81 to 31.02). Conclusions The ever users have an experimenter's profile with sensation-seeking while the current users are mostly smokers with intention to quit smoking. Our findings are crucial for the accurate targeting of student populations at risk and to implement appropriate awareness campaigns and health education programmes.

EPUB ahead of print; BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of two types of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on biomarkers of muscle and cardiac injuries in response to acute intermittent exercise in professional athletes.METHODS: In a counterbalanced order, Ten healthy male Taekwondo athletes were asked to perform the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YYIRT) in three conditions, allowing a 36 h recovery period in between: i) following a full night of habitual sleep known as a reference sleep night (RN); ii) following PSD in the beginning of the night (PSDBN), and iii) following PSD in the end of the night (PSDEN). Heart rate (HR) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) were measured during exercise. Blood samples were taken just before and 3 min after the YYIRT to measure biomarkers related to muscle and cardiac injuries.RESULTS: No significant effect of PSD was observed for physiological parameters (i.e., HR and SaO2). However, a significant alteration of resting ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (P < 0.05) and myoglobin (MYO) (P < 0.01) levels was detected after PSDEN. Furthermore, all biomarkers related to muscle and cardiac injuries were altered by exercise. Likewise, compared to RN, PSD affected creatine phosphokinase and MYO levels in response to exercise (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that PSDEN increase the resting us-CRP and MYO levels, and that the two types of PSD increase the CPK and MYO levels in response to acute intermittent exercise, among Taekwondo athletes, in the evening of the following day. However, no rise of the physiological responses has been observed after the two types of PSD, at rest and in response to the exercise.

Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.12210/full; International audience; Embodied approaches of cognition argue that retrieval involves the re-enactment of both sensory and motor components of the desired remembering. In this study, we investigated the effect of motor action performed to produce the response in a recognition task when this action is compatible with the affordance of the objects that have to be recognised. In our experiment, participants were first asked to learn a list of words referring to graspable objects, and then told to make recognition judgements on pictures. The pictures represented objects where the graspable part was either pointing to the same or to the opposite side of the “Yes” response key. Results show a robust effect of compatibility between objects affordance and response hand. Moreover, this compatibility improves participants' ability of discrimination, suggesting that motor components are relevant cue for memory judgement at the stage of retrieval in a recognition task. More broadly, our data highlight that memory judgements are a function of motor components mappings at the stage of retrieval.

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Cortisol is an important hormone in the protective stress response system, the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA-axis). It becomes especially salient in immune suppression syndromes such as multiple sclerosis and Cushing's disease. Fatigue is a common symptom and mental and motor tasks are difficult and labored. The role of cortisol is mental and motor tasks and the recruitment of key brain regions in completion of these tasks is explored together with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy participants. Cortisol levels were found to be higher and had greater reduction in levels during mental versus motor tasks. Recruitment of brain-stem and hypothalamus regions, important in cortisol activity, was affected differently. At low cortisol levels, mental task participants had less activity in the regions than their physical task counterparts. When cortisol levels were higher, wider spread recruitment of these brain regions was seen in the mental task participants, and for the physical task participants, the spread was at comparative low levels of cortisol. It is concluded that cortisol is implicated in these brain regions supporting the Thompson Cortisol Hypothesis and that brain region recruitment is likely to be dependent upon factors including cortisol levels as well as perception of stress in the task. It is suggested that mental tasks are perceived more stressful than physical but demand higher cortisol levels to promote wider spread brain region activity. Implication for neurological disease includes the use of cortisol in the proposed development of a potential new diagnostic biomarker for early detection of neurological sequelae.

Purpose:To verify the hypothesis that the peak power (PP) of a Wingate test (WT) is an underestimation of maximal power (Pmax) computed from the force–velocity test (FVT), to examine possible fatigue effect on Pmax, and to investigate the effect of load on mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) during a WT in trained and recreational men.Methods:Ten recreational (22.9 ± 1.7 y, 1.81 ± 0.06 m, 73.3 ± 10.4 kg) and 10 highly trained subjects (22.7 ± 1.4 y, 1.85 ± 0.05 m, 78.9 ± 6.6 kg) performed 2 WTs with 2 loads (8.7% and 11% of body mass [BM]) and an FVT on the same cycle ergometer, in randomized order.Results:Optimal load was equal to 10% BM in recreational participants. Given the quadratic relationship between load and power, the underestimation of Pmax was lower than 10% for the average values of trained and recreational participants with both loads. However, PP with a load equal to 8.7% BM was a large underestimation (~30%) of Pmax in the most powerful individuals. In addition, PP was not greater than Pmax of FVT for the same load. FI was independent of the load only if it was expressed relative to PP. The optimal load for MP during WT was close to the optimal load for PP.Conclusions:The optimal load for WT performance should be approximately equal to 10% BM in recreational subjects. In powerful subjects, the FVT appears to be more appropriate in assessing maximal power, and loads higher than 11% BM should be verified for the WT.

