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The authors of this article met on a Master of Arts (MA) music education course a month before the Swanwick Tillman Sequence of Musical Development was published. The course was a portal to an exciting range of literature, with the Swanwick Tillman spiral providing a long-term source of discussion and reflection as our careers have diverged and converged over the intervening years. This paper takes the form of a duoethnographic conversation in which we summarise and reflect on that ongoing synergistic discussion, showing the influence the spiral has had within our particular situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper distinguishes between two conceptions of kinds defined by constitutive rules, the one suggested by Searle, and the one invoked by Williamson to define assertion. Against recent arguments to the contrary by Maitra, Johnson and others, it argues for the superiority of the latter in the first place as an account of games. On this basis, the paper argues that the alleged disanalogies between real games and language games suggested in the literature in fact don't exist. The paper relies on Rawls's distinction between types ("blueprints", as Rawls called them) of practices and institutions defined by constitutive rules, and those among them that are actually in force, and hence are truly normative; it defends along Rawlsian lines that a plurality of norms apply to actual instances of rule-constituted practices, and uses this Rawlsian line to block the examples that Maitra, Johnson and others provide to sustain their case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work to highlight the problem of marauding, plundering and brigandage committed by the Russian occupation authorities against civilian population on the temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna during the World War I, that was actualized in connection with the war started by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022. General scientific and special historical methods of research were used, such as causal chain method, system analysis, historical-comparative, retrospective, historicaltypological, historical-genetic and others. Scientific novelty is a special analysis, for the first time in historiography, of the behaviour of Russian occupation forces and civil occupation authorities on the territories of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna during the Great War, which had manifested itself in the form of marauding, plundering and robbery aimed at inhabitants of occupied territories. Main results of the study. The attention is focused on the norms of international humanitarian law adopted before the World War I regarding the protection of life, dignity, religious beliefs, and private property of the civilian population during armed conflicts. Based on archival documents, concrete evidence of the marauding, plundering and brigandage committed by Russian occupation authorities against civilian population on the temporarily occupied territories of Western Ukraine are given, the considered facts were typical and mass. Special attention is paid to the total requisition of grain, foodstuff for the needs of the army from the peasants and landowners, confiscation of property abandoned by its owners, bank deposits and property kept in banking institutions, looting of the personal property of residents in the occupied territories, extortion of indemnities from residents of cities and other actions of Russian army and Russian occupation authorities. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the transportation of looted property during the evacuation of Russian army. Conclusions. Cases of marauding, plundering and brigandage aimed at civilian population of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna, which were committed during the Great War by the Russian troops and Russian civil occupation authorities established in hinterland districts, were mass, cruel, and accompanied by deliberate destruction of private houses and property, that caused poverty and starvation of the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arbitrariness of the linguistic sign is a key semiological concept. Saussure's Course in General Linguistics presented it, particularly in the context of the opposition between absolute and relative arbitrariness, as an irrational principle. The paper is an attempt to answer the questions of how exactly the differentiation between absolute and relative arbitrariness in Saussurean semiology relates to the systemic nature of language, what constitutes the irrationality of arbitrariness, and what could be considered its rational counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to revive a once‐lively program in the philosophy of language—that of reducing linguistic phenomena to facts about mental states and actions. I argue that recent skepticism toward this project is generated by features of traditional implementations of the project, rather than the project itself. A picture of language as essentially a mechanism for cooperative information exchange attracted theorists to metasemantic accounts grounding language use in illocutionary action (roughly, using an utterance to elicit a propositional attitude). When this picture is rejected, a metasemantics grounding language in locutionary action (using an utterance to direct attention) emerges as a more viable proposal, dissolving an intractable issue for traditional theories: the metasemantics of subsentential expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article argues that it is a waste of time seeking to treat populists as examples of homo economicus when seeking to persuade them that the conspiracy theories to which they subscribe are big lies. But it does not follow that homo economicus is worthless in this context. He has a role in explaining the evolution of the social norms whose violation is the root cause of the rise of populist movements. Such an approach requires a willingness to entertain both proximate and ultimate explanations of human behaviour simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies Shopping Center, addressing its historical evolution, concept, types, convention, statute