2,996 results on '"Carey D"'
Search Results
152. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study : a prospective, multicentre cohort study
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Sullivan, MK, Lees, JS, Drake, TM, Docherty, AB, Oates, G, Hardwick, HE, Russell, CD, Merson, L, Dunning, J, Nguyen-Van-Tam, JS, Openshaw, P, Harrison, EM, Baillie, JK, Semple, MG, Openshaw, PJM, Carson, G, Alex, B, Bach, B, Barclay, WS, Bogaert, D, Chand, M, Cooke, GS, da Silva Filipe, A, Fletcher, T, Green, CA, Hiscox, JA, Ho, AYW, Horby, PW, Ijaz, S, Khoo, S, Klenerman, P, Law, A, Lim, WS, Mentzer, AJ, Meynert, AM, Noursadeghi, M, Moore, SC, Palmarini, M, Paxton, WA, Pollakis, G, Price, N, Rambaut, A, Robertson, DL, Sancho-Shimizu, V, Scott, JT, de Silva, T, Sigfrid, L, Solomon, T, Sriskandan, S, Stuart, D, Summers, C, Tedder, RS, Thomson, EC, Thompson, AAR, Thwaites, RS, Turtle, LCW, Zambon, M, Hardwick, H, Donohue, C, Lyons, R, Griffiths, F, Oosthuyzen, W, Norman, L, Pius, R, Fairfield, CJ, Knight, SR, Mclean, KA, Murphy, D, Shaw, CA, Dalton, J, Girvan, M, Saviciute, E, Roberts, S, Harrison, J, Marsh, L, Connor, M, Halpin, S, Jackson, C, Gamble, C, Leeming, G, Wham, M, Clohisey, S, Hendry, R, Scott-Brown, J, Greenhalf, W, Shaw, V, McDonald, S, Keating, S, Ahmed, KA, Armstrong, JA, Ashworth, M, Asiimwe, IG, Bakshi, S, Barlow, SL, Booth, L, Brennan, B, Bullock, K, Catterall, BWA, Clark, JJ, Clarke, EA, Cole, S, Cooper, L, Cox, H, Davis, C, Dincarslan, O, Dunn, C, Dyer, P, Elliott, A, Evans, A, Finch, L, Fisher, LWS, Foster, T, Garcia-Dorival, I, Gunning, P, Hartley, C, Jensen, RL, Jones, CB, Jones, TR, Khandaker, S, King, K, Kiy, RT, Koukorava, C, Lake, A, Lant, S, Latawiec, D, Lavelle-Langham, L, Lefteri, D, Lett, L, Livoti, LA, Mancini, M, McEvoy, L, McLauchlan, J, Metelmann, S, Miah, NS, Middleton, J, Mitchell, J, Murphy, EG, Penrice-Randal, R, Pilgrim, J, Prince, T, Reynolds, W, Ridley, PM, Sales, D, Shaw, VE, Shears, RK, Small, B, Subramaniam, KS, Szemiel, A, Taggart, A, Tanianis-Hughes, J, Thomas, J, Trochu, E, van Tonder, L, Wilcock, E, Zhang, JE, Flaherty, L, Maziere, N, Cass, E, Carracedo, AD, Carlucci, N, Holmes, A, Massey, H, Murphy, L, Wrobel, N, McCafferty, S, Morrice, K, MacLean, A, Adeniji, K, Agranoff, D, Agwuh, K, Ail, D, Aldera, EL, Alegria, A, Angus, B, Ashish, A, Atkinson, D, Bari, S, Barlow, G, Barnass, S, Barrett, N, Bassford, C, Basude, S, Baxter, D, Beadsworth, M, Bernatoniene, J, Berridge, J, Best, N, Bothma, P, Chadwick, D, Brittain-Long, R, Bulteel, N, Burden, T, Burtenshaw, A, Caruth, V, Chambler, D, Chee, N, Child, J, Chukkambotla, S, Clark, T, Collini, P, Cosgrove, C, Cupitt, J, Cutino-Moguel, M-T, Dark, P, Dawson, C, Dervisevic, S, Donnison, P, Douthwaite, S, DuRand, I, Dushianthan, A, Dyer, T, Evans, C, Eziefula, C, Fegan, C, Finn, A, Fullerton, D, Garg, S, Garg, A, Gkrania-Klotsas, E, Godden, J, Goldsmith, A, Graham, C, Hardy, E, Hartshorn, S, Harvey, D, Havalda, P, Hawcutt, DB, Hobrok, M, Hodgson, L, Hormis, A, Jacobs, M, Jain, S, Jennings, P, Kaliappan, A, Kasipandian, V, Kegg, S, Kelsey, M, Kendall, J, Kerrison, C, Kerslake, I, Koch, O, Koduri, G, Koshy, G, Laha, S, Laird, S, Larkin, S, Leiner, T, Lillie, P, Limb, J, Linnett, V, Little, J, Lyttle, M, MacMahon, M, MacNaughton, E, Mankregod, R, Masson, H, Matovu, E, McCullough, K, McEwen, R, Meda, M, Mills, G, Minton, J, Mirfenderesky, M, Mohandas, K, Mok, Q, Moon, J, Moore, E, Morgan, P, Morris, C, Mortimore, K, Moses, S, Mpenge, M, Mulla, R, Murphy, M, Nagel, M, Nagarajan, T, Nelson, M, O'Shea, MK, Otahal, I, Ostermann, M, Pais, M, Panchatsharam, S, Papakonstantinou, D, Paraiso, H, Patel, B, Pattison, N, Pepperell, J, Peters, M, Phull, M, Pintus, S, Pooni, JS, Post, F, Price, D, Prout, R, Rae, N, Reschreiter, H, Reynolds, T, Richardson, N, Roberts, M, Roberts, D, Rose, A, Rousseau, G, Ryan, B, Saluja, T, Shah, A, Shanmuga, P, Sharma, A, Shawcross, A, Sizer, J, Shankar-Hari, M, Smith, R, Snelson, C, Spittle, N, Staines, N, Stambach, T, Stewart, R, Subudhi, P, Szakmany, T, Tatham, K, Thompson, C, Thompson, R, Tridente, A, Tupper-Carey, D, Twagira, M, Ustianowski, A, Vallotton, N, Vincent-Smith, L, Visuvanathan, S, Vuylsteke, A, Waddy, S, Wake, R, Walden, A, Welters, I, Whitehouse, T, Whittaker, P, Whittington, A, Papineni, P, Wijesinghe, M, Williams, M, Wilson, L, Winchester, S, Wiselka, M, Wolverson, A, Wooton, DG, Workman, A, Yates, B, Young, P, Ho, A, and Mark, PB
- Abstract
Background\ud \ud Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study investigated adults hospitalized with COVID-19 and hypothesized that risk factors for AKI would include comorbidities and non-White race.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud A prospective multicentre cohort study was performed using patients admitted to 254 UK hospitals with COVID-19 between 17 January 2020 and 5 December 2020.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud Of 85 687 patients, 2198 (2.6%) received acute kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Of 41 294 patients with biochemistry data, 13 000 (31.5%) had biochemical AKI: 8562 stage 1 (65.9%), 2609 stage 2 (20.1%) and 1829 stage 3 (14.1%). The main risk factors for KRT were chronic kidney disease (CKD) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.41: 95% confidence interval 3.06–3.81], male sex (aOR 2.43: 2.18–2.71) and Black race (aOR 2.17: 1.79–2.63). The main risk factors for biochemical AKI were admission respiratory rate >30 breaths per minute (aOR 1.68: 1.56–1.81), CKD (aOR 1.66: 1.57–1.76) and Black race (aOR 1.44: 1.28–1.61). There was a gradated rise in the risk of 28-day mortality by increasing severity of AKI: stage 1 aOR 1.58 (1.49–1.67), stage 2 aOR 2.41 (2.20–2.64), stage 3 aOR 3.50 (3.14–3.91) and KRT aOR 3.06 (2.75–3.39). AKI rates peaked in April 2020 and the subsequent fall in rates could not be explained by the use of dexamethasone or remdesivir.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud AKI is common in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 and it is associated with a heightened risk of mortality. Although the rates of AKI have fallen from the early months of the pandemic, high-risk patients should have their kidney function and fluid status monitored closely.
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- 2022
153. Migraine, Headache, and Third Mobile Window Syndrome
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P. Ashley Wackym, Carey D. Balaban, and Todd M. Mowery
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- 2022
154. The Cognitive/Psychological Effects of Third Mobile Window Syndrome
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Todd M. Mowery, Carey D. Balaban, and P. Ashley Wackym
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- 2022
155. Percutaneous Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair In Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
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Jeans Miguel Santana, Nickles, Jonathan T., Kimmelstiel, Carey D., Resor, Charles D., and Brovman, Ethan Y.
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- 2022
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156. History and Overview of Third Mobile Window Syndrome
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P. Ashley Wackym, Carey D. Balaban, and Todd M. Mowery
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- 2022
157. Chlorhexidine‐Impregnated Cloths to Prevent Skin and Soft‐Tissue Infection in Marine Recruits: A Cluster‐Randomized, Double‐Blind, Controlled Effectiveness Trial
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Whitman, Timothy J., Herlihy, Rachel K., Schlett, Carey D., Murray, Patrick R., Grandits, Greg A., Ganesan, Anuradha, Brown, Maya, Mancuso, James D., Adams, William B., and Tribble, David R.
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- 2010
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158. Rotavirus Genotypes among Hospitalized Children in Egypt, 2000–2002
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Matson, David O., Abdel-Messih, Ibrahim A., Schlett, Carey D., Bok, Karin, Wienkopff, Tiffany, Wierzba, Thomas F., Sanders, John W., and Frenck,, Robert W.
