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We have demonstrated previously that a soluble factor (LrS) produced by Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri CRL 1098 modulates the inflammatory response triggered by lipopolysaccharide. In this study, the production of LrS by L. reuteri CRL 1098 was realized through two steps: i) bacterial biomass production, ii) LrS production, where the bacterial biomass was able to live but did not proliferate. Therefore, the simultaneous evaluation of the effect of different factors on the growth and LrS production was performed. Biomass production was found to be dependent mainly on culture medium, while LrS production with anti-inflammatory activity depended on culture conditions of the biomass such as pH, agitation and growth phase. The L. reuteri CRL 1098 biomass and LrS production in the optimized culture media designed for this work reduced the complete process cost by approximately 95%, respectively to laboratory scale cost.

Catecholamine nuclei within the brainstem reticular formation (RF) play a pivotal role in a variety of brain functions. However, a systematic characterization of these nuclei in the very same experimental conditions is missing so far. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immune-positive cells of the brainstem correspond to dopamine (DA)-, norepinephrine (NE)-, and epinephrine (E)-containing cells. Here, we report a systematic count of TH-positive neurons in the RF of the mouse brainstem by using stereological morphometry. All these nuclei were analyzed for anatomical localization, rostro-caudal extension, volume, neuron number, neuron density, and mean neuronal area for each nucleus. The present data apart from inherent informative value wish to represent a reference for neuronal mapping in those studies investigating the functional anatomy of the brainstem RF. These include: the sleep-wake cycle, movement control, muscle tone modulation, mood control, novelty orienting stimuli, attention, archaic responses to internal and external stressful stimuli, anxiety, breathing, blood pressure, and innumerable activities modulated by the archaic iso-dendritic hard core of the brainstem RF. Most TH-immune-positive cells fill the lateral part of the RF, which indeed possesses a high catecholamine content. A few nuclei are medial, although conventional nosography considers all these nuclei as part of the lateral column of the RF. Despite the key role of these nuclei in psychiatric and neurological disorders, only a few of them aspired a great attention in biomedical investigation, while most of them remain largely obscure although intense research is currently in progress. A simultaneous description of all these nuclei is not simply key to comprehend the variety of brainstem catecholamine reticular neurons, but probably represents an intrinsically key base for understanding brain physiology and physiopathology.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of airflow (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 L.L-1.min-1) and cycle time (10.45 h, 14.25 h and 17.35 h) on a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) performance in promoting nitrification and denitrification of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The operational stages included feeding, aerobic and anoxic reactions, sedimentation and discharge. SBR was operated in a laboratory scale with a working volume of 4 L, keeping 25% of biomass retained inside the reactor as inoculum for the next batch. In the anoxic stage, C: N ratio was maintained between 5 and 6 by adding cassava starch wastewater. A factorial design (22) with five repetitions was designed at the central point to evaluate the influence of cycle time and airflow on total inorganic nitrogen removal (N-NH4++N-NO2-+N-NO3-) and in the whole process (nitrification and denitrification). The highest total inorganic nitrogen removal (93.3%) was observed for airflow of 0.25 L.L-1.min‑1 and a cycle time of 14.25 h. At the end of the experiment, the sludge inside the reactor was characterized by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), indicating the presence of ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria.

In this study, we analyzed the conservation of a semi-liquid bio-preserver (SL778) developed with Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 778, a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) having antifungal activity. The characteristics of the SL778 starter remained stable during a 14-day storage at 4 °C. At −20 °C, cell viability and organic acid concentration showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease after 7 days. These differences observed between the storage temperatures tested were reflected in the acidification activity of SL778 during dough fermentation. However, SL778 maintained its antifungal efficacy up to a 14-day storage at both temperatures. Sensory attributes (acidic and spicy tastes and acidic smell) of breads manufactured with starter SL778 (stored at 4 or −20 °C) were evaluated. No undesirable difference was detected with respect to bread control without SL778 and bread manufactured with SL778 (stored at 4 or −20 °C). In conclusion, the SL778 semi-liquid bio-preserver can be stored at 4 or −20 °C without modifying its antifungal activity during 14 days.

Neuroimaging studies have found that adult male psychopaths show reduced engagement of limbic and paralimbic circuitry while making moral judgments. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these findings extend to adolescent males with psychopathic traits. Functional MRI was used to record hemodynamic activity in 111 incarcerated male adolescents while they viewed unpleasant pictures that did or did not depict moral transgressions and rated each on “moral violation severity”. Adolescents were assessed for psychopathic traits using the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL-YV), Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL) Conduct Disorder supplement, and Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits-Youth Version (ICU-Y). While viewing pictures depicting moral transgressions, CD scores were negatively correlated with hemodynamic responses in the anterior temporal cortex. Adolescents scoring low on the ICU-Y showed a positive correlation between right amygdala responses and severity of violation ratings; those with high ICU-Y scores showed a negative correlation. While viewing unpleasant pictures with and without moral transgressions, PCL-YV scores were negatively correlated with hemodynamic responses in the left amygdala. Overall, the results are consistent with those previously found in adult male psychopaths, but vary depending on the type of psychopathy assessment.

Based on findings from a variety of research, Shin and Miller (2022) propose a 4-step process that children go through as they learn sociolinguistic variation. Their proposal raises many interesting questions that should inspire future research. Here, I discuss their Step 1 -- the stage in which, according to their proposal, children produce only a single variant, and so appear to be (temporarily) regularizing -- and suggest this may not be the right characterization for all children.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) features the accumulation of β-amyloid and Tau aggregates, which deposit as extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), respectively. Neuronal Tau aggregates may appear early in life, in the absence of clinical symptoms. This occurs in the brainstem reticular formation and mostly within Locus Coeruleus (LC), which is consistently affected during AD. LC is the main source of forebrain norepinephrine (NE) and it modulates a variety of functions including sleep-waking cycle, alertness, synaptic plasticity, and memory. The iso-dendritic nature of LC neurons allows their axons to spread NE throughout the whole forebrain. Likewise, a prion-like hypothesis suggests that Tau aggregates may travel along LC axons to reach out cortical neurons. Despite this timing is compatible with cross-sectional studies, there is no actual evidence for a causal relationship between these events. In the present mini-review, we dedicate special emphasis to those various mechanisms that may link degeneration of LC neurons to the onset of AD pathology. This includes the hypothesis that a damage to LC neurons contributes to the onset of dementia due to a loss of neuroprotective effects or, even the chance that, LC degenerates independently from cortical pathology. At the same time, since LC neurons are lost in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders we considered which molecular mechanism may render these brainstem neurons so vulnerable.

