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The article studies the morphological characteristics, age, sex structure, fecundity and cytomorphological parameters of erythrocytes of Crucian carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio , Bloch, 1782) from both subwatersheds (Big and Small) of Lake Sevan. The analysis of cyto-morphological characteristics of nuclei and erythrocytes showed that the population of the Crucian carp from the lake is heterogeneous as a whole, and consists of individuals with small (diploid) and large nuclei and erythrocytes (subgroups I and II). In sampling taken from both subwatersheds of Lake Sevan occurrence of individuals with the smallest nuclei (diploid individuals) made 38.8%. Crucian carps with the largest nuclei of red blood cells (subgroup II) are noted among females more than among males, with a low percentage of occurrences - 17.5%. The ratios of the volumes of the nuclei of erythrocytes and the number of nucleoli in the nuclei of erythrocytes of Crucian carps can be indicating the existence of triploid individuals in Lake Sevan. The number of Crucian carps with the largest nuclei of red blood cells (subgroup II, possibly triploids) is 17.5% in both subwatersheds of Lake Sevan. During the spawning period males prevailed to females in Small Sevan (1.5 ♂:1 ♀) and females prevailed to males in Big Sevan (1 ♂:1.6 ♀), which is the result of different spawning conditions in different parts of the lake. The highest role in the catch had individuals at the age of 3+. It has been established that the Crucian carp from Lake Sevan with large nuclei of erythrocytes do not differ statistically from individuals with small nuclei for all studied plastic and meristic characteristics and absolute individual fecundity.

Gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), a commercially important freshwater-cultured fish in China, is threatened by myxosporeans, particularly Thelohanellus wuhanensis, Myxobolus honghuensis, M. wulii and M. turpisrotundus. Here, we developed a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of these 4 myxosporeans. The specific primers for each species were designed based on the 28S rDNA gene of T. wuhanensis, the ITS-5.8S rDNA of M. honghuensis and M. wulii, and the 18S rDNA gene of M. turpisrotundus. Specificity testing confirmed that the 4 primer sets have no cross-reactivity with other related myxosporean species tested. Detection limits of the multiplex PCR assay were 0.2, 0.3, 3.1 and 3.8 spores for T. wuhanensis, M. honghuensis, M. wulii and M. turpisrotundus, respectively. Following screening of 104 field samples, the analytical sensitivity of the present multiplex PCR assay was found to be similar to the sensitivity obtained by the singleplex PCR assays and was higher than that of microscopic examination. Moreover, Kappa analysis showed a strong agreement between the results of the singleplex and multiplex PCR assays, indicating that the developed multiplex PCR assay was an efficient approach for the diagnosis of the 4 myxosporeans infecting gibel carp.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, feed utilization, whole-body proximate composition, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and hepatopancreas structure of juvenile Gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (mean weight 8.08 ± 0.18 g). Six diets were prepared, including a positive control diet (dietary protein 350 g/kg, PC), one negative control diet (dietary protein 33 g/kg, NC) and four protease supplementations diets, which were 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg protease NC diet. After 12 weeks of diet feeding in indoor recycle aquarium tanks, no significant difference (p > .05) was found on growth performance between fish fed diet with 75–600 mg/kg protease and the PC group. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the specific growth rate of fish fed 300 mg/kg protease increased significantly (p .05) by the dietary treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and albumin were significantly affected by dietary protease (p .05). Foregut muscular thickness was thinner (p .05) by the dietary treatments. Based on the regression analysis of weight gain rate, the optimal dietary inclusion level of protease was 400 mg/kg in the diet for juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.

A nine-week feeding experiment was conducted in flow-through system with gibel carp (43.8 +/- 0.2g) to study the effects of dietary available phosphorus (P) on growth, phosphorous digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities. Seven semipurified diets were formulated to contain 0.8 (the basal), 2.4, 3.6, 6.1, 7.4, 10.1 and 15.8g available phosphorus kg(-1) diet. The results showed that specific growth rate and feed efficiency increased with increasing dietary available P from 0.8 to 7.4g P kg(-1). Fish body ash increased with increasing dietary available P, while moisture, protein content or energy content had no difference. Total phosphorus waste discharging (TPW) increased with increased dietary phosphorous. Plasma glucose was higher in the fish fed with 7.4g kg(-1) P. Plasma triglycerides was lower in fish fed diets containing 6.1-10.1g kg(-1) P. No significant effects were observed in plasma P and Ca (p>.05). The activities of intestinal amylase, lipase and trypsin showed no difference, while AKP and Na+, K+-ATPase activities decreased with increasing dietary available P. In conclusion, based on the regression between specific growth rate (SGR), P retention efficiency, feed efficiency (FE) and dietary available P, the available P requirements for on-growing gibel carp were 10.69, 8.22 and 6.72g kg(-1), respectively.