International audience; Cette analyse repose sur une enquête, co-financée par le Ministère des sports français et l’Institut National des Sports, de l’Expertise et de la Performance, menée au sein du pôle France d’escrime entre 2013 et 2015. Ce projet s’est inscrit dans un contexte de remise en question du fonctionnement du pôle, puisque l’escrime française n’avait obtenu aucune médaille lors des Jeux Olympiques de 2012. Il s’agissait de saisir les contraintes pesant sur les entraîneurs, les escrimeurs et les escrimeuses de haut niveau et, dans ce cadre, de caractériser les modalités de coordination entre ces différents acteurs. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé trente-neuf entretiens et des observations de sessions d’entraînement, de compétitions et de réunions de l’équipe d’encadrement. Nous présenterons, dans un premier temps, une partie des résultats portant sur les contraintes temporelles vécues par les acteurs. Ceux-ci articulent dans leurs activités des échelles de temps diverses parfois difficilement compatibles. Dans un second temps, nous reviendrons sur la question de la réception des résultats de l’enquête et sur les difficultés inhérentes à ce type de projet aux finalités à la fois scientifiques et sportives. Nous mettrons l’accent sur trois types de contraintes : l’obligation de préserver la confidentialité de certaines données, la légitimité de notre position d’experts, et enfin la nécessaire articulation des temporalités de la recherche et des acteurs.

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Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity (ADHD) is a neuro-developmental disorder associated with comorbidities such as depression, anxiety or addictive disorders. Many studies confirm that problematic gambling is associated with ADHD and particularly with the severity of positive symptoms. This study had two aims: (I) to test if the presence of ADHD had a significant association with problematic gambling and (II) to observe the impact of the presence of ADHD associated with problematic gambling on self-esteem and academic performance. A total of 719 students (445 males and 274 females) were recruited from six high schools and two higher educational institutions of Île-de-France. Data included their scores on the ICJE, UPPS, WURS, ASRS and Rosenberg scales, along with their demographic data. We found that 37.5% had high scores on the problematic gambling scale as well as on the WURS and the ASRS scales, as against 14.55% with no gambling addiction. The results also indicated that ADHD among young people was also associated with problematic gambling. Significant associations were observed between ADHD and impulsivity, academic difficulties and problematic gambling. Also, men are significantly more likely to develop problematic gambling when they have ADHD. However, results didn’t show that self-esteem was significantly impacted when an individual had high scores on both ADHD and problematic gambling.; Le trouble du déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité est un trouble neuro- développemental souvent associé à des comorbidités comme les troubles dépressifs, anxieux ou addictifs. De nombreuses études confirment que la pratique excessive des jeux de hasard et d’argent est associée au TDAH et plus particulièrement à la sévérité des symptômes. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient : (I) de tester si la présence d’un TDAH aurait un lien significatif avec la pratique excessive des jeux de hasard et d’argent et (II) d’observer l’impact de la présence d’un TDAH associé à la pratique excessive des jeux de hasard et d’argent sur l’estime de soi et la réussite scolaire. Au total, 719 jeunes (445 hommes et 274 femmes) ont été recrutés dans six lycées et deux établissements d’enseignement supérieur de l’Île-de-France et ils ont tous complété l’ICJE, l’UPPS, le WURS, l’ASRS et l’échelle de Rosenberg, ainsi que des données sociodémographiques. 37,5 % des personnes participant à l’étude ont présenté une pratique problématique des jeux de hasard et d’argent et ont présenté des scores positifs aux échelles WURS et à l’ASRS. Les résultats de notre étude ont montré que le TDAH chez le jeune adulte était associé à la pratique excessive des jeux de hasard et d’argent. Une correlation positive a pu être observée entre le TDAH et l’impulsivité, les difficultés scolaires et la pratique excessive des jeux de hasard et d’argent. Les hommes sont, aussi, significativement plus enclins à développer une pratique excessive lorsqu’ils présentent un TDAH. Toutefois, les résultats n’ont pas pu montrer que l’estime de soi était significativement plus basse lorsqu’un individu présentait à la fois un TDAH et une pratique excessive des jeux de hasard et d’argent.

International audience; Balance control in upright position has direct impact on shooting performance in various competitive activities like archery, rifle shooting, etc. Feet positions and global posture of the athlete change between each shooting activities. Information and short time feedback about the variation of the centre of mass of the athlete during the time before the shoot appears essential for learning and developing skills in shooting sports. In this aim, the purpose of the study was to explore the accuracy and reliability of a motion analysis system which uses the technology of inertial sensors (MVN Biomech system, Xsens). The MVN Biomech system is composed of 17 miniature inertial centrals attached to the full body. The validation procedure consisted in comparing the data of twenty subject's centre of mass directly extracted from the MVN Biomech system with those given by an optoelectronic system (Vicon) composed of 8 infrared camcorders. The centre of mass computed by both system was calculated using the same anthropometric model. For each subject, the comparison of mean position of the centre of mass was performed in three quiet standing of 30 s. Paired t-test, r correlation coefficient test and root mean square (RMS) were used to compare the accuracy between both devices. The results of paired t-test showed a significant difference between the measurements (p < 0.0001) in each component of the mean centre of mass position. Correlation between the tool's measurements was significant and better than r > 0.99 on each component. RMS computation shows mean difference between tools equal to 5.45 mm on X component, 3.25 mm on Y component and 0.73 mm on Z component. The result of the MVN Biomech system appears accurate comparing to the optoelectronic system. The small differences could be explained by the relative motion of the respective sensors and markers of both systems on the soft tissues of the subject. If the MVN Biomech system was preliminary developed to explore the subject's motion, the result of the present study showed that this system could also be used in order to estimate posture or micro-movements like postural sway during shooting activities.