In this work, the thermotolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505, an immunobiotic strain, was studied as a way to improve the tolerance of the strain to industrial processes involving heat stress. The strain displayed a high intrinsic thermotolerance (55°C, 20 min); however, after 5 min at 60°C in phosphate buffer a two log units decrease in cell viability was observed. Different heat shock media were tested to improve the cell survival. Best results were obtained in the mediumcontaining inorganic salts (KH2PO4, Na2HPO4, MnSO4, and MgSO4) likely as using 10% skim milk. Flow cytometry analysis evinced 25.0% live cells and a large number of injured cells (59.7%) in the inorganic salts medium after heat stress. The morphological changes caused by temperature were visualized by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). In addition, TEM observations revealed the presence of polyphosphate (polyP) granules in the cells under no-stress conditions. A DAPI-based fluorescence technique, adjusted to Gram-positive bacteria for the first time, was used to determine intracellular polyP levels. Results obtained suggest that the high initial polyP content in L. rhamnosus CRL 1505 together with the presence of inorganic salts in the heat shock medium improve the tolerance of the cells to heat shock. To our knowledge, this is the first report giving evidence of the relationship between polyP and inorganic salts in thermotolerance of lactic acid bacteria.

Glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal cortex and regulate cell metabolism in a variety of organs. This occurs either directly, by acting on specific receptors in a variety of cells, or by stimulating catecholamine expression within neighbor cells of the adrenal medulla. In this way, the whole adrenal gland may support specific metabolic requirements to cope with stressful conditions from external environment or internal organs. In addition, glucocorticoid levels may increase significantly in the presence of inappropriate secretion from adrenal cortex or may be administered at high doses to treat inflammatory disorders. In these conditions, metabolic alterations and increased blood pressure may occur, although altered sleep-waking cycle, anxiety, and mood disorders are frequent. These latter symptoms remain unexplained at the molecular level, although they overlap remarkably with disorders affecting catecholamine nuclei of the brainstem reticular formation. In fact, the present study indicates that various doses of glucocorticoids alter the expression of genes and proteins, which are specific for reticular catecholamine neurons. In detail, corticosterone administration to organotypic mouse brainstem cultures significantly increases Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Dopamine transporter (DAT), while Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is not affected. On the other hand, Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase (DBH) increases only after very high doses of corticosterone.

Grounded in a close partnership between a university, school district, and non-profit organization, this 5-year mathematics professional development project involves 27 elementary teachers prepared and supported as Elementary Mathematics Specialists (EMSs). The project aims to develop EMSs who deliver ambitious mathematics instruction in their classrooms and serve as informal mathematics teacher leaders. They complete a university's K-5 Mathematics and Teacher Supporting & Coaching Endorsement programs and participate in Professional Learning Communities and individual mentoring. Described here are the partners, the project's components, and the ways in which the EMSs engaged in teacher leadership across Year 1. Central to the project is the school-university-community partnership, with the components supporting reciprocity with mutual benefits for all partners, such as high quality clinical experiences for teacher candidates, coaching for novice teachers, and engagement with families and caregivers.

In "Will Schools Change Forever," Waite and Arnett contend our educational system, and our society as a whole, have been confronted with two pandemics, COVID-19 and systemic racism (2020). Both of these pandemics have acerbated challenges schools must address and have exposed chronic inequities in educational systems. Our inquiry is case study of 23 novice teachers who graduated from our urban institution and their perception of how the pandemics impacted the development of their students, their own professional trajectory, and their future instruction. Semi-structured interviews focused on educators' approaches to instruction across 12-18 months of the pandemic. Data were analyzed using NVivo through open coding. Results indicated novice teachers' initial teaching experiences were disrupted by both COVID-19 and the social unrest during this time period. The challenges they faced reflected their focus as culturally responsive educators who were working to meet the needs of the learners in the urban schools where they were employed. The stories they shared related their challenges (a) in engaging students, and (b) in making connections to students and building a sense of community in the virtual environment. Eventually, however, these educators were able to transition to effectiveness as student-centered educators (a) by embracing the digital environment, and (b) by providing supports for student success. Drawing on their experiences and perceptions, our participants also offered advice on reimagining education and classrooms of the future for the new normal.

Due to the health pandemic of 2020, teachers have been forced to initiate online teaching delivery models with little preparation just as students and parents have had their routines abruptly altered from in-person schooling to hybrid and fully online instruction (Mecham, et al., 2021). The pandemic brought to light new opportunities for novice teachers to learn how to implement pedagogical strategies using digital tools to support student learning and development in remote settings. As part of a larger case study of 23 novice teachers who graduated from our urban institution, these results focus on new teachers' perceptions of their own development and their impact on student learning while teaching online, during the pandemic. Semi-structured interviews focused on educators' approaches to instruction across 12-18 months of the pandemic. Data were analyzed using NVivo through open coding. Findings help us understand these new teachers' perceptions of their impact on student learning while developing knowledge and skills to teach fully online. Four themes are highlighted in this study as a glimpse into new teachers' perceptions of themselves and their impact during this time. New teachers describe their impact on student learning as their ability to build relationships and trust with learners and their families, to use students' funds of knowledge to engage them in meaningful tasks, to teach with digital tools, modeling and collaborating with learners, and to incorporate various digital tools to monitor progress, assess, and provide feedback online. Novices describe student engagement and motivation as resulting student outcomes due to their abilities to build relationships, tap into students' multiple knowledge bases, and use digital tools to teach and assess student learning. They describe their new knowledge and skills teaching online as unintended outcomes related to their own development and learning.