The aim of the work was to determine the total cholesterol content in the meat of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua L.) and sander (Sander lucioperca L.) collected from Lake Gopło, Lake Góreckie and to compare the cholesterol content between females and males of ruffe caught in different seasons from Lake Gopło. The study involved 84 samples of fish meat. The cholesterol content was determined with the modified Liebermann-Burchardt colorimetric method using a Shimadzu spectrophotometer (UV-VIS-NIR-3100). As analyses indicated there were no statistically significant differences in the total cholesterol content in the meat of females and males of ruffe caught during spring (42.27 and 44.35 mg·100 g-1, respectively). The statistically significant differences were determined between individuals of females and males of ruffe collected in autumn from Lake Gopło. These values ranged from 48.95 mg·100 g-1 for females to 59.29 mg·100 g-1 for males. There were found no statistically significant differences in the total cholesterol content in the meat of perch collected from Lake Gopło (57.80 mg·100 g-1) and Lake Góreckie (61.45 mg·100 g-1). Analyses which concerned the total cholesterol content in the meat of four different fish species collected from Lake Gopło confirmed a statistically significant interspecies differences in the total cholesterol content. These values ranged from 52.77 mg·100 g-1 (in the meat of sander) to 61.12 mg·100 g-1 (in the meat of Pruscian carp).

Aeromonas species often cause disease in farmed fish. In the present study, dominant bacteria were isolated from diseased crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Based on this, a bacterial isolate was tentatively named CFJY-623. This isolate was identified as Aeromonas veronii based on analysis of its morphological, physiological, and biochemical features, as well as 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences. Six virulence genes related to pathogenicity including aerolysin, cytotonic enterotoxins, elastase, glycerophospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase, lipase, and serine protease were identified in this A. veronii isolate. The median lethal dosage (LD50) of the CFJY-623 isolate for crucian carp was determined as 1.31 × 107 CFU/mL. Artificial experimental infection showed that the CFJY-623 isolate caused considerable histological lesions in the fish, including tissue cell degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltrating. Drug sensitivity testing showed that the isolate was susceptible to aminoglycosides, carbapenemes, and nitrofurans. Exploring its growing features showed that this isolate exhibited a high level of environmental adaptability. These results provided a scientific basis for the identification of A. veronii and treatment for fish infected by this pathogen.

Myxozoa is a well-known economically and ecologically important group of metazoan parasites, phylogenetically related to Cnidaria. High diversity of myxosporeans has been recorded in Russia and China; however, most of the species were solely morphologically characterised. Here, we identified a new gibel carp-infecting Myxobolus species and morphologically and molecularly compared the Russian and Chinese isolates of this new myxosporean. Myxobolus pronini n. sp. was found free in the abdominal cavity of Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Lake Baikal watershed, Russia, and embedded in the visceral serous membranes of the same fish species in Lake Taibai, Hubei province, China. The morphometric data of the plasmodia and mature spores exhibited some differences between the Russian and Chinese isolates, but SSU rDNA sequences indicated that these two geographical isolates are conspecific. The mature spores from the two locations are obovate in frontal view, with wider anterior than posterior end and lemon-shaped in sutural view. Spores of the Russian isolate were 14.3–16.2 (mean 15.1 ± 0.2) μm long, 9.6–10.8 (10.1 ± 0.1) μm wide and 6.4–7.4 (6.7 ± 0.15) μm thick; those of the Chinese isolate were 13.8–15.6 (14.7 ± 0.24) μm long, 9.6–13.3 (9.6 ± 0.65) μm wide and 6.2–7.2 (6.6 ± 0.16) μm thick. The newly-generated rDNA sequences (including SSU rDNA, ITS and LSU rDNA) from the two isolates represented some variations within the intraspecific range. Homology search by BLAST showed that the newly obtained rDNA sequences do not match any sequences available on GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on the aligned partial SSU rDNA sequences indicated that this novel species clustered with several gibel carp-infecting Myxobolus spp. with round anterior end of spores. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis based on all obtained ITS sequences showed that distinct genetic geographical differentiation occurred for this new parasite. Myxobolus pronini n. sp. is described by integrating morphological, ecological and molecular evidence. Two geographical isolates of this species showed some morphological and genetic differences but within the intraspecific range of variation.