or regulation and registration of these normative instruments (convention and statute) before Real Estate Registry Offices, for erga omnes advertising purposes. Shopping Center, as a legal figure, does not have specific treatment in Brazilian Law, so that, in its conformation, several legal institutes are used, by analogy, such as: the lease agreement; the building condominium, with its convention and regiment; associative or corporate law. The study also discusses the effects of the registration publicity of the convention and the Shopping Center regulations, as well as limits and rules for its alteration. It addresses the issue of privatization of common areas and explains the convention and regulation or regulation of the Shopping Center, its interrelationship with the Real Estate Registry and its procedural consequences in individual and collective demands, including the application of the Code of Consumer in legal relationships in which there is real estate development. Finally, the rights of shopeepers are adresseed. The deductive method was used and as a research technique, the bibliographical, which is developed from primary and secondary sources, that is, from sparse norms, jurisprudence and available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ecological field researchers mostly work on other people's lands. Agreements to do this work are standard practice, but the way that researchers must approach and determine agreements is changing rapidly. The rise in agency of Indigenous peoples and the massive increase in Indigenous‐owned and managed lands, coupled with the rise in other private‐ and corporate‐owned conservation lands, have had direct impacts on researchers. Most of these impacts are beneficial to researchers, and benefit sharing has now become the norm wherein Indigenous people and private conservation landholders expect equitable beneficial returns from the research. Likewise, research questions are more frequently driven by landholders. New rules about engaging with Indigenous people and other private landholders need to be understood by researchers, because these rules can determine the outcomes of applications to work on other people's lands and the research conducted. This article presents some experience and observations from Indigenous landholders who have worked with research protocols and other people who have worked on Indigenous lands. Some learned principles that can benefit researchers are presented. Implications for managers Research protocols determine if and how research is to be conducted, how landholders are to be engaged and acknowledged and what and how research outcomes are to be published and reported Agreements must be reached between researchers and landholders before research is conducted Agreements are becoming more legally binding Joint authorship is becoming more common, and this may influence how the scientific methods and process are understood Cultural and social matters are core to research protocol negotiation in many instances and may require researchers to think differently from the ways in which they have been educated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States takes measure during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified under the same standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine then available the measures and standards states take becomes more complicated and not unified. There needs to be a unified measure which is a unified social control through international law by analysing whether social control is permissible under international law. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility will unify standards. It is permissible considering the states behaviour under the current Covid-19 Pandemic. Unified control through international should be done in a treaty or convention. Diplomacy for the success of the treaty then should be done through track two model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to the states in raising their wills and concern on the respective treaty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian writing in English has confirmed it's weary to reflect the past culture, political extent, fiscal states and convention of Indian subcontinent in the steer era. In fact the historical backdrop of Indian authors in English has a lot to talk. And it states about such a widespread sort which can obviously not be free from any contentions. But it easily contentious region and the most critical factor that surfaces to a hint of a greater challenge is the job of Indian authors and their books is daringly resounding the attempt and testing times of India. A nearby cautious analysis of Kamala Markandaya's writings uncovers the topic of social conflicts in different proportions. She has such a large number of writings astonishingly. Her real writing manages the social clashes. She depicts graphically the strains and struggles between the general peoples of two various races in various affiliations and circumstances. Her commitment as a writer lies basically in her ability to investigate these indispensable developmental regions of individual awareness that venture the pictures of social change. The study further focuses on how the women characters face turbulence in both marriage and conjugal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hotel & Tourism Management is the property of Faculty of Hotel Management & Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mostariensia: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities is the property of University of Mostar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Hiqouq is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International humanitarian law is based on international treaties and customary norms thatdefine the rights and obligations of states that are not party to those treaties. International customary law is a continuous behavior, which is considered by people that it is compulsory. International customary law has been and continues to be important for the legal science, which is adapted to social evolution and jurisprudence. Without this element of adaption in space and time, customary international humanitarian law