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espanolEl objetivo de este trabajo es fijarnos en la rapida difusion de la aritmetica mercantil por Europa Occidental en la Baja Edad Media. Los manuales de la nueva disciplina debian formar profesionales preparados para afrontar los desafios y transformaciones que el comercio y la banca exigian. La formacion era causa del exito profesional. Lectura, escritura y calculo resultaban imprescindibles. EnglishThe aim of this essay is to highlight the fast dissemination of mercantile arithmetic throughout Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages. The manuals of the new discipline had to prepare men capable of addressing the challenges and transformations that trade and banking demanded. Training was the cause of professional success. Reading, writing and calculation skills were essential.

Background Biological agents, such as infliximab, have transformed the outcomes of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The advent of biosimilar treatment options such as CT-P13 promises to improve the availability of biological therapy, yet real-world switching data are currently limited. Here, we assess the effectiveness and safety of switching to CT-P13 from infliximab reference product (RP) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Materials and methods This was a prospective single-center observational study in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). All patients were switched from infliximab RP (Remicade) to CT-P13 treatment and followed up for up to 12 months. The efficacy endpoint was the change in clinical response assessed at 3-monthly intervals, according to the Harvey–Bradshaw score and partial Mayo score for patients with CD and UC, respectively. C-reactive protein (CRP) was also measured. Adverse events were monitored and recorded throughout the study. Results A total of 98 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (67 CD/31 UC) were included. A total of 83.6% (56/67) of patients with CD were in remission at the time of the switch and 62.7% were in remission at 12 months. The Harvey–Bradshaw score showed a significant change at 12 months (P=0.007) but no significant change was observed in median CRP at this timepoint (P=0.364). A total of 80.6% (25/31) of patients with UC were in remission at the time of the switch and 65.3% (18/28) were in remission at 12 months. No significant changes in the median partial Mayo score (P=0.058) or CRP (P=0.329) were observed at 12 months. Serious adverse events related to medication were reported in 11 (11.2%) patients. Conclusion Switching from infliximab RP to CT-P13 is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with CD or UC for up to 12 months.

[Introducción] la endoscopia tiene un papel fundamental en el manejo de los pacientes con colitis ulcerosa (CU), ya que permite la visualización y evaluación de la gravedad de la enfermedad. No obstante, dicha evaluación no es siempre algo objetivo, por lo que se han desarrollado diferentes escalas que pretenden homogeneizar los hallazgos., [Objetivo] el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad interobservador entre el Índice de Mayo Endoscópico (IME) y el Índice de Severidad Endoscópica de la Colitis Ulcerosa (UCEIS), al analizar la gravedad de las lesiones endoscópicas en pacientes con CU. El objetivo secundario fue analizar si la preparación catártica afectaba al grado de concordancia entre los endoscopistas., [Material y métodos] se trata de un estudio observacional comparativo de una única cohorte a la cual se realiza una colonoscopia bajo guía de práctica clínica habitual a pacientes con CU y se estadifica según el IME y el UCEIS por tres endoscopistas expertos. Para valorar el grado de correlación interobservador se utilizaron el índice de Kappa para el IME y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para el UCEIS. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes, con edad media de 51 años (DE ± 16,7) e índice de Mayo clínico medio de 3,07 (DE ± 2,54)., [Resultados] el índice de Kappa ponderado entre los endoscopistas A y B para el IME fue de 0,8; entre el A y el C, de 0,52; y entre el B y el C, de 0,49. Para el UCEIS, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue del 0,922 entre los tres endoscopistas (IC 95 %: 0,832-0,959). Se encontró una mejor correlación interobservador cuando la preparación catártica era ≥ 8 según la escala de Boston., [Conclusión] existe, por tanto, una superior correlación entre los diferentes endoscopistas para el UCEIS que para el IME, por lo que debería ser considerado como el mejor índice a utilizar en la práctica clínica. Una buena preparación catártica es importante para mejorar la correlación interobservador.

Background: vedolizumab is an α4β7 integrin antagonist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical response and remission rates with vedolizumab. Methods: this was a retrospective study of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who received vedolizumab between 2016 and 2019. Response and remission rates were analyzed at three, six, 12, 18 and 24 months after induction. Results: fifty-five patients were included. Clinical remission rates in CD and UC at three, six, 12, 18 and 24 months were 19.35 %, 26.67 %, 30.43 %, 30 %, 38.89 % and 29.17 %, 26.09 %, 19.05 %, 26.67 % and 20 %, respectively. Conclusions: vedolizumab is effective for induction and maintenance of clinical remission, both in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Resumen Introducción: cuando no se dispone de leche materna propia, la leche materna donada es la mejor alternativa para asegurar los requerimientos nutricionales de los recién nacidos prematuros o enfermos. Objetivos: conocer el contenido de macronutrientes de la leche materna donada y cómo varían estos en los distintos periodos de la lactancia. Material y métodos: se analizó de forma retrospectiva la composición nutricional de 822,423 litros de leche materna donada, procedentes de 160 donantes del banco de leche materna de un hospital de tercer nivel entre el 1 de febrero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Resultados: el contenido en lípidos y carbohidratos se mantiene constante a lo largo de la lactancia; sin embargo, el contenido proteico disminuye inicialmente para luego volver a aumentar a partir del segundo año de lactancia. Conclusiones: los bancos de leche materna deben conocer las variaciones del contenido en macronutrientes de la leche donada para optimizar la nutrición del recién nacido prematuro.

Background: Several studies have reported positive efficacy outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with CT-P13, an infliximab biosimilar. Data from follow-up periods longer than 1 year are still scarce. Here, we assessed the long-term efficacy data, loss of response and safety after switching from infliximab to CT-P13 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: This was a prospective single-center observational study involving patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis switched from infliximab to CT-P13 treatment and reviewed up to 24 months. Efficacy and loss of response were measured using the Harvey–Bradshaw (HB) index and partial Mayo score for patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. C-reactive protein, infliximab drug levels, adverse events and antidrug antibodies were also monitored throughout the study. Results: A total of 64 patients with Crohn’s disease and 36 patients with ulcerative colitis were included. Most of them (72%) remained on CT-P13. Overall, 28% of patients discontinued the therapy due to loss of response, adverse events or long-lasting clinical remission. Remission at 18 and 24 months occurred in 69.9% and 68.5% of patients, respectively. Dose increase was performed in 22% of patients, with remission being reached in 60% of them. HB index, partial Mayo score, C-reactive protein and infliximab drug levels did not show significant changes. Serious adverse events were reported in 14% of patients. Overall, two patients developed low levels of antidrug antibodies. Conclusions: Most of the patients switching from original infliximab were maintained on CT-P13 at 2 years of follow up with a good profile of efficacy and safety.

In this paper we make a brief approach to the study of an initial education in Castile during the lower Middle Ages. Knowing some basic subjects like reading, writing and calculus was presented often as a professional requirement, and familiarity with them was valued as possessing real working tools. This learning was possible in very diverse centres, as an additional resource to using a private tutor.