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Rare earth vanadates are promising for solar‐to‐fuel conversions, yet their photocatalytic efficiency is limited by the substantial recombination of photo‐generated carriers. Constructing heterojunctions is recognized as an effective approach to improving charge carrier separation in vanadates. Nonetheless, inefficient charge transfer often results from the poor quality of interfaces and non‐directional charge transfer within these heterojunctions. Herein, an S‐scheme AgInS2/CeVO4@Biocharx (AIS/CV@Cx) heterojunction photocatalyst is designed and synthesized through a straightforward freeze‐drying and calcination three‐step process, aimed at photocatalytic co‐production of xylonic acid and carbon monoxide (CO) from xylose. The AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction achieves an optimal yield of 67.74% for xylonic acid and a CO release of 29.76 µmol from xylose. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction is attributed to three key factors: I) the high‐quality interface and intimate contact within the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction significantly reduce undesirable carriers recombination, II) the staggered band structures and directed carriers transfer in the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction notably improve spatial carriers separation/migration, and III) the incorporation of biochar boosts the conductivity of the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction. This work presents a straightforward yet effective method for fabricating vanadate heterojunctions, highlighting the importance of quality interfacial contact and directed charge transfer in amplifying photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel rare earth (Lu) doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles, synthesized via a solution combustion approach, exhibit exceptional sensitivity to carbon monoxide (C.O.), a capability studied for the first time. The successful detection of C.O. by these nanoparticles underscores their potential as efficient gas sensors. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the creation of single-phase zinc ferrite nanoparticles, utilizing various standard and advanced modern probes. To assess the gas sensing capabilities, the nanoparticles were exposed to carbon monoxide gas, revealing an outstanding gas response of 80 % at 300 °C, with a response against 20,000 parts per million by volume (PPMv) of carbon monoxide. These results indicate the promising applicability of Lu-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles in C.O. gas sensing applications. Furthermore, the supercapacitance performance of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated. Electrodes fabricated from Lu-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Lu 0, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) were examined in a 3 M K.O.H. electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (E.I.S.). The electrochemical properties of all nanoparticles exhibited good Faradaic behaviour, with the Lu 0.7 electrode achieving a high specific capacitance of 280 F/g at a current density of 0.25 A/g. This highlights the prominent electrochemical stability and potential applications of Lu-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles in energy storage devices. Overall, the comprehensive investigation of the gas sensing and super capacitance performance of Lu-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles demonstrates their versatility and potential for various technological applications, including gas sensing and energy storage. These findings pave the way for further research and development in utilizing rare earth-doped ferrite nanoparticles for advanced functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le diagnostic de polyglobulie, en particulier pour distinguer les étiologies primaires des secondaires, peut être difficile. Des critères biologiques associés à une anamnèse détaillée sont indispensables pour explorer les polyglobulies d'origine secondaire. Plus d'une cause peut être impliquée, le tabac étant l'une des plus fréquentes. Nous décrivons le cas d'un homme français de 46 ans originaire du Cap-Vert et présentant une polyglobulie associée à un taux élevé de carboxyhémoglobine. La mutation JAK2 (V617F) était absente et le taux d'EPO élevé. Le patient ne présentait aucune symptomatologie clinique. L'anamnèse a mis en évidence une habitude assidue quotidienne de fumer avec un narguilé. Après un sevrage tabagique d'un mois, la numération globulaire et la carboxyhémoglobine étaient redevenues normales, confirmant l'hypothèse de polyglobulie secondaire à une intoxication par le monoxyde de carbone issu de la fumée du narguilé. The diagnosis of polycythemia, particularly to distinguish primary from secondary causes, can be challenging. Biological criteria associated with a detailed anamnesis are essential to explore secondary polycythemia. Several causes may be involved, tobacco being one of the most common. We describe the case of a 46-old French man from Cape Verde with suffer from polycythemia and a high level of carboxyhemoglobin. The JAK2 mutation (V617F) was absent and the EPO level was high. The patient had no clinical symptoms. The anamnesis ruled out a daily habit of smoking shisha. After one month without smoking, blood counts and carboxyhaemoglobin completely normalized, confirming the hypothesis of polycythemia secondary to carbon monoxide intoxication from shisha smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-dimensional homogeneous reactor model was developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of a fixed-bed reactor for a catalytic coupling reactor of carbon monoxide and ethyl nitrite to diethyl oxalate. Reactor modeling was performed using a comprehensive numerical model that was simulated using Simulink. The power law kinetic model was applied for simulating the catalytic coupling reaction considering the main and side reactions. The heat of reaction was calculated with respect to the reacted moles of ethyl nitrite for each reaction. When the simulated model reached a steady state, the predicted results were in agreement with the actual data that was collected from an already established pilot plant fixed bed reactor. The startup dynamic behavior of hypothetical industrial-scale production of diethyl oxalate at 78,000 tons per year was simulated. The system reached steady-state within 14–16 min at a space velocity of 1400 h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastes from Agriculture have served and will continue to serve as a remarkable energy source for rural and urban inhabitants due to their accessibility and affordability. It can also provide bioenergy and biomaterial products that have contributed immensely to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their associated global warming. In this research, onion leaves and cow dung were poured into two 25-litre digesters in equal proportions for experimental analysis. The result revealed that cow dung has a high cumulative biogas production of 13,422 ml/week in 90 days of retention time compared to onion leaves, demonstrating the efficiency of our research. The biogas observed a high calorific value of 9.41kcal/m³ from cow dung with 0% carbon monoxide and 10.97% methane content. Onion leaves obtained a pH value of 6.97 before anaerobic digestion at 30°C, while cow dung was measured to be 6.61 at a temperature of 29°C. All these parameters show that cow dung and onion leaves are suitable substrates for biogas production. However, in