would be void and would not be considered as a source of international humanitarian law. This paper focuses on the customary international humanitarian law and its applicable rules in international law. I will address the role of international humanitarian law on human society, with special emphasis on its importance in the time of armed conflicts, where according to the study we will show that the civilian population is the most affected. Human history recognizes inhumane wars and in these caseswhen conflicts go beyond the temporal and human dimension, the importance of international humanitarian law in the protection of human rights is imminent and irreplaceable. Furthermore, I will consider the importance of customary humanitarian law knowing the fact that that customary law is as old as humanity itself. It will make a detailed explanation of its significance over centuries, as well as the importance it continues to have in international humanitarian law. Nonetheless, even though these rules, for a long period of time remained unwritten, they gradually-began to be incorporated into international laws through international treaties. Their importance, especially in the absence of treaties, is unmatched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis George Bacovia. Juridica is the property of George Bacovia University, Faculty of Sciences Economics, Juridical & Administrative and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is focused on a diplomatic, legal, and institutional analysis of the situation of older persons and people with disabilities in the view of the United Nations in the context of the unprecedented circumstances generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. It critically examines the current situation caused by this pandemic and the way in which it is the subject of diplomatic debates in the UN General Assembly, the Security Council, and the World Health Organisation from the perspective of the most severely affected persons. The article presents the main resolutions adopted in this field, highlighting, at the same time, the regional efforts to win the battle against COVID-19. Moreover, it emphasises the need for joint action at global level to promote global solidarity in order to identify realistic solutions, acceptable to all the countries in the world. The article cites the most important international documents that will guide the cooperation of states in preventing and combating pandemics, with special reference to older persons and people with disabilities.

Humanity today is facing a series of changes. These changes concern the human habitat in general, cities and urban complexes in particular. The globalization, markets and production methods cause population movements between regions and towards cities, mainly to bigger cities. It is necessary to reconsider internationally the place of cultural heritage and its role in the future of countries and peoples, due to the changes in the political governance, economic development and globalization, the danger of marginalization and the extinction faced by many communities, as well as the gradual erosion of traditional beliefs and convictions. The loss of the valuable patrimonial fund represents a cultural, scientific, economic loss, but, first of all, an identity loss: the disregard of history leads to the dilution of the feeling of belonging to the national community. The lack of a patrimonial conscience of decision-makers and the population must be remedied by a set of complex legislative and operational measures, whose public awareness component is essential. Thus, in order to outline policies, programs and projects in the field of cultural heritage, which would consolidate the territorial development of our country, this study aims to make a diagnosis of the international regulatory framework in terms of both its historical evolution (because it will allow us to better understand its origins and further evolution), as well as the strengths and gaps that exist at this time. However, the state institutions and organizations responsible for the protection, conservation and improvement of cultural heritage must develop their skills, tools, attitudes and, in many cases, their role in the process of creating and implementing regulations in this field, taking into account the international and national legislation.

The article examines, in a comparative perspective, both legal framework of the European Union and Council of Europe and case law of the Court of Justice of European Union and European Court of Human Rights in order to highlight superior level of the right to a healthy environment European protection. The multitude of concepts related to the environmental protection and their connections require compulsory conceptual delimitations. As other international and regional organizations, the European Union expresses interest in environmental protection, consecrating to it numerous legal instruments, the most relevant of these, in terms of human rights, being the Charter of Fundamental Rights, in which (Article 37) is provided expressly that environmental protection is a fundamental right, unlike the Council of Europe where this right is recognized only as an indirect right. Affiliation of this right to a certain category of rights – global rights, solidarity rights or individual or collective rights – has been a source of both doctrinal and jurisprudential disputes. Genuine interdependence with other fundamental rights such as the right to life, the right to private and family life, right to property and right to information ensues from the substance of the right to protection of the environment. The presentation of the principles which outline the content of the right in discussion emphasizes that the Charter text was drafted in accordance with the latest developments in the field of normative and jurisprudential environment established at international, regional and national levels, respectively, in interaction with the principle of sustainable development. Finally, an analysis of the most frequent modalities of environmental degradation contributes to find proper mechanisms for a better guarantee of the respect of environmental protection as a fundamental right.