A 12-week growth trial was conducted in a flow-through system to determine dietary selenium (Se) requirement for on-growing gibel carp (initial body weight: 76.2 +/- 0.05 g, mean +/- SEM). Selenomethionine was supplemented to the basal diet to formulate seven semi-purified diets containing 0.26, 0.58, 0.72, 1.14, 1.34, 1.73 and 2.09 mg Se kg(-1) diet. The results showed that plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly increased when fish were fed with 0.58 mg Se kg(-1) diet (P = 0.72 mg kg(-1) (P > 0.05). Whole-body and muscle Se concentrations were higher when fed with 1.34 mg Se kg(-1) diet (P = 1.34 mg kg(-1) (P > 0.05). In conclusion, based on broken-line regression of hepatic Se concentrations, hepatic SOD activity and hepatic T-AOC activity, dietary Se requirements for on-growing gibel carp was 0.73 mg kg(-1), 1.12 mg kg(-1) and 1.19 mg kg(-1) diet respectively.

Two 8-week growth trials were conducted in indoor recirculation system to evaluate the protein requirements for juvenile (3.70 ± 0.20 g) and pre-adult (85.2 ± 0.70 g) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets were formulated for each trial using fish meal and casein as protein sources, and protein level was 250–450 g kg−1 in Trial 1 and 200–450 g kg−1 in Trial 2. With the increasing dietary protein, feeding rate (FR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly decreased (P 0.05), while decreased after the maximum value in 350 g kg−1 in Trial 2 (P 0.05). Hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in both trials increased when dietary protein was above 400 g kg−1 (P

The aim of the present pilot study was to apply a flow cytometric assay, the so-called OxyDNA test, to determine the level of oxidative DNA damage in fish spermatozoa exposed to different concentrations (0.01–10,000 mg/L) of cadmium. Milt was collected from three randomly selected Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) males. Oxidative DNA damage was assessed with the OxyDNA kit and using flow cytometry. The ratio of OxyDNA-positive events increased significantly at higher cadmium concentrations. The results indicate that direct contact of fish spermatozoa with cadmium-polluted water initiates genotoxic damage.

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different substitution levels (0 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 %, named as G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6, respectively) of fishmeal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization, intestinal microbiota composition and immunity of Carassius auratus gibelio ♀ × Cyprinus carpio ♂ (13.2 ± 0.2 g). Quadratic regression analysis of fish responses including growth performance and feed utilization indicated that the maximum level of soybean meal inclusion varied significantly with the response being modeled. Generally, 95 %–100 % of most growth responses, i.e., weight gain rate and specific growth rate, could be obtained if substitution of fishmeal by soybean meal was limited to In conclusion, based on the results of the growth performance and feed utilization

A 63-day feeding trial was conducted to explore dietary yeast cell wall (YCW) on growth, immunity and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS Ⅲ) (initial body weight: 8.49 ± 0.27 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 0 % or 0.4 % three types of yeast cell wall (YCW) (termed as YCW0, YCW1, YCW2 or YCW3, respectively). Fish were randomly divided into 4 feeding groups in triplicates of 22 fish in each tank. Results showed that the highest final body weight was observed in fish fed YCW3 diet than the control (P 0.05). Dietary supplementation of YCW decreased condition factor, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index (P 0.05). Hepatic IL-1β and TGF-β expressions were significantly down-regulated in the fish fed YCWs (P

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), which infects goldfish and crucian carp causing high mortality, is an emerging viral pathogen worldwide. The genome of CyHV-2 is large and comprises double-stranded DNA, including several genes similar to cyprinid herpesvirus 1, ictalurid herpesvirus-1, cyprinid herpesvirus 3, and ranid herpesvirus-1. Genes of DNA viruses are expressed in three temporal phases: immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L) genes. Viral IE genes initiate transcription as soon as the virus enters the host, without viral DNA replication. IE gene products enable the efficient expression of E and L genes or regulate the host to initiate virus replication. In the present study, five IE genes of CyHV-2 were identified, including open reading frame (ORF)54, ORF121, ORF141, ORF147, and ORF155. Time course analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed five IE genes, thirty-four E genes, and thirty-nine L genes. In addition, all 150 ORFs identified in the CyHV-2 genome are transcribed, and are expressed in chronological order, similar to other herpesviruses. This study is the first to identify the IE genes of CyHV-2, which will provide more information for viral molecular characterization.