this regard, cow dung has outstanding potential and merit in methane production, which is explosive over onion leaves to replace kerosene and coal for domestic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and effective blood carbon monoxide (CO) assessment is of great importance, especially in estimating CO-related morbidity and instituting effective preventive measures. The conventional detection methods using CO breath analysis lack sensitivity, while collecting biological fluid samples for CO level measurement is prone to external contamination and expensive for frequent use. This study proposes a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) consisting of three stacked biconvolutional layers for binary classification of blood CO status using the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy technique. Iterative particle swarm optimization (PSO) has efficiently found the best network parameters to learn important features from the reflectance spectroscopy data. The findings showed good testing accuracy, specificity, and precision of 92.9%, 90%, and 89.7%, respectively, and a high sensitivity of 96.3% in determining abnormal blood CO among smokers using the proposed CNN network. Comparisons with eight existing machine learning and deep learning models revealed the proposed method’s effectiveness in classifying blood CO status while reducing computing time by 8-13 folds. The findings of this work provide new insights that are valuable for researchers in neural network design automation, healthcare management, and skin-related research, specifically for application in nondestructive evaluation and clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is an alternative to surgical lung biopsy for histopathological evaluation of unclassifiable interstitial lung disease (ILD) or ILD diagnosed with low confidence. This meta-analysis synthesised current literature regarding cryobiopsy diagnostic performance and safety, focusing on procedural and sampling techniques. Methods Medline and Embase were searched on 11 April 2022. Studies included adults with unclassifiable ILD, reporting diagnostic yield, complications and methodological techniques of TBLC. Meta-analyses were performed for diagnostic yield, pneumothorax and bleeding. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression assessed methodological variables. PROSPERO registration: CRD42022312386. Results 70 studies were included with 6183 participants. Diagnostic yield of TBLC was 81% (95% CI 79–83%, I² =97%), with better yield being observed with general anaesthesia ( p=0.007), ILD multidisciplinary meeting prior to cryobiopsy ( p=0.02), 2.4 mm cryoprobe ( p=0.04), higher mean forced vital capacity ( p=0.046) and higher mean diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide ( p=0.023). Pneumothorax rate was 5% (95% CI 4–5%, I² =91%), with higher rates associated with a 2.4 mm cryoprobe ( p<0.00001), routine post-procedure imaging ( p<0.00001), multiple lobe sampling ( p<0.0001), reduced mean diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide ( p=0.028) and general anaesthesia ( p=0.05). Moderate-to-severe bleeding rate was 12% (11–14%, I² =95%) and higher rates were associated with a 2.4 mm cryoprobe ( p=0.001) and bleeding score selection ( p=0.04). Interpretation Patient characteristics and modifiable factors, including procedural methods and anaesthetic techniques, impacted diagnostic yield and safety outcomes of TBLC in people with unclassifiable ILD and contributed to heterogeneity of clinical outcomes. These variables should be considered for individualised clinical decision making and guideline development and warrant routine reporting in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a hot topic to recover iron from red mud in the research field of solid waste comprehensive utilization, but high-quality iron concentrate is always difficult to be obtained unless by high-temperature reduction roasting–magnetic separation. In this study, low-temperature magnetization roasting–magnetic separation has been conducted to recover iron from red mud, with carbon monoxide as the reducing agent, and the effect of Na2SO4 as an additive and corresponding activation mechanism has been investigated, confirming that Na2SO4 can significantly improve the quality of the iron concentrate. Under the optimum conditions, an iron concentrate with a total iron grade of 60.65% and a recovery of 94.01% could be obtained, increased by 3.46% and 2.76%, respectively, compared with that in the absence of Na2SO4. This verified that weak-magnetic hematite was transformed into strong-magnetic magnetite by reductive roasting. The iron content in the magnetite was raised from 0.93% in red mud to 80% and 82%, respectively, for the roasted briquettes in the absence and presence of Na2SO4. As Na2SO4 contributed to not only the reduction and enrichment of iron minerals but also to the decomposition of iron-containing complex oxides, the separation of the iron and the magnetic property intensity of iron concentrate was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re mote sensing (RS), Geographic information systems (GIS), and Machine learning can be integrated to predict land surface temperatures (LST) based on the data related to carbon monoxide (CO), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), absorbing aerosol index (AAI), and Aerosol optical depth (AOD). In this study, LST was predicted using machine learning classifiers, i.e., Extra trees classifier (ET), Logistic regressors (LR), and Random Forests (RF). The accuracy of the LR classifier (0.89 or 89%) is higher than ET (82%) and RF (82%) classifiers. Evaluation metrics for each classifier are presented in the form of accuracy, Area under the curve (AUC), Recall, Precision, F1 score, Kappa, and MCC (Matthew's correlation coefficient). Based on the relative performance of the ML classifiers, it was concluded that the LR classifier performed better. Geographic information systems and RS tools were used to extract the data across spatial and temporal scales (2019 to 2022). In order to evaluate the model graphically, ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curve, Confusion matrix, Validation curve, Classification report, Feature importance plot, and t-SNE (t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding) plot were used. On validation of each ML classifier, it was observed that the RF classifier returned model complexity due to limited data availability and other factors yet to be studied post data availability. Sentinel-5-P and MODIS data are used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased industrialization and aging infrastructure have resulted in leaks of hazardous chemicals, such as CO. Leak modeling is crucial to developing emergency response strategies. Therefore, we simulated the time to criticality (TTC), which is the time to reach the threshold limit for occupational exposure, of a CO leak. The basis of the study is a fire dynamics simulator, a computational fluid dynamics model that was used to investigate the movement of CO in various scenarios, including using different building layouts and areas, temperatures, and leak diameters. Multiple regression analysis was performed to obtain regression equations for the TTC as a function of the independent variables. Ultimately, we found that the type of dispersion varies with respect to the temperature-dependent density of CO, and, among the independent variables, the leak diameter had the strongest effect on the TTC. The regression equations with logarithmic conversion were validated