Year 1956 was an important year for international road and freight transport. By this year Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) was made. The basic purpose of the Convention was to unify the rules in the international carriage of goods and thereby promote development of international trade. From the practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. This Convention also describes the most important document in the international carriage of goods, which includes the consignment note of CMR as well. Recently this document is often associated with the term neutralization. Objective of this article was to clarify the meaning of this phrase in transport. In addition, the aim was to find out in what range carriers have real experience with neutralization of the consignment note of the CMR during the transport, for what types of goods and on what types of routes is the neutralization being used the most.

The suggestions outlined here include the following. Money is a bundle of institutionally sustained causal powers. Money is an institutional universal instantiated in generic currencies and particular money tokens. John Searle’s account of institutional facts is not helpful for understanding the nature of money as an institution (while it may help to illuminate aspects of the nature of currencies and money particulars). The money universal is not a social convention in David Lewis’s sense (while currencies and money particulars are characterized by high degrees of conventionality). The existence of the money universal is dependent on a larger institutional structure and cannot be understood in terms of collective belief or acceptance or agreement separately focusing on money. These claims have important implications for realism about money.

The time-lag argument seems to put some pressure on naïve realism to agree that seeing must happen simultaneously with what is seen; meanwhile, a wide-accepted empirical fact suggests that light takes time to transmit from objects at a distance to perceivers—which implies what is seen happened before seeing, and, accordingly, naïve realism must be false. In this paper, I will, first of all, show that the time-lag argument has in fact involves a misunderstanding concept of simultaneity: according to Special Relativity, simultaneity is a matter of convention rather than a matter of fact, so, in principle, we can stipulate a perceptual conception of simultaneity, according to which what is seen is simultaneous with seeing. Secondly, the generalized time-lag argument has a mistaken view on the perceived events and perceiving; it has a doubtful assumption that these events are momentary in the mathematical sense. Such idealization is the main reason why we have the intuition that the time-lag effect of perceiving is in conflict with our ordinary perceptual experiences. Finally, I argue that the naïve realist account of the perceptual relation is a nontemporal constitutive relation; and hence naïve realism is compatible with the claim that we can perceive things as they were, and it should not be weakened by the time-lag argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider how human subjects establish signaling conventions in the context of Lewis-Skyrms signaling games. These experiments involve games where there are precisely the right number of signal types to represent the states of nature, games where there are more signal types than states, and games where there are fewer signal types than states. The aim is to determine the conditions under which subjects are able to establish signaling conventions in such games and to identify a learning dynamics that approximates how they succeed when they do. Our results suggest that human agents tend to use a win-stay/lose-shift with inertia dynamics to establish conventions in such games. We briefly consider the virtues and vices of this low-rationality dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes an ontological approach to the subject of promising. Setting aside the typical concern over promissory obligations, I draw on recent work from the field of social ontology and develop a promissory schema that characterizes the functional role the practice of promising plays in our lives. This schema, put in terms of one agent's voluntary and intentional attempts to provide another agent with a specific kind of assurance, helps explain what we are doing when we make a promise, and what we desire when we ask that a promise be made. The promissory schema is explanatorily beneficial as it can help us understand why certain actions may be interpreted as promises, thereby reminding us that we need to be sensitive to the ways our actions can give rise to expectations in others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defamiliarization refers to the technique of presenting works of art through deviations in convention to create tension, astonishment, or strangeness to produce new perceptions and foster creativity. This article aims to explain the defamiliarization forms found in the novel Ayah, written by Andrea Hirata, as a medium for appreciation and as a bridge between the readers' understanding and the author's intent. Data collected in this study were in the form of words, sentences, paragraphs, symbols, ideas, expressions, or language styles that indicate defamiliarization. Mile and Huberman's interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing was used in the data analysis. Analysis results show that the novel Ayah contains seven defamiliarization forms: using a zigzag plot structure; using contradictive gender stereotype to develop ideas; elaborating ideas on the basis of everyday matters; selecting the characters' names on the basis of their personalities; creating new expressions; integrating poetry into