A abrangência dos estudos sobre a toxemia da prenhez (TP) tem sido constante e inovadora em alguns conceitos, porém o estudo dos casos clínicos naturais em cabras é inexistente no Brasil. Diante disso, realizou-se análise das alterações clínicas, do perfil bioquímico, eletrolítico e hormonal com o objetivo de compreender a fisiopatogenia da enfermidade. Foram avaliadas 22 cabras atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, diagnosticadas com TP, no período de 2007 a 2012. Realizou-se exame clínico e coleta de sangue e urina, para análise do perfil bioquímico e hormonal. Acentuadas alterações clínicas foram observadas, como decúbito, apatia, dispneia, aumento da temperatura corpórea, mucosas congestas, vasos episclerais injetados, desidratação, anorexia, hipomotilidade ou atonia ruminal, edema nos membros. Os resultados laboratoriais revelaram valores elevados para ureia, creatinina, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), β-hidroxibutirato, amilase e cortisol, enquanto as variáveis: proteína total, albumina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, a relação cálcio e fósforo, sódio e insulina encontraram-se diminuídos. Outros parâmetros bioquímicos e eletrolíticos, como frutosamina, globulina, cloro, potássio e magnésio mantiveram-se dentro da faixa de normalidade. Quanto a glicemia, foram constatados três condições nas cabras com TP, normoglicêmicas (50%), hiperglicêmicas (27,28%) e hipoglicêmicas (22,72%). Dos 17 (77,27%) animais que obtiveram alta 10 (58,82%) eram normoglicêmicos. Vieram a óbito 22,8 % (5/22), no qual 60% (3/5) delas estavam hiperglicêmicas. A média de nascimento por cabra foi superior a duas crias. Verificou-se existir associação fortemente positiva dos AGNE's com a albumina (r=0,60), fraca com o β-hidroxibutirato (r=0,10) e glicose (r=0,03). Porém, existiu relação fortemente negativa dos AGNE's com a insulina (r= -0,70), moderada com o cortisol (r= -0,52) e amilase (r= -0,30). Marcadas alterações clínicas e metabólicas são observadas em cabras com TP, em que o aumento de certos metabólitos do perfil energético e hormonal se torna importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico e constitui um bom instrumento para avaliar a magnitude da condição clínica dos animais enfermos. Os dados encontrados servem de referência para estudos sobre nutrição e metabolismo em cabras com TP.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral de ovelhas Santa Inês hígidas e com mastite subclínica acompanhadas durante o final da gestação e na lactação. Foram acompanhadas ovelhas submetidas ao mesmo sistema de criação semi-intensivo. Os animais foram avaliados conforme os momentos a seguir: 10 dias que precedeu o parto (dap) e 15 dias pós parto (dpp), 30 dpp, 60 dpp e 90 dpp. Os metabólitos sanguíneos foram avaliados a partir do momento que antecedeu ao parto e os metabólitos no soro lácteo nos momentos subsequentes. Após exame clínico e bacteriológico foi realizada a triagem das ovelhas acompanhadas neste estudo, sendo 12 hígidas e 18 com mastite subclínica. Durante a lactação, mantendo os mesmos critérios de triagem, foram selecionadas 11 glândulas mamárias sadias e 20 infectadas, das quais foi colhido o leite para obtenção do soro lácteo. Foram mensurados no soro sanguíneo os metabólitos do perfil energético (ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs), β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), frutosamina, colesterol e triglicérides), do perfil proteico (proteína total, albumina, uréia e creatinina) e do perfil mineral (ferro, cobre, zinco, magnésio, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, sódio e potássio). No soro lácteo foram mensurados os íons cálcio, sódio e potássio, bem como os AGNEs e o BHB. A bioquímica sanguínea revelou haver influência (P

No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a influência das fases de lactação sobre o proteinograma do soro lácteo de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Foram acompanhadas ovelhas em sistema de criação semi-intensivo com o mesmo manejo higiênico, sanitário e nutricional avaliadas aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o parto (final da lactação e desmame). Procedeu-se ao exame clínico da glândula mámaria e triagem e cultivo bacteriológico. A triagem do material resultou em 44 amostras de leite de glândulas sadias baseadas no exame negativo simultâneo do CMT e do bacteriológico. Para a obtenção do soro lácteo utilizou-se solução de renina. O soro lácteo foi fracionado em alíquotas e mantido em freezer a -80°C para posterior separação das frações protéicas. Para determinação da proteína total do soro lácteo empregou-se o biureto. A separação das frações protéicas foi realizada utilizando-se eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Foram observadas oito proteínas entre elas lactoferrina, albumina sérica, IgA, IgG ( IgG de cadeia pesada - IgG CP e IgG de cadeia leve - IgG CL), β-lactoglobulina, α-lactoalbumina e as proteínas identificadas como PM 15.000 Da e PM 29.000 Da. Não foi observada diferença significativa nas diferentes fases de lactação nas seguintes proteínas: IgA (P>0,3895), lactoferrina (P>0,1611), PM 29000 (P>0,4879), αlactoalbumina (P>0,0799) e PM 15000 (P>0,4494). Na proteína total (P

The aims of the current project included to (a) describe the use of connectives in written language samples by fifth grade students, (b) examine differences in connective use between groups who differed in English proficiency and exceptionalities, and (c) examine the predictive relationship between connective measures and writing quality ratings. Investigators utilized written expository responses of 1,128 students in fifth grade who differed in English proficiency and language ability. The sample included 214 English learners and 144 students with language learning disabilities (LLD). Group differences were examined in the use of advanced connective words in academic writing. Regression analysis was used to examine connective measures as predictors of overall writing quality rating. Students with LLD used advanced connectives less frequently than their peers and demonstrated less variety in their connective word use. Two connective measures (total number of advanced connectives and the ratio of connectives) were significant predictors of writing quality. Findings support the need for additional efforts to improve the use of cohesive devices in academic writing for students with LLD to minimize achievement gaps.

Algumas espécies de Solanum causam intoxicações em ruminantes caracterizadas clinicamente por desordens cerebelares e microscopicamente como doença do depósito lisossomal. Não há lesões de necropsia específicas e microscopicamente ocorrem vacuolização e perda de neurônios de Purkinje. Por ser Solanum paniculatum a espécie de ocorrência na região Nordeste, sendo responsável pelos surtos de intoxicação espontânea descrito no Estado de Pernambuco foi realizado um delineamento experimental para caracterizar o quadro clínico-patológico da intoxicação. Foram usados cinco bovinos, sendo quatro no grupo experimental (GE) e um animal no controle (GC), de seis meses de idade, sem raça definida, com peso de 120 Kg, mantidos em baias durante cinco meses na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns/UFRPE. Os animais receberam a planta, colhida nas propriedades em que ocorreram os surtos naturais, na dosagem de 5g/kg/PV/dia da planta dessecada misturada na ração por ingestão natural. Semanalmente realizou-se o Head Raising Test para determinar os sinais cerebelares e quando positivo os animais foram submetidos à colheita de sangue e do líquido céfalo-raquidiano e em seguida foi feito à eutanásia. O SNC e a rete mirabile foram fixados em formol a 10% tamponado, processados rotineiramente e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina para avaliação histopatológica. Foi realizada análise morfométrica das lesões cerebelares. Para avaliação dos resultados laboratoriais utilizou-se análise descritiva e em relação à morfometria, empregou-se o teste T de Student (p

Renal tubulointerstitial injury often leads to interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA). IF/TA is typically assessed in the renal cortex and can be objectively quantitated with computerized image analysis (IA). However, the human medulla accounts for a substantial proportion of the nephron; therefore, medullary scarring will have important cortical consequences and may parallel overall chronic renal injury. Trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and collagen III immunohistochemistry (IHC) were visually examined and quantitated on scanned whole slide images (WSIs) (N = 67 cases). When tuned to measure fibrosis, IA of trichrome and Trichrome-PAS (T-P) WSIs correlated for all anatomic compartments (among cortex, medulla, and entire tissue, r = 0.84 to 0.89, P all

A focus group was organised to gather information and opinions from food animal veterinarians in Mississippi regarding sample submission to diagnostic laboratories. The research found that a range of factors influence the veterinarian's decision regarding whether samples will be submitted to a diagnostic laboratory, with the cost of diagnostics as the key influence. The veterinarians believed that the relationship they had with diagnostic laboratories was important in the protection of public health, but they thought that their role in disease surveillance was under-utilised. More attention needs to be directed towards strengthening veterinary surveillance at ground level to ensure that emergent diseases are detected effectively by a partnership approach between veterinary practitioners in the field and diagnosticians in diagnostic laboratories. This partnership is a vital component of the 'One Health' concept for the protection of both animal and human health. This study demonstrates that qualitative social science methodologies, such as focus groups, can usefully be applied to topics of relevance to veterinary public health.