Published: 24 August 2016 Only a small fraction of all the information reaching our senses can be the object of conscious report or voluntary action. Although some models propose that different attentional states (top-down amplification and vigilance) are necessary for conscious perception, few studies have explored how the brain activations associated with different attentional systems (such as top-down orienting and phasic alerting) lead to conscious perception of subsequent visual stimulation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neural mechanisms associated with endogenous spatial attention and phasic alertness, and their interaction with the conscious perception of near-threshold stimuli. The only region demonstrating a neural interaction between endogenous attention and conscious perception was the thalamus, while a larger network of cortical and subcortical brain activations, typically associated with phasic alerting, was highly correlated with participants’ conscious reports. Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, frontal eye fields, thalamus, and caudate nucleus was related to perceptual consciousness. These data suggest that not all attentional systems are equally effective in enhancing conscious perception, highlighting the importance of thalamo-cortical circuits on the interactions between alerting and consciousness. ABC was supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. DB and FB were supported by postdoctoral grants from the eraNET-NEURON BEYONDVIS project. PMP-A was supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2014-15440), and grants PSI2015-65696 and SEV-2015-049 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). Research was funded by research projects PSI2008-03595PSIC, PSI2011-22416, and eraNET-NEURON BEYONDVIS, EUI2009-04082 to PB; and PSI2014-58681-P and Ramón y Cajal research project RYC-2011-09320 to Ana B. Chica.

After World War II, the principle of a colonized countries' self-determination was at stake in the international relationships emerging from the context of a Cold War and the decolonizations of Empires. Non-Governmental Organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) become not only analyzers of the effects of competition between the different colonial powers, but also enlighteners of the imperial strategies which would turn the power struggles into partnership and cooperation. The fear of a political harnessing from the Occidental countries resulted in two reactions: the progressive integration of English-speaking African National Olympic Committees (NOCs) based on a Great Britain-controlled International Federations (1950–1972) and, eventually and as a direct consequence, the creation of French-speaking African NOCs (1956–1968) through the International Olympic Aid Commission (1961). From 1944 to 1963, conditions for possibility seemed to be gathered for the realization of a process of internationalization of African sport through the integration of new English- and French-speaking African countries into the IOC.

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International audience; Les stéréotypes à l’œuvre dans nos sociétés peuvent conduire à la discrimination. Ils se manifestent aussi de façon plus subtile, influençant à leur insu celles et ceux qui en sont la cible.En proposant un état des lieux des recherches menées en psychologie sociale, les auteurs identifient les mécanismes impliqués dans la formation des stéréotypes et envisagent des pistes pour limiter leurs effets dans les domaines de l’EPS, du sport et des activités physiques adaptées.

International audience; " STAPS " journal and interdisciplinarity: a socio-computer study Since an analysis with Prospero software of 602 articles published in STAPS journal between 1980 and 2010, our research identifies the diversity of interdisciplinary forms in scientific texts. The preoccupation of interdisciplinarity is constant even if it acknowledgement seems difficult. Our analysis also detects superficial allusions than demands. Interdisciplinarity is then showed as an efficient way to understand complex subjects, to connect researches with social demand, to generate scientific productivity or creativity. The demand of interdisciplinarity is also associated to a territorial defense from some scientific tendencies less recognized. Rarely, interdisciplinarity is too considered as an object of analysis or could also be criticized. When we consider forms of cohabitation of diverse disciplinary vocabulary in a same article, we identify more or less frequent mixes. We notice that the questions of teaching generate the association of a minimum of two disciplinary vocabularies. Finally, considering operations of contextualization of a research object from another disciplinary point of view or a critical discussion within two disciplinary tendencies, the interdisciplinarity work in scientific articles looks like a reflexive activity of the way to produce science; À partir d'une analyse de 602 articles de la Revue STAPS publiés entre 1980 et 2010, s'appuyant sur le logiciel Prospero, la recherche se propose de repérer la pluralité des formes que peut prendre l'interdisciplinarité au sein des textes scientifiques. La préoccupation d'interdisciplinarité apparaît constante et sa difficile reconnaissance est soulignée. On rencontre aussi bien des allusions superficielles à la notion que des revendications. L'interdisciplinarité est alors présentée comme pertinente pour éclairer certains objets complexes, rapprocher les recherches de la demande sociale, favoriser la productivité ou la créativité scientifique. Le mot d'ordre d'interdisciplinarité peut également être associé à des logiques de défense territoriale de courants de pensée menacés. Plus rarement, l'interdisciplinarité est prise comme objet d'étude voire critiquée. Lors de l'analyse des formes de cohabitation de lexiques disciplinaires dans un même article, nous repérons ensuite les mélanges plus ou moins fréquents. On note que les questions d'enseignement génèrent la convocation d'au moins deux lexiques disciplinaires. Enfin, qu'il s'agisse d'opérations de contextualisation de l'objet de recherche via une autre discipline ou de discussions critiques entre deux domaines de connaissance, nous soulignons que l'activité interdisciplinaire engage dans les textes eux-mêmes un travail réflexif sur les façons de faire de la science.

Epub 2012 Apr 24; International audience; This study aimed at determining the upper limb muscles coordination during a power backward giant swing (PBGS) and the recruitment pattern of motor units (MU) of co-activated muscles. The wavelet transformation (WT) was applied to the surface electromyographic (EMG) signal of eight shoulder muscles. Total gymnast's body energy and wavelet synergies extracted from the WT-EMG by using a non-negative matrix factorization were analyzed as a function of the body position angle of the gymnast. A cross-correlation analysis of the EMG patterns allowed determining two main groups of co-activated muscles. Two wavelet synergies representing the main spectral features (82% of the variance accounted for) discriminated the recruitment of MU. Although no task-group of MU was found among the muscles, it appeared that a higher proportion of fast MU was recruited within the muscles of the first group during the upper part of the PBGS. The last increase of total body energy before bar release was induced by the recruitment of the muscles of the second group but did not necessitate the recruitment of a higher proportion of fast MU. Such muscle coordination agreed with previous simulations of elements on high bar as well as the findings related to the recruitment of MU.

