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The incidence of spectator violence at sporting events appears to be increasing at an alarming rate in present-day society. Research specifically dealing with crowd violence has also increased concomitantly. This article selectively reviews spectator violence research in an effort to articulate past and present trends. Traditionally, sport psychologists have attempted to study spectator violence by focusing on the aggression levels of individual fans. In turn, sport sociologists have used collective behavior theories in their attempts to identify possible determinants of crowd violence. It seems incumbent upon the researchers of future studies in this area to look to hypothetical questions that encompass both schools of thought.The need for an understanding of spectator violence in sport environments is real. During the past few years, several tragedies related to sport spectator violence have been reported. If similar incidents are to be avoided, the phenomenon of spectator violence must be carefully studied from both psychological and sociological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of stable patients with resting ST segment depression on the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) following an acute ischemic event (i.e., infarction or unstable angina) to better understand its association with subsequent cardiac death and nonfatal infarction. The recent Multicenter Study of Myocardial Ischemia (MSMI) demonstrated that the resting ST segment depression had an independent prognostic value. Methods: We studied clinical features, noninvasive test results and coronary arteriography findings in 99 patients with ST depression on the resting ECG and 837 patients without ST segment depression with respect to endpoints of cardiac death and hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Results: Our results showed that patients with resting ECG ST depression were significantly older with a higher incidence of hypertension, angina, claudication, and tobacco use. ST depression on the resting ECG correlated closely with ST segment depression on the 24-hour ambulatory ECG and the exercise ECG but not with redistribution on the thallium perfusion scan. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was higher and exercise duration less in patients with ST depression. Although not achieving statistical significance, patients with ST depression did show more extensive coronary disease and a lower ejection fraction. Conclusions: ECG ST depression was associated with cardiac death and nonfatal reinfarction over the follow-up period only in patients originally admitted with an acute infarction but not in patients hospitalized for unstable angina. The reason for this appears to be an association of ST depression with increased age, the presence of hypertension, the presence of more severe coronary disease, and more extensive myocardial damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of coronary sinus pO2 to remain constant in the face of a shift in the O2 dissociation curve was tested in a series of anaesthetized dogs during respiratory-induced alterations in blood pH, resulting from either hyperventilation or CO2 inhalation. Coronary sinus pO2 was not constant, but varied from 8.2 to 96 mm Hg (1.09 to 12.8 kPa) as coronary sinus pH was altered from 6.97 to 7.71 and coronary sinus pCO2 was varied from 16 to 96 mm Hg (2.13 to 12.8 kPa). The coronary sinus pO2 was logarithmically related to coronary sinus pCOa. Myocardial O2 extraction varied from 13 to 87%. The low coronary sinus pO2 reached during hypocapnia suggests that O2 delivery to the myocardium is impaired at this time. The hypothesis is presented that myocardial pCO2 is a primary agent controlling coronary flow. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]