Toxemia da prenhez é considerada um transtorno metabólico de grande impacto econômico na produção de ovinos, porém as particularidades de repercussão sistêmicas deste distúrbio ainda são pouco esclarecedoras. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil bioquímico e hormonal de 77 ovelhas com diagnóstico clínico de toxemia da penhez e comparar os achados laboratoriais de acordo com a resolução clínica dos animais, alta hospitalar (G1) e aqueles que morreram (G2). A manifestação clinica da doença foi observada no período do pré-parto em 100% dos animais, destes 66,2 % (n=51) receberam alta clínica e 33,8% (n=26) morreram. Dos casos de toxemia da prenhez estudados havia gestação múltipla em 55,8%. Dentre os parâmetros estudados, cortisol, uréia, AST e CK estavam mais elevados no G2 em relação ao G1 com diferenças significativas (P0,05). Não ocorreram alterações nas taxas de colesterol e triglicerídios. Houve redução nos índices da insulina, não havendo diferenças entre G1 e G2 (P>0,05). Todas as ovelhas apresentaram cetonúria e acidúria.

Neste trabalho são descritos os sinais clínicos, patologia clínica e patologia de 24 bovinos com leucose bovina enzoótica atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Esses casos representaram 0,5% de 4.758 bovinos atendidos entre os anos de 2000 e 2010. A doença afetou 22 (91,7%) fêmeas e dois machos. Vinte e um animais (87,5%) eram de raças leiteras (seis Holandês, 13 Girolando, um Jersey e um Pardo Suíça) e três (12,5%) eram da raça Nelore. Vinte e três animais (95,8%) tinham idade entre 3 e 8 anos e um era mais jovem. Todos eram criados em regime de confinamento ou semi-confinamento. Clinicamente todos os animais apresentaram aumento dos linfonodos superficias. Outros sinais frequentes foram hiporexia, diminuição da produção de leite, emagrecimento progressivo, escore corporal baixo, desidratação, hipomotilidade dos pré-estômagos e fezes alteradas e em pouca quantidade. Com menor frequência foram observados exoftalmia, dispneia e aumento de volume do útero. No leucograma foi constatada leucocitose média de 34.082/µL, com linfocitose de 21.814/µL e neutrofilia de 10.906/µL. Treze animais foram necropsiados e os demais foram enviados pelos proprietários para o abate. Dos treze animais abatidos todos apresentaram lesões nos linfonodos superficiais, seis nos linfonodos mesentéricos, seis no intestino, três no abomaso, um no coração, um no fígado, um no rúmen, um no útero e um no rim. Diante da importância desta enfermidade e dos prejuízos causados pela mesma é necessário alertar produtores sobre os cuidados a serem tomados durante a aquisição de animais, assim como da necessidade de implantar medidas que evitem a difusão da doença entre as fazendas.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar o comportamento clínico e laboratorial de caprinos submetidos à incorporação da monensina sódica na alimentação e avaliar os seus efeitos na prevenção da acidose láctica ruminal induzida experimentalmente. Foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos como atitude, comportamento, apetite, coloração das mucosas externas, frequência cardíaca e respiratória, motilidade retículo-ruminal, temperatura retal e o aspecto das fezes, e as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do fluido ruminal. Foram utilizados 20 caprinos, machos, castrados, cruzados Anglo Nubiana x Saanen, com peso médio de 30kg, clinicamente sadios e submetidos a implantação de cânulas ruminais permanentes. Foram formados dois grupos de 10 animais, um grupo controle (GC) e outro que recebeu a monensina sódica (GM) através da cânula, na dose diária de 33mg/kg da dieta, por animal, no decorrer de 40 dias. A acidose láctica ruminal foi induzida fornecendo 10g de sacarose/kg de peso corpóreo, antes da alimentação matinal. As observações clínicas e a colheita das amostras de fluido ruminal foram efetuadas em intervalos de 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h, 32h, 48h e 72h pós-indução (PI). A partir das 4 horas PI, evidenciou-se sinais como apatia, apetite caprichoso ou anorexia, taquicardia, taquipnéia, atonia ruminal, distensão abdominal e diarréia de intensidade variável. O refluxo de fluido ruminal pelas narinas, sinais de cólica intestinal e secreção nasal serosa bilateral foi observado em alguns animais do GC, e laminite no GM. Ocorreu perda média de peso corpóreo de 900g no GC (P>0,05) e de 1,3kg no GM (P0,05). A cor do fluido ruminal tornou-se leitosa, o odor ácido e a consistência aquosa. Houve um aumento significativo (P