International audience; OBJECTIVES: The present study is an attempt to experimentally induce a younger subjective age among older adults and to test whether they show better physical functioning when they are induced to feel younger.METHOD: Participants were 49 older adults aged between 52 and 91 years. Following an initial measure of handgrip performance as an indicator of physical functioning, participants in the experimental condition received positive feedback regarding their performance compared with their same-aged peers, whereas participants in the control condition did not receive any information. Participants in both groups then completed a second handgrip measure. Subjective age was assessed before the initial handgrip task and after the experimental manipulation.RESULTS: Participants in the experimental group felt younger than their age and showed a significant increase in grip strength, whereas no changes in subjective age and grip strength were observed in the control condition.DISCUSSION: This study is among the first to induce a younger subjective age. It supports the notion that redirecting older adults' attention to downward social comparison with same-aged peers is a promising strategy to maintain a sense of feeling younger. In addition, our results provide an initial positive answer to the question of whether feeling younger translates into better physical functioning.

AIM: To explore the isokinetic concentric strength of the knee muscle groups, and the relationship between the isokinetic knee extensors strength and the vertical jump performance in young elite female basketball players.METHODS: Eighteen elite female basketball players performed a countermovement jump, and an isokinetic knee test using a Biodex dynamometer. The maximal isokinetic peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was recorded at four angular velocities (90°/s, 180°/s, 240°/s and 300°/s) for the dominant and non-dominant legs. The conventional hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q) was assessed at each angular velocity for both legs.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between dominant and non-dominant leg whatever the angular velocity (all P>0.05). However, the H/Q ratio enhanced as the velocity increased from 180°/s to 300°/s (P

High-level sports are cadenced by multiple deadlines at regular intervals, while operating variously in the short, medium and long-term. In this context, we examine the sense of time among fencers of the "Pôle France". The purpose is to understand how they project themselves into the future, and how it impacts the ways they manage their time in everyday life. In a first part, we show that the fencers anticipate the future in a variety of ways. The different levels of scope and accuracy of their projections allows identifying three profiles of athletes. Next, we underline that the pursuit of sporting goals induces a complete reorganization of the time, linked to the necessity for the fencers to manage their physical capital. This often implies a long and strategic learning process. Lastly, we highlight the difficulties linked to the articulation of temporalities related to sporting careers on the one hand, and studies or professional careers on the other hand.; El deporte practicado a un alto nivel de competición sigue el ritmo de una sucesión de fechas y plazos que intervienen regularmente, a la vez que se despliega sobre escalas de tiempo variables (a corto, mediano y largo plazo). En este contexto, el artículo se interesa en algunos esgrimistas del Polo Francia para interrogar su relación con el tiempo. Se trata de comprender cómo estos atletas se inscriben en el futuro y también cómo esta inscripción influye en la gestión del tiempo con el que disponen cotidianamente. En un primer momento mostraremos que los esgrimistas anticipan su futuro deportivo de diferentes maneras: el alcance y la claridad de sus proyecciones permiten identificar tres perfiles de atletas. Luego daremos cuenta del hecho que perseguir objetivos deportivos induce una reorganización completa del tiempo basada en la gestión del capital corporal - gestión que demanda un aprendizaje a veces largo y estratégico. Por último pondremos en evidencia las dificultades inherentes a la articulación de las temporalidades relativas a los recorridos deportivos por un lado, y a los estudios y carreras profesionales, por el otro.; Le sport de haut niveau est rythmé par une succession d'échéances qui interviennent à intervalles réguliers, tout en se déployant sur des échelles de temps variables, à court, moyen et long termes. Dans ce contexte, cet article interroge le rapport au temps des escrimeurs du Pôle France. L'objectif est de comprendre à la fois comment ils s'inscrivent dans l'avenir, et comment cette inscription a une influence sur la gestion du temps dont ils disposent au quotidien. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que les escrimeurs anticipent leur avenir sportif de différentes manières~; la portée et la clarté de leurs projections permettant d'identifier trois profils d'athlètes. Puis nous soulignons que la poursuite des objectifs sportifs induit une réorganisation complète du temps autour de la gestion du capital corporel, ce qui nécessite un apprentissage parfois long et stratégique. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence les difficultés inhérentes à l'articulation des temporalités relevant d'une part des parcours sportifs, d'autre part des études et des carrières professionnelles.

International audience; In literature, there exists disagreement regarding the impact of comorbid personality disorder(s) (PD[s]) on treatment outcome for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this paper was to investigate whether statistical heterogeneity and inter-dependency are potential moderators of the effect of co-morbid PDs on outcome for patients with MDD. Clinician-rated MADRS scores and DSM-IV Axis II personality disorder diagnoses were obtained from 562 outpatients with MDD who received 6 months of combined psycho- and pharmacotherapy. Single-level regression showed significantly worse treatment outcome among patients with co-morbid PD, as compared to patients with no PD. After controlling for statistical heterogeneity and interdependency, treatment outcome was no longer significantly worse for patients with co-morbid PD. In conclusion, heteroscedasticity and inter-dependency should be considered as potentially compelling explanations for inconsistencies in findings on treatment outcome for depressed patients with co-morbid PDs.