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- 2010
159. Opportunities and Obstacles in the Prevention of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections Among Military Personnel
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Eugene V. Millar, David R. Tribble, Michael W. Ellis, Natasha N. Law, Timothy J. Whitman, Jason W. Bennett, and Carey D. Schlett
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ,0301 basic medicine ,Staphylococcus aureus ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030106 microbiology ,Population ,medicine.disease_cause ,Phase (combat) ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Personal hygiene ,Epidemiology ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Infectious disease (athletes) ,education ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Soft Tissue Infections ,Teaching ,Chlorhexidine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Vaccine trial ,General Medicine ,Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Military personnel ,Military Personnel ,Mupirocin ,Emergency medicine ,Anti-Infective Agents, Local ,Preventive Medicine ,business - Abstract
Introduction Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) are an important cause of infectious disease morbidity among military populations. Due to the high direct and indirect costs associated with SSTIs, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, there remains a critical need for the development and evaluation of SSTI prevention strategies among high-risk military personnel. Herein, we review efforts of the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP) related to the prevention of SSTIs in the military. Methods The IDCRP of the Uniformed Services University has conducted clinical research protocols on SSTI epidemiology and prevention among military personnel since 2009. Observational studies have examined the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and SSTI in training and deployment settings. Two randomized controlled trials of personal hygiene strategies for SSTI prevention at Marine Corps Base Quantico (Virginia) and Fort Benning (Georgia) were performed. Lastly, two vaccine trials have been conducted by the IDCRP, including a Phase 2 S. aureus vaccine trial (currently ongoing) among military trainees. Results Military recruits and deployed personnel experience an intense and prolonged exposure to S. aureus, the major causative agent of SSTI. The burden of S. aureus colonization and SSTI is particularly high in military trainees. Hygiene-based trials for S. aureus decolonization among military trainees were not effective in reducing rates of SSTI. In January 2018, the IDCRP initiated a Phase 2 S. aureus vaccine trial among the US Army Infantry training population at Fort Benning. Conclusions In the military, a disproportionate burden of SSTIs is borne by the recruit population. Strategies relying upon routine application of agents for S. aureus decolonization have not been effective in preventing SSTIs. A novel S. aureus vaccine candidate is being currently evaluated in a military training population and may represent a new opportunity to prevent SSTIs for the military.
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- 2019
160. Vibro-Acoustic Ultrasonic Resonant Behavior in Skull and Cranial Contents
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Christopher M. Dumm, Anna C. Hiers, David B. Maupin, Marianne E. Cites, George E. Klinzing, Carey D. Balaban, and Jeffrey S. Vipperman
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High-frequency ensonification of the head has the potential to excite unusual and difficult-to-measure internal vibration behavior. The head is a complex, interconnected vibroacoustic volume filled with and bounded by air, fluids, soft tissue structures, and bone. A literature gap exists in assessment of how ultrasonic vibrations of relatively low frequency and low amplitude might propagate within the skull and cranial contents of humans and cynomolgus macaque monkeys. Ultrasonic emitters are ubiquitous in modern society, including uses in vehicular proximity sensing, room occupancy monitoring, pest control, and industrial cleaning. This investigation uses finite-element techniques to examine vibro-acoustic behaviors of the skull and structures within the cranial cavity in the context of excitation by ultrasonic signals. Previous analysis procedures designed for assessment of possible resonant phenomena in the auditory and vestibular systems are revised and extended to assessment of the skull and the contents of the cranial cavity of humans and macaques, including volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain. Results include identification of cranial regions that may experience high-amplitude vibrations in response to ultrasonic excitation. These methods and results are useful for assessing how a wide variety of devices, including communications equipment, might produce biological effects.
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- 2021
161. Third-Order Transport with MAD Input: A Computer Program for Designing Charged Particle Beam Transport Systems
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Carey, D., primary
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- 2018
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162. TURTLE with MAD Input (Trace Unlimited Rays Through Lumped Elements) A Computer Program for Simulating Charged Particle Beam Transport Systems and DECAY TURTLE Including Decay Calculations
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Carey, D., primary
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- 2018
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163. A mouse model of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury
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Rubovitch, Vardit, Ten-Bosch, Meital, Zohar, Ofer, Harrison, Catherine R., Tempel-Brami, Catherine, Stein, Elliot, Hoffer, Barry J., Balaban, Carey D., Schreiber, Shaul, Chiu, Wen-Ta, and Pick, Chaim G.
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- 2011
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164. The Occluded Artery Trial (OAT) Viability Ancillary Study (OAT-NUC): Influence of infarct zone viability on left ventricular remodeling after percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical therapy alone
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Udelson, James E., Pearte, Camille A., Kimmelstiel, Carey D., Kruk, Mariusz, Kufera, Joseph A., Forman, Sandra A., Teresinska, Anna, Bychowiec, Bartosz, Marin-Neto, Jose Antonio, Höchtl, Thomas, Cohen, Eric A., Caramori, Paulo, Busz-Papiez, Benita, Adlbrecht, Christopher, Sadowski, Zygmunt P., Ruzyllo, Witold, Kinan, Debra J., Lamas, Gervasio A., and Hochman, Judith S.
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- 2011
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165. Preparation and ESR characterization of polyalkyl-s-indacenyl anion-radicals from polyalkyl-1,5-dilithio-s-indacenes
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Adams, C., Araneda, J., Morales, C., Chavez, I., Manriquez, J.M., Mac-Leod Carey, D., Katir, N., Castel, A., Rivière, P., Rivière-Baudet, M., Dahrouch, M., and Gatica, N.
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- 2011
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166. Doubt, Struggle and Growth: A Profile of the Mature Woman in the Student Role.
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Patterson, Carey D. and Blank, Thomas O.
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This study was conducted to develop a profile of the mature woman who seeks a postsecondary education, to ascertain the personal and social reasons that influence an adult woman to return to school, and to describe the interpersonal adjustments that accompany this change in life-style. Data were collected via a 50-item fixed-response questionnaire that was completed by 151 older female students at two colleges (Cedar Crest Woman's College and Lehigh County Community College). In addition, relatives of two-thirds of the respondents completed the forms. The results of the study showed that the students responding were white (97 percent) and have had some previous college experience. The ages of the respondents ranged from 22 to 65 with the median category 30-34 years old. Sixty percent of the students were married, the majority of their husbands had college degrees, and the families were relatively affluent. Almost two-thirds of the women had children (four for older women, two for younger women). More than half of the respondents were employed. All of the participants viewed their education as a self-enriching, self-initiated experience for which they had long-term personal or professional goals. Most had superior academic performances. Based on the data obtained in this study, it was concluded that the major problem areas for these students were exam anxiety, time allotment, and role conflict. The women in this study struggled with doubts and overcame obstacles to continue their personal growth. (KC)
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- 1985
167. Social evolution of shared biofilm matrix components
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Tai, Jung-Shen B., primary, Mukherjee, Saikat, additional, Nero, Thomas, additional, Olson, Rich, additional, Tithof, Jeffrey, additional, Nadell, Carey D., additional, and Yan, Jing, additional
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- 2021
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168. Portable eye-tracking as a reliable assessment of oculomotor, cognitive and reaction time function: Normative data for 18–45 year old
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Kullmann, Aura, primary, Ashmore, Robin C., additional, Braverman, Alexandr, additional, Mazur, Christian, additional, Snapp, Hillary, additional, Williams, Erin, additional, Szczupak, Mikhaylo, additional, Murphy, Sara, additional, Marshall, Kathryn, additional, Crawford, James, additional, Balaban, Carey D., additional, Hoffer, Michael, additional, and Kiderman, Alexander, additional
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- 2021
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169. Knee muscle strength in runners who have had knee surgery: differences between limbs and associations with functional performance
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Bonello, C., primary, Carey, D., additional, Crossley, K., additional, Culvenor, A., additional, de Oliveira Silva, D., additional, Haberfield, M., additional, Hedger, M., additional, Johnston, R., additional, King, M., additional, Mentiplay, B., additional, Pappalardo, P., additional, and West, T., additional
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- 2021
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170. Vibro-Acoustic Ultrasonic Resonant Behavior in Skull and Cranial Contents
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Dumm, Christopher M., additional, Hiers, Anna C., additional, Maupin, David B., additional, Cites, Marianne E., additional, Klinzing, George E., additional, Balaban, Carey D., additional, and Vipperman, Jeffrey S., additional
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- 2021
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171. Acute Coronary Syndromes: Focus on Unstable Angina
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Kimmelstiel, Carey D. and Becker, Richard C., editor
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- 1994
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172. Model Systems to Study the Chronic, Polymicrobial Infections in Cystic Fibrosis: Current Approaches and Exploring Future Directions
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Lars E. P. Dietrich, James B. Bliska, Ryan C. Hunter, Freya Harrison, Melanie A. Spero, Daniel Schultz, Jennifer M. Bomberger, Thomas H. Hampton, Carey D. Nadell, William H. DePas, Alice Prince, Alan R. Smyth, Alexa Price-Whelan, Aurélie Crabbé, George A. O'Toole, Rachel J. Whitaker, Dominique H. Limoli, Bruce A. Stanton, John J. LiPuma, Vanessa V. Phelan, Joanna B. Goldberg, Katrine Whiteson, Jane C. Davies, Cezar M. Khursigara, Dianne K. Newman, Alix Ashare, Christopher J. van der Gast, Jared R. Mayers, Robert A. Cramer, Damian W. Rivett, Deborah A. Hogan, Donald C. Sheppard, Michael A. Henson, Joseph D. Schwartzman, Fiona J. Whelan, Paul E. Turner, Rolf Kümmerli, Dean R. Madden, and Parsek, Matthew R
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Polymicrobial infection ,Cystic Fibrosis ,education ,Respiratory System ,Models, Biological ,Microbiology ,Cystic fibrosis ,models ,Congenital ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rare Diseases ,Virology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Intensive care medicine ,Lung ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Coinfection ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,polymicrobial ,PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Opinion/Hypothesis ,Biological ,chronic infection ,medicine.disease ,QR1-502 ,3. Good health ,Chronic infection ,Infectious Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,airway ,Biofilms ,GROWTH ,Microbial Interactions ,Persistent Infection ,Infection ,business ,RC - Abstract
A recent workshop titled “Developing Models to Study Polymicrobial Infections,” sponsored by the Dartmouth Cystic Fibrosis Center (DartCF), explored the development of new models to study the polymicrobial infections associated with the airways of persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). The workshop gathered 35+ investigators over two virtual sessions. Here, we present the findings of this workshop, summarize some of the challenges involved with developing such models, and suggest three frameworks to tackle this complex problem. The frameworks proposed here, we believe, could be generally useful in developing new model systems for other infectious diseases. Developing and validating new approaches to study the complex polymicrobial communities in the CF airway could open windows to new therapeutics to treat these recalcitrant infections, as well as uncovering organizing principles applicable to chronic polymicrobial infections more generally.