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-protein-coding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes. They act by sequence-specific base pairing in the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the target mRNA leading to mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. Recent studies have implicated miRNAs in a wide range of biological processes and diseases including development, metabolism and cancer, and revealed that expression levels of individual miRNAs may serve as reliable molecular biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, a major challenge is to develop innovative tools able to couple high sensitivity and specificity for rapid detection of miRNAs in a given cell or tissue. In this review, we focus on the latest innovative approaches proposed for miRNA profiling in cancer and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a prevalência e a etiologia da mastite bovina na bacia leiteira do município de Rondon do Pará, bem como avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade e resistência dos agentes isolados frente aos antimicrobianos. Foram avaliadas 237 vacas mestiças de aptidão leiteira, pertencentes a nove propriedades, as quais utilizavam ordenha manual uma vez ao dia e sistema de criação extensivo em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha, com fornecimento de sal mineral e água ad libitum. Realizou-se o exame clínico da glândula mamária, o teste da caneca telada e o California Mastitis Test. Dos 935 quartos mamários avaliados, 6,6% apresentaram mastite subclínica, 1,3% mastite clínica e 92,1% foram negativos. As bactérias isoladas na mastite clínica foram Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo (25%), Staphylococcus aureus (16,7%), Streptococcus spp. (8,3%) e Corynebacterium spp. (8,3%). Na mastite subclínica foram Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo (32,3%), Staphylococcus aureus (17,7%), Staphylococcus intermedius (1,6%), Streptococcus spp. (4,8%), Corynebacterium spp. (4,8%) e Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo/S. aureus (1,6%). Não houve crescimento microbiano em 41,7% das amostras com mastite clínica e 37,1% com mastite subclínica. No antibiograma, 100% dos isolados de Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo, S. aureus, S. intermedius, e Streptococcus spp. foram sensíveis ao sulfazotrim. Por outro lado Corynebacterium spp. foi 100% resistente ao mesmo antimicrobiano. A cefalotina, cefoxitina e gentamicina, apresentaram eficácia frente às bactérias isoladas do gênero Staphylococcus spp., as quais neste trabalho representam a grande maioria dos agentes causadores de mastite. A mastite foi diagnosticada em todos os rebanhos pesquisados, contudo o número de animais acometidos foi considerado baixo; isso provavelmente deve-se à baixa produção de leite dos animais e a permanência do bezerro ao pé após a ordenha, o que favorece o esvaziamento da glândula mamária. Diante disso, faz-se necessário que medidas higiênico-sanitárias e de manejo sejam adotadas.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a etiologia da mastite em ovelhas na região nordeste do Pará, além de estabelecer o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias isoladas frente a antimicrobianos. Foram examinadas 176 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, em lactação, mantidas em sistema semi-intensivo, pertencentes a sete propriedades especializadas na criação de ovinos. Foi realizado o exame clínico da glândula mamária, o exame macroscópico da secreção láctea por meio do Teste da Caneca Telada, o California Mastitis Test (CMT), o exame microbiológico do leite e o antibiograma. Das 352 metades mamárias estudadas (176 ovelhas), 21 (5,97%) apresentaram mastite clínica, 26 (7,39%) apresentaram mastite subclínica e 305 (86,64%) metades mamárias foram negativas. A maioria dos animais acometidos pela mastite estava no terço médio da lactação, com menor número de crias e maior número de lactações. Na mastite clínica (MC) as bactérias isoladas foram Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo (42,9%); Staphylococcus aureus (9,52%); Streptococcus spp. (4,76%) e Escherichia coli (4,76%). As associações observadas foram Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus spp. (4,76%); Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo não hemolítica, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo hemolítica e Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo pigmento não hemolítica (4,76%). Já na mastite subclínica (MSC), as bactérias isoladas foram Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo (26,9%); Staphylococcus aureus (15,4%); Streptococcus spp. (7,69%); Escherichia coli (7,69%) e Citrobacter freundii (11,5%). A associação observada foi Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo não hemolítica e Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negativo hemolítica (3,85%). Os antimicrobianos com maior eficácia contra os agentes isolados Gram positivos foram penicilina/novobiocina (100%), cefalotina (100%) e florfenicol (100%) e contra o Citrobacter freundii foram a ampicilina (100%) e florfenicol (100%). Já em relação a Escherichia coli, 66,7% dos isolados mostraram-se resistentes à ampicilina, cefalotina, florfenicol e tetraciclina. A mastite está presente em ovelhas no estado do Pará, havendo a necessidade de estimar, em estudos futuros, as perdas econômicas causadas por essa enfermidade. O CMT apresentou resultados satisfatórios, podendo ser recomendado como teste de triagem para o diagnóstico de casos individuais de mastite subclínica em ovinos, uma vez que apresentou boa relação com o exame microbiológico. No antibiograma foi observado que a maioria dos agentes isolados apresenta-se sensível aos diferentes antimicrobianos testados, sendo os antibióticos com melhor eficiência o florfenicol e a cefoxitina.The objective of this paper was to study the etiology of mastitis in sheep at northeastern Pará, and to establish the sensitivity of isolated bacteria to antibiotics. A total of 176 Santa Inês nursing sheep kept in semi-intensive system from seven properties were examined. The mammary gland was clinically examined and the milk was submitted to the Caneca Telada Test, the California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriological examinations and antibiograms. Out of the 352 mammary halves (176 sheep), 5.9% (21/352) had clinical mastitis and by the CMT test, 7.39% (26/352) had subclinical mastitis and 86.64% (305/352) mammary halves did not have mastitis. Most of the animals with mastitis were in the second third of the lactation period, had less kids and more lactation periods. The following bacteria were isolated from the clinical mastitis Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative (42,9%); Staphylococcus aureus (9.52%); Streptococcus spp. (4.76%) and Escherichia coli (4.76%). Were observed associations of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. (4,76%); Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative nonhemolytic, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative hemolytic and Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative non hemolytic pigment (4.76%). Already in subclinical mastitis the bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative (26.9%); Staphylococcus aureus (15.,4%); Streptococcus spp. (7.69%); Escherichia coli (7.69%) and Citrobacter freundii (11.5%). Were observed associations of Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative nonhemolytic and Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative hemolytic (3.85%). The most efficient antibiotics for the Gram positive agents were penicile/novobiocine (100%), cefalotine (100%) and florfenicol (100%) and for the Citrobacter freundii were ampicilina (100%) and florfenicol (100%). In relation to Escherichia coli, 66.7% of isolates to ampicillin, cephalothin, florfenicol and tetracycline were resistant. Mastitis is present in sheep in the State of Pará, and it's necessary to estimate, in future studies, the economic losses caused by this disease. The CMT show satisfactory results and can be recommended as a screening test for diagnosing individual cases of subclinical mastitis in sheep, once had a good relationship with the microbiological examination. In the antibiogram where most of the isolated agents appear sensitive to different antibiotics tested, the antibiotics with the best efficiency were florfenicol and cefoxitin.

There is a growing recognition of the contribution that privately-owned land makes to conservation efforts, and governments are increasingly counting privately protected areas (PPAs) towards their international conservation commitments. The public availability of spatial data on countries’ conservation estates is important for broad-scale conservation planning and monitoring and for evaluating progress towards targets. Yet there has been limited consideration of how PPA data is reported to national and international protected area databases, particularly whether such reporting is transparent and fair (i.e., equitable) to the landholders involved. Here we consider PPA reporting procedures from three countries with high numbers of PPAs—Australia, South Africa, and the United States—illustrating the diversity within and between countries regarding what data is reported and the transparency with which it is reported. Noting a potential tension between landholder preferences for privacy and security of their property information and the benefit of sharing this information for broader conservation efforts, we identify the need to consider equity in PPA reporting processes. Unpacking potential considerations and tensions into distributional, procedural, and recognitional dimensions of equity, we propose a series of broad principles to foster transparent and fair reporting. Our approach for navigating the complexity and context-dependency of equity considerations will help strengthen PPA reporting and facilitate the transparent integration of PPAs into broader conservation efforts.

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is considered the second most important vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador. It is distributed across six of the 24 provinces and occupies intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and sylvatic habitats. This study was conducted in six communities within the coastal province of Guayas. Triatomine searches were conducted in domestic and peridomestic habitats and bird nests using manual searches, live-bait traps and sensor boxes. Synantrhopic mammals were captured in the domestic and peridomestic habitats. Household searches (n = 429) and randomly placed sensor boxes (n = 360) produced no live triatomine adults or nymphs. In contrast, eight nymphs were found in two out of six searched Campylorhynchus fasciatus (Troglodytidae) nests. Finally, Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was amplified from the blood of 10% of the 115 examined mammals. Environmental changes in land use (intensive rice farming), mosquito control interventions and lack of intradomestic adaptation are suggested among the possible reasons for the lack of domestic triatomine colonies.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase, which senses and integrates several intracellular and environmental cues to orchestrate major processes such as cell growth and metabolism. Altered mTOR signalling is associated with brain malformation and neurological disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that even subtle defects in the mTOR pathway may produce severe effects, which are evident as neurological and psychiatric disorders. On the other hand, administration of mTOR inhibitors may be beneficial for a variety of neuropsychiatric alterations encompassing neurodegeneration, brain tumors, brain ischemia, epilepsy, autism, mood disorders, drugs of abuse, and schizophrenia. mTOR has been widely implicated in synaptic plasticity and autophagy activation. This review addresses the role of mTOR-dependent autophagy dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, to focus mainly on psychiatric syndromes including schizophrenia and drug addiction. For instance, amphetamines-induced addiction fairly overlaps with some neuropsychiatric disorders including neurodegeneration and schizophrenia. For this reason, in the present review, a special emphasis is placed on the role of mTOR on methamphetamine-induced brain alterations.