and found to have higher accuracy than those without logarithmic conversion. The findings provide useful information for developing emergency response plans regarding leak size in the case of hazardous chemical leakage. However, empirical studies of different gas types and leakage scenarios are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era, it has become essential to move toward highly efficient and low-emission engines as the norms for automobile emissions are very stringent and closely monitored; moreover, it also tends to be more strictly regulated in the future. The aim of this experimental work is to optimize engine efficiency as well as reduce emissions to the maximum using oxygen-enriched air. An onboard oxygen generator can provide oxygen-enriched air instead of an oxygen cylinder, as the latter one is prone to cause safety issues. In this experimental study, oxygen is obtained through generator and is sent to the engine's intake manifold, where the atmospheric air merges with it. The parameters of combustion, performance, and emission of this oxygen-enriched air were examined in a constant-speed compression ignition engine. The result shows that the engine's brake thermal efficiency increased by 5.4% at 25% of brake power as compared to the thermal efficiency attained in atmospheric air combustion. Similarly, brake-specific fuel consumption also decreased in the oxygen-enriched combustion process. The emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide also decreased to 18.8% and 33.3%, respectively, for 25% of the brake power; notably, the smoke emissions reduced drastically to 32% at the same brake power. The oxides of nitrogen emission, however, increased with the air's oxygen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing a combustion chamber for gas turbines is considered both a science and an art. This study presents a comprehensive methodology for designing an annular combustion chamber tailored to the operating conditions of a CFM-56 engine, a widely used high bypass ratio turbofan engine. The design process involved calculating the basic criteria and dimensions for the casing, liner, diffuser, and swirl, followed by an analysis of the cooling sections of the liner. Numerical simulations using NUMECA software and the HEXPRESS meshing tool were conducted to predict the combustion chamber's behavior and performance, employing the κ-ε turbulence model and the Flamelet combustion model. Methane was used as the fuel, and simulations were performed for three fuel injection angles: axial, 45°, and 60°. Results demonstrate that the combustion chamber is properly dimensioned and achieves complete combustion for all configurations. The pressure ratio is 0.96, exceeding the minimum design criteria. Additionally, the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons are zero, while nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide levels are below regulatory limits. These findings validate the proposed design methodology, ensuring efficient and environmentally compliant combustion chamber performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes has been recognized as an independent risk factor for periodontitis. Increasing evidences indicate that hyperglycemia aggravates inflammatory response of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) is a water-soluble compound that can release carbon monoxide (CO) in a controllable manner. CORM-3 has been shown the anti-inflammatory effect in different cell lineages. Methods: We stimulated periodontal ligament cells with LPS and high glucose. The expression of inflammatory cytokine was detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of TLR2, TLR4, RAGE and the activation of NF-κB pathway. We performed silencing and overexpression treatment of RAGE targeting the role of RAGE. We performed the immunostaining of paraffin sections of the periodontitis model in diabetes rats. Results: The results showed that CORM-3 significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokine in hPDLCs stimulated with LPS and high glucose. CORM-3 also inhibited LPS and high glucose-induced expression of RAGE/NF-κB pathway and TLR2/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Silence of RAGE resulted in significantly decreased expression of proteins above. Overexpression of RAGE significantly enhanced the expression of these factors. CORM-3 abrogated the effect of RAGE partially. In animal model, CORM-3 suppressed the inflammatory response of periodontal tissues in experimental periodontitis of diabetic rats. Discussion: Our research proved CORM-3 reduced the inflammatory response via RAGE/NF-κB pathway and TLR2/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in the process of high glucose exacerbated periodontitis. These findings demonstrated the role of RAGE in the process of high glucose exacerbated periodontitis and suggested that CORM3 be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetes patients with periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: A visual analog scale (VAS) is a simple and easily administered tool for measuring the impact of disease; however, little is known about the use of a dyspnea VAS in interstitial lung disease (ILD). Objectives: To validate the use of a dyspnea VAS in a large and heterogeneous cohort of patients with fibrotic ILD, including its minimal clinically important difference (MCID), responsiveness to change, and prognostic significance. Methods: Patients with fibrotic ILD were identified from a large prospective registry. The validity of a 100-mm dyspnea VAS was assessed by testing its correlation in change score with other measures of ILD severity, including the University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire, the King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease quality of life questionnaire Breathlessness and Activities Domain, the European Quality of Life VAS, forced vital capacity, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. The responsiveness of the dyspnea VAS was qualitatively confirmed on the basis of there being an observable difference in the change in dyspnea VAS across tertiles of change in anchor variables. The MCID in dyspnea VAS was calculated using both anchor (linear regression) and distribution (one-half standard deviation) approaches, with anchors including the above variables that had a correlation with dyspnea VAS (|r| ≥ 0.30). The association of dyspnea VAS with time to death or transplant was determined. Results: The cohort included 826 patients with fibrotic ILD, including 127 patients with follow-up measurements at 6 months. The mean baseline dyspnea VAS was 53 ± 24 mm. Dyspnea VAS change scores were moderately correlated with the University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (|r| = 0.55) and the King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease quality of life questionnaire Breathlessness and Activities Domain (|r| = 0.44) and weakly correlated with the European Quality of Life VAS (|r| = 0.19), forced vital capacity percent predicted (|r| = 0.21), and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide percent predicted (|r| = 0.05). The MCID was 2.7 to 4.5 using the more reliable anchor-based methods and 12.0 based on distribution-based methods. Dyspnea VAS was associated with time to death or transplant in unadjusted models and after adjustment for age and sex (hazard ratios, 1.16 and 1.15, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). Conclusions: This study provides support for the use of the dyspnea VAS in patients with fibrotic ILD, with an estimated anchor-based MCID of 5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific paper conducted empirical studies related to the effectiveness of the use of dimethyl ether as an additive to diesel fuel and its impact on the efficiency of the mixture creation and combustion process. The measure of the above quality was the observation and parametric assessment of the then generated vibroacoustic processes, the relations of which were assessed using the peak and effective value of vibration accelerations, and also assessment of toxic exhaust gas components. The transformation of the main process into its vibroacoustic and emission representations allowed for the construction of mathematical relations between them, expressed in a specific engine operating space, and a vector of tribological parameters, expressing specific friction changes occurring in the critical kinematic pairs of the combustion and mixture formation area. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder research engine with direct fuel injection, in stationary conditions with a time-invariant control vector. As part of the procedures, a constant and optimal value of thermodynamic parameters defining the thermal state of the engine was maintained, minimizing external forces and disturbances that could affect the active value of the measurement signal. The research results are empirical vibroacoustic and emission characteristics for various signal domains and their parameterization supplemented with a detailed analysis of the results, developed vibroacoustic and emission mathematical models depending on the operating parameters, type of fuel and combustible mixture formation variables, supplemented with an assessment of their degree of mapping to the dynamic source process. The dimethyl ether application resulted in a emission reduction by the coefficient: 24.3-57.8 (hydrocarbons), 1.03-1.24 (carbon monoxide), and an increase in nitrogen oxides in the range of 1.01-1.08. The use of dimethyl ether as a base fuel component has a positive effect on reducing the peak value of vibration accelerations in the range of 16-28%, and the root mean square in the range of 14-65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) refers to the health-related symptoms of exposure to an unhealthy microenvironment, especially poor indoor air quality This study investigated the associations of indoor air quality including particulate matter (PM10 and PM2 5), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs), and childcare center environment with SBS symptoms among caretakers. SBS was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire The prevalence of SBS was 77 78% among caretakers PM10 negatively correlated with CO2 (r=0-558; p<0 01) PM10 levels were associated with any reported symptoms of SBS (OR=7 38; 95%CI 1 98-27 53), and upper respiratory symptoms (OR= 12 00; 95%CI 1 46-98 08) PM2 5 showed no association with SBS Using air refresher was associated with upper respiratory symptoms (OR=5 10; 95%CI 1 46-13 59), lower respiratory symptoms (OR=3 64; ; 95%CI 1.22-10.82). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2020 austral summer, the pristine atmosphere of the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) basin experienced significant perturbations. This study examines the variability of aerosols and carbon monoxide (CO) over this remote oceanic region and investigates the underlying processes in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UT-LS). Aerosol profiles in January and February 2020 revealed a multi-layer structure in the tropical UT-LS. Numerical models – the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) and the Modèle Isentropique de transport Mésoéchelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection (MIMOSA) – indicated that the lower-stratospheric aerosol content was influenced by the intense and persistent stratospheric aerosol layer generated during the 2019–2020 extreme Australian bushfire events. A portion of this layer was transported eastward by prevailing easterly winds, leading to increased aerosol extinction profiles over Réunion on 27 and 28 January. Analysis of advected potential vorticity revealed isentropic transport of air masses containing Australian biomass burning aerosols from extratropical latitudes to Réunion at the 400 K isentropic level on 28 January. Interestingly, we found that biomass burning (BB) activity in eastern Africa, though weak during this season, significantly influenced (contributed up to 90 % of) the vertical distribution of CO and aerosols in the upper troposphere over the SWIO basin. Ground-based observations at Réunion confirmed the simultaneous presence of African and Australian aerosol layers. This study provides the first evidence of African BB emissions impacting the CO and aerosol distribution in the upper troposphere over the SWIO basin during the convective season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The springtime atmosphere over the southeast Atlantic Ocean (SEA) is subjected to a consistent layer of biomass burning (BB) smoke from widespread fires on the African continent. An elevated humidity signal is coincident with this layer, consistently proportional to the amount of smoke present. The combined humidity and BB aerosol has potentially significant radiative and dynamic impacts. Here, we use aircraft-based observations from the NASA ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) deployments in conjunction with reanalyses to characterize covariations in humidity and BB smoke across the SEA. The observed plume–vapor relationship, and its agreement with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) and Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis, persists across all observations, although the magnitude of the relationship varies as the season progresses. Water vapor is well represented by the reanalyses, while CAMS tends to underestimate carbon monoxide especially under high BB. While CAMS aerosol optical depth (AOD) is generally overestimated relative to ORACLES AOD, the observations show a consistent relationship between carbon monoxide (CO) and aerosol extinction, demonstrating the utility of the CO tracer to understanding vertical aerosol distribution. We next use k -means clustering of the reanalyses to examine multi-year seasonal patterns and distributions. We identify canonical profile types of humidity and of CO, allowing us to characterize changes in vapor and BB atmospheric structures, and their impacts as they covary. While the humidity profiles show a range in both total water vapor concentration and in vertical structure, the CO profiles primarily vary in terms of maximum concentration, with similar vertical structures in each. The distribution of profile types varies spatiotemporally across the SEA region and through the season, ranging from largely one type in the northeast and southwest to more evenly distributed between multiple types where air masses meet in the middle of the SEA. These distributions follow patterns of transport from the humid, smoky source region (greatest influence in the northeast of the SEA) and the seasonal changes in both humidity and smoke (increasing and decreasing through the season, respectively). With this work, we establish a framework for a more complete analysis of the broader radiative and dynamical effects of humid aerosols over the SEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are obliged by international regulations to conduct annual pollutant emissions inventories. Road transport is one of the sectors for which an inventory of pollutant emissions is