Carassius auratus gibelio is an omnivore favored for its flavor and is commonly used as a benthic species in traditional pond polyculture. This study investigated the effects of common aquaculture stressors, such as high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia on the aerobic metabolism of C. auratus gibelio. The results showed that the standard metabolic rate (SMR) was positively correlated with ammonia, nitrite, and pH, while the maximum metabolic rate (MMR) was negatively correlated with all four stressors. Thus, aerobic scope (AS) was reduced when C. auratus gibelio was exposed to high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia. The peak of post-prandial O2 consumption was positively correlated with nitrite, pH, and the occurrence of the peak metabolic rate post-prandial was delayed in high ammonia, high nitrite, hypoxia, and high pH conditions. These findings indicated that, in experimental conditions, exposure to these environmental stressors can influence aerobic metabolism in C. auratus gibelio. With more energy required to maintain standard metabolic rates, less will be available for growth. While the C. auratus gibelio is one of the most hypoxia tolerance species, the reduction we observed in AS caused by stressors that commonly occur in ponds and in nature will likely affect growth in ponds and fitness in nature. These data have provided insight into the optimal, fitness-maximizing thresholds for these common stressors in this species of interest.

Tissue depletion of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) was investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) following administration of 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) daily for five consecutive days by oral gavage at water temperatures of 10 and 25 °C. Plasma and tissue samples, including muscle with skin in natural proportions, liver, and kidney, were collected from 10 fish per sampling point. The concentrations of FF and FFA in each sample were simultaneously determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Depletion profiles at different temperatures were estimated and withdrawal periods were calculated. FF was more rapidly eliminated at 25 °C, with apparent elimination half-life (t1/2λz) values ranging from 8.1 h in skin-on muscle to 9.74 h in plasma, than at 10 °C. In contrast, water temperature did not affect FF withdrawal. At 10 °C, the withdrawal periods were calculated as 2.81 and 2.83 days based on the maximum residue limit (MRL) of FF plus FFA and the tolerance of FFA both at 1 μg/g in skin-on muscle, respectively. At 25 °C, the corresponding withdrawal periods were calculated as 2.15 and 2.41 days, respectively. Each withdrawal period was rounded to the next day (3 days).

The main objective of this study is to see how the metylthiophanate fungicide influences the energetic metabolism and the breathing rhythm at Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch L. 1758. Experimental samples were subjected to under-lethal concentrations of 3.75mg/l, 7.5mg/l, 15mg/l and 30mg/l methyl-thiophanate fungicide from 24 to 336 hours. The physiologic parameter with the highest growth rate was the oxygen consumption, which, at the concentration of 7.5mg/l grew by 40.3% in 6 hours, compared to the witness values, registering the value of 179.52 mg oxygen/l/h compared to 127.95 mg oxygen/l/h. Also, the breathing rhythm grew at the concentration of 7.5 mg/l by 24.76% in 6 hours, compared to the witness values. At the concentration of 30mg/l, both physiologic parameters decreased. So, after 6 hours, the oxygen consumption decrease up to 31.38% from the witness values, registering the value of 51.503mg oxygen/l/h compared to 164.09mg oxygen/l/h, and the breathing rhythm decreased to 84.3% compared to the witness martor.

An 84-day growth trial was designed to investigate effects of dietary replacements fish oil with pork lard (PL) or rapeseed oil (RO) on growth and quality of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III) (initial body weight: 158.2 ± 0.2 g), and responses of the fish refed fish oil (FO) diet. Three isonitrogenous (crude protein: 30%) and isolipid (crude lipid: 10%) diets were formulated containing 7.73% FO, PL or RO. Five experimental treatments including FO group (FO), PL group (PL), RO group (RO), group fed PL for 42 days and refed FO for 42 days (PL+rFO), RO and refed FO group (RO+rFO) was tested. At the end of first 42 days, the fish fed PL and RO had higher mortality than that of the control (P > 0.05). At the end of whole experiment, fish fed PL and RO showed higher plasma cortisol than FO fish (P 0.05). PL and RO diet decreased muscle EPA, DHA and n-3/n-6 ratio (P

Two trials were conducted to investigate protein requirements of juvenile (3.18g in Trial 1) and on-growing (87.1g in Trial 2) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets containing 250-500gkg(-1) dietary protein were formulated using soy protein concentrate (SPC) and casein as protein sources. The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased when dietary protein increased from 250 to 400gkg(-1) and decreased at 400 to 500gkg(-1) CP in Trial 1, while WG increased when dietary protein increased from 250 to 350gkg(-1) and kept constant at 350 to 500gkg(-1) CP in Trial 2. With increasing dietary protein, feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased, while protein retention efficiency (PRE) decreased in Trial 1 and was not affected in Trial 2. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADC(p)) increased with increasing dietary protein in two trails. Trypsin activity increased with dietary protein in the juveniles and was not affected in on-growing fish. Hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities increased with dietary protein. Broken-line and quadratic regression of WG estimated that dietary protein requirements for maximum growth were about 402-427gkg(-1) for the juvenile and 337-418gkg(-1) for on-growing gibel carp.