Objetivos. Comparar los niveles de cansancio, somnolencia y sus repercusiones entre conductores formales e informales de ómnibus interprovinciales. Evaluar las condiciones laborales en ambos grupos de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal comparativo con muestreo no probabilístico. Se incluyó 100 empresas de transporte terrestre, de las cuales 17 fueron formales según registros oficiales del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones (MTC), asimismo, los conductores se catalogaron como formales o informales. La encuesta incluía un cuestionario y la versión peruana validada de la escala de somnolencia de Epworth. Resultados. Participaron 71 conductores formales y 274 informales, todos fueron varones. De 134 conductores que pertenecían a las empresas formales de acuerdo al MTC, sólo 43 (32%) pertenecen al grupo formal en base a los criterios propuestos. El 48% (34) de los conductores formales y el 43% (118) de los informales duermen menos de siete horas al día. Admitieron haberse accidentado o "casi accidentado" el 48% (34) de los formales y 135 (49%) informales; el horario más frecuente fue entre la 01.00 y 04.00 horas. La madrugada es el período en que ambos grupos sienten más cansancio. El 44% (30) de los conductores formales y el 54% (144) de informales realizan cinco o más turnos nocturnos por semana. Del total de los entrevistados, el 16% (56) presentaron somnolencia. La asociación con accidentes de tránsito fue similar. Conclusiones. Los niveles de cansancio y somnolencia fueron similares entre conductores formales e informales. Aquellas empresas catalogadas como formales, presentan alto porcentaje de informalidad entre sus conductores.Objectives. To compare the levels of fatigue, sleepiness and their consequences between formal and informal drivers of interprovincial buses. To evaluate labor conditions between both study groups. Materials and methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was performed with non-probabilistic sampling. 100 companies of land transport were included, out of which 17 were formal according to the official registries of the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC), the drivers were also classified as formal or informal. The survey included one questionnaire and a Peruvian validated version of the Epworth sleepiness scale. Results. 71 formal drivers and 274 informal drivers participated, all were males. Out of the 134 drivers that worked for the formal companies according to the MTC, only 43 (32%) belong to the formal group based on the proposed criteria. 48% (34) of the formal drivers and 43% (118) of the informal sleep less than 7 hours a day. 48% (34) of the formal and 49% (135) of the informal admitted having had an accident or "almost" having had it, the most frequent time of the day was between 01.00 and 04.00 in the morning. The dawn is the period in which both groups feel most tired. 44% (30) of the formal drivers and 54% (144) of the informal ones perform 5 or more night shifts per week. Out of the total of interviewed, 16% (56) had sleepiness. The association with road traffic accidents was similar. Conclusions. The fatigue and sleepiness levels were similar between formal and informal drivers. Companies classified as formal, have a high percentage of informality amongst their drivers.

A técnica de fluorescência de raios X por reflexão total usando radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF) é uma poderosa ferramenta utilizada para a determinação das concentrações elementares presentes em amostras biológicas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as possíveis alterações causadas por processos de irradiação na concentração de elementos-traço em amostras de sangue humano. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Dr. Elilel Figueiredo, Rio de Janeiro, e divididas em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo foi irradiado com doses de 1.500, 2.500 e 3.000 cGy, utilizando o irradiador Gammacell 220 Excel, e o segundo foi irradiado com doses que variaram de 2 cGy a 100 cGy, utilizando uma bomba de cobalto Theratron 780 C do Inca, Rio de Janeiro. Todas as amostras de sangue total, plasma e matriz celular foram então liofilizadas e, em seguida, passaram pelo procedimento padrão de digestão. Todas as medidas foram realizadas na linha de fluorescência de raios X do Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), em Campinas, Brasil. Não se verificou variação significativa na concentração de Ca e, em contrapartida, o K foi o único elemento que sofreu alterações significativas para todas as amostras analisadas em função da dose. A concentração de Fe diminuiu apenas para as amostras de sangue total e plasma. A concentração de Zn apresentou uma diminuição significativa somente para as amostras de sangue total.Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation (SR-TXRF) is a powerful analytical technique to study trace elements in biomedical samples. The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in essential trace element concentrations caused by irradiation procedures. Fresh blood samples were obtained from the Dr. Eliel Figueiredo Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro. The samples were separated in two groups. The first was irradiated with doses of 1500, 2500 and 3000cGy, using a Gammacell 220 Exce irradiator, and the second was irradiated with doses of from 2 to 100 cGy, using gamma radiation in a Theraton 780 C irradiator. After irradiation, all samples were lyophilized to remove the water and then submitted to standard chemical digestion by adding nitric acid. All the measurements were carried out by X-Ray Fluorescence beamline at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) in Campinas. While no positive association was found for variations in calcium, the variations in potassium were positively associated with the radiation dose for all analyzed samples. On the other hand, iron levels decreased for whole blood and plasma and zinc levels decreased only in whole blood as the dose increased.