carried out. Determining pollutant emissions from road transport is possible only by modeling these emissions – that is why unified emission models are used. In this work, the COPERT and HBEFA INFRAS software are used to determine pollutant emissions characteristics for various vehicle traffic models. The article presents the principles of modeling pollutant emissions from road vehicles. The rules for qualifying road vehicles into elementary and cumulative categories have been systematized. Models of road vehicle traffic and ways of taking them into account in modeling pollutant emissions are presented. The following emissions of pollutants harmful to the health and life of living organisms are considered: carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and total suspended particles. The trends of the national annual emissions of the tested pollutants for the years 2000–2020 and the results of simulation tests of pollutant emissions models are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Air pollution causes many respiratory disorders, especially in children and the elderly. These disorders include asthma exacerbations, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Research on the association between air pollution and respiratory disorders helps to reevaluate environmental policies in developing countries. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 932 children with respiratory manifestations admitted from December 2017 to December 2019 at the Emergency Department of Akbar Children’s Hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Air pollution indices such as concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 and 10 μm and other parameters, including the air quality index (AQI), air temperature, and humidity level from 2017 to 2019, were retrieved from Mashhad Environmental Pollution Monitoring Center. Demographic and clinical data of patients were collected from patients’ hospital documents. We used descriptive analytical methods such as central tendency, variability, and frequency distribution to report and analyze demographic and clinical data through tables and diagrams. The association between air pollution indices and respiratory manifestations was examined by the Spearman correlation test. The correlation between the AQI and total hospital admissions and asthma-related hospital admissions was also evaluated by the Spearman correlation test. Results Hospital admissions due to respiratory manifestations were not associated with the AQI of each month (p-value = 0.794). The concentration of SO2 was correlated with respiratory-related hospital admissions (correlation coefficient = 0.487, p-value = 0.016) but not asthma attacks. Conclusion Generally, our cross-sectional study showed no statistically considerable association between air pollution and hospital admissions due to respiratory manifestations and asthma attacks in children. Of the air pollution indices, only SO2 concentration was associated with respiratory-related hospital admissions but not asthma attacks.

Abstract Background Carbon monoxide (CO), hypothetically linked to prebiotic biosynthesis and possibly the origin of the life, emerges as a substantive growth substrate for numerous microorganisms. In anoxic environments, the coupling of CO oxidation with hydrogen (H2) production is an essential source of electrons, which can subsequently be utilized by hydrogenotrophic bacteria (e.g., organohalide-respring bacteria). While Dehalococcoides strains assume pivotal roles in the natural turnover of halogenated organics and the bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes, relying on external H2 as their electron donor and acetate as their carbon source, the synergistic dynamics within the anaerobic microbiome have received comparatively less scrutiny. This study delves into the intriguing prospect of CO serving as both the exclusive carbon source and electron donor, thereby supporting the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE). Results The metabolic pathway involved anaerobic CO oxidation, specifically the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which produced H2 and acetate as primary metabolic products. In an intricate microbial interplay, these H2 and acetate were subsequently utilized by Dehalococcoides, facilitating the dechlorination of TCE. Notably, Acetobacterium emerged as one of the pivotal collaborators for Dehalococcoides, furnishing not only a crucial carbon source essential for its growth and proliferation but also providing a defense against CO inhibition. Conclusions This research expands our understanding of CO’s versatility as a microbial energy and carbon source and unveils the intricate syntrophic dynamics underlying reductive dechlorination. Graphical Abstract Video Abstract

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study is to assess the impact of smoking on stroke prevalence and to delineate the relationship between smoking-related factors and the risk of stroke, incorporating an analysis of demographic variations influencing this association. Methods Our analysis encompassed 9,176 participants, evaluating clinical attributes alongside smoking-related characteristics such as duration of cigarette consumption, and levels of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. We employed weighted univariate logistic regression and restricted cubic splines to examine the association between smoking indicators and stroke risk, complemented by subgroup analyses for demographic differentiation. Results The overall prevalence of stroke in our cohort was 3.4%. Statistically significant associations were found between stroke incidence and factors such as age, gender, education, and marital status (p

Introduction: Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and various other pollutants in the air like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), CO2, etc., have been studied for sustenance and transmission of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Studies from India are lacking about the distribution of COVID-19 cases according to air pollutants and meteorological factors. Hence, the present study was conducted to study the relationship between COVID-19 and environmental factors with the objectives of Cluster mapping of the COVID-19 cases district-wise for the state of Maharashtra. Methodology: The air pollution variables NO2 column density (mol/m2), sulfur dioxide column density (mol/m2), Aerosol absorbing index (Ai), Carbon monoxide (CO) column density (mol/m2), and Ozone column density (mol/m2) were extracted from Sentinel-5P datasets available in Google Earth Engine (GEE) (https://code.earthengine.google.com/). The meteorological variables precipitation (m), temperature (t), and humidity (k) were extracted from the European Environmental Agency 5-Land reanalysis dataset in GEE, which provides data at a resolution of 1113.2 m. The preprocessing and retrieval of data were carried out in GEE. These values were correlated with daily cases, density, and other demographic factors. Results: The study identified a cluster of cases in few districts of Maharashtra. These districts were Pune, Ahmednagar, Mumbai, Nashik, and Nagpur. Population density and NO2 were important factors in most of the monthly data. Conclusion: The present study used data available on public platforms to assess the association between COVID-19 and environmental factors. The study found that various environmental factors such as NO2, CO, and Ai may be associated with increase cases of COVID-19 in the district. However, ecological bias may be kept in mind.