International audience; Gait initiation (GI) is the transient period between posture and movement. Its central programming takes into account the environmental constraints as well as the constraints induced by the body itself. Patients with peripheral sensory neuropathies display a severe proprioceptive deficit leading to balance and gait impairments and rely on a variety of compensatory mechanisms and are known to be dependent on vision. GI was studied on eight healthy subjects and five patients in order to assess the effect of somatosensory loss on the different phases of GI, combined with a manipulation of the visual inputs. Our main hypothesis is that the proprioceptive deficit would induce an adaptation of the GI process, especially when modifying the lower part of peripheral vision. The results show that the pathology induces some adaptations of the GI process, characterized by a decrease of the motor performance (assessed by the maximal anteroposterior velocity of the center of gravity at the end of the first step), a decrease in the spatial parameters (assessed by the peak amplitude of the backward shift of the center of foot pressure during the anticipation phase and the length of the first step), and a non-modification of the temporal parameters (assessed by the duration of the anticipation phase and of the first step). The suppression of the lower part of peripheral vision has no effect on the GI process. The role of the lower part of peripheral vision seems therefore to be less critical for GI, than for balance and locomotion.

Purpose: To prove the feasibility of arterial spin labeling (ASL) to explore brain tumors by comparing dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI to ASL at 3T MR. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients were included presenting 9 gliomas, 10 metastases and 8 meningiomas. All were explored by a pseudo-continuous ASL and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced T2* perfusion sequence. Two neuroradiologists analyzed the cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps to assess feasibility, examination quality and quantitative comparison. The Spearman nonparametric correlation test and the Bland-Altman graphic test were used to analyze our quantitative results. Results: 92% of ASL CBF maps were informative. ASL detected all lesions as well as dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI. Both sequences provide relative quantitative CBF values closely correlated. Conclusion: On a 3T MR unit, ASL is a good alternative to dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI when contrast medium is contraindicated or intravenous injection is not possible. Its results on relative CBF parameters are similar to contrast-injected perfusion.

International audience; The description of specific circuits in networks should allow a more realistic definition of dynamic functioning of the central nervous system which underlies various brain functions. After introducing the programmed and acquired networks and recalling the concepts of functional and effective connectivity, we presented biophysical and physiological aspects of the BOLD signal. Then, we briefly presented a few data-driven and hypothesis-driven methods; in particular we described structural equation modeling (SEM), a hypothesis-driven approach used to explore circuits within networks and model spatially and anatomically interconnected regions. We compared the SEM method with an alternative hypothesis-driven method, dynamic causal modeling (DCM). Finally, we presented independent components analysis (ICA), an exploratory data-driven approach which could be used to complete the directed brain interactivity studies. ICA combined with SEM/DCM may allow extension of the statistical and explanatory power of fMRI data.

This investigation tests a reconceptualization of ethnocentrism based primarily on Sumner's definitions. Ethnocentrism is reconceptualized as ethnic group self-centeredness, with four intergroup expressions of ingroup preference, superiority, purity, and exploitativeness, and two intragroup expressions of group cohesion and devotion. The reconceptualization was supported in Study 1 among 350 New Zealand participants and in Study 2 among 212 US, 208 Serbian, and 279 French participants. Ethnocentrism in each country consisted of two correlated second-order factors representing intergroup and intragroup ethnocentrism and six first-order factors representing the six primary expressions. Analyses in Study 2 supported the measurement invariance of the scale and a third-order factor model, with one ethnocentrism factor at the broadest level of generalization. Ethnocentrism was empirically distinct from outgroup negativity and mere ingroup positivity. Intragroup ethnocentrism appeared primarily based on ethnic insecurity, personal self-transcendence, and ethnic identification, whereas intergroup ethnocentrism appeared primarily based on self-aggrandizement, warlikeness, and generally chauvinistic attitudes. Accordingly, although related, the two kinds of ethnocentrism tend to have quite differential implications for group attitudes and behaviors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article was published online on 31 December 2008. Errors were subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected [date to be added later].

L’idée de ce dossier thématique est née d’un double constat : celui de l’importance prise par le corps en anthropologie ces dernières années et celui de l’évitement de la question de la matérialité du corps dans ces mêmes recherches. Il suffit de porter le regard sur la multiplication et le foisonnement des recherches qui abordent le corps dans les sciences sociales et humaines pour comprendre l’importance prise par ces questions en ce moment. Il ne passe pratiquement pas une semaine sans que...

These experiments examined the cognitive processes involved in judging the quality of play of a player competing against another player and the overall interest of a competitive game as a function of the players’ respective ability and motivation levels. For the quality of play of one player, a very simple information integration rule was found. Quality of play was judged almost exclusively as an additive function of the ability and motivation levels of the player. For the interest of the game, an apparently complex but fundamentally simple integration rule was found. For a game to be very interesting, players had to be both highly able and highly motivated; for a game to be somewhat interesting, each player had to be at least either highly able or highly motivated; and all other configurations corresponded to lower expected levels of interest.

International audience; Cet article se propose d’examiner le rôle de la presse dans deux affaires touchant le sport : d’une part, l’affaire du Tour de France cycliste 1998 marqué par les révélations de l’ampleur du dopage et d’autre part la polémique divulguant la présence clandestine de footballeurs mineurs africains dans les clubs français. A partir de corpus textuels analysés avec le logiciel Prospéro, nous avons étudié ce qui caractérise les productions médiatiques par rapport aux prises de paroles des autres protagonistes. Cela nous a conduits à étudier les relations entre les différents acteurs et les journalistes ainsi que leurs effets dans la construction de leur jugement sur la véracité du dopage et celle des « pratiques négrières » à l’encontre de jeunes footballeurs. Notre travail souligne l’intérêt d’interroger des journalistes sur leurs façons de mener l’enquête (Dewey, 1993).