stories; and using an analogy to create humor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article's objectives are: to describe how the principle of subsidiarity appears at the ECtHR; to analyse how the balance of power between the ECtHR and the national courts is established in each of the ways in which subsidiarity appears; to argue that that balancing act is in favour of a dynamic interpretation of the Convention by the Court. The method of research is the analysis of the text, namely the Convention, the relevant case-law of the Court and the amendments made to the Preamble to the Convention by Protocol 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the process of creating a convention in the field of human rights, the working name of which is the 'International Legally Binding Instrument on Business and Human Rights'. The author analyses the existing legal grounds for the responsibility of business for human rights violations in international law. She has assessed non-binding instruments, leading her to draw the conclusion that mechanisms strengthening protection are required in human rights protection law. The process of the creation of a new convention itself is subjected to an in-depth review. A special place is given to the issue of the position of a victim of human rights violations committed as a result of the activity of transnational enterprises, the rights of the victims of such violations and the mechanisms of international cooperation in the combatting thereof. In the conclusion the author states that human rights require actions that move beyond existing divisions, and that the work of the intergovernmental group led by Ecuador should be seriously supported by the European Union and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kantian statists believe that the state is a conceptual prerequisite for the acquisition of property rights and, hence, of freedom itself. They argue that under statelessness, property rights are indeterminate, unilateral, and unassured and therefore remain merely provisional until a state is instituted. We are not morally bound by merely provisional rights, and hence there can be no justice (or injustice) without a state. This article makes two arguments. First, it argues that property rights need not be conceptually indeterminate under statelessness. Social conventions that fall short of a state can give determinacy in ways that Kantians have not adequately considered. Second, it argues that the problems of unilateralism and nonassurance are parasitical on the problem of indeterminacy. Therefore, overcoming indeterminacy overcomes the overall thesis. I argue, therefore, that the state is not conceptually necessary to our freedom, and we have no unconditional natural duty to institute and obey a state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vienna Convention is one of the most important conventions on trade of goods. It is one of the unified conventions on transport of goods from a country to the other. This convention had a unification effect towards unifying the obligatory law in the entire world. It has directly influenced the international trade and the transport of goods as well as the relationships between countries on the trade and the transport. It had influenced a lot the interstate relationships related to the free market and the customs and their unification, especially those between neighboring states that aspire membership in various international organizations. Hence it has achieved to unify the civil law in the entire world which was not achieved by drafting a Civil Code in Europe even though it was an attempt. Vienna Convention has its structure which is divided into several articles that are part of most of the domestic legislations in the countries of Europe. The author using methods of comparison analysis, systemic analysis and the historical analysis tries to analyze the impact of Vienna convention in the Kosovo positive domestic legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to present to the general public information about the reform process of the European Court of Human Rights, in general, and about the entry into force of Protocol No 15 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, in particular. Given the very large number of applications submitted for settlement to the Strasbourg Court, over time an attempt has been made to outline a process of reform of this international jurisdiction, including short, medium and long-term measures. Thus, although opened for signature by the High Contracting Parties on 24 June 2013, Protocol No 15 entered into force recently, on 1 August 2021, following the deposit by Italy of the instrument of ratification of the Protocol. We intend to analyze in this study what are the important amendments brought to the Convention by this protocol of amendment, meant to ensure the effectiveness of the European Court of Human Rights. We consider that the dissemination of the provisions of Protocol No 15 to the Convention will help the interested parties to become aware of the latest amendments to the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, in particular to the provisions regarding the reduction of the time limit for bringing the matter before the Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to trace the historical development of the period costume dramas known as purba films, a prototyped genre for Malay cinema produced in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur during the 'studio era' from the late 1940s to early 1970s. Either adapted from folk literature/theatre and historical texts or based on original ideas by the screenwriters/directors, purba films are set in the pre-colonial era, invariably in a kampong and glorify the Malay world prior to the arrival of the