The first data on the responses of tactile receptors of the tonic, phasic, and mixed types to mechanic stimulation of the surface of head skin of fish obtained by means of noninvasive recording of potentials are presented. The sensitivity of skin tactile receptors is the highest in the circumoral and gular zones, which reflects their functional role in foraging behavior.

Microelement (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were determined in the muscle, skin, gill, and liver tissues of Carassius auratus gibelio collected from subsidence pools at three different coal mines in the Huainan coalfield in China. The concentrations of elements in the water were within the allowable levels for raising fish. However, the higher levels of these metals in sediment may pose potential harm on fish. It was found that the concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Zn in all fish tissues were higher, while As, Cd, and Pb levels were relatively low. Microelement accumulation appeared to be more widespread in subsidence pools than that in natural water. Elements accumulated in fish tissues differently: the highest metal concentrations were generally found in the liver tissues of the fish analyzed, whereas the lowest were recorded in the muscles. The mean element concentrations in muscle tissue from C. auratus gibelio collected from subsidence pools (As, 0.16 mg/kg; Cd, 0.06 mg/kg; Cr, 6.21 mg/kg; Cu, 1.61 mg/kg; Ni, 3.88 mg/kg; Pb, 1.76 mg/kg; and Zn, 12.80 mg/kg dry weight) were far below the allowable limit of the hygienic standard in fish proposed by the Ministry of Health in China, suggesting that the fish were safe for human consumption. A health risk assessment also suggested there was no risk from the analyzed elements for inhabitants near the Huainan coalfield that consume fish.

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ENR) was studied in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after single administration by intramuscular (IM) injection and oral gavage (PO) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and by 5 mg/L bath for 5 hr at 25°C. The plasma concentrations of ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on mean ENR or CIP concentrations using WinNonlin 6.1 software. After IM, PO and bath administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.29, 3.24 and 0.36 μg/ml was obtained at 4.08, 0.68 and 0 hr, respectively; the elimination half-life (T1/2β) was 80.95, 62.17 and 61.15 hr, respectively; the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) values were 223.46, 162.72 and 14.91 μg hr/ml, respectively. CIP, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected and measured after all methods of drug administration except bath. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in the crucian carp using IM, PO and bath immersion administration.

A 8 week growth trial of three feeding frequencies (2, 4 and 6 meals day(-1)) and three dietary protein levels (30%, 34% and 38%) was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding frequency and dietary protein level on growth, feed utilization, serum free essential amino acids (EAA) dynamics and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C) retention in juvenile allogynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) 'CAS III'. The results showed that feeding frequency and dietary protein level increased feed intake (FI), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE). SGR increased significantly with the increase in feeding frequency and dietary protein level. But, the increase in dietary protein level from 30% to 38% in group 6 meals day(-1) did not result in better growth. Compared with the group of 4 meals day(-1) 9 38%, the fish fed the diet containing 30% crude protein at 6 meals day(-1) obtained similar SGR but showed lower FIp (protein intake). Compared with 2 meals day(-1), NREs (nitrogen retention efficiency) of 4 and 6 meals day(-1) were relatively higher. PRE (phosphorus retention efficiency) and CRE (carbon retention efficiency) increased significantly with feeding frequency while TNW (total nitrogen waste output), TPW (total phosphorus waste output) and TCW (total carbon waste output) decreased significantly. Feeding frequency and dietary protein level increased trypsin activity. Serum free EAA concentrations varied more synchronously at 6 meals day(-1) than 2 meals day(-1). It could be concluded that increasing feeding frequency could improve growth by increasing feed intake and feed efficiency for juvenile gibel carp. The increase in feeding frequency showed protein-sparing effect.