Lake Paranoá is a tropical reservoir for the City of Brasilia, which became eutrophic due to inadequate sewage treatment associated with intensive population growth. At present, two wastewater treatment plants are capable of processing up to 95% of the domestic sewage, thereby successfully reducing eutrophization. We evaluated both genotoxic and cytotoxic parameters in several fish species ( Geophagus brasiliensis , Cichla temensis , Hoplias malabaricus , Astyanax bimaculatus lacustres , Oreochromis niloticus , Cyprinus carpio and Steindachnerina insculpita ) by using the micronucleus (MN) test, the comet assay and nuclear abnormality assessment in peripheral erythrocytes. The highest frequencies of MN were found in Cichla temensis and Hoplias malabaricus , which were statistically significant when compared to the other species. However, Steindachnerina insculpita (a detritivorous and lake-floor feeder species) showed the highest index of DNA damage in the comet assay, followed by C. temensis (piscivorous). Nuclear abnormalities, such as binucleated, blebbed, lobed and notched cells, were used as evidence of cytotoxicity. Oreochromis niloticus followed by Hoplias malaricus , ominivorous/detritivotous and piscivorous species, respectively, presented the highest frequency of nuclear abnormalities, especially notched cells, while the herbivorous Astyanax bimaculatus lacustres showed the lowest frequency compared to the other species studied. Thus, for biomonitoring aquatic genotoxins under field conditions, the food web should also be considered.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer padrões de normalidade para as características do fluído ruminal de ovinos da raça Santa Inês criados sob regime extensivo de pastagem no município de Garanhuns, Agreste Meridional de Pernambuco. Foram coletadas amostras de 50 animais, por meio de sonda esofágica, nos períodos de inverno (estação chuvosa) e verão (estação seca). As cores do fluído predominantes foram a verde oliva, no período chuvoso, e a castanha, no período seco. O odor aromático foi observado em todas as amostras, estando mais pronunciado no inverno. A consistência levemente viscosa predominou em ambas as estações, com maior freqüência desta no inverno. O tempo de sedimentação e flotação foi de 6,73min (±1,63) na estação chuvosa e 3,15min (±0.72) na estação seca. Nas provas bioquímicas os valores médios encontrados para o inverno e verão, respectivamente, foram: pH, 6,76±0,21 e 6,59±0,14; redução do azul de metileno, 3,20 min (±0,76) e 7,76min (±3.00); teor de cloretos, 28,14±4,16mEq/L e 24,97±5,65mEq/L; acidez total titulável, 21,90±4,38UC e 13,68±2.97UC. Observou-se densidade abundante (+++) de protozoários no inverno e moderada (++) no verão. A motilidade dos protozoários foi bastante ativa (+++) e havia aproximadamente 90% deles vivos em ambos os períodos experimentais. A contagem de protozoários no inverno foi de 425.373±217.258/mL e 155.375± 83.113/mL no verão. As bactérias Gram-negativas predominaram em ambas as estações.The objective of this study was to determine normal standards to ruminal fluid characteristics of Santa Inês sheep under pasture conditions in the State of Pernambuco. Fifty samples were collected, using an esophageal tube, during winter (rainy season) and summer (dry season). The predominant colors were an olive green in the rainy season and a nut-brown in the dry season. The smell was aromatic, but was stronger in winter. A slight viscous consistence was found in most of the samples, with a greater proportion in winter. The sedimentation and flotation time was 6.73min (±1.63) in the rainy period and 3.15min (±0.72) in the dry period. In the biochemical tests, the average values found in winter and summer were, respectively: pH 6.76±0.21 and 6,59±0.14; methylene blue reduction, 3.20min (±0.76) and 7.76min (±3.00); chloride, 28.14±4,16mEq/L and 24.97±5.65mEq/L; acidity, 21.90±4.38UC and 13.68±2.97UC. Ruminal microbiotic analyses revealed abundant and moderate density of protozoa in winter and summer, respectively. The motility was very active and there were almost 90% of live protozoa in both seasons. Protozoa numbers were 425.373±217.258/mL in winter and 155.375±83.113/mL in summer. There was a mixed population of bacteria with prevalence of Gram-negative forms in both seasons.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os aspectos clínicos e as características físico-químicas do leite em ovelhas com mastite induzida experimentalmente com Staphylococcus aureus. Foram utilizados dez animais da raça Santa Inês, com peso médio de 30 kg, fêmeas, primíparas recém-paridas, mantidos em apriscos e clinicamente sadios. Após se estabelecer os padrões de normalidade para as variáveis estudadas, os animais foram inoculados experimentalmente numa mama com uma cepa de S. aureus, empregando-se o inóculo de 1,0x10(4)ufc/ml, enquanto a outra serviu como controle. As observações clínicas e laboratoriais foram realizadas nos intervalos de 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 168, 180, 288 e 336 horas após a inoculação do agente etiológico (PI). Todos os animais apresentaram manifestações clínicas sistêmicas e nas glândulas inoculadas, observadas com mais intensidade a partir de 24 horas após a inoculação. Alterações significativas (PThe objective was to study the clinical aspects and the physical-chemical characteristics of the milk in sheep with mastitis experimentally induced with Staphylococcus aureus. For such, were used 10 Santa Inês primiparity ewes, weighing 30 kg, clinically healthy and housed in a stall. After establishing the normality patterns for the studied variables, the animals were inoculated into one teat of the udder with an inoculum of 1.0x10(4)ufc/ml of S. aureus, while the other gland served as control. The clinical observations were accomplished in intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 168, 180, 288 and 336 hours after the inoculation of the agent (PI). All the animals presented clinical systemic manifestations, and in the inoculated glands with more intensity from 24 hours on after the inoculation. There were significant alterations (P

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase regulates the DNA damage response (DDR) and is associated with cancer suppression. Here we report a cancer-promoting role for ATM. ATM depletion in metastatic cancer cells reduced cell migration and invasion. Transcription analyses identified a gene network, including the chemokine IL-8, regulated by ATM. IL-8 expression required ATM and was regulated by oxidative stress. IL-8 was validated as an ATM target by its ability to rescue cell migration and invasion defects in ATM-depleted cells. Finally, ATM-depletion in human breast cancer cells reduced lung tumors in a mouse xenograft model and clinical data validated IL-8 in lung metastasis. These findings provide insights into how ATM activation by oxidative stress regulates IL-8 to sustain cell migration and invasion in cancer cells to promote metastatic potential. Thus, in addition to well-established roles in tumor suppression, these findings identify a role for ATM in tumor progression.

OBJECTIVES:In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the literature on depression among Asian-Americans and explore the possible variations in depression prevalence estimates by methodological and demographic factors. METHODS:Six databases were used to identify studies reporting a prevalence estimate for depression in Asian-American adults in non-clinical settings. Meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled estimates of rates of depression by assessment type. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed for subgroup analyses by gender, age, ethnicity, and other participant characteristics. RESULTS:A total of 58 studies met the review criteria (n = 21.731 Asian-American adults). Heterogeneity across the studies was considerably high. The prevalence of major depression assessed via standardized clinical interviews ranged between 4.5% and 11.3%. Meta-analyses revealed comparable estimated prevalence rates of depression as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (35.6%, 95% CI 27.6%-43.7%) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (33.1%, 95% CI 14.9%-51.3%). Estimates varied by Asian racial/ethnic group and other participant characteristics. Estimates of depression among special populations, which included maternity, caregivers, and homosexuals, were significantly higher than estimates obtained from other samples (58.8% vs 29.3%, p = .003). Estimates of depression among Korean and Filipino-Americans were similar (33.3%-34.4%); however, the estimates were twice as high as those for Chinese-Americans (15.7%; p = .012 for Korean, p = .049 for Filipino). CONCLUSION:There appears to be wide variability in the prevalence rates of depression among Asian-Americans in the US. Practitioners and researchers who serve Asian-American adults need to be sensitive to the potential diversity of the expression of depression and treatment-seeking across Asian-American subgroups. Public health policies to increase Asian-American access to mental health care, including increased screening, are necessary. Further work is needed to determine whether strategies to reduce depression among specific Asian racial/ethnic groups is warranted.