imperialists. I argue that the genre, which encompasses diverse variants and subdivisions, has undergone several phases of transformation and evolution, in particular, while drawing out the genre's codes, conventions and ideologies. Additionally, I demonstrate that they are, on the one hand, culturally and cinematically specific, and, on the other, are borrowed from, and shaped by, other cinematic genres, forms and practices. The discussion also provides evidence on how purba films were situated within the cultural and industrial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imbalance between the number of labor force and the number of jobs makes employment opportunities abroad one of solution to reduce unemployment. Indonesia has established regulations relating to the placement of Indonesian Migrant Workers through Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. Meanwhile, long before the formation of this law, an international agreement was made regarding the protection of migrant workers and their families through the International Convention On The Protection Of The Rights Of All Migrant Workers And Members Of Their Families which was initiated on 18 December 1990 in New York, United States. In this research, an assessment of Law no. 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers against compliance with the principles contained in the International Convention On The Protection Of The Rights Of All Migrant Workers And Members Of Their Families was carried out. From the research, it is found that the Convention has been able to influence the legal norms in Law no. 18 of 2017 with the strengthening of human values through the principles and the existence of Indonesian Migrant Workers rights which do not only regulate Indonesian Migrant Workers themselves but also related to their family rights.

The international conventions for high seas had provided that each ship must have one flag only and must not change its flag during the voyage or for any reason. However, in the last years many ships have infringed this rule and had registered with other states that had allowed any foreign ships to register in their ports. These states are an open registry states, which are known as 'Flag of Convenience' states. This change of the flag during the voyage, which caused a lot of problems, was for a political and economic reasons either to make their own profit or to avoid their flag state fees. Notably, such phenomenon is considered as a maritime fraud, which will impact the maritime world and disseminate chaos on the high seas. For these reasons, this paper will highlight the duplication of the nationality for the ships issue and analyse the effects of this negative behaviour.

In the first half of the twentieth century, the European continent was devastated by two wars and the human rights have been trampled to an unprecedented degree. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is directly inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). It safeguards a list of rights and freedoms that the Western European governments in the postwar period accepted without hesitation, being fundamental to such an extent that it deserves international recognition. The Convention ensures, among other things, the right to judicial protection, freedom of expression, assembly and association and freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Additional protocols include property rights, the right to education, to free elections and the abolition of the death penalty, and others.

In this paper, has been proposed Algorithm for standard JPEG2000 part one for image compression. The proposed Algorithm was executed by using MATLAB7.11 environment, applied these algorithm on the gray and color images for type of the images natural, medical, Graphics images and remote sensing. Dependence on the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) for comparing the result of the proposed Algorithm by using the Daubechies filters 5/3 tap filter and 9/7 tap filter Biothogonal , Another comparison is held concerning the obtained results of the algorithm of ModJPEG and Color-SPECK. Proved the processing results Efficiency performance of proposed Algorithm.

Relevance. In September, 2017 the International Convention on Control of Ships’ Ballast Waters and sediments, in which the Russian Federation takes part, came into effect.Aim of article is to cover the results of implementation of the Convention in Russia, regarding selection and analysis of ballast waters tests for compliance with the international standard.Material and methods. The materials for work were data on ship arrivals at the international seaports of the Russian Federation, provided by sanitary and quarantine departments of the Russian ports, and monitoring researches of ballast waters in seaports of some regions of the Russian Federation. Analytical, bacteriological, molecular methods were applied.Results. The studies of ballast waters in the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions have been conducted for the first time in 2018, and in the Rostov region the study lasts since 2010. The laboratory researches of ships’ ballast showed that E. coli, Enterococcus spp. were in norm, V. cholerae O1 and O139 in ballast were absent. 12 of 21 ballast water tests investigated by specialists of the Rostov region laboratories contained V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139, ballast was taken on the ships which arrived from Romania and Turkey.Сonclusion. The results of the molecular and genetic researches suggest that there is a probability of V. сholeraе introduction brougth with ship ballast. Management decisions are demanded to ensure biological safety of shipping and to decrease intestinal infections incidence in residents of the seaside cities.