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- 2021
173. Differential Surface Competition and Biofilm Invasion Strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and PAO1
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Carey D. Nadell, George A. O'Toole, Stefan Katharios-Lanwermeyer, and Swetha Kasetty
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Cell Death ,Surface Properties ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Biofilm ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Biology ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Competition (biology) ,Biofilms ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,medicine ,Colonization ,Molecular Biology ,Biofilm growth ,Research Article ,media_common - Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1 are among the two best-characterized model organisms used to study the mechanisms of biofilm formation while also representing two distinct lineages of P. aeruginosa. Previous work has shown that PA14 and PAO1 use different strategies for surface colonization; they also have different extracellular matrix composition and different propensities to disperse from biofilms back into the planktonic phase surrounding them. We expand on this work here by exploring the consequences of these different biofilm production strategies during direct competition. Using differentially labeled strains and microfluidic culture methods, we show that PAO1 can outcompete PA14 in direct competition during early colonization and subsequent biofilm growth, that they can do so in constant and perturbed environments, and that this advantage is specific to biofilm growth and requires production of the Psl polysaccharide. In contrast, P. aeruginosa PA14 is better able to invade preformed biofilms and is more inclined to remain surface-associated under starvation conditions. These data together suggest that while P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 are both able to effectively colonize surfaces, they do so in different ways that are advantageous under different environmental settings. IMPORTANCE Recent studies indicate that P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 use distinct strategies to initiate biofilm formation. We investigated whether their respective colonization and matrix secretion strategies impact their ability to compete under different biofilm-forming regimes. Our work shows that these different strategies do indeed impact how these strains fair in direct competition: PAO1 dominates during colonization of a naive surface, while PA14 is more effective in colonizing a preformed biofilm. These data suggest that even for very similar microbes there can be distinct strategies to successfully colonize and persist on surfaces during the biofilm life cycle.
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- 2021
174. A prenylated dsRNA sensor protects against severe COVID-19
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Wickenhagen, A, Sugrue, E, Lytras, S, Kuchi, S, Noerenberg, M, Turnbull, ML, Loney, C, Herder, V, Allan, J, Jarmson, I, Cameron-Ruiz, N, Varjak, M, Pinto, RM, Lee, JY, Iselin, L, Palmalux, N, Stewart, DG, Swingler, S, Greenwood, EJD, Crozier, TWM, Gu, Q, Davies, EL, Clohisey, S, Wang, B, Trindade Maranhão Costa, F, Freire Santana, M, de Lima Ferreira, LC, Murphy, L, Fawkes, A, Meynert, A, Grimes, G, Da Silva Filho, JL, Marti, M, Hughes, J, Stanton, RJ, Wang, ECY, Ho, A, Davis, I, Jarrett, RF, Castello, A, Robertson, DL, Semple, MG, Openshaw, PJM, Palmarini, M, Lehner, PJ, Baillie, JK, Rihn, SJ, Wilson, SJ, ISARIC4C Investigators, Carson, G, Alex, B, Bach, B, Barclay, WS, Bogaert, D, Chand, M, Cooke, GS, Docherty, AB, Dunning, J, da Silva Filipe, A, Fletcher, T, Green, CA, Harrison, EM, Ho, AYW, Horby, PW, Ijaz, S, Khoo, S, Klenerman, P, Law, A, Lim, WS, Mentzer, AJ, Merson, L, Meynert, AM, Noursadeghi, M, Moore, SC, Paxton, WA, Pollakis, G, Price, N, Rambaut, A, Russell, CD, Sancho-Shimizu, V, Scott, JT, de Silva, T, Sigfrid, L, Solomon, T, Sriskandan, S, Stuart, D, Summers, C, Tedder, RS, Thomson, EC, Thompson, AAR, Thwaites, RS, Turtle, LCW, Gupta, RK, Palmieri, C, Swann, OV, Zambon, M, Dumas, M-E, Griffin, JL, Takats, Z, Chechi, K, Andrikopoulos, P, Osagie, A, Olanipekun, M, Liggi, S, Lewis, MR, Dos Santos Correia, G, Sands, CJ, Takis, P, Maslen, L, Hardwick, H, Donohue, C, Griffiths, F, Oosthuyzen, W, Donegan, C, Spencer, RG, Norman, L, Pius, R, Drake, TM, Fairfield, CJ, Knight, SR, Mclean, KA, Murphy, D, Shaw, CA, Dalton, J, Girvan, M, Saviciute, E, Roberts, S, Harrison, J, Marsh, L, Connor, M, Halpin, S, Jackson, C, Gamble, C, Plotkin, D, Lee, J, Leeming, G, Wham, M, Hendry, R, Scott-Brown, J, Greenhalf, W, Shaw, V, McDonald, SE, Keating, S, Ahmed, KA, Armstrong, JA, Ashworth, M, Asiimwe, IG, Bakshi, S, Barlow, SL, Booth, L, Brennan, B, Bullock, K, Catterall, BWA, Clark, JJ, Clarke, EA, Cole, S, Cooper, L, Cox, H, Davis, C, Dincarslan, O, Dunn, C, Dyer, P, Elliott, A, Evans, A, Finch, L, Fisher, LWS, Foster, T, Garcia-Dorival, I, Gunning, P, Hartley, C, Jensen, RL, Jones, CB, Jones, TR, Khandaker, S, King, K, Kiy, RT, Koukorava, C, Lake, A, Lant, S, Latawiec, D, Lavelle-Langham, L, Lefteri, D, Lett, L, Livoti, LA, Mancini, M, McDonald, S, McEvoy, L, McLauchlan, J, Metelmann, S, Miah, NS, Middleton, J, Mitchell, J, Murphy, EG, Penrice-Randal, R, Pilgrim, J, Prince, T, Reynolds, W, Ridley, PM, Sales, D, Shaw, VE, Shears, RK, Small, B, Subramaniam, KS, Szemiel, A, Taggart, A, Tanianis-Hughes, J, Thomas, J, Trochu, E, van Tonder, L, Wilcock, E, Zhang, JE, Flaherty, L, Maziere, N, Cass, E, Carracedo, AD, Carlucci, N, Holmes, A, Massey, H, Wrobel, N, McCafferty, S, Morrice, K, MacLean, A, Adeniji, K, Agranoff, D, Agwuh, K, Ail, D, Aldera, EL, Alegria, A, Allen, S, Angus, B, Ashish, A, Atkinson, D, Bari, S, Barlow, G, Barnass, S, Barrett, N, Bassford, C, Basude, S, Baxter, D, Beadsworth, M, Bernatoniene, J, Berridge, J, Berry, C, Best, N, Bothma, P, Chadwick, D, Brittain-Long, R, Bulteel, N, Burden, T, Burtenshaw, A, Caruth, V, Chambler, D, Chee, N, Child, J, Chukkambotla, S, Clark, T, Collini, P, Cosgrove, C, Cupitt, J, Cutino-Moguel, M-T, Dark, P, Dawson, C, Dervisevic, S, Donnison, P, Douthwaite, S, Drummond, A, DuRand, I, Dushianthan, A, Dyer, T, Evans, C, Eziefula, C, Fegan, C, Finn, A, Fullerton, D, Garg, S, Garg, A, Gkrania-Klotsas, E, Godden, J, Goldsmith, A, Graham, C, Hardy, E, Hartshorn, S, Harvey, D, Havalda, P, Hawcutt, DB, Hobrok, M, Hodgson, L, Hormis, A, Jacobs, M, Jain, S, Jennings, P, Kaliappan, A, Kasipandian, V, Kegg, S, Kelsey, M, Kendall, J, Kerrison, C, Kerslake, I, Koch, O, Koduri, G, Koshy, G, Laha, S, Laird, S, Larkin, S, Leiner, T, Lillie, P, Limb, J, Linnett, V, Little, J, Lyttle, M, MacMahon, M, MacNaughton, E, Mankregod, R, Masson, H, Matovu, E, McCullough, K, McEwen, R, Meda, M, Mills, G, Minton, J, Mirfenderesky, M, Mohandas, K, Mok, Q, Moon, J, Moore, E, Morgan, P, Morris, C, Mortimore, K, Moses, S, Mpenge, M, Mulla, R, Murphy, M, Nagel, M, Nagarajan, T, Nelson, M, Norris, L, O'Shea, MK, Otahal, I, Ostermann, M, Pais, M, Panchatsharam, S, Papakonstantinou, D, Paraiso, H, Patel, B, Pattison, N, Pepperell, J, Peters, M, Phull, M, Pintus, S, Singh Pooni, J, Planche, T, Post, F, Price, D, Prout, R, Rae, N, Reschreiter, H, Reynolds, T, Richardson, N, Roberts, M, Roberts, D, Rose, A, Rousseau, G, Ruge, B, Ryan, B, Saluja, T, Schmid, ML, Shah, A, Shanmuga, P, Sharma, A, Shawcross, A, Sizer, J, Shankar-Hari, M, Smith, R, Snelson, C, Spittle, N, Staines, N, Stambach, T, Stewart, R, Subudhi, P, Szakmany, T, Tatham, K, Thompson, C, Thompson, R, Tridente, A, Tupper-Carey, D, Twagira, M, Vallotton, N, Vancheeswaran, R, Vincent-Smith, L, Visuvanathan, S, Vuylsteke, A, Waddy, S, Wake, R, Walden, A, Welters, I, Whitehouse, T, Whittaker, P, Whittington, A, Papineni, P, Wijesinghe, M, Williams, M, Wilson, L, Winchester, S, Wiselka, M, Wolverson, A, Wootton, DG, Workman, A, Yates, B, Young, P, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Kent [Canterbury], University of Glasgow, National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, UKRI MRC COVID-19 Rapid Response Call, Mentzer, AJ, Investigators, ISARIC4C, Lee, J, and Angus, B