Abstract Although previous studies have suggested that meteorological factors and air pollutants can cause dry eye disease (DED), few clinical cohort studies have determined the individual and combined effects of these factors on DED. We investigated the effects of meteorological factors (humidity and temperature) and air pollutants [particles with a diameter ≤ 2.5 $$\upmu$$ μ m (PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)] on DED. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 53 DED patients. DED was evaluated by Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE), tear secretion, tear film break-up time (TBUT), ocular staining score (OSS), and tear osmolarity. To explore the individual, non-linear, and joint associations between meteorological factors, air pollutants, and DED parameters, we used generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). After adjusting for all covariates, lower relative humidity or temperature was associated with a higher SANDE (p

In the present study, the effect of biofuel and nano biofuel on the performance of a domestic boiler was investigated and compared with those emitted during the burning of diesel fuel. The biofuel was produced from waste cooking oil using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) with different concentrations of 0.05% /L, 0.1% /L, 0.15% /L, 0.2% /L, and 0.25% /L were added to the produced Biodiesel to form a nano biofuel that was used to power a domestic boiler for demonstration purposes. The obtained performance results were compared using the same boiler when operating with biofuel and nano biofuel, respectively. When operated with different CNT concentrations, the emitted species from the boiler were also investigated by sampling the exhaust gases in each studied case. This study revealed that the boiler's performance when operated with CNT was enhanced by decreasing the toxic emitted gasses and increasing the outlet water temperature compared to the case of the boiler with the biofuel alone. It increased the outlet water temperature and decreased NOx (ppm) emissions.

The Eastern Crossroad is one of the national roads that connect the city of Jambi with other cities, districts, and provinces, resulting in relatively heavy traffic and frequent congestion on this road. This has led to the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), which can result in a decline in ambient air quality. The research used a quantitative descriptive approach aimed at depicting the ambient air quality of CO on Mendalo Darat Road, which is part of Eastern Crossroad. The research revealed the highest vehicle density of 17,954 units in the morning on Tuesday, with the highest emission rate of 114,290 µg/m.s, and the lowest density on Sunday morning with 6,568 units and an emission rate of 44,207 µg/m.s. The highest accumulation of CO emission levels occurred on Tuesday evening, reaching 38,536.44 µg/Nm3. Overall, the ambient air quality of CO on Mendalo Darat Road tends to exceed the quality standards. The accumulation of increased CO emissions correlates closely with the road's national status, increased vehicle density due to high community activity, changes in the day's status (working day), and road conditions with traffic signal devices.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated anticancer approaches usually suffer from two limitations, i.e., insufficient ROS level and short ROS half-life. Nevertheless, no report has synchronously addressed both concerns yet. Herein, a multichannel actions-enabled nanotherapeutic platform using hollow manganese dioxide (H-MnO2) carriers to load chlorin e6 (Ce6) sonosensitizer and CO donor (e.g., Mn2(CO)10) has been constructed to maximumly elevate ROS level and trigger cascade catalysis to produce CO. Therein, intratumoral H2O2 and ultrasound as endogenous and exogeneous triggers stimulate H-MnO2 and Ce6 to produce •OH and 1O2, respectively. The further cascade reaction between ROS and Mn2(CO)10 proceeds to release CO, converting short-lived ROS into long-lived CO. Contributed by them, such a maximumly-elevated ROS accumulation and long-lived CO release successfully suppresses the progression, recurrence and metastasis of lung cancer with a prolonged survival rate. More significantly, proteomic and genomic investigations uncover that the CO-induced activation of AKT signaling pathway, NRF-2 phosphorylation and HMOX-1 overexpression induce mitochondrial dysfunction to boost anti-tumor consequences. Thus, this cascade catalysis strategy can behave as a general means to enrich ROS and trigger CO release against refractory cancers. Graphic Abstract

Intensities of 14 lines in the sixth overtone (7–0) band of carbon monoxide (12C16O) are measured in the visible range between 14 300 and 14 500 cm−1 using a frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer. This is the first observation of such a high and weak overtone spectrum of the CO molecule. A theoretical model is constructed and tested based on the use of a high accuracy ab initio dipole moment curve and a semi-empirical potential energy curve. Accurate studies of high overtone transitions provide a challenge to both experiment and theory as the lines are very weak: below 2 × 10−29 cm molecule−1 at 296 K. Agreement between theory and experiment within the experimental uncertainty of a few percent is obtained. However, this agreement is only achieved after issues with the stability of the Davidson correction to the multi-reference configuration interaction calculations are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resonant system consisting of an excess electron and a closed-shell atom or molecule, as a temporary negative ion, is usually in doublet-spin states that are analogous to bright states of photoexcitation of the neutral. However, anionic higher-spin states, noted as dark states, are scarcely accessed. Here, we report the dissociation dynamics of CO− in dark quartet resonant states that are formed by electron attachments to electronically excited CO (a3Π). Among the dissociations to O−(2P) + C(3P), O−(2P) + C(1D), and O−(2P) + C(1S), the latter two are spin-forbidden in the quartet-spin