Considering the impact of Aspergillus species on crops, it appears to be highly desirable to apply strategies to prevent their growth, as well as to eliminate or reduce their presence in food products. For this reason, the aims of this investigation were to evaluate the effects of ten natural phenolic compounds on the Aspergillus parasiticus growth and to determine which physicochemical properties are involved in the antifungal activity. According to the results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the individual compounds, isoeugenol, carvacrol, and thymol were the most active phenolic components (1.26 mM, 1.47 mM, and 1.50 mM, resp.), followed by eugenol (2.23 mM). On the other hand, creosol, p-cresol, o-cresol, m-cresol, vanillin, and phenol had no effects on fungal development. Logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P), refractivity index (RI), and molar volume (MV) were demonstrated to be the descriptors that best explained the antifungal activity correlated to lipophilicity, reactivity of the components, and steric aspect. These findings make an important contribution to the search for new compounds with antifungal activity.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da acidose láctica ruminal, induzida experimentalmente em caprinos, sobre o quadro clínico, as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do fluido ruminal. Para tal, foram utilizados dez animais, sem raça definida (SRD), com peso médio de 25 kg, machos, com um a dois anos de idade, fistulados, clinicamente sadios e mantidos em baias. Após se estabelecer os padrões de normalidade para as variáveis estudadas, os animais foram induzidos experimentalmente a ter a acidose ruminal empregando-se a sacarose, na dose de 15 g/kg de peso corporal. As observações clínicas e laboratoriais foram realizadas nos intervalos de 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas, após a indução (PI) onde se avaliou a intensidade do processo da acidose láctica ruminal. Os caprinos estudados apresentaram manifestações clínicas de acidose láctica ruminal já a partir das 4 horas PI, cujos sinais como apatia, anorexia, taquicardia, atonia ruminal, distensão abdominal e diarréia de intensidade variável foram observados. As características do suco ruminal sofreram alterações, ocorreu a redução do pH para valores inferiores a 5, a cor tornou-se leitosa, o odor ácido e a consistência aquosa. O tempo de atividade de sedimentação (TAS) reduziu seus valores, e a dinâmica da fauna e flora ficaram comprometidas, havendo um predomínio da microbiota Gram-positiva. Ao término do período de observação constatou-se que em alguns animais não ocorreu o restabelecimento pleno das variáveis analisadas.The objective was to study the effects of ruminal lactic acidosis in goats, induced experimentally, on the clinical manifestations, the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the ruminal fluid. Ten 1 to 2 year old male goats, cross bred (SRD), with 25 kg body weight, in good health condition and housed in a stall, were rumen-fistulated. After establishing normal pattern for the variables studied, the acidosis was induced with the administration of 15g sucrose/kg body weight. Clinical and laboratorial observations were accomplished at intervals of 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours, after the induction (PI). Already 4 hours PI the animals showed clinical signs of apathy, anorexia, increased heart frequency, ruminal atony, abdominal distention and diarrhea. The characteristics of the ruminal fluid suffered alterations, as reduction of the pH (below 5.0), and its color became a milky aspect, acid smell and aqueous consistency. The time of sedimentation activity (TAS) was reduced and the dynamics of the fauna and flora were committed, with the prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria. At the end of the observation period the analyzed variables were not yet fully re-established in some animals.

Common genetic variants explain less variation in complex phenotypes than inferred from family-based studies, and there is a debate on the source of this 'missing heritability'. We investigated the contribution of rare genetic variants to tobacco use with whole-genome sequences from up to 26,257 unrelated individuals of European ancestries and 11,743 individuals of African ancestries. Across four smoking traits, single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based heritability ([Formula: see text]) was estimated from 0.13 to 0.28 (s.e., 0.10-0.13) in European ancestries, with 35-74% of it attributable to rare variants with minor allele frequencies between 0.01% and 1%. These heritability estimates are 1.5-4 times higher than past estimates based on common variants alone and accounted for 60% to 100% of our pedigree-based estimates of narrow-sense heritability ([Formula: see text], 0.18-0.34). In the African ancestry samples, [Formula: see text] was estimated from 0.03 to 0.33 (s.e., 0.09-0.14) across the four smoking traits. These results suggest that rare variants are important contributors to the heritability of smoking.

A acidose láctica ruminal é causada pela ingestão excessiva de carboidratos de fermentação rápida sem uma prévia adaptação dos mocroorganismos, podendo com isso gerar distúrbios metabólicos graves aos ruminantes. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos em ovinos tratados com a monensina sódica na acidose láctica ruminal induzida experimentalmente. Foram empregados 18 ovinos, machos, mestiços (Ideal x Merino), fistulados no rúmen; dos quais nove receberam 33 mg/kg da dieta do ionóforo ao dia, durante 30 dias, os demais ovinos pertenceram ao grupo controle. A acidose foi induzida fornecendo 15g de sacarose/kg de peso corporal. A avaliação clínica e as amostras de rúmen e sangüíneas foram obtidas antes (momento controle) 0h e às 6h, 12h, 24h e 48h pós-indução. Em ambos os grupos os animais apresentaram manifestações clínicas de acidose láctica ruminal 6 horas pós-indução. A partir deste período se observou uma diminuição significativa (p

The aim of this preliminary study was to examine the feasibility of a rapid automatic naming (RAN) task for young Spanish–English speaking dual language learners (DLLs) and to examine the relationship between children’s performance on RAN and other standardized language and literacy assessments. A total of 275 Spanish–English speaking children in kindergarten and first grade attempted a RAN task and completed assessments of language and early literacy. Correlational analyses and quantile regression was conducted to examine relationships. Overall the RAN task was feasible for 74% (n = 203) of the DLLs; however, 42% of participants in kindergarten were unable to complete the task. There was a moderate positive correlation between RAN performance and standard scores in receptive vocabulary and letter identification, a small positive correlation with non-verbal intelligence, and no significant relationship with phonological awareness. There was a differential relation between RAN and English sentence imitation. The results support further consideration of RAN as a feasible and useful measure for young Spanish–English speaking DLLs.

This study presents the first neuroimaging investigation of female psychopathy in an incarcerated population. Prior studies have found that male psychopathy is associated with reduced limbic and paralimbic activation when processing emotional stimuli and making moral judgments. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these findings extend to female psychopathy. During fMRI scanning, 157 incarcerated and 46 non-incarcerated female participants viewed unpleasant pictures, half which depicted moral transgressions, and neutral pictures. Participants rated each picture on moral transgression severity. Psychopathy was assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in all incarcerated participants. Non-incarcerated participants were included as a control group to derive brain regions of interest associated with viewing unpleasant versus neutral pictures (emotion contrast), and unpleasant pictures depicting moral transgressions versus unpleasant pictures without moral transgressions (moral contrast). Regression analyses in the incarcerated group examined the association between PCL-R scores and brain activation in the emotion and moral contrasts. Results of the emotion contrast revealed a negative correlation between PCL-R scores and activation in the right amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate. Results of the moral contrast revealed a negative correlation between PCL-R scores and activation in the right temporo-parietal junction. These results indicate that female psychopathy, like male psychopathy, is characterized by reduced limbic activation during emotion processing. In contrast, reduced temporo-parietal activation to moral transgressions has been less observed in male psychopathy. These results extend prior findings in male psychopathy to female psychopathy, and reveal aberrant neural responses to morally-salient stimuli that may be unique to female psychopathy.