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2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/genetics ,L PATHWAY ,viruses ,SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ,RNASE-L ,RNA, Viral/chemistry ,RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry ,Virus Replication ,Severity of Illness Index ,COVID-19/enzymology ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Chiroptera ,Sense (molecular biology) ,2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase ,MESH: COVID-19 ,MESH: Animals ,MESH: Interferons ,ENZYME-ACTIVITY ,MESH: 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase ,Endoribonucleases/metabolism ,0303 health sciences ,MESH: Protein Prenylation ,Multidisciplinary ,I INTERFERON ,Coronaviridae/enzymology ,MESH: Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,MESH: Chiroptera ,CORONAVIRUS REPLICATION ,3. Good health ,Cell biology ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Isoenzymes ,RNA silencing ,VIRUS NS1 PROTEIN ,MESH: RNA, Viral ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,MESH: Isoenzymes ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,RNA, Viral ,MESH: 5' Untranslated Regions ,[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology ,SARS-CORONAVIRUS ,Gene isoform ,MESH: Endoribonucleases ,Retroelements ,RNase P ,Coronaviridae ,General Science & Technology ,Protein Prenylation ,Biology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Chiroptera/genetics ,03 medical and health sciences ,MESH: RNA, Double-Stranded ,MESH: Retroelements ,SARS-CoV-2/genetics ,MESH: Severity of Illness Index ,Endoribonucleases ,Animals ,Humans ,MESH: SARS-CoV-2 ,Interferons/immunology ,Gene ,ISARIC4C Investigators ,030304 developmental biology ,RNA, Double-Stranded ,Science & Technology ,MESH: Humans ,ACCEPTOR SITE ,Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases ,SARS-CoV-2 ,fungi ,MESH: Virus Replication ,RNA ,COVID-19 ,Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics ,Viral replication ,A549 Cells ,Protein prenylation ,SPLICE-SITE POLYMORPHISM ,Interferons ,MESH: A549 Cells ,5' Untranslated Regions ,MESH: Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases ,Isoenzymes/genetics ,MESH: Coronaviridae - Abstract
International audience; INTRODUCTIONInterferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are rapidly deployed in response to invading pathogens. By initiating a signaling cascade that stimulates the expression of hundreds of genes, IFNs create an antiviral state in host cells. Because IFNs heavily influence COVID-19 outcomes, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication can be inhibited by the antiviral state, it is important to understand how the individual antiviral effectors encoded by IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) inhibit SARS-CoV-2.RATIONALEWe hypothesized that IFN-stimulated antiviral effectors can inhibit SARS-CoV-2, and that variation at the loci encoding these defenses underlies why some people are more susceptible to severe COVID-19.RESULTSWe used arrayed ISG expression screening to reveal that 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) consistently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in different contexts. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we found that endogenous OAS1 makes a substantial contribution to the antiviral state by recognizing short stretches of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and activating RNase L. We globally mapped where OAS1 binds to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNAs and found that OAS1 binding is remarkably specific, with two conserved stem loops in the SARS-CoV-2 5′-untranslated region (UTR) constituting the principal viral target.OAS1 expression was readily detectable at the sites of infection in individuals who died of COVID-19, and specific OAS1 alleles are known to be associated with altered susceptibility to infection and severe disease. It had previously been reported that alleles containing a common splice-acceptor single nucleotide polymorphism in OAS1 (Rs10774671) were associated with less severe COVID-19. We determined that people with at least one allele with a G at this position could express a prenylated form of OAS1 (p46), whereas other individuals could not. Using a series of mutants, we found that C-terminal prenylation was necessary for OAS1 to initiate a block to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed that prenylation targeted OAS1 to perinuclear structures rich in viral dsRNA, whereas non-prenylated OAS1 was diffusely localized and unable to initiate a detectable block to SARS-CoV-2 replication.The realization that prenylation is essential for OAS1-mediated sensing of SARS-CoV-2 allowed us to examine the transcriptome of infected patients and investigate whether there was a link between the expression of prenylated OAS1 and SARS-CoV-2 disease progression. Analysis of the OAS1 transcripts from 499 hospitalized COVID-19 patients revealed that expressing prenylated OAS1 was associated with protection from severe COVID-19.Because prenylated OAS1 was so important in human cases, we wanted to determine whether horseshoe bats, the likely source of SARS-CoV-2, possessed the same defense. When we examined the genomic region where the prenylation signal should reside, retrotransposition of a long terminal repeat sequence had ablated this signal, preventing the expression of prenylated anti-CoV OAS1 in these bats.CONCLUSIONC-terminal prenylation targets OAS1 to intracellular sites rich in viral dsRNA, which are likely the SARS-CoV-2 replicative organelles. Once in the right place, OAS1 binds to dsRNA structures in the SARS-CoV-2 5′-UTR and initiates a potent block to SARS-CoV-2 replication. Thus, the correct targeting of OAS1 and the subsequent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 likely underpins the genetic association of alleles containing a G at Rs10774671 with reduced susceptibility to infection and severe disease in COVID-19. Moreover, the conspicuous absence of this antiviral defense in horseshoe bats potentially explains why SARS-CoV-2 is so sensitive to this defense in humans.
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- 2021
175. Postural Control as a Probe for Cognitive State: Exploiting Human Information Processing to Enhance Performance.
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Carey D. Balaban, Joseph Cohn, Mark S. Redfern, Jarad Prinkey, Roy Stripling, and Michael Hoffer
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- 2004
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176. Gene expression profiling in subcutaneous, visceral and epigastric adipose tissues of patients with extreme obesity
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Gerhard, G S, Styer, A M, Strodel, W E, Roesch, S L, Yavorek, A, Carey, D J, Wood, G C, Petrick, A T, Gabrielsen, J, Ibele, A, Benotti, P, Rolston, D D, Still, C D, and Argyropoulos, G
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- 2014
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177. A genome-wide association study identifies variants in KCNIP4 associated with ACE inhibitor-induced cough
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Mosley, J D, Shaffer, C M, Van Driest, S L, Weeke, P E, Wells, Q S, Karnes, J H, Edwards, Velez, Wei, W-Q, Teixeira, P L, Bastarache, L, Crawford, D C, Li, R, Manolio, T A, Bottinger, E P, McCarty, C A, Linneman, J G, Brilliant, M H, Pacheco, J A, Thompson, W, Chisholm, R L, Jarvik, G P, Crosslin, D R, Carrell, D S, Baldwin, E, Ralston, J, Larson, E B, Grafton, J, Scrol, A, Jouni, H, Kullo, I J, Tromp, G, Borthwick, K M, Kuivaniemi, H, Carey, D J, Ritchie, M D, Bradford, Y, Verma, S S, Chute, C G, Veluchamy, A, Siddiqui, M K, Palmer, C NA, Doney, A, MahmoudPour, S H, Maitland-van der Zee, A H, Morris, A D, Denny, J C, and Roden, D M
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- 2016
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178. [Cp*Ru( s-indacene)RuCp*] and [Cp*Ru( s-indacene)RuCp*] +: Experimental and theoretical findings concerning the electronic structure of neutral and mixed valence organometallic systems
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Mac-Leod Carey, D., Morales-Verdejo, C., Muñoz-Castro, A., Burgos, F., Abril, D., Adams, C., Molins, E., Cador, O., Chávez, I., Manríquez, J.M., Arratia-Pérez, R., and Saillard, J.Y.
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- 2010
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179. Relativistic electronic structure of cadmium(II) multidecker phthalocyanine compounds
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Muñoz-Castro, A., Mac-Leod Carey, D., and Arratia-Pérez, R.