resonant states of CO−, while the first process is preferred in 4Σ− and 4Π states. The present finding sheds new light on anionic dark states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to test the therapeutic effect of carbon monoxide polyhemoglobin (polyCOHb) in haemorrhagic shock/resuscitation and its underlying mechanisms.Methods 48 rats were divided into two experimental parts, and 36 rats in the first experiment and 12 rats in the second experiment. In the first experimental part, 36 animals were randomly assigned to the following groups: hydroxyethyl starch group (HES group, n = 12), polyhemoglobin group (polyHb group, n = 12), and carbon monoxide polyhemoglobin group (polyCOHb group, n = 12). In the second experimental part, 12 animals were randomly assigned to the following groups: polyHb group (n = 6), and polyCOHb group (n = 6). Then the anaesthetised rats were haemorrhaged by withdrawing 50% of the animal’s blood volume (BV), and resuscitated to the same volume of the animal’s withdrawing BV with HES, polyHb, polyCOHb. In the first experimental part, the 72h survival rates of each groups animals were measured. In the second experimental part, the rats’ mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), blood gas levels and other indicators were dynamically monitored in baseline, haemorrhagic shock (HS), at 0point resuscitation (RS 0h) and after 1 h resuscitation (RS 1h). The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by ELISA kits in both groups of rats at RS 1h. Changes in pathological sections were examined by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels were detected by immunohistochemical analysis, while myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were detected by immunofluorescence. DHE staining was used to determine reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.Results The 72h survival rates of the polyHb and polyCOHb groups were 50.00% (6/12) and 58.33% (7/12) respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the 8.33% (1/12) in the HES group (p

The catalytic CO 2 conversion activity of well-defined M-N 3 C 1 sites is evaluated by density functional theory calculations and subsequent experimental tests. [Display omitted] Asymmetric nitrogen/carbon-coordinated single metal sites (M-N x C 4-x) outperform symmetric M-N 4 sites in carbon dioxide (CO 2) electroreduction. However, the challenge of crafting well-defined M-N x C 4-x sites complicates the understanding of their structure-catalytic performance relationship. In this study, we employ metallized N -confused tetraphenylporphyrin (M-NCTPP) to investigate CO 2 conversion on M-N 3 C 1 sites using both density functional theory and experimental methods. The optimal cobalt (Co)-N 3 C 1 site (Co-NCTPP) achieves a current density of 500 mA cm−2 and a carbon monoxide Faraday efficiency exceeding 90 % at −1.25 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode, surpassing the performance of Co-N 4 (Co-TPP). This research introduces a novel approach for designing and synthesizing high-activity heteroatom-anchored single metal sites, advancing fundamental understanding in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In indoor environments, air quality significantly impacts human health and well-being, with carbon monoxide (CO) posing a particular hazard due to its colorless and odorless nature and potential to cause severe health issues. Integrating the Internet of Things and remote sensing technologies has revolutionized data monitoring, collection, and evaluation, especially within the context of 'smart' homes. This study leverages these technologies to enhance indoor air quality monitoring. By collecting data on key indoor atmospheric quality indicators—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), alcohol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5), humidity, and temperature—the study aims to predict indoor carbon monoxide levels. A custom dataset was compiled from August to October, consisting of 61,710 observations recorded at one-minute intervals. The methodology employs a stacking ensemble approach, integrating multiple machine learning models to boost prediction accuracy and reliability. In the stacking ensemble, six distinct models are employed: Random Forest, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Lasso, Elastic Net, XGBoost, and Support Vector Regression. Each model is individually trained and fine-tuned using the Grid Search method to optimize parameter combinations. These optimized models are then combined in the stacking ensemble, which achieves a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0140, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.1185, and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0291. The results demonstrate that the proposed system significantly enhances the precision of CO prediction, underscoring its critical role in air quality surveillance within smart environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rare-earth Tb doped Pd 49 Ag 30 Te 4 alloy facilitates selective exposure of (1 1 1) crystal plane. • The doping of Tb accelerates electron transfer, promotes CO 2 adsorption as well as activation, and suppress H 2 evolution. • The introduction of Tb regulates d-band center of Pd 49 Ag 30 Te 4 , weakens the Pd − C bonding ability, and promotes the production of CO. Employing electric energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO 2) into valuable small molecules is a potentially practical method in energy storage and greenhouse gas alleviation. A huge challenge for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction is to reduce overpotential to improve energy efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate that doping alloy Pd 49 Ag 30 Te 4 (PAT) with rare-earth element Tb is beneficial for selective exposure of (1 1 1) crystal plane, which is a highly active crystal plane for producing carbon monoxide (CO). The as-prepared Tb 2.9 PAT exhibited high electrocatalytic performance with 95.7 % CO faradic efficiency at − 0.8 V (vs RHE), far exceeding that of PAT, and coupled with good durability. In situ spectral study and theoretical calculations