The changes in sensory assessment (SA), total aerobic counts (TAC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), K value and electrical conductivity (EC) of allogynogenetic crucian carps (Carassius auratus gibelio) during chilling storage were determined. To evaluate the multiquality of allogynogenetic crucian carps, a Global Stability Index (GSI) method was developed with SA, TAC, TVB-N and K value. Then, predictive models of GSI and EC were established in combination with zero-order kinetics and Arrhenius equation. The results showed goodness of fit (R2 > 0.97). The activation energies (EA) of GSI and EC models were 79.078 kJ/mol and 80.595 kJ/mol, while the corresponding preexponential constants (k0) were 7.238 × 1013 and 2.466 × 1016, respectively. Relative errors between observed and predictive values of GSI and EC were within ±7% (12 days of storage) and ±0.6% (15 days of storage), respectively. Consequently, kinetic models based on GSI and EC can forecast the quality of allogynogenetic crucian carps during chilling storage. Practical Applications The allogynogenetic crucian carp is one of the crucian carp species with superiority in both production and genetic stability and is usually perishable during storage. Low temperature storage is a primary method to maintain fish freshness. It is meaningful to research the cold chain and try to predict the freshness of allogynogenetic crucian carps rapidly. Kinetic model is usually used in food quality prediction. Global Stability Index (GSI) is an index that can check the quality of food comprehensively, while electrical conductivity (EC) is widely used in determining meat and fish quality rapidly and economically. This work is to establish kinetic models based on GSI and EC to forecast allogynogenetic crucian carps' freshness and compare between EC and GSI to tick out which one is more suitable to predict the freshness of allogynogenetic crucian carps in cold chain circulations.

An 11-week growth trial was conducted to determine dietary myo-inositol (MI) requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Myo-inositol was supplemented to the basal diet to formulate six purified diets containing 1, 56, 107, 146, 194 and 247 mg MI kg(-1) diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile gibel carp (initial body weight 3.38 +/- 0.27 g, mean +/- SD) in a flow-through system. The diets were randomly assigned to different fish tanks. Fish fed >= 107 mg MI kg(-1) diet had significantly higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio than those fed 1 mg MI kg(-1) diet. Fish fed >= 56 mg MI kg(-1) diet had higher feeding rate and survival compared with fish fed 1 mg MI kg(-1) diet. Dietary supple-mental inositol did not affect fish liver inositol concentration. Fish fed >= 56 mg MI kg(-1) diet had higher body dry matter, crude protein and gross energy and lower hepatosomatic index than fish fed 1 mg MI kg(-1) diet. Dietary inositol supplementation decreased fish body ash. Quadratic regression of weight gain indicated that the myo-inositol requirement to maximum growth for juvenile gibel carp was 165.3 mg MI kg(-1) diet.

The bioaccumulation of actinide 241Am from food and water in bodies of freshwater fish (Carassius auratus gibelio, silver crucian carp) has been investigated in laboratory experiments. Homogenized biomass of submerged macrophytes labeled with 241Am was injected into the fish gullet. Internal organs and tissues of crucian carp could be ranked according to activity concentration of dietary 241Am after depuration of the digestive tract as follows: liver > gonads > bones > muscles. Accumulation of waterborne 241Am in internal organs and tissues of crucian carp mainly occurred via the digestive tract. While the concentration of 241Am in liver of crucian carps decreased during depuration time, its concentration in bones increased indicating slower transfer of 241Am to skeleton compared to muscles and liver. The retention of dietary 241Am in the bodies of crucian carp reached 35%–46% of ingested 241Am: 20%–31% was retained in liver, 0.6%–0.8% in skeleton, and 1.4%–2.0% in muscles. The concentration factor of 241...

A Thelohanellus species was encountered during a survey on Thelohanellus diversity of Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) in China. The infection is characterized by the presence of large cysts of 1.4-3.2 cm in diameter in the skin of host. Mature spores were ampullaceous in frontal view and testudinate in lateral view, measuring 19.7 ± 0.7 (18.6-20.8) μm long, 7.6 ± 0.4 (6.6-8.4) μm wide and 7.3 ± 0.5 (6.6-8.8) μm thick. The single polar capsule was elongated pyriform, with 11.1 ± 0.5 (10.0-11.9) μm long and 5.3 ± 0.3 (4.3-5.8) μm wide. Polar filaments coiled with 7-8 turns. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a smooth spore surface with flat side and convex side. The sutural line was straight or 'S' like, running near the middle of the valves. Histologically, the large cysts consisting of numerous small plasmodia developed in the dermis of the skin. The BLAST search indicated that the newly obtained ssrRNA gene sequences did not match any available sequences in GenBank and phylogenetic analysis placed it in the Thelohanellus clade. Based on morphology and molecular differences with reported Thelohanellus spp., this parasite was described as a new species of genus Thelohanellus.