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- 2010
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180. Charged kaon mass measurement using the Cherenkov effect
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Graf, N., Lebedev, A., Abrams, R.J., Akgun, U., Aydin, G., Baker, W., Barnes, P.D., Jr., Bergfeld, T., Beverly, L., Bujak, A., Carey, D., Dukes, C., Duru, F., Feldman, G.J., Godley, A., Gülmez, E., Günaydın, Y.O., Gustafson, H.R., Gutay, L., Hartouni, E., Hanlet, P., Hansen, S., Heffner, M., Johnstone, C., Kaplan, D., Kamaev, O., Kilmer, J., Klay, J., Kostin, M., Lange, D., Ling, J., Longo, M.J., Lu, L.C., Materniak, C., Messier, M.D., Meyer, H., Miller, D.E., Mishra, S.R., Nelson, K., Nigmanov, T., Norman, A., Onel, Y., Paley, J.M., Park, H.K., Penzo, A., Peterson, R.J., Raja, R., Rajaram, D., Ratnikov, D., Rosenfeld, C., Rubin, H., Seun, S., Solomey, N., Soltz, R., Swallow, E., Schmitt, R., Subbarao, P., Torun, Y., Tope, T.E., Wilson, K., Wright, D., and Wu, K.
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- 2010
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181. From polysubstituted 1,5-dihydro- s-indacene lithium derivatives to polysubstituted hydro- s-indacenyl radicals by a new method involving a single electron transfer from an electron rich olefin
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Katir, N., Rivière, P., Rivière-Baudet, M., Castel, A., Adams, C., Carey, D. MacLeod, Aguirre-Etcheverry, P., Chavez, I., Manriquez, J.M., Diaz, E., and Dahrouch, M.
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- 2010
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182. Usefulness of Soluble Endoglin as a Noninvasive Measure of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Heart Failure
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Kapur, Navin K., Heffernan, Kevin S., Yunis, Adil A., Parpos, Peter, Kiernan, Michael S., Sahasrabudhe, Nikhil A., Kimmelstiel, Carey D., Kass, David A., Karas, Richard H., and Mendelsohn, Michael E.
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- 2010
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183. Bacterial predation transforms the landscape and community assembly of biofilms
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Wucher, Benjamin R., Elsayed, Mennat, Adelman, James S., Kadouri, Daniel E., and Nadell, Carey D.
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- 2021
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184. Obesity, Ethnicity, and Risk of Critical Care, Mechanical Ventilation, and Mortality in Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19: Analysis of the ISARIC CCP-UK Cohort
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Zaccardi, F., Razieh, C., Gillies, C.L., Chudasama, Y., Docherty, A.B., Openshaw, P.J.M., Baillie, J.K., Semple, M.G., Khunti, K., Carson, G., Alex, B., Bach, B., Barclay, W.S., Bogaert, D., Chand, M., da Silva Filipe, A., Hiscox, J.A., Horby, P.W., Ijaz, S., Khoo, S., Klenerman, P., Lim, W.S., Mentzer, A.J., Merson, L., Meynert, A.M., Noursadeghi, M., Palmarini, M., Paxton, W.A., Pollakis, G., Rambaut, A., Sancho-Shimizu, V., Sigfrid, L., Solomon, T., Sriskandan, S., Stuart, D., Tedder, R.S., Thwaites, R.S., Turtle, L.C.W., Zambon, M., Donohue, C., Ewins, J., Oosthuyzen, W., Griffiths, F., Pius, R., Drake, T.M., Fairfield, C.J., Girvan, M., Saviciute, E., Connor, M., Halpin, S., Hendry, R., Scott-Brown, J., Greenhalf, W., Shaw, V., Asiimwe, I.G., Bakshi, S., Bullock, K., Catterall, B.W.A., Dincarslan, O., Dunn, C., Garcia-Dorival, I., Gunning, P., Jensen, R.L., Khandaker, S., Kiy, R.T., Koukorava, C., Lake, A., Lant, S., Latawiec, D., Lavelle-Langham, L., Lefteri, D., Lett, L., Livoti, L.A., Mancini, M., McLauchlan, J., Metelmann, S., Miah, N.S., Penrice-Randal, R., Pilgrim, J., Reynolds, W., Ridley, P.M., Sales, D., Shaw, V.E., Subramaniam, K.S., Szemiel, A., Taggart, A., Trochu, E., van Tonder, L., Adeniji, K., Agranoff, D., Agwuh, K., Ail, D., Alegria, A., Angus, B., Ashish, A., Bari, S., Barlow, G., Barnass, S., Barrett, N., Bassford, C., Beadsworth, M., Bernatoniene, J., Berridge, J., Best, N., Bothma, P., Brealey, D., Brittain-Long, R., Bulteel, N., Burden, T., Burtenshaw, A., Caruth, V., Chambler, D., Chee, N., Chukkambotla, S., Collini, P., Cosgrove, C., Cupitt, J., Cutino-Moguel, M.-T., Dark, P., Dervisevic, S., Donnison, P., Douthwaite, S., DuRand, I., Dushianthan, A., Dyer, T., Eziefula, C., Fegan, C., Finn, A., Godden, J., Goldsmith, A., Hardy, E., Havalda, P., Hawcutt, D.B., Hobrok, M., Holme, A., Hormis, A., Kaliappan, A., Kasipandian, V., Kegg, S., Kelsey, M., Kerrison, C., Kerslake, I., Koch, O., Koduri, G., Koshy, G., Leiner, T., Lillie, P., Limb, J., Linnett, V., MacMahon, M., MacNaughton, E., Mankregod, R., Masson, H., Matovu, E., McCullough, K., McEwen, R., Meda, M., Minton, J., Mirfenderesky, M., Mohandas, K., Mok, Q., Mortimore, K., Moses, S., Mpenge, M., Nagarajan, T., Otahal, I., Pais, M., Panchatsharam, S., Paraiso, H., Pepperell, J., Peters, M., Phull, M., Pintus, S., Pooni, J.S., Post, F., Prout, R., Rae, N., Reschreiter, H., Reynolds, T., Richardson, N., Rousseau, G., Saluja, T., Shanmuga, P., Sizer, J., Snelson, C., Spittle, N., Staines, N., Stambach, T., Subudhi, P., Szakmany, T., Tatham, K., Tridente, A., Tupper-Carey, D., Twagira, M., Vallotton, N., Vincent-Smith, L., Visuvanathan, S., Vuylsteke, A., Waddy, S., Wake, R., Welters, I., Whitehouse, T., Wijesinghe, M., Winchester, S., Wiselka, M., Wolverson, A., Wooton, D.G., Yates, B., Razieh, Cameron [0000-0003-3597-2945], Semple, Malcolm G. [0000-0001-9700-0418], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Semple, Malcolm G [0000-0001-9700-0418], investigators, ISARIC4C, National Institute for Health Research, Medical Research Council (MRC), GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, UKRI MRC COVID-19 Rapid Response Call, and UK Research and Innovation
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Male ,obesity ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Ethnic group ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Comorbidity ,Cohort Studies ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,INFECTION ,Ethnicity ,Odds Ratio ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Hospital Mortality ,Young adult ,ISARIC4C investigators ,Minority Groups ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Epidemiology/Genetics ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Minority Groups/statistics & numerical data ,Cohort ,ethnicity ,Original Article ,Female ,Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Cohort study ,Adult ,CLINICAL-OUTCOMES ,Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data ,Critical Care ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Obesity/ethnology ,Endocrinology & Metabolism ,BMI ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Humans ,Obesity ,Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ,Aged ,Mechanical ventilation ,Science & Technology ,Nutrition & Dietetics ,business.industry ,Critical Care/statistics & numerical data ,ISARIC ,COVID-19 ,Odds ratio ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,COVID-19/ethnology ,Respiration, Artificial ,United Kingdom ,POINTS ,ethnic differences ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the association of obesity with in-hospital coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in different ethnic groups.Methods: patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the United Kingdom through the Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) developed by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) were included from February 6 to October 12, 2020. Ethnicity was classified as White, South Asian, Black, and other minority ethnic groups. Outcomes were admission to critical care, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital mortality, adjusted for age, sex, and chronic diseases.Results: of the participants included, 54,254 (age = 76 years; 45.0% women) were White, 3,728 (57 years; 41.1% women) were South Asian, 2,523 (58 years; 44.9% women) were Black, and 5,427 (61 years; 40.8% women) were other ethnicities. Obesity was associated with all outcomes in all ethnic groups, with associations strongest for black ethnicities. When stratified by ethnicity and obesity status, the odds ratios for admission to critical care, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in black ethnicities with obesity were 3.91 (3.13-4.88), 5.03 (3.94-6.63), and 1.93 (1.49-2.51), respectively, compared with White ethnicities without obesity.Conclusions: obesity was associated with an elevated risk of in-hospital COVID-19 outcomes in all ethnic groups, with associations strongest in Black ethnicities.
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- 2021
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185. Let-7b-5p in vesicles secreted by human airway cells reduces biofilm formation and increases antibiotic sensitivity of
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Zhongyou Li, Katja Koeppen, Bruce A. Stanton, Carey D. Nadell, Fred W. Kolling, Swetha Kasetty, Laura Bashor, Amanda E Liefeld, Deborah A. Hogan, Thomas H. Hampton, Scott A. Gerber, Amanda B. Nymon, Roxanna Barnaby, and Ian S LaCroix
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0301 basic medicine ,Burkholderia cenocepacia ,Antibiotic sensitivity ,030106 microbiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,beta-Lactams ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Aztreonam ,Extracellular Vesicles ,RNA interference ,medicine ,Humans ,Pathogen ,Multidisciplinary ,Innate immune system ,biology ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Biofilm ,Antagomirs ,Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Plankton ,Microvesicles ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,Biofilms - Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that forms antibiotic-resistant biofilms, which facilitate chronic infections in immunocompromised hosts. We have previously shown that P. aeruginosa secretes outer-membrane vesicles that deliver a small RNA to human airway epithelial cells (AECs), in which it suppresses the innate immune response. Here, we demonstrate that interdomain communication through small RNA–containing membrane vesicles is bidirectional and that microRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by human AECs regulate protein expression, antibiotic sensitivity, and biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Specifically, human EVs deliver miRNA let-7b-5p to P. aeruginosa, which systematically decreases the abundance of proteins essential for biofilm formation, including PpkA and ClpV1-3, and increases the ability of beta-lactam antibiotics to reduce biofilm formation by targeting the beta-lactamase AmpC. Let-7b-5p is bioinformatically predicted to target not only PpkA, ClpV1, and AmpC in P. aeruginosa but also the corresponding orthologs in Burkholderia cenocepacia, another notorious opportunistic lung pathogen, suggesting that the ability of let-7b-5p to reduce biofilm formation and increase beta-lactam sensitivity is not limited to P. aeruginosa. Here, we provide direct evidence for transfer of miRNAs in EVs secreted by eukaryotic cells to a prokaryote, resulting in subsequent phenotypic alterations in the prokaryote as a result of this interdomain communication. Since let-7–family miRNAs are in clinical trials to reduce inflammation and because chronic P. aeruginosa lung infections are associated with a hyperinflammatory state, treatment with let-7b-5p and a beta-lactam antibiotic in nanoparticles or EVs may benefit patients with antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.