disclose that the introduction of Tb regulates the d-band center of PAT alloy, weakens the Pd − C bonding ability, and promotes the desorption of *CO in the rate-determining step. This study provides a method for doping induced selective exposure of crystal face, which provides new idea for improving catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt (Co) is widely used in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), converting synthesis gas, carbon monoxide + hydrogen (CO + H2), to long-chain hydrocarbons. The adsorption of CO on the Co surface is the key step in FTS. In this work, the effect of CO adsorption sites on the reactions between CO and H2 was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The energetics and structures of the reactions between the adsorbed CO (CO*) and H2/adsorbed H2 (H2*)/adsorbed H atom (H*) were calculated. The results show that the reaction between CO* and H2 is initiated by the molecular adsorption of H2 on the Co surface. The reactions between CO* and H2*/H* are influenced by CO adsorption sites. For the reaction system of CO* + H2*, it has the lowest reaction barrier when CO is adsorbed at the hcp site, while for CO* + H*, it has the lowest reaction barrier when CO is adsorbed on the top site. Kinetic analysis indicates that to improve the reactivity of CO + H2 in FTS, the adsorption of CO should be controlled to favour the top and bridge sites. This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mg-Ni dual atomic catalysts are constructed for eCO 2 RR to produce syngas. • Faradaic efficiency is close to ∼100 % exhibiting the excellent selectivity. • The controllable H 2 /CO ratio is achieved by tuning Ni content. • Synergistic effect to win instead of each species doing its own job by DFT calculations. Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) to generate syngas is an appealing strategy for CO 2 net reduction. However, it suffers from the inferior faradaic efficiency (FE), selectivity, and difficult modulation of hydrogen/carbon monoxide (H 2 /CO) ratio. To address these issues, a series of magnesium-nickel (Mg-Ni) dual atomic catalysts with different Ni contents are fabricated on the nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (MgNi X -NC DACs) by one-step pyrolysis. MgNi 5 -NC electrocatalyst generates 0.51–0.79 H 2 /CO ratios in a potential range of −0.6 to −1.0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the total FE reaches 100 % with good stability. While a wider range of H 2 /CO (0.95–4.34) is achieved for MgNi 3 -NC electrocatalyst in the same overpotential range, which is suitable for typical downstream thermochemical reactions. Introduction of Ni species accelerates the generation of CO, however, there is much less influence on the H 2 production as compared with Mg-based single atomic electrocatalyst. According to the experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the synergistic effect between Mg and Ni achieves the satisfied results rather than each one fulfill its own duty for selective producing H 2 and CO, respectively. This work introduces a feasible approach to develop atomic catalysts on main group metal for more controllable CO 2 RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most cities around the world are experiencing rapid expansion and urbanization as a result of increasing industrial activity and construction while reducing green space availability which impacts our thermal environment. The variation of both the land cover distribution and the air pollutant concentration impacts the LST pattern in different cities. Thus, the present study investigates the relation of Land Surface temperature (LST) with each land cover parameters such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Apparent Thermal Inertia (ATI), artificial sensible heat flux (Has) and air pollutants such as Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2), ozone (O 3)) in four different cities in India using satellite data. The correlation of LST with NDVI and ATI were found negative whereas with NDBI and Has were found positive in the four cities. The impact of each air pollutant on LST was found to vary with cities. Further, the combined influence of all the parameters on LST was analysed using ANOVA test and percentage contribution of each parameter towards LST was determined. The combined percentage contribution of land surface parameters such as NDVI, NDBI and ATI were found to be 97.8, 98.0, 74.4 and 84.4 for Bangalore, Bikaner, Ahmedabad and Varanasi, respectively. The combined percentage contribution of air pollutants such as CO, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 was found to be 1.3, 1.9, 2.9 and 12.9 for Bangalore, Bikaner, Ahmedabad and Varanasi, respectively. Therefore, the present study reveals that the land cover distribution had greater influence on LST than air pollutants in different cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This research presents a compact portable electronic gas sensor that can be monitored through a smartphone application. The smart sensor utilizes three state-of-the-art sensors. The sensors integrate an ESP8266 microcontroller within the same device. This facilitates their integration with the electronics and enhances their performance. Herein, primarily focuses on utilizing the sensor to detect carbon monoxide. This article outlines the fabrication process of a gas sensor utilizing a P–N heterojunction, eliminating the need for a binder. The sensor consists of CuO/copper foam nanowires and hierarchical In2O3. In order to verify the system’s functionality, it underwent testing with various levels of CO concentrations (10–900 ppm), including particular tests designed to examine the device’s performance in different humidity and temperature circumstances. A mobile application for the provision of monitoring services has been developed at last. To process the information obtained from the gas sensor, an algorithm has been constructed, trained, and integrated into a smartphone for this purpose. This research demonstrated that a smartphone-coupled gas sensor is a viable system for real-time monitoring and the detection of CO gas.