International audience; OBJECTIVE: To establish a normative database for isometric strength measured by quantitative muscle testing (QMT) for a French adult population.DESIGN: Measurement of maximal voluntary isometric contraction.SETTING: Four clinical centers involved in neuromuscular disorders.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 315 healthy adults (147 men, 168 women) ages 20 to 80 years.INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Isometric torque values of 14 muscle functions (13 bilaterally and neck).RESULTS: This study led to the development of a French isometric strength normative database for adults measured by QMT. For each muscle function, predictive regression models using age, sex, and weight are proposed. Some methodologic issues concerning strength measurement are discussed.CONCLUSIONS: This database can be used to compute relative deficits in muscle strength for 27 muscle functions and also to estimate composite scores for follow-up of patients either during the natural history of their disease or during a therapeutic trial.

International audience; This paper examines the role of the press in two sports scandals : the wide scale of doping during the “Tour de France 98”, and the illegal employment of African soccer players, aged under-18, by French football clubs. Based on the textual corpora analyzed using the Prospero Software program, we studied how the news media covered these issues, and compared them with the means used by the other actors involved. This led us to study the relationships between the journalists and the latter,and the consequences this had on judgments journalists made about Doping and the existence of a kind of ‘slave trade’ in young soccer players. Our paper highlights the interest of asking journalists how they proceed in conducting their investigation (Dewey, 1993).; De quelques contraintes du processus d'harmonisation des politiques antidopage (enquête) Depuis quelques années, les sciences sociales se sont enfin emparées de l'objet « dopage », dont l'étude est revenue pendant très longtemps au corps médical. La revue de littérature (Mignon, 2002) montre la diversité des approches adoptées, mais à la fois pointe la faible mobilisation des recherches récentes en sociologie politique et morale. Nous souhaitons ici porter l'analyse sur l'organisation de la lutte antidopage.

International audience; In sport, it is well known that mental preparation to a physical effort increases drastically the performance. In this paper, we present a study that aims to evaluate the effect of movement preparation during pre-motor activity on the EMG signal. We considered the existence/no-existence of preparation and preparation duration as indicators. The results of this study performed on different muscles of the forearm show : i) Female are sensitive to preparation warning whereas male are not sensitive, ii) Contrary to deep muscles, superficial muscles are affected by preparation warning.

Epub ahead of print; This study aimed to compare the force (F)-velocity (v)-power (P)-time (t) relationships of female and male world-class sprinters. A total of 100 distance-time curves (50 women and 50 men) were computed from international 100-m finals, to determine the acceleration and deceleration phases of each race: (a) mechanical variables describing the velocity, force, and power output; and (b) F-P-v relationships and associated maximal power output, theoretical force and velocity produced by each athlete (Pmax , F0 , and V0). The results showed that the maximal sprint velocity (Vmax ) and mean power output (W/kg) developed over the entire 100~m strongly influenced 100-m performance (r>-0.80; P≤q0.001). With the exception of mean force (N/kg) developed during the acceleration phase or during the entire 100~m, all of the mechanicals variables observed over the race were greater in men. Shorter acceleration and longer deceleration in women may explain both their lower Vmax and their greater decrease in velocity, and in turn their lower performance level, which can be explained by their higher V0 and its correlation with performance. This highlights the importance of the capability to keep applying horizontal force to the ground at high velocities.

Epub 2015 Jul 1; Walking as a means to interact with the environment has a twofold goal: body displacement (intermediate goal) and the future action on the environment (final representational goal). This involves different processes that plan, program, and control goal-directed locomotion linked to motivation as an "emotional state," which leads to achieving this twofold goal. The aim of the present study was to determine whether emotional valence associated with the final representational goal influences these processes or whether they depend more on the emotional valence associated with the intermediate goal in young adults. Twenty subjects, aged 18-35 years, were instructed to erase an emotional picture that appeared on a wall as soon as they saw it. They had to press a stop button located 5 m in front of them with their right hand. Their gait was analyzed using a force platform and the Vicon system. The main results suggest that the emotional valence of the intermediate goal has the greatest effect on the processes that organize and modulate goal-directed locomotion. A positive valence facilitates cognitive processes involved in the temporal organization of locomotion. A negative valence disturbs the cognitive processes involved in the spatial organization of the locomotion and online motor control, leading to a deviating trajectory and a final body position that is more distant from the stop button. These results are discussed in line with the motivational direction hypothesis and with the affective meaning of the intended response goal.

Au cours des dernières décennies, les recherches articulant sport et travail se sont beaucoup développées. Elles portent sur un large ensemble de questions comme le fonctionnement des organisations sportives, les carrières des sportifs de haut niveau, la croissance d’un secteur économique et de métiers de l’intervention sportive, les migrations internationales des sportifs, les discriminations sexuelles ou raciales dans l’accès aux marchés du travail sportif, etc. Ici nous mettons l’accent sur une dimension, centrale, des activités sportives : la compétition. Et notre objectif est d’analyser les mécanismes de production de la performance sportive. Nous considérons celle-ci comme le résultat d’un travail qui n’engage pas les seuls sportifs, avec leurs aptitudes, qualités ou capacités individuelles. Nous la définissons comme une activité collective, qui mobilise une pluralité d’acteurs, institutions, organisations. À travers une variété d’opérations de jugement, d’évaluation, de reconnaissance, de qualification, de cotation, de sélection, ces acteurs contribuent, de manière directe et décisive, à produire la performance sportive. En présentant des travaux empiriques qui argumentent cette problématique et la mobilisent dans des domaines variés (cyclisme, rugby, judo, etc.), nous invitons au développement de recherches sur le travail sportif. /In recent decades, there has been much development in research connecting sport and work. It covers a wide range of questions such as how sports organisations operate, the careers of top-level athletes, the growth of an economic sector and its specific jobs, the international migrations of athletes, sexual or racial discrimination in access to the labour market in sport, etc. Here, we place the emphasis on one central dimension of sports activities: competition. Our objective is to analyse the mechanisms of production of sports performance. We consider this to be the outcome of work that does not only involve athletes, with their individual skills, qualities or capacities. We define it as a collective activity that marshals multiple actors, institutions, organisations. Through a variety of activities of judgement, evaluation, recognition, qualification, classification and selection, these actors contribute directly and decisively to producing sports performance. By presenting empirical work that discusses this issue and applies it in varied domains (cycling, rugby, judo, etc.), we call for the development of research into work in sport.