This study aims to analyze the narrative structure or formula in several soccer-themed movies; namely Garuda di Dadaku, Shaolin Soccer, Bend it Like Beckham, Barefoot Dreams, and Air Bud 3: World Pup. The writers try to see the convention in the entire movies and show up the invention that makes the movie different from each other. In analyzing, the writers use the descriptive method and structuralism theory as the approach of popular literature. The result shows that there are six conventions; the introduction of the main character that have problems, the main character’s initiative to solve problems, the problem is slightly solved, the suspense of success, the increasingly complex problem in the climax, and happy ending. Meanwhile, the inventions contained in the movies are more about culture. The producers try to combine this ball theme with a culture that is prevalent in the community so that it feels more familiar with the audience being the target market.

Prior to the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, fisheries played only a minor role in the economies of most developing countries. Fisheries resources in waters adjacent to the coasts of many developing countries were largely exploited by fishers from the developed nations of the world who had the requisite technologies for deep-sea fishing. These technologies were lacking in developing countries, resulting in sub-optimal marine fishing. However, the adoption of UNLCOS in 1982 introduced novel principles for the governance of marine fisheries. It was widely believed that these innovations would enhance and stabilise fishing rights, redistribute income from marine fisheries to the advantage of developing countries and reduce the incidents of international conflicts concerning fishing rights. This paper critically examines the various ways through which UNCLOS has enhanced and stabilised fishing rights for the benefit of all States, especially developing countries. It asserts that due to various challenges that continue to confront developing countries with respect to the utilisation of marine fisheries, the benefits anticipated to accrue to them under UNCLOS have remained elusive throughout the thirty years since the Convention was adopted. The paper makes suggestions for the improvement of fisheries resources utilisation among developing countries.

Resumen: Tras la aprobación de la Constitución ha habido importantes avances en el estatuto jurídico del paciente en general y del paciente mental en particular. Sin embargo, la regulación de los derechos del paciente mental ha sido menos detallada y más incompleta. Existen en esta materia importantes carencias, al ser la regulación existente mínima, sin tener en cuenta los más relevantes instrumentos internacionales de referencia. Con la aprobación de la Convención de Nueva York se han producido importantes reformas legales respecto a las personas con discapacidad. No ha sucedido lo mismo con los enfermos mentales. En esta materia existe un considerable retraso en la adaptación de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico a la Convención. Y además se plantean importantes problemas para su implementación, al cambiar el modelo asistencial tradicional (rehabilitador) por el modelo social y al utilizarse en la Convención conceptos (así, capacidad jurídica) no coincidentes con otros propios de la tradición legislativa española. La interpretación que de la Convención ha llevado a cabo el Comité de Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad añade dificultades para la homologación de nuestro ordenamiento a la Convención. Con este panorama es evidente que quedan pendientes muchos retos para abordar en el futuro, y para ello es preciso el establecimiento de un previo diálogo racional. Abstract: After the approval of the Constitution there have been major improvements on the juridical status of the patient in general and specifically of the mental kind. Nevertheless the regulation of the rights regarding the mental patients has been less thorough. Consequently there are significant deficiencies regarding this matter, being the existing regulations minimal, those which do not take on account the most relevant international reference tools. With the approval of the New York Convention major legal reforms have been introduced regarding the sensory and physically handicapped. However not the same has happened with the case of those with mental conditions. On this subject exists a sizable delay on the adaptation of our juridical application to this Convention. Furthermore major problems arise for its implementation. This changes the traditional assistance model (towards rehabilitation) for the social model and uses new concepts brought by the Convention (legal capacity) which do not coincide with other ones characteristic of the Spanish legislative tradition. The interpretation of the Convention done by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adds difficulties to validate our regulation to the Convention. With all this in mind it is clear to see that there are many challenges to take on the future, being necessary for this the implementation of a previous rational dialogue.