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- 2021
186. Both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans Accumulate Greater Biomass in Dual-Species Biofilms under Flow
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Carey D. Nadell, Swetha Kasetty, Dallas L. Mould, and Deborah A. Hogan
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Siderophore ,Cystic Fibrosis ,Population ,microfluidics ,artificial sputum ,confocal microscopy ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,biofilm ,03 medical and health sciences ,image analysis ,Candida albicans ,population dynamics ,medicine ,Humans ,Pseudomonas Infections ,Biomass ,education ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Chemistry ,spatial ecology ,Biofilm ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Editor's Pick ,biology.organism_classification ,QR1-502 ,Corpus albicans ,Culture Media ,Kinetics ,flow ,Biofilms ,Microbial Interactions ,Single-Cell Analysis ,Antagonism ,Bacteria ,Research Article - Abstract
Microbe-microbe interactions can strongly influence growth and biofilm formation kinetics. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, which are found together in diverse clinical sites, including urinary and intravenous catheters and the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), we compared the kinetics of biofilm formation by each species in dual-species and single-species biofilms. We engineered fluorescent protein constructs for P. aeruginosa (producing mKO-κ) and C. albicans (producing mKate2) that did not alter growth and enabled single-cell resolution imaging by live-sample microscopy. Using these strains in an optically clear derivative of synthetic CF sputum medium, we found that both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans displayed increased biovolume accumulation—by three- and sixfold, respectively—in dual-species biofilms relative to single-species biofilms. This result was specific to the biofilm environment, as enhanced growth was not observed in planktonic cocultures. Stimulation of C. albicans biofilm formation occurred regardless of whether P. aeruginosa was added at the time of fungal inoculation or 24 h after the initiation of biofilm development. P. aeruginosa biofilm increases in cocultures did not require the Pel extracellular polysaccharide, phenazines, and siderophores known to influence C. albicans. P. aeruginosa mutants lacking Anr, LasR, and BapA were not significantly stimulated by C. albicans, but they still promoted a significant enhancement of biofilm development of the fungus, suggesting a fungal response to the presence of bacteria. Last, we showed that a set of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates also prompted an increase of biovolume by C. albicans in coculture. IMPORTANCE There is an abundance of work on both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in isolation, and quite some work as well on the way these two microbes interact. These studies do not, however, consider biofilm environments under flow, and our results here show that the expected outcome of interaction between these two pathogens can actually be reversed under flow, from pure antagonism to an increase in biomass on the part of both. Our work also highlights the importance of cellular-scale spatial structure in biofilms for understanding multispecies population dynamics.
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- 2021
187. Editorial: Third Window Syndrome
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Carey D. Balaban, Yuri Agrawal, Tetsuo Ikezono, and P. Ashley Wackym
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Autophony ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health utility ,Traumatic brain injury ,Audiology ,cognitive dysfunction ,Vertigo ,perilymph fistula ,Medicine ,sound-induced dizziness ,RC346-429 ,dizziness ,Vestibular system ,biology ,business.industry ,Perilymph fistula ,Window (computing) ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Neurology ,Migraine ,third window syndrome ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,superior semicircular canal dehiscence - Published
- 2021
188. Importance of patient bed pathways and length of stay differences in predicting COVID-19 hospital bed occupancy in England
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Leclerc, QJ, Fuller, NM, Keogh, RH, Diaz-Ordaz, K, Sekula, R, Semple, MG, Baillie, JK, Openshaw, PJM, Carson, G, Alex, B, Bach, B, Barclay, WS, Bogaert, D, Chand, M, Cooke, GS, Docherty, AB, Dunning, J, da Silva Filipe, A, Fletcher, T, Green, CA, Harrison, EM, Hiscox, JA, Ho, AYW, Horby, PW, Ijaz, S, Khoo, S, Klenerman, P, Law, A, Lim, WS, Mentzer, AJ, Merson, L, Meynert, AM, Noursadeghi, M, Moore, SC, Palmarini, M, Paxton, WA, Pollakis, G, Price, N, Rambaut, A, Robertson, DL, Russell, CD, Sancho-Shimizu, V, Scott, JT, de Silva, T, Sigfrid, L, Solomon, T, Sriskandan, S, Stuart, D, Summers, C, Tedder, RS, Thomson, EC, Thompson, AAR, Thwaites, RS, Turtle, LCW, Zambon, M, Hardwick, H, Donohue, C, Lyons, R, Griffiths, F, Oosthuyzen, W, Norman, L, Pius, R, Drake, TM, Fairfield, CJ, Knight, S, Mclean, KA, Murphy, D, Shaw, CA, Dalton, J, Lee, J, Plotkin, D, Girvan, M, Saviciute, E, Roberts, S, Harrison, J, Marsh, L, Connor, M, Halpin, S, Jackson, C, Gamble, C, Petersen, C, Mullaney, S, Leeming, G, Wham, M, Clohisey, S, Hendry, R, Scott-Brown, J, Greenhalf, W, Shaw, V, McDonald, S, Keating, S, Ahmed, KA, Armstrong, JA, Ashworth, M, Asiimwe, IG, Bakshi, S, Barlow, SL, Booth, L, Brennan, B, Bullock, K, Catterall, BWA, Clark, JJ, Clarke, EA, Cole, S, Cooper, L, Cox, H, Davis, C, Dincarslan, O, Dunn, C, Dyer, P, Elliott, A, Evans, A, Finch, L, Fisher, LWS, Foster, T, Garcia-Dorival, I, Gunning, P, Hartley, C, Ho, A, Jensen, RL, Jones, CB, Jones, TR, Khandaker, S, King, K, Kiy, RT, Koukorava, C, Lake, A, Lant, S, Latawiec, D, Lavelle-Langham, L, Lefteri, D, Lett, L, Livoti, LA, Mancini, M, McEvoy, L, McLauchlan, J, Metelmann, S, Miah, NS, Middleton, J, Mitchell, J, Murphy, EG, Penrice-Randal, R, Pilgrim, J, Prince, T, Reynolds, W, Ridley, PM, Sales, D, Shaw, VE, Shears, RK, Small, B, Subramaniam, KS, Szemiel, A, Taggart, A, Tanianis-Hughes, J, Thomas, J, Trochu, E, van Tonder, L, Wilcock, E, Zhang, JE, Adeniji, K, Agranoff, D, Agwuh, K, Ail, D, Alegria, A, Angus, B, Ashish, A, Atkinson, D, Bari, S, Barlow, G, Barnass, S, Barrett, N, Bassford, C, Baxter, D, Beadsworth, M, Bernatoniene, J, Berridge, J, Best, N, Bothma, P, Brealey, D, Brittain-Long, R, Bulteel, N, Burden, T, Burtenshaw, A, Caruth, V, Chadwick, D, Chambler, D, Chee, N, Child, J, Chukkambotla, S, Clark, T, Collini, P, Cosgrove, C, Cupitt, J, Cutino-Moguel, M-T, Dark, P, Dawson, C, Dervisevic, S, Donnison, P, Douthwaite, S, DuRand, I, Dushianthan, A, Dyer, T, Evans, C, Eziefula, C, Fegan, C, Finn, A, Fullerton, D, Garg, S, Garg, A, Gkrania-Klotsas, E, Godden, J, Goldsmith, A, Graham, C, Hardy, E, Hartshorn, S, Harvey, D, Havalda, P, Hawcutt, DB, Hobrok, M, Hodgson, L, Hormis, A, Jacobs, M, Jain, S, Jennings, P, Kaliappan, A, Kasipandian, V, Kegg, S, Kelsey, M, Kendall, J, Kerrison, C, Kerslake, I, Koch, O, Koduri, G, Koshy, G, Laha, S, Laird, S, Larkin, S, Leiner, T, Lillie, P, Limb, J, Linnett, V, Little, J, MacMahon, M, MacNaughton, E, Mankregod, R, Masson, H, Matovu, E, McCullough, K, McEwen, R, Meda, M, Mills, G, Minton, J, Mirfenderesky, M, Mohandas, K, Mok, Q, Moon, J, Moore, E, Morgan, P, Morris, C, Mortimore, K, Moses, S, Mpenge, M, Mulla, R, Murphy, M, Nagel, M, Nagarajan, T, Nelson, M, Otahal, I, Pais, M, Panchatsharam, S, Paraiso, H, Patel, B, Pattison, N, Pepperell, J, Peters, M, Phull, M, Pintus, S, Pooni, JS, Post, F, Price, D, Prout, R, Rae, N, Reschreiter, H, Reynolds, T, Richardson, N, Roberts, M, Roberts, D, Rose, A, Rousseau, G, Ryan, B, Saluja, T, Shah, A, Shanmuga, P, Sharma, A, Shawcross, A, Sizer, J, Shankar-Hari, M, Smith, R, Snelson, C, Spittle, N, Staines, N, Stambach, T, Stewart, R, Subudhi, P, Szakmany, T, Tatham, K, Thompson, C, Thompson, R, Tridente, A, Tupper-Carey, D, Twagira, M, Ustianowski, A, Vallotton, N, Vincent-Smith, L, Visuvanathan, S, Vuylsteke, A, Waddy, S, Wake, R, Walden, A, Welters, I, Whitehouse, T, Whittaker, P, Whittington, A, Wijesinghe, M, Williams, M, Wilson, L, Wilson, S, Winchester, S, Wiselka, M, Wolverson, A, Wooton, DG, Workman, A, Yates, B, Young, P, Quaife, M, Jarvis, CI, Meakin, SR, Quilty, BJ, Prem, K, Villabona-Arenas, CJ, Sun, FY, Abbas, K, Auzenbergs, M, Gimma, A, Tully, DC, Sherratt, K, Rosello, A, Davies, NG, Liu, Y, Lowe, R, Gibbs, HP, Waterlow, NR, Edmunds, WJ, Simons, D, Medley, G, Munday, JD, Flasche, S, Sandmann, FG, Showering, A, Eggo, RM, Chan, Y-WD, Pearson, CAB, Kucharski, AJ, Foss, AM, Russell, TW, Bosse, NI, Jit, M, Abbott, S, Williams, J, Endo, A, Clifford, S, Gore-Langton, GR, Klepac, P, Brady, O, Hellewell, J, Funk, S, van Zandvoort, K, Barnard, RC, Nightingale, ES, Jombart, T, Atkins, KE, Procter, SR, and Knight, GM
- Abstract