À partir du cas du judo féminin de haut niveau, l’étude du fonctionnement concret de l’institution sportive donne à voir les effets de mécanismes de production du loyalisme. Elle montre comment, au terme d’un parcours d’intégration mêlant enchantement, confinement et désenchantement, l’institution est incorporée par les athlètes de haut niveau. Or, le développement contemporain d’un système d’indexation de la performance tendant à ne valoriser que les leaders de la hiérarchie sportive affecte l’évolution des dispositions individuelles au loyalisme. Ses effets modifient le climat général des relations entre athlètes au point d’y introduire des lignes de clivage sapant une partie des fondements de l’attachement à l’organisation de production de la performance sportive. De la sorte, les dispositions initiales au loyalisme en partie façonnées par l’institution fédérale sont par la suite subverties par la production de dichotomies internes à la communauté de pratiquantes. Un redéploiement des loyautés engendre un nouvel équilibre où le « double-je » des acteurs vise la prolongation d’une situation d’apesanteur sociale. Les sportives se réapproprient en fait les codes de la loyauté envers l’institution fédérale en les adaptant selon les publics et les situations. En montrant cela, l’analyse prend à revers les perspectives qui décrivent sous un angle homogène le modelage institutionnel./ Drawing on the case of high-level women's judo, this study of the practical operation of the sports institution shows the effects of loyalism generating mechanisms. It shows how, at the end of a process of integration that combines enchantment, containment and disillusionment, the institution is internalised by high-level athletes. However, the modern development of a performance ranking system that tends to value only leaders in the sports hierarchy is affecting the development of individual dispositions to loyalism. Its effects modify the general climate of relations between athletes, to the point that it introduces faultlines into some of the foundations of the attachment of the organisation that produces sports performance. In this way, the initial dispositions to loyalism partly shaped by the federal institution are subsequently subverted by the production of dichotomies within the practitioner community. A restructuring of loyalties produces a new balance in which the “dual self” of the actors seeks to prolong a situation of social zero-gravity. In fact, athletes reappropriate the codes of loyalty towards the federal institution, while adapting them to people and contexts. In showing this, the analysis reverses the perspectives that describe the institutional modelling from a uniform angle.

The present study examined the reliability of the force-velocity relationship during cycling and arm cranking exercises in active males and females. Twenty male and seventeen female physical education students performed three-session tests with legs and three-session tests with arms on a friction-loaded ergometer on six different sessions in a randomized order. The reliability of maximal power(Pmax), maximal pedal rate(V0), and maximal force(F0)were studied using the coefficient of variation (CV), the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the test-retest correlation coefficient(r). Reliability indices were better for men (1.74 ≤ CV ≤ 4.36, 0.82 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.97, and 0.81 ≤r≤ 0.97) compared with women (2.34 ≤ CV ≤ 7.04, 0.44 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.98, and 0.44 ≤r≤ 0.98) and in cycling exercise (1.74 ≤ CV ≤ 3.85, 0.88 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.98, and 0.90 ≤r≤ 0.98) compared with arm exercise (2.37 ≤ CV ≤ 7.04, 0.44 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.95, and 0.44 ≤r≤ 0.95). Furthermore, the reliability indices were high forPmaxandF0whatever the expression of the results (raw data or data related to body dimensions).PmaxandF0could be used in longitudinal physical fitness investigations. However, further studies are needed to judgeV0reliability.

Comment expliquer la persistance dans l'univers du rugby d'une sous-culture encourageant la consommation excessive d'alcool, alors que celle-ci est socialement stigmatisée et contraire à l'hygiène de vie du sportif ? A partir d'observations réalisées dans le rugby amateur et professionnel et d'entretiens menés auprès de dirigeants, d'entraîneurs et de joueurs, nous appréhendons cette consommation d'alcool comme une déviance d'hyper - conformité, résultat d'un processus d'apprentissage conduisant à l'acceptation non critique des normes de convivialité et de masculinité de la sous-culture rugbystique, notamment lors de la troisième mi-temps. Outre qu'il confirme le caractère infondé de l'association entre pratique sportive et hygiène de vie saine, cet article souligne l'influence de la contextualisation culturelle et sociale de la déviance sur l'appréciation dont elle fait l'objet.

Dans un contexte marque par la performance et la comparaison emergent des dispositifs de classement qui ont trouve une resonance singuliere dans le sport competitif de haut niveau. A partir d’enquetes au sein de l’escrime et du judo, cette analyse propose une description de regimes reputationnels – l’un qualifie de « local de l’experience », l’autre labellise « global de la performance » – puis une discussion des effets de leur telescopage deployes sur l’horizon temporel de ce travail d’etalonnage. Ainsi, ces deux sports, comme d’autres disciplines olympiques, donnent a voir un glissement d’une reputation fondee sur l’experience, forgeant des competences reconnues a l’interieur de ces espaces par des connexions interpersonnelles, offrant la possibilite de « se faire un nom » selon une circulation bottom-up vers un regime alternatif adosse a des metrologies standardisees, condensant des performances rapidement obsoletes mais autorisant visibilite et publicite globales assurees par des nombres deferlant selon une logique top-down.