Background\ud \ud Predicting bed occupancy for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 requires understanding of length of stay (LoS) in particular bed types. LoS can vary depending on the patient’s “bed pathway” - the sequence of transfers of individual patients between bed types during a hospital stay. In this study, we characterise these pathways, and their impact on predicted hospital bed occupancy.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud We obtained data from University College Hospital (UCH) and the ISARIC4C COVID-19 Clinical Information Network (CO-CIN) on hospitalised patients with COVID-19 who required care in general ward or critical care (CC) beds to determine possible bed pathways and LoS. We developed a discrete-time model to examine the implications of using either bed pathways or only average LoS by bed type to forecast bed occupancy. We compared model-predicted bed occupancy to publicly available bed occupancy data on COVID-19 in England between March and August 2020.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud In both the UCH and CO-CIN datasets, 82% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 only received care in general ward beds. We identified four other bed pathways, present in both datasets: “Ward, CC, Ward”, “Ward, CC”, “CC” and “CC, Ward”. Mean LoS varied by bed type, pathway, and dataset, between 1.78 and 13.53 days.\ud \ud \ud \ud For UCH, we found that using bed pathways improved the accuracy of bed occupancy predictions, while only using an average LoS for each bed type underestimated true bed occupancy. However, using the CO-CIN LoS dataset we were not able to replicate past data on bed occupancy in England, suggesting regional LoS heterogeneities.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud We identified five bed pathways, with substantial variation in LoS by bed type, pathway, and geography. This might be caused by local differences in patient characteristics, clinical care strategies, or resource availability, and suggests that national LoS averages may not be appropriate for local forecasts of bed occupancy for COVID-19.\ud \ud \ud \ud Trial registration\ud \ud The ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study ISRCTN66726260 was retrospectively registered on 21/04/2020 and designated an Urgent Public Health Research Study by NIHR.
- Published
- 2021
189. An Alanine Aminotransferase is Required for Polysaccharide Regulation and Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilms to Echinocandin Treatment
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Joshua D. Kerkaert, François Le Mauff, Benjamin R. Wucher, Sarah R. Beattie, Elisa M. Vesely, Donald C Sheppard, Carey D. Nadell, and Robert A. Cramer
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Alanine ,biology ,Echinocandin ,Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis ,Galactosaminogalactan ,Biofilm ,Antifungal drug ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Aspergillosis ,Aspergillus fumigatus ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,medicine ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Alanine metabolism has been suggested as an adaptation strategy to oxygen limitation in organisms ranging from plants to mammals. Within the pulmonary infection microenvironment A. fumigatus forms biofilms with steep oxygen gradients defined by regions of oxygen limitation. A significant increase in alanine levels was observed in A. fumigatus cultured under oxygen limiting conditions. An alanine aminotransferase, AlaA, was observed to function in alanine catabolism and is required for several aspects of A. fumigatus biofilm physiology. Loss of alaA, or its catalytic activity, results in decreased adherence of biofilms through a defect in the maturation of the extracellular matrix polysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG). Additionally, exposure of cell wall polysaccharides is also impacted by loss of alaA and loss of AlaA catalytic activity confers increased biofilm susceptibility to echinocandin treatment which is correlated with enhanced fungicidal activity. The increase in echinocandin susceptibility is specific to biofilms and chemical inhibition of alaA by the alanine aminotransferase inhibitor β-chloro-L-alanine is sufficient to sensitize A. fumigatus biofilms to echinocandin treatment. Finally, loss of alaA increases susceptibility of A. fumigatus to in vivo echinocandin treatment in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Our results provide insight into the interplay of metabolism, biofilm formation, and antifungal drug resistance in A. fumigatus and describes a mechanism of increasing susceptibility of A. fumigatus biofilms to the echinocandin class of antifungal drugs.eLife DigestAspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous filamentous fungus that causes an array of diseases depending on the immune status of an individual, collectively termed aspergillosis. Antifungal therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is limited and too often ineffective. This is in part due to A. fumigatus biofilm formation within the infection environment and the resulting emergent properties, particularly increased antifungal resistance. Thus, insights into biofilm formation and mechanisms driving increased antifungal drug resistance are critical for improving existing therapeutic strategies and development of novel antifungals. In this work, we describe an unexpected observation where alanine metabolism, via the alanine aminotransferase AlaA, is required for several aspects of A. fumigatus biofilm physiology including resistance of A. fumigatus biofilms to the echinocandin class of antifungal drugs. Importantly, we observed that chemical inhibition of alanine aminotransferases is sufficient to increase echinocandin susceptibility and that loss of alaA increases susceptibility to echinocandin treatment in a murine model of IPA.
- Published
- 2021
190. Editorial: Third Window Syndrome
- Author
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Wackym, P. Ashley, Agrawal, Yuri, Ikezono, Tetsuo, and Balaban, Carey D.
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Editorial ,Neurology ,cognitive dysfunction ,third window syndrome ,perilymph fistula ,sound-induced dizziness ,vestibular migraine ,dizziness ,superior semicircular canal dehiscence - Published
- 2021
191. Differential surface competition and biofilm invasion strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and PA01
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George A. O'Toole, Stefan Katharios-Lanwermeyer, Carey D. Nadell, and Swetha Kasetty
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Competitive fitness ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Biofilm ,Context (language use) ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Biology ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,medicine.disease_cause ,Competition (biology) ,Microbiology ,medicine ,Colonization ,Biofilm growth ,media_common - Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1 are among the two best characterized model organisms used to study the mechanisms of biofilm formation, while also representing two distinct lineages of P. aeruginosa. Our previous work showed that P. aeruginosa PA14 and PAO1 use distinct strategies to initiate biofilm growth. Using differentially-labeled strains and microfluidic devices, we show that PAO1 can outcompete PA14 in a head-to-head competition during early colonization of a surface, can do so in constant and perturbed environments, that this advantage is specific to biofilm growth and requires production of the Psl polysaccharide. In contrast, the P. aeruginosa PA14 exhibits a competitive fitness advantage when invading a pre-formed biofilm and is better able to tolerate starvation than PAO1 in the biofilm context. These data support the model that while P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 are both able to effectively colonize surfaces, these strains use distinct strategies that are advantageous under different environmental settings.ImportanceRecent studies indicate that P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 use distinct strategies to initiate biofilm formation, with PAO1 committing to the surface through a processive mode of attachment, while PA14 uses a non-processive surface engagement strategy. We investigated whether their respective colonization strategies impact their ability to effectively compete under different biofilm-forming regimes. Our work shows that these different strategies do indeed impact how these strains colonize the surface: PAO1 dominates during colonization of a naïve surface, while PA14 is more effective in colonizing a pre-formed biofilm or withstanding starvation conditions. These data suggest that even for very similar microbes there may be distinct strategies to successfully colonize and persist on surfaces during the biofilm life cycle.
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- 2021
192. Author response: Matrix-trapped viruses can prevent invasion of bacterial biofilms by colonizing cells
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Matthew C. Bond, Carey D. Nadell, Knut Drescher, Praveen K. Singh, and Lucia Vidakovic
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Matrix (mathematics) ,Chemistry ,Biofilm ,Biophysics - Published
- 2021
193. Differential Surface Competition and Biofilm Invasion Strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and PAO1
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Kasetty, Swetha, primary, Katharios-Lanwermeyer, Stefan, additional, O’Toole, George A., additional, and Nadell, Carey D., additional
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- 2021
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194. Mild blast wave exposure produces intensity-dependent changes in MMP2 expression patches in rat brains – Findings from different blast severities
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Inui, Takaki, primary, Hoffer, Michael, additional, and Balaban, Carey D., additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
195. Normative data for ages 18‐45 for ocular motor and vestibular testing using eye tracking
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Kullmann, Aura, primary, Ashmore, Robin C., additional, Braverman, Alexandr, additional, Mazur, Christian, additional, Snapp, Hillary, additional, Williams, Erin, additional, Szczupak, Mikhaylo, additional, Murphy, Sara, additional, Marshall, Kathryn, additional, Crawford, James, additional, Balaban, Carey D., additional, Hoffer, Michael, additional, and Kiderman, Alexander, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Fungal biofilm morphology impacts hypoxia fitness and disease progression
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Jason E. Stajich, Joshua D. Kerkaert, Carey D. Nadell, Caitlin H. Kowalski, Raimo Hartmann, Ko-Wei Liu, Matthew C. Bond, and Robert A. Cramer
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Microbiology (medical) ,Hypha ,Immunology ,Hyphae ,Virulence ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Microbiology ,Article ,Aspergillus fumigatus ,Fungal Proteins ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene cluster ,Genetics ,Animals ,Aspergillosis ,Hypoxia ,Gene ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Fungal protein ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Fungi ,Biofilm ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Oxygen tension ,Disease Models, Animal ,Biofilms ,Multigene Family ,Disease Progression ,Female - Abstract
Microbial populations form intricate macroscopic colonies with diverse morphologies whose functions remain to be fully understood. Despite fungal colonies isolated from environmental and clinical samples revealing abundant intraspecies morphological diversity, it is unclear how this diversity impacts fungal fitness and disease progression. Here we observe a significant impact of oxygen tension on the macroscopic and biofilm morphotypes of the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. A hypoxia-typic morphotype is generated through the expression of a sub-telomeric gene cluster containing genes that alter the hyphal surface and perturb inter-hyphal interactions to disrupt in vivo biofilm and infection site morphologies. Consequently, this morphotype leads to increased host inflammation, rapid disease progression, and mortality in a murine model of invasive aspergillosis. Taken together, these data suggest filamentous fungal biofilm morphology impacts fungal-host interactions and should be taken into consideration when assessing virulence and host disease progression of an isolated strain.
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- 2019
197. Vibrio cholerae filamentation promotes chitin surface attachment at the expense of competition in biofilms
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Mona Hoyos, Carey D. Nadell, Benjamin R. Wucher, Thomas M. Bartlett, Kai Papenfort, and Alexandre Persat
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architecture ,extracellular matrix ,growth ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Human pathogen ,shape ,chitin ,Cell morphology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,biofilm ,cell shape ,Competition (biology) ,resistance ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Filamentation ,Chitin ,medicine ,14. Life underwater ,030304 developmental biology ,media_common ,single-polymer dynamics ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,030306 microbiology ,Chemistry ,fungi ,Biofilm ,Biofilm matrix ,Biological Transport ,DNA ,Biological Sciences ,vibrio cholerae ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Vibrio cholerae ,Fimbriae, Bacterial ,Biophysics ,ecology - Abstract
Significance The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae, when not inside of a host, grows in cell clusters (biofilms) on pieces of detritus in aquatic environments. Here we discovered that some isolates of V. cholerae can change their shape from small comma-shaped cells to long filaments in seawater. This altered cell shape allows cells to make new types of biofilms, and provides an advantage in quickly colonizing particles in seawater, at the expense of longer-term competitive ability. The filamentous cell-shape strategy is particularly effective at competing in environments with quick turnover of chitin particles. This result showcases how bacterial cell shape can be coupled to environmental success during surface occupation, competition within biofilms, and dispersal to new resource patches., Collective behavior in spatially structured groups, or biofilms, is the norm among microbes in their natural environments. Though biofilm formation has been studied for decades, tracing the mechanistic and ecological links between individual cell morphologies and the emergent features of cell groups is still in its infancy. Here we use single-cell–resolution confocal microscopy to explore biofilms of the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae in conditions mimicking its marine habitat. Prior reports have noted the occurrence of cellular filamentation in V. cholerae, with variable propensity to filament among both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. Using a filamenting strain of V. cholerae O139, we show that cells with this morphotype gain a profound competitive advantage in colonizing and spreading on particles of chitin, the material many marine Vibrio species depend on for growth in seawater. Furthermore, filamentous cells can produce biofilms that are independent of primary secreted components of the V. cholerae biofilm matrix; instead, filamentous biofilm architectural strength appears to derive at least in part from the entangled mesh of cells themselves. The advantage gained by filamentous cells in early chitin colonization and growth is countered in long-term competition experiments with matrix-secreting V. cholerae variants, whose densely packed biofilm structures displace competitors from surfaces. Overall, our results reveal an alternative mode of biofilm architecture that is dependent on filamentous cell morphology and advantageous in environments with rapid chitin particle turnover. This insight provides an environmentally relevant example of how cell morphology can impact bacterial fitness.
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- 2019
198. Vestibular Neuroscience for the Headache Specialist
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Carey D. Balaban, Robert D. Black, and Stephen D. Silberstein
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Eye Movements ,Sensory processing ,Nausea ,Migraine Disorders ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Sensory system ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Postural Balance ,Balance (ability) ,Vestibular system ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Mood ,Neurology ,Migraine ,Perception ,Vestibule, Labyrinth ,sense organs ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background The vestibular system is a multifaceted, integrative sensory system that is often referred to as the "multi-sensory" sense. There is an extensive literature about the vestibular sensory organs and afferent nerve pathways; however, this rich resource is often unknown to the headache specialist. Aims In this review, we highlight the significance of vestibular sensory processing beyond its role in the maintenance of balance. The role of the vestibular system in migraine pathophysiology is emphasized, not just in how it impacts dizziness or nausea, but also in its higher order effects on mood and cognition. How the vestibular system responds to current and new migraine therapies, such as anti-CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) antibodies, is also discussed. Conclusions The vestibular system is not just about balance; this should be taken into account by clinicians as they assess their patients' associated non-headache symptoms. There is a co-occurrence of migraine and vestibular-based problems and a confluence of disciplines relevant to vestibular migraine.
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- 2019
199. Towards a Mechanistic-Driven Precision Medicine Approach for Tinnitus
- Author
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Lori Zitelli, Carey D. Balaban, Thanos Tzounopoulos, and Catherine V. Palmer
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Patient subgroups ,Review Article ,Mutually exclusive events ,01 natural sciences ,Tinnitus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0103 physical sciences ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Precision Medicine ,010301 acoustics ,Causal pathways ,Precision medicine ,Sensory Systems ,Disease Models, Animal ,Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Drug development ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In this position review, we propose to establish a path for replacing the empirical classification of tinnitus with a taxonomy from precision medicine. The goal of a classification system is to understand the inherent heterogeneity of individuals experiencing and suffering from tinnitus and to identify what differentiates potential subgroups. Identification of different patient subgroups with distinct audiological, psychophysical, and neurophysiological characteristics will facilitate the management of patients with tinnitus as well as the design and execution of drug development and clinical trials, which, for the most part, have not yielded conclusive results. An alternative outcome of a precision medicine approach in tinnitus would be that additional mechanistic phenotyping might not lead to the identification of distinct drivers in each individual, but instead, it might reveal that each individual may display a quantitative blend of causal factors. Therefore, a precision medicine approach towards identifying these causal factors might not lead to subtyping these patients but may instead highlight causal pathways that can be manipulated for therapeutic gain. These two outcomes are not mutually exclusive, and no matter what the final outcome is, a mechanistic-driven precision medicine approach is a win-win approach for advancing tinnitus research and treatment. Although there are several controversies and inconsistencies in the tinnitus field, which will not be discussed here, we will give a few examples, as to how the field can move forward by exploring the major neurophysiological tinnitus models, mostly by taking advantage of the common features supported by all of the models. Our position stems from the central concept that, as a field, we can and must do more to bring studies of mechanisms into the realm of neuroscience.
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- 2019
200. Genomic epidemiology of MRSA infection and colonization isolates among military trainees with skin and soft tissue infection
- Author
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Kenneth G. Frey, Theron Hamilton, Carey D. Schlett, Jason W. Bennett, Kimberly A. Bishop-Lilly, Gregory K. Rice, Michael W. Ellis, David R. Tribble, Emad M. Elassal, Regina Z. Cer, and Eugene V. Millar
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,030106 microbiology ,Population ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,Biology ,MRSA infection ,medicine.disease_cause ,Perianal region ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Infectious Diseases ,Staphylococcus aureus ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Soft tissue infection ,Colonization ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education - Abstract
Individuals with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) can be simultaneously colonized with MRSA on multiple body sites. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), the intrahost relatedness of MRSA colonization and infection isolates was investigated. In the context of a prospective case–control study of SSTI, we analyzed colonization and infection isolates from US Army Infantry trainees with purulent infection due to MRSA. At the time of clinical presentation for SSTI, culture swabs were obtained from the infection site, as well as from the patient’s nasal, oral, inguinal, and perianal regions. S. aureus culture and susceptibility was performed by standard methods. DNA from MRSA isolates was extracted and libraries were produced. Sequences were generated on an Illumina MiSeq, sequence reads were assembled, and single nucleotide variant (SNV) data were analyzed. Of 74 trainees with MRSA SSTI, 19 (25.7%) were colonized with MRSA. Ten (52.6%) were colonized on more than one body site. Colonization frequency by anatomic site was as follows: inguinal region (33%), nasal region (30%), perianal region (22%), and oral region (14%). A total of 36 MRSA colonization isolates were characterized. The intrahost median number of SNVs between infection and colonization isolates was 17. Among trainees with recurrent MRSA SSTI, limited intrahost diversity suggests that persistent colonization is a major contributor to recurrence risk. Among military trainees with MRSA SSTI, genomic characterization of infection and colonization isolates revealed a high degree of strain relatedness. Single acquisition events may account for MRSA colonization and infection in this population.
- Published
- 2019
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