Rien de plus banal que l’examen médical auquel quiconque ne peut se soustraire – depuis 1942 – pour accéder aux compétitions sportives. Celui-ci s’applique à tous, même si l’intensité du contrôle exercé croît avec les niveaux de pratique, comme chez les sportifs d’élite qui doivent se plier à une batterie de tests toujours plus poussés. Autant d’épreuves contraignantes voire intrusives qui sont d’autant plus acceptées que la population est socialement préparée à s’y soumettre. Parvenue à se faire oublier comme telle – c’est-à-dire à occulter l’arbitraire de son imposition –, l’effet de dépossession qu’engendre cette action médicale tire sa force de la méconnaissance de ce qu’elle impose, et de la manière de s’imposer comme un de ces instruments légitime de veille sanitaire et de détermination des aptitudes. Seul un travail d’anamnèse consistant à élucider la genèse sociale de ce passage obligé peut permettre d’en saisir aussi bien les champs d’application que l’ensemble des présupposés et implications qui échappent au discours.

This article studies the questions on doping and on the fight against doping in reference to healthism. One can interpret these social activities as expressions of health practices reshaping and strengthening the relations between patients, their health and the medical staff. The analysis of three chat forums (we have examined more than 244,000 messages altogether), highlights on the one hand, that powers cannot be identified in a permanent way and, on the other hand, that the Internet users are leading inquiries collectively. A pragmatics of powers interested in the asymmetries of “grips/grasps” and of “influence” (Chateauraynaud, 2015) allows us eventually to describe subtly these complex processes., Este artículo estudia las preguntas sobre el dopaje (doping) y en la lucha contra el dopaje en referencia a salutismo. Uno puede interpretar estas actividades sociales como expresiones de prácticas de salud que reforman y fortalecen las relaciones entre los pacientes, su estado de salud y el personal médico. El análisis de tres foros de chat (hemos examinado más de 244.000 mensajes en total), pone de relieve, por un lado, que los poderes no pueden ser identificados de manera permanente y, por otro lado, que los usuarios de Internet conducen investigaciones colectivamente. Una pragmática de los poderes interesados en las asimetrías de “toma/agarre” (en francés, “prise”) y de “influencia” (“emprise”) (Chateauraynaud, 2015) nos permite finalmente describir sutilmente estos procesos complejos., This article studies the questions on doping and on the fight against doping in reference to healthism. One can interpret these social activities as expressions of health practices reshaping and strengthening the relations between patients, their health and the medical staff. The analysis of three chat forums (we have examined more than 244,000 messages altogether), highlights on the one hand, that powers cannot be identified in a permanent way and, on the other hand, that the Internet users are leading inquiries collectively. A pragmatics of powers interested in the asymmetries of "grips/grasps" and of "influence" (Chateauraynaud, 2015) allows us eventually to describe subtly these complex processes. Se doper prudemment: Un approche critique au santéisme Résumé Le papier se propose d'examiner les questions de dopage et de lutte antidopage dans son rapport avec le santéisme. On pourrait être tenté de lire ces activités sociales comme des manifestations de pratiques de la santé qui reconfigureraient en les renforçant, les relations entre le patient, sa santé et le corps médical. Mais l'analyse fine de trois fils de discussions électroniques (nous avons analysé en tout plus de 244,000 messages), montre d'une part qu'il est difficile d'identifier de façon durable les pouvoirs et que d'autre part, que les internautes s'efforcent de mener collectivement des enquêtes. Une pragmatique des pouvoirs qui s'intéresse aux asymétries de prises et aux emprises (Chateauraynaud, 2015) permet finalement de décrire assez finement ces processus complexes.

International audience

International audience

Substance use as well as use of video games is frequent among young people. The purpose of this research was to study the links between the use of video games and the consumption of various substances such as alcohol, tobacco or cannabis at adolescence. In order to do so, 1423 students from middle and high schools filled an auto-questionnaire that included questions on age, gender, year of study, use of video games and consumptions of alcohol (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Short version, AUDIT-C), tobacco (Heaviness of Smoking Index, HSI), and cannabis (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test, CAST). We found that 92.1% of teens use video games and 17.7% have a problematic use of video games (PUVG). Furthermore, results show that substance consumption seems frequent with 19.8 and 8.3% of participants having hazardous alcohol and cannabis consumptions respectively and 5.2% having a moderate to high tobacco dependence. Video gamers consumed significantly more alcohol and gamers with PUVG started their substance consumption (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) earlier. PUVG was found to be negatively correlated to age at first substance consumption, but positively correlated to the time spent playing video games. However, it was not correlated to risks of substance dependence (scores of AUDIT-C, HSI, and CAST). Finally, our results are consistent with the literature, in regard to frequency of substance use and use of video games in adolescence. These data will allow for a better consideration of prevention strategies and future care in this particular field.

Epub 2014 Jul 21; The hypothesis that ethnicity and sport practice influence the relationship between maximal power in cycling (P(max)) and countermovement jump (CMJ) has been studied by relating CMJ and P(max) in two groups (volleyball players, VB, and physical education students, PES) including subjects with Caucasian (67 C) or West African (39 WA) origins. Maximal power of the arms (P(max) Arms) was also measured. A two-way analysis of variance (groups × ethnicity) showed significant effects of both factors upon CMJ, which was higher in WA